Volume 248 Biographies 35: Xu Dingguo, Zuo Menggeng, Tian Xiong, Zhang Tianlu, Sun Kewang

列傳三十五

Biographies 35

=許定國=許定國，河南太康人。明崇禎間，官山西總兵官。李自成圍開封，趣定國赴援，師次沁水，一夕師潰，逮治論死。尋复授援剿河南總兵官。福王時，駐軍睢州。

Xu Dingguo was a native of Taikang in Henan. During the Chongzhen reign of the Ming, he held the post of regional commander of Shanxi. When Li Zicheng besieged Kaifeng, the court ordered Dingguo to march to the relief of the city. His army halted at Qinshui, and in the course of a single night it disintegrated. He was taken into custody and condemned to death. Before long he was reappointed regional commander charged with relieving and suppressing rebellion in Henan. Under the Prince of Fu he garrisoned his forces at Suizhou.

順治元年，豫親王多鐸下河南，次孟津，定國使請降。肅親王豪格略山東，复上書請以其孥來附，肅親王命遣子為質。二年，遣其子詣肅親王軍。明督師大學士史可法遣總兵高傑徇河南，次歸德，聞定國已遣子納款，招往會，不赴。傑乃與巡撫越其傑、巡按陳潛夫就定國睢州，定國不得已郊迎。其傑勸傑勿入城，傑輕定國，不聽。既入，定國宴傑，侑以妓。傑酣，為定國刻行期，並微及遣子納款事。定國益懼，中夜伏兵殺傑。明日，傑部將攻定國屠城。定國走考城，遂來降。

In the first year of Shunzhi, Prince Yu Dodo led his army into Henan and halted at Mengjin. Dingguo dispatched envoys to offer his surrender. When Prince Su Haoge was campaigning in Shandong, Dingguo wrote again asking permission to bring his family and submit. Prince Su ordered him to send his son as a hostage. In the second year he sent his son to join Prince Su's army as hostage. The Ming Grand Secretary and supreme commander Shi Kefa sent Regional Commander Gao Jie to advance through Henan. Jie halted at Guide. When he learned that Dingguo had already sent his son to tender surrender, he summoned Dingguo to a meeting, but Dingguo refused to come. Jie then went with Governor Yue Qijie and Investigating Censor Chen Qianfu to Dingguo's headquarters at Suizhou. Dingguo had no choice but to go out beyond the walls to receive them. Qijie urged Jie not to enter the city, but Jie held Dingguo in contempt and would not heed the warning. Once Jie had entered the city, Dingguo held a banquet for him and provided courtesans to enliven the feast. When Jie was deep in his cups, he set a date for Dingguo to take the field and obliquely brought up the matter of his son's surrender. Dingguo grew still more afraid. In the middle of the night he set an ambush and killed Jie. The next day Jie's subordinate commanders attacked Dingguo and put the city to the sword. Dingguo fled to Kaocheng and then came over to the Qing side.

豫親王請以定國從征，留其孥曹縣，命河道總督楊方興厚贍之。定國妻邢有疾，乞還鄉里，方興為代奏。命暫居曹縣，俟定國入覲。豫親王師還，定國詣京師，隸漢軍鑲白旗。三年，卒。五年，以來降功，授一等精奇尼哈番，子爾安襲。十二年，詔求言，爾安為睿親王多爾袞訟功德，請修其墓。語詳睿親王傳。坐煽惑，減死流寧古塔。弟爾吉襲。

Prince Yu asked that Dingguo accompany the army on campaign. His family was left at Caoxian, and River Conservancy Director Yang Fangxing was ordered to support them generously. Dingguo's wife, née Xing, fell ill and begged to return to her home district. Fangxing submitted a memorial on her behalf. She was ordered to remain temporarily at Caoxian until Dingguo should come to court for an audience. When Prince Yu's army returned, Dingguo went to the capital and was enrolled in the Bordered White Banner of the Han Army. In the third year he died. In the fifth year, in recognition of his merit in coming over to the Qing, the family was granted a first-rank jingqi niha banner rank. His son Er'an inherited the title. In the twelfth year, when an edict called for memorials offering counsel, Er'an pleaded the merits and virtues of Prince Regent Dorgon and asked that his tomb be restored. The full account is given in the biography of Prince Regent Dorgon. Convicted of incitement, he was spared execution and banished to Ningguta instead. His younger brother Erji inherited the rank.

史可法置江北四鎮，傑與劉澤清、劉良佐、黃得功分領之。傑為定國所殺，得功戰死蕪湖。

Shi Kefa established the four garrisons north of the Yangtze, which Gao Jie, Liu Zeqing, Liu Liangzuo, and Huang Degong were to command respectively. Jie was killed by Dingguo, and Degong fell in battle at Wuhu.

劉良佐，直隸人，明總兵，預擁立福王。順治二年，豫親王下江南，良佐以兵十萬來降。江南定，詣京師，隸漢軍鑲黃旗。五年，以來降功，授世職二等精奇尼哈番。從大將軍譚泰討金聲桓。師還，授散秩大臣。十八年，授江南江安提督，加總管銜。尋改直隸提督，改左都督。康熙五年，以病乞休。六年，卒。劉澤清既降复叛，誅死。

Liu Liangzuo, a native of Zhili, had been a Ming regional commander and had taken part in raising the Prince of Fu to the throne. In the second year of Shunzhi, when Prince Yu marched into Jiangnan, Liangzuo surrendered with a force of one hundred thousand men. After Jiangnan was pacified, he went to the capital and was enrolled in the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Han Army. In the fifth year, for his merit in surrendering, he was granted a hereditary second-rank jingqi niha banner rank. He followed Grand General Tan Tai in the campaign against Jin Shengheng. When the army returned, he was appointed a minister of honorific rank. In the eighteenth year he was appointed Jiang'an provincial military commander in Jiangnan and given the additional title of superintendent. He was soon transferred to provincial military commander of Zhili and promoted to Left Censor-in-Chief of the Military. In the fifth year of Kangxi he asked to retire on grounds of illness. In the sixth year he died. Liu Zeqing, having surrendered and then rebelled again, was put to death.

=左夢庚=左夢庚，山東臨清人。父良玉，明史有傳。良玉初授平賊將軍，及封寧南伯，以平賊將軍印授夢庚。福王時，良玉舉兵自武昌東下，號「清君側」。次九江，病卒。諸將推夢庚為帥。總督袁繼咸禦戰，夢庚還駐池州，遣兵間道自彭澤下建德，遂取安慶。總兵黃得功破之銅陵，乃退保九江。

Zuo Menggeng was a native of Linqing in Shandong. His father Zuo Liangyu has a biography in the History of the Ming. Liangyu was first appointed General for Pacifying Bandits, and when he was enfeoffed as Marquis of Ningnan he transferred the seal of that office to Menggeng. During the reign of the Prince of Fu, Liangyu raised an army and marched east from Wuchang under the slogan of clearing away evil ministers at the emperor's side. He halted at Jiujiang, where he died of illness. The generals acclaimed Menggeng as their commander. Governor-General Yuan Jixian met them in battle. Menggeng withdrew to Chizhou, then sent troops by a hidden route from Pengze down toward Jiande and seized Anqing. Regional Commander Huang Degong defeated him at Tongling, and he withdrew to defend Jiujiang.

順治二年，英親王阿濟格逐李自成至九江，夢庚率眾降。師還，入覲，宴午門內，命隸漢軍正黃旗。疏言：「部將盧光祖、李國英從入京師，餘若張應祥、徐恩盛、郝效忠、金聲桓、常登、徐勇、吳學禮、張應元、徐育賢俱奉英親王調發防剿江西、湖廣。誠恐諸將在外，踪跡未定，室家未安，訛惑之事，不可不籌。」命有司安插。五年，敘來降功，授一等精奇尼哈番。六年，從英親王討大同叛將薑瓖，攻左衛，克之。擢本旗固山額真。十一年，卒，諡莊敏。乾隆初，定封一等子。夢庚諸將，李國英最顯，自有傳。

In the second year of Shunzhi, Prince Ying Ajige pursued Li Zicheng as far as Jiujiang. Menggeng led his forces in surrender. When the army returned, he came to court for an audience and was feasted inside the Meridian Gate. He was enrolled in the Plain Yellow Banner of the Han Army. In a memorial he wrote: "My subordinate commanders Lu Guangzu and Li Guoying accompanied me to the capital. The rest—Zhang Yingxiang, Xu Ensheng, Hao Xiaozhong, Jin Shengheng, Chang Deng, Xu Yong, Wu Xueli, Zhang Yingyuan, and Xu Yuxian among them—have all been assigned by Prince Ying to garrison and suppress rebellion in Jiangxi and Huguang. I fear that while these commanders are far from home, with their movements still unsettled and their families not yet settled, rumors and unrest may arise unless provision is made." The throne ordered the relevant offices to settle their families. In the fifth year, in recognition of his merit in surrendering, he was granted a first-rank jingqi niha banner rank. In the sixth year he followed Prince Ying in the campaign against the rebel general Jiang Xiang of Datong. They attacked Zuowei and took it. He was promoted to banner commander (gushan ejen) of his own banner. In the eleventh year he died and was given the posthumous title Zhuangmin. At the beginning of the Qianlong reign his line was fixed at the rank of first-class viscount. Among Menggeng's commanders, Li Guoying rose highest and has a separate biography.

郝效忠，遼東人，隸漢軍正白旗。從英親王定湖南，擢湖南右路總兵，加都督僉事，授世職三等阿達哈哈番。孫可望陷沅州，效忠率師克黎平。可望兵驟至，力戰，馬蹶被執，不屈，遂見殺，贈都督同知。

Hao Xiaozhong, a native of Liaodong, served in the Plain White Banner of the Han Army. He followed Prince Ying in pacifying Hunan and was promoted to regional commander of the Hunan Right Route. He was given the additional rank of Vice Censor-in-Chief of the Military and granted a hereditary third-rank adaha han banner rank. When Sun Kewang seized Yuanzhou, Xiaozhong led his troops and recovered Liping. Kewang's army arrived suddenly. Xiaozhong fought hard until his horse stumbled and he was taken captive. He refused to yield and was put to death. He was posthumously granted the rank of Vice Censor-in-Chief of the Military.

徐勇，亦遼東人。英親王檄署九江總兵，調黃州，捕治九江、黃州土寇。明唐王使招之，勇斬使以聞，命移鎮長沙。金聲桓叛，招勇，复斬其使。與李錦戰江中，中矢，裹創戰愈奮。賊攻城，設策守禦，錦遁去。迎鄭親王師擊破明大學士何騰蛟。復調辰常總兵，授世職一等阿達哈哈番兼拖沙喇哈番。明桂王遣將張光翠、張景春窺辰州，屯荔溪。勇督將士渡江戰，擊殺景春，擒裨將六，馘士卒數百，加左都督，進世職三等阿思哈尼哈番。桂王復遣白文選來攻，驅象為陣，破城，勇巷戰死之，贈太子太保，進世職二等，諡忠節。以其兄子襲，入籍武昌衛。

Xu Yong was also a native of Liaodong. Prince Ying appointed him acting regional commander of Jiujiang, then transferred him to Huangzhou to hunt down local bandits in the Jiujiang and Huangzhou regions. When an envoy of the Ming Prince of Tang came to win him over, Yong beheaded the envoy and reported the matter. He was ordered to transfer his garrison to Changsha. When Jin Shengheng rebelled and tried to recruit him, Yong again beheaded the envoy. He fought Li Jin on the river, was struck by an arrow, bound his wound, and fought all the more fiercely. When the rebels assaulted the city, he devised a defense and drove Li Jin off. He joined Prince Zheng's army and together they defeated the Ming Grand Secretary He Tengjiao. He was transferred again to regional commander of Chen and Chang and granted a hereditary first-rank adaha han together with a tosalaha han banner rank. The Ming Prince of Gui sent generals Zhang Guangcui and Zhang Jingchun to probe Chenzhou. They encamped at Lixi. Yong led his officers and men across the river to give battle. He killed Jingchun, captured six lieutenant generals, and took several hundred enemy heads. He was promoted to Left Censor-in-Chief of the Military and advanced in hereditary rank to third-rank ashan i ha. The Prince of Gui sent Bai Wenxuan to attack again. The enemy drove war elephants into formation, breached the walls, and Yong fell fighting in the streets. He was posthumously granted Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, advanced in hereditary rank to the second rank, and given the posthumous title Zhongjie. His elder brother's son inherited the rank, and the family was enrolled in the Wuchang garrison.

盧光祖，遼東海州人，隸漢軍鑲藍旗。從肅親王下四川，破張獻忠。授夔州總兵。擊破明桂王將硃天麟等。取順慶，屢捕治土寇。甘一爵、硃德洪據鄰水、大竹為亂。光祖督師討之，戰七晝夜，斬一爵、德洪，降硐寨十餘。以功授世職一等阿達哈哈番。孫可望破敘州，將軍李國翰率師赴援，光祖殿，遇敵，戰敗，命立功自贖。尋改川北總兵。卒。金聲桓既降复叛，誅死。

Lu Guangzu, a native of Haizhou in Liaodong, served in the Bordered Blue Banner of the Han Army. He followed Prince Su into Sichuan and defeated Zhang Xianzhong. He was appointed regional commander of Kuizhou. He defeated the generals of the Ming Prince of Gui, including Zhu Tianlin. He took Shunqing and repeatedly hunted down local bandits. Gan Yijue and Zhu Dehong raised rebellion from bases at Linshui and Dazhu. Guangzu led the army against them. After seven days and nights of fighting he beheaded Yijue and Dehong and received the surrender of more than ten stockaded strongholds. For his merit he was granted a hereditary first-rank adaha han banner rank. When Sun Kewang took Xuzhou, General Li Guohan marched to relieve the city. Guangzu commanded the rear guard, met the enemy, and was defeated. He was ordered to redeem himself by further service. He was soon transferred to regional commander of North Sichuan. He died. Jin Shengheng, having surrendered and then rebelled again, was put to death.

=田雄=田雄，直隸宣化人。馬得功，遼東人。仕明皆至總兵。順治二年，豫親王多鐸下江南，明福王由崧走蕪湖。巴牙喇纛章京圖賴督兵截江斷道，雄、得功縛福王及其妃來獻，豫親王令以原銜從征。尋授雄杭州總兵，得功鎮江總兵。

Tian Xiong was a native of Xuanhua in Zhili. Ma Degong was a native of Liaodong. Under the Ming both rose to the rank of regional commander. In the second year of Shunzhi, when Prince Yu Dodo marched into Jiangnan, the Ming Prince of Fu Zhu Yousong fled to Wuhu. Baturu banner commander Tulai led troops to block the river and cut off the route of escape. Xiong and Degong bound the Prince of Fu and his consort and presented them in submission. Prince Yu ordered both men to follow the campaign retaining their former titles. Soon afterward Xiong was appointed regional commander of Hangzhou and Degong regional commander of Zhenjiang.

雄佐總督張存仁、梅勒章京珠瑪喇，駐軍杭州。時明魯王以海稱「監國」紹興，乘間渡錢塘江窺杭州，雄與存仁、珠瑪喇等屢擊破之。三年，擢浙江提督。六年，發李成棟逆書，加左都督。八年，敘來降功，授世職一等精奇尼哈番。

Xiong served under Governor Zhang Cunren and Meile banner commander Zhumarha, garrisoning at Hangzhou. At that time the Ming Prince of Lu Zhu Yihai styled himself regent of the realm at Shaoxing. Seizing an opportunity, he crossed the Qiantang River to threaten Hangzhou. Xiong, together with Cunren, Zhumarha, and others, repeatedly drove him back. In the third year he was promoted to provincial military commander of Zhejiang. In the sixth year he uncovered Li Chengdong's treasonous correspondence and was promoted to Left Censor-in-Chief of the Military. In the eighth year, in recognition of his merit in surrendering, he was granted a hereditary first-rank jingqi niha banner rank.

明魯王與其臣阮進、張名振等據舟山，雄與固山額真金礪以舟師出海擒進，遂破舟山，隳其城，名振擁魯王入海。十二年，進將阮思、陳六禦等復據舟山，朝命寧海大將軍伊爾德率師南征。雄預治戰艦攻具，分兵遣裨將扼要隘，通聲援，而以舟師會伊爾德擊思，以橫洋、金塘為舟山要路，分兵擊破之。張兩翼夾擊，殲其眾無算，思赴水死。捷聞，加少傅兼太子太傅。十五年，疏請歸旗籍，隸漢軍鑲黃旗。

The Ming Prince of Lu, together with his ministers Ruan Jin, Zhang Mingzhen, and others, held Zhoushan. Xiong and banner commander Jin Kan led a fleet to sea, captured Jin, broke Zhoushan, and razed its walls. Mingzhen then escorted the Prince of Lu out to sea. In the twelfth year the Ming generals Ruan Si, Chen Liuyu, and others seized Zhoushan again. The court ordered Grand General of Coastal Pacification Yeerde to lead an army south. Xiong prepared warships and siege equipment in advance, sent lieutenant generals with detachments to hold strategic passes and keep lines of communication open, and joined Yeerde's fleet in the attack on Ruan Si. He identified Hengyang and Jintang as the key approaches to Zhoushan and sent columns to break them. He attacked from both wings in a pincer movement and destroyed the enemy by the thousands. Si threw himself into the water and drowned. When news of the victory arrived, he was promoted to Junior Tutor and concurrently Grand Tutor of the Heir Apparent. In the fifteenth year he memorialized asking to be restored to banner registration and enrolled in the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Han Army.

鄭成功兵擾浙境，陷遂安、平陽諸縣。兵部劾雄，上命寬之。十六年，成功兵攻太平，擊卻之。復攻寧波，雄督戰，分三路進剿，成功兵引退。十八年，進二等侯。康熙二年，卒，贈太傅，諡毅勇。

Zheng Chenggong's forces raided the Zhejiang frontier and seized Suian, Pingyang, and other counties. The Board of War impeached Xiong, but the emperor ordered that he be treated leniently. In the sixteenth year Chenggong's army attacked Taiping, and Xiong drove it back. When they attacked Ningbo again, Xiong directed the fighting and advanced in three columns. Chenggong's forces withdrew. In the eighteenth year he was advanced to second-rank marquis. In the second year of Kangxi he died. He was posthumously granted Grand Tutor and given the posthumous title Yiyong.

得功，亦隸漢軍鑲黃旗。江寧初定，明瑞昌王誼泐屯花山、龍潭間。順治三年，謀攻江寧，事泄，走鎮江。得功獲誼泐，誅之。尋以收劫盜入伍，降調。四年，大學士洪承疇請以得功署副將。從浙閩總督張存仁剿建寧、邵武山寇，克松溪、政和、建陽、崇安、光澤諸縣，即令駐松溪。复克慶元、永春、德化諸縣。六年，授右路總兵，加都督僉事。克南安，破海寇林忠。复捕治興化、仙遊、惠安諸縣海寇鄭丹國等。

Degong was also enrolled in the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Han Army. When Jiangning was first pacified, the Ming Prince of Ruichang Zhu Yile encamped between Huashan and Longtan. In the third year of Shunzhi he plotted an attack on Jiangning. When the plot was exposed he fled to Zhenjiang. Degong captured Yile and put him to death. He was soon demoted and transferred for having enrolled bandits into his ranks. In the fourth year Grand Secretary Hong Chengchou asked that Degong be appointed acting vice commander. He followed Zhe-Fujian Governor-General Zhang Cunren in campaigns against mountain bandits in Jianning and Shaowu, taking Songxi, Zhenghe, Jianyang, Chong'an, Guangze, and other counties. He was then ordered to garrison at Songxi. He also recovered Qingyuan, Yongchun, Dehua, and other counties. In the sixth year he was appointed regional commander of the Right Route and given the additional rank of Vice Censor-in-Chief of the Military. He took Nan'an and defeated the pirate Lin Zhong. He also hunted down the pirates Zheng Danguo and others in Xinghua, Xianyou, Hui'an, and neighboring counties.

時鄭成功據廈門。巡撫張學聖诇成功方出，令得功攻廈門，克之。成功還救，复陷。遂圍漳州，破海澄。得功退守泉州，與固山額真金礪會師解漳州圍。以得功初克廈門貪取財物為成功所乘，命逮治，援赦免。十一年，敘前功，賜一品頂帶，出鎮泉州。得功自陳與雄同降，援雄例乞世職，授一等精奇尼哈番，加都督同知。

At that time Zheng Chenggong held Xiamen. Governor Zhang Xuesheng learned that Chenggong was away and ordered Degong to attack Xiamen. Degong took the city. Chenggong returned to relieve the city and recovered it. He then besieged Zhangzhou and took Haicheng. Degong withdrew to defend Quanzhou. He joined banner commander Jin Kan, and together they raised the siege of Zhangzhou. Because Degong had looted greedily when he first took Xiamen, giving Chenggong his opening, he was ordered arrested. He was pardoned on appeal. In the eleventh year his earlier service was recognized. He was granted the first-rank official's hat knob and sent to garrison Quanzhou. Degong reported that he had surrendered together with Xiong and, citing Xiong's precedent, asked for a hereditary rank. He was granted a first-rank jingqi niha banner rank and the additional title of Vice Censor-in-Chief of the Military.

十三年，擢福建提督。林忠复據永春、德化、尤溪、大田諸縣，巡撫宜永貴令得功率師討之。師行，寇自閩安迳攻會城，得功引師還，與城兵夾擊，圍解。十四年，與浙閩總督李率泰等合兵克閩安，成功屢內犯，得功擊卻之。十八年，進三等侯。康熙元年，遷濱海居民內地，擊敗海寇阻民遷者。二年，師進攻廈門，得功克烏沙，以舟師出海。南風起，寇乘上流來戰，得功奮擊，沒於陣。李率泰以聞，進一等侯，諡襄武。子三奇，襲爵，官至潮州總兵。乾隆十四年，定諸侯、伯封號，雄曰順義，得功曰順勤。

In the thirteenth year he was promoted to provincial military commander of Fujian. Lin Zhong seized Yongchun, Dehua, Youxi, Datian, and other counties again. Governor Yi Yonggui ordered Degong to lead an expedition against him. While his army was on campaign, the rebels from Min'an struck straight at the provincial capital. Degong turned back, joined the garrison in a pincer attack, and broke the siege. In the fourteenth year he joined Zhe-Fujian Governor-General Li Shuaitai and others in taking Min'an. When Chenggong repeatedly raided inland, Degong drove him back each time. In the eighteenth year he was advanced to third-rank marquis. In the first year of Kangxi, when coastal inhabitants were moved inland, he defeated pirates who tried to block the relocation. In the second year, as the army advanced on Xiamen, Degong took Wusha and led the fleet out to sea. When a south wind rose, the enemy used the current from upstream to attack. Degong fought hard and fell in battle. Li Shuaitai reported his death. Degong was advanced to first-rank marquis and given the posthumous title Xiangwu. His son Sanqi inherited the title and eventually rose to regional commander of Chaozhou. In the fourteenth year of Qianlong the formal designations for marquises and earls were fixed: Xiong's line was called Shunyi, Degong's Shunqin.

=張天祿=張天祿，陝西榆林人。明季與弟天福以義勇從軍，積功至總兵。福王時，大學士史可法督師，令屯瓜洲為前鋒。豫親王師下江南，天祿、天福率所部三千人從趙之龍迎降，豫親王令以原官從征，隸漢軍鑲黃旗。

Zhang Tianlu was a native of Yulin in Shaanxi. In the late Ming he and his younger brother Tianfu entered service as volunteers and through accumulated merit both rose to regional commander. During the reign of the Prince of Fu, Grand Secretary Shi Kefa, serving as supreme commander, ordered him to garrison at Guazhou as vanguard. When Prince Yu's army entered Jiangnan, Tianlu and Tianfu led their three thousand men to follow Zhao Zhilong in surrendering. Prince Yu ordered them to follow the campaign with their former titles and enrolled them in the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Han Army.

明僉都御史金聲家休寧，受唐王命，糾鄉勇十餘萬據徽州。貝勒博洛遣固山額真葉臣率師擊之，天祿及總兵卜從善、李仲興、劉澤泳並從。師自旌德入，戰績溪，獲聲及中軍吳國禎、副將成有功、守備萬全等，送江寧殺之。徽州平。

The Ming Censor-in-Chief Jin Sheng, a native of Xiuning, received orders from the Prince of Tang, rallied more than one hundred thousand militiamen, and seized Huizhou. Prince Beile Bolo sent banner commander Echen at the head of an army against him. Tianlu followed together with regional commanders Bu Congshan, Li Zhongxing, and Liu Zeyong. The army entered from Jingde and fought at Jixi. They captured Sheng together with Central Army Commander Wu Guozhen, Vice Commander Cheng Yougong, Garrison Commander Wan Quan, and others, and sent them to Jiangning for execution. Huizhou was pacified.

明大學士黃道周率兵犯徽州，天祿擊之，斬其將程嗣聖等十餘人，獲總兵李堯光等。順治三年，戰婺源，獲道周，亦送江寧殺之。分兵出祁門、江灣、街口、黃源，四道逐捕道周餘眾。以功加都督同知，授徽寧池太總兵官。天祿屯徽州城外，依山為營。值雨，父老迎天祿入城，天祿曰：「三軍方在泥塗，何忍獨安？」終不下山。軍民皆稱之。明嵩安王常淇糾眾數千擾婺源，天祿率副將許漢鼎等擊之，獲常淇及監軍江於東等。四年，授江南提督。五年，敘來降功，授世職三等阿達哈哈番。八年，進三等精奇尼哈番。

The Ming Grand Secretary Huang Daozhou led troops against Huizhou. Tianlu attacked them, beheaded more than ten of his generals including Cheng Sisheng, and captured Regional Commander Li Yaoguang and others. In the third year of Shunzhi they fought at Wuyuan, captured Daozhou, and sent him to Jiangning for execution as well. He sent columns out by Qimen, Jiangwan, Jiekou, and Huangyuan—four routes—to hunt down Daozhou's remaining followers. For his merit he was promoted to Vice Censor-in-Chief of the Military and appointed regional commander of Huizhou, Ningguo, Chizhou, and Taiping. Tianlu encamped outside Huizhou on the hillside. During the rains the elders invited Tianlu into the city. Tianlu said, "The whole army is still mired in the mud—how can I alone seek comfort?" He never left the hillside camp. Soldiers and civilians alike praised him for it. The Ming Prince of Song'an Zhu Changqi gathered several thousand men to raid Wuyuan. Tianlu led Vice Commander Xu Handing and others against them and captured Changqi together with Military Supervisor Jiang Yudong and others. In the fourth year he was appointed provincial military commander of Jiangnan. In the fifth year, for his merit in surrendering, he was granted a hereditary third-rank adaha han banner rank. In the eighth year he was advanced to third-rank jingqi niha.

九年，鄭成功圍漳州，命天祿赴援，成功引退。天祿留駐延平，捕治山寇。十一年，明魯王將張名振攻崇明，天祿還松江禦戰。名振既出海，复侵吳淞。我水師與戰，敗績。江南總督馬鳴佩劾天祿失舟師三百餘及砲械，匿未報；閩浙總督佟泰劾天祿與名振通書：逮下刑部，讞通書無據，坐匿失砲械等，奪官，降世職三等阿達哈哈番。十六年，卒。

In the ninth year Zheng Chenggong besieged Zhangzhou. Tianlu was ordered to relieve the city, and Chenggong withdrew. Tianlu remained at Yanping to hunt down mountain bandits. In the eleventh year the Ming Prince of Lu's general Zhang Mingzhen attacked Chongming. Tianlu returned to Songjiang to meet him in battle. After Mingzhen had put to sea, he raided Wusong again. Our fleet engaged them and was defeated. Jiangnan Governor-General Ma Mingpei impeached Tianlu for losing more than three hundred vessels and their artillery and for concealing the losses without reporting them; Fujian-Zhejiang Governor-General Tong Tai impeached him for corresponding with Mingzhen. He was arrested and sent to the Ministry of Punishments. The case found no proof of treasonous correspondence, but he was convicted of concealing the loss of the artillery and other offenses. He was stripped of office and reduced in hereditary rank to third-rank adaha han. In the sixteenth year he died.

天福初降，從征崑山、嘉定。民不薙發，據城抗我師，天福與總兵李成棟討平之。順治五年，授陝西漢羌總兵。敘來降及戰功，授世職一等阿思哈尼哈番。明山陰王鼎濟聚兵據毛壩關，署單一涵為元帥。年六，天福自漢中率師入山，獲鼎濟，一涵投崖死。參將王永祥叛延安，山寇劉宏才攻同官，天福先後討平之。以病還京師，授散秩大臣。十七年，授本旗都統。康熙六年，卒。

When Tianfu first surrendered, he took part in the campaigns at Kunshan and Jiading. The people refused to adopt the queue and held the cities against our forces. Tianfu and Regional Commander Li Chengdong put down the resistance. In the fifth year of Shunzhi he was appointed regional commander of the Hanzhong-Qiang district in Shaanxi. For his merit in surrendering and in battle he was granted a hereditary first-rank ashan i ha banner rank. The Ming Prince of Shanyin Wang Dingji gathered troops and seized Maoba Pass, appointing Shan Yihan commander-in-chief. In the sixth year Tianfu led troops from Hanzhong into the mountains, captured Dingji, and Yihan threw himself from a cliff to his death. Vice Commander Wang Yongxiang rebelled at Yan'an, and the mountain bandit Liu Hongcai attacked Tongguan. Tianfu put down both in turn. He returned to the capital on grounds of illness and was appointed a minister of honorific rank. In the seventeenth year he was appointed commander-in-chief of his banner. In the sixth year of Kangxi he died.

=趙之龍=趙之龍，江南虹縣人。崇禎時，以忻城伯鎮南京。福王立，與擁戴，干政。豫親王師至，與魏國公徐允爵，保國公張國弼，隆平侯張拱日，臨淮侯李祖述，懷寧侯孫維城，靈壁侯湯國祚，安遠侯柳祚昌，永昌侯徐宏爵，定遠侯鄧文囿，項城伯常應俊，大興伯鄒存義，寧晉伯劉允極，南和伯方一元，東寧伯焦夢熊，安城伯張國才，洛中伯黃九鼎，成安伯郭祚永，駙馬齊贊元，大學士王鐸，尚書錢謙益，侍郎硃之臣、梁雲構、李綽等迎降。之龍授世職三等阿思哈尼哈番，允爵等皆置勿用。鐸等詣京師。先是北都降者多授原官，御史盧傳言南都新人不得與舊臣比。鐸至，命以尚書管弘文院學士，累擢至禮部尚書，卒，諡文安。謙益語在文苑傳。

Zhao Zhilong was a native of Hong County in Jiangnan. During the Chongzhen reign he held Nanjing as Marquis of Xincheng. When the Prince of Fu was enthroned, he had helped raise him to the throne and meddled in affairs of state. When Prince Yu's army arrived, Zhilong joined the Duke of Wei Xu Yunjue, the Duke of Bao Zhang Guobi, the Marquis of Longping Zhang Gongri, the Marquis of Linhuai Li Zushu, the Marquis of Huaining Sun Weicheng, the Marquis of Lingbi Tang Guozuo, the Marquis of Anyuan Liu Zuochang, the Marquis of Yongchang Xu Hongjue, the Marquis of Dingyuan Deng Wenyou, the Earl of Xiangcheng Chang Yingjun, the Earl of Daxing Zou Cunyi, the Earl of Ningjin Liu Yunji, the Earl of Nanhe Fang Yiyuan, the Earl of Dongning Jiao Mengxiong, the Earl of Ancheng Zhang Guocai, the Earl of Luozhong Huang Jiuding, the Earl of Cheng'an Guo Zuoyong, the imperial son-in-law Qi Zanyuan, Grand Secretary Wang Duo, Minister Qian Qianyi, Vice Ministers Zhu Zhichen, Liang Yungou, Li Chuo, and others in welcoming the Qing forces and surrendering. Zhilong was granted a hereditary third-rank ashan i ha banner rank. Yunjue and the other nobles were set aside and not employed. Duo and the others went to the capital. Earlier, most of those who surrendered at the Northern Capital had been given their former offices. Censor Lu Chuan argued that newcomers from the Southern Capital could not be treated on the same footing as long-serving ministers of the earlier surrender. When Duo arrived, he was appointed Minister in charge of the Hongwen Academy. He rose eventually to Minister of Rites, died, and was given the posthumous title Wen'an. Qianyi's account appears in the literary biographies.

=孫可望=孫可望，陝西延長人。從張獻忠為賊，與李定國、劉文秀、艾能奇並為獻忠養子。獻忠據四川，使分將其眾，可望號平東將軍。順治三年，肅親王豪格師定四川，獻忠敗死。可望與定國等率殘眾南竄，道重慶、綦江、遵義入貴陽。阿迷土司沙定洲亂雲南，可望率眾兼程赴之。定洲方攻楚雄，迎戰大敗，走歸阿迷。可望入雲南會城，遣定國徇迤東，而與文秀率兵西出，得副使楊畏知，相誓扶明室，與俱至楚雄，略迤西諸府。定國亦定迤東諸府。可望遂盡有雲南，自號平東王，以乾支紀年，鑄錢曰「興朝通寶」。時能奇已前死，可望並將其眾。定國、文秀故等夷，不為可望下。可望假事杖定國，欲以威眾，隙益深。

Sun Kewang was a native of Yanchang in Shaanxi. He followed Zhang Xianzhong in rebellion, and together with Li Dingguo, Liu Wenxiu, and Ai Nengqi was adopted as Xianzhong's son. When Xianzhong held Sichuan, he had them each command a portion of his forces. Kewang styled himself General Who Pacifies the East. In the third year of Shunzhi, Prince Su Haoge's army pacified Sichuan. Xianzhong was defeated and killed. Kewang, Dingguo, and the others led the remnant forces south through Chongqing, Qijiang, and Zunyi into Guiyang. The Ami chieftain Sha Dingzhou rebelled in Yunnan. Kewang marched his forces day and night to reach the province. Dingzhou was then besieging Chuxiong. He met Kewang in battle, suffered a crushing defeat, and fled back to Ami. Kewang entered the Yunnan provincial capital, sent Dingguo to secure the eastern circuit, and marched west with Wenxiu. He won over Vice Commissioner Yang Weizhi, and together they swore to restore the Ming. They advanced to Chuxiong and subdued the prefectures of the western circuit. Dingguo likewise pacified the prefectures of the eastern circuit. Kewang then held all of Yunnan. He styled himself Prince Who Pacifies the East, dated his reign by the sexagenary cycle, and cast coins inscribed "Xingchao Tongbao." Ai Nengqi had already died by then, and Kewang absorbed his forces as well. Dingguo and Wenxiu had originally been his equals and would not bow to Kewang. Kewang used a pretext to have Dingguo beaten with the staff, hoping to intimidate the others. The breach between them only deepened.

明桂王在肇慶，乃遣畏知奉表乞王封，桂王封可望景國公，賜名朝宗。使以敕印往，而桂王諸將爭欲得可望為強援。堵胤錫駐梧州，承製改封平遼王；陳邦傅守泗城，又矯命封秦王；可望乃不受景國公命。會我師克韶州，桂王走梧州。可望復遣使請封，議封澂江王。使者謂非秦不敢復命，大學士嚴起恆持不可，議中寢。可望襲貴陽，復遣文秀攻嘉定，入四川。我師定兩廣，桂王至南寧，乃遣使封可望冀王，可望猶不受，復使畏知詣桂王，而遣其將賀九儀等以五千人先驅，取起恆及諸臣阻秦封者盡殺之。桂王乃真封可望秦王，而留畏知授大學士。可望聞之怒，召至貴陽面數之，畏知以冠擊可望，亦被殺。

The Ming Prince of Gui was at Zhaoqing. Kewang sent Weizhi to present a memorial requesting a princely title. The Prince of Gui enfeoffed Kewang as Duke of Jing and bestowed the name Chaozong. The envoy was dispatched with the edict and seal, but the Prince of Gui's generals each sought to win Kewang as a powerful ally. Du Yinxie, garrisoned at Wuzhou, acting on his own authority changed the title to Prince Who Pacifies Liaodong; Chen Bangfu, holding Sicheng, forged another order enfeoffing him as Prince of Qin; Kewang therefore refused to accept the title of Duke of Jing. When our army took Shaozhou, the Prince of Gui fled to Wuzhou. Kewang sent envoys again to request a title. The court debated enfeoffing him as Prince of Chengjiang. The envoy declared that unless Kewang were made Prince of Qin he dared not return. Grand Secretary Yan Qiheng objected, and the proposal was abandoned. Kewang raided Guiyang and again sent Wenxiu to attack Jiading and advance into Sichuan. After our army pacified the two Guang provinces, the Prince of Gui reached Nanning and sent envoys to enfeoff Kewang as Prince of Ji. Kewang still refused. He sent Weizhi to the Prince of Gui again, while dispatching his generals He Jiuyi and others with five thousand men ahead to seize Yan Qiheng and all the ministers who had blocked the Qin enfeoffment and put them to death. The Prince of Gui then formally enfeoffed Kewang as Prince of Qin and retained Weizhi, appointing him Grand Secretary. When Kewang heard of this he was furious. He summoned Weizhi to Guiyang and rebuked him to his face. Weizhi struck Kewang with his official cap and was put to death.

桂王遣大學士文安之督師四川，將以招川中諸鎮。可望遣兵伺於都勻，邀止之。可望將移桂王自近，挾以作威。桂王奔廣南，可望遣兵迎入安隆所，改為安龍府，歲供銀八千、米百石，窮迫不可堪；而馬吉祥、龐天壽輩方欲戴可望行禪讓，可望遂自設內閣六部等官，立太廟，定朝儀，改印文為八疊。桂王益憂懼。

The Prince of Gui sent Grand Secretary Wen Anzhi to Sichuan as supreme commander, hoping to win over the garrisons there. Kewang sent troops to lie in wait at Duyun and turned him back. Kewang planned to bring the Prince of Gui close at hand and use him to assert his own authority. The Prince of Gui fled to Guangnan. Kewang sent troops to bring him into Anlong Subprefecture, which was renamed Anlong Prefecture. He was allotted eight thousand taels of silver and one hundred piculs of grain a year—a poverty so grinding it was unbearable; while Ma Jixiang, Pang Tianshou, and their faction wished to place the imperial crown on Kewang through a ritual abdication. Kewang therefore established his own Grand Secretariat, Six Ministries, and other offices, founded an imperial ancestral temple, fixed court ritual, and changed official seals to the eight-fold style. The Prince of Gui grew ever more anxious and afraid.

初，定國自廣西入湖廣，兵益強，不復禀可望約束。會定國敗於衡州，使召詣沅州議事，將以為罪而殺之；定國辭不赴，又自柳州攻肇慶，下高、廉、雷諸府。至是，桂王聞定國兵強，密詔使入衛。可望聞，使執大學士吳貞毓等，凡預謀者盡殺之。議移桂王貴陽，使其將白文選督行期。文選心不直可望，以情輸桂王，緩其行。俟定國至，奉桂王自安南衛走雲南。時文秀守雲南，亦怨可望，迎桂王入雲南會城。可望舉兵反桂王，以雙禮留守，令文選統諸軍前行。定國、文秀率師御之，次三岔河，夾水而軍。文選輕騎奔定國。可望遣其將張勝、馬寶等自尋甸間道襲雲南，而自率勁卒擊定國等。戰方合，其將馬惟興先奔，遂大潰，定國遣文秀等追之。

Earlier Dingguo had marched from Guangxi into Huguang. His army grew stronger and he no longer submitted to Kewang's authority. When Dingguo was defeated at Hengzhou, Kewang summoned him to Yuanzhou on the pretext of consultation, intending to condemn and kill him; Dingguo refused to come. From Liuzhou he attacked Zhaoqing again and took the prefectures of Gao, Lian, and Lei. By then the Prince of Gui, hearing how strong Dingguo's army had become, secretly ordered him to come and guard the court. When Kewang learned of this, he arrested Grand Secretary Wu Zhenyu and others. Everyone involved in the plot was put to death. They planned to move the Prince of Gui to Guiyang and ordered his general Bai Wenxuan to supervise the move. Wenxuan was not loyal to Kewang. He confided in the Prince of Gui and delayed the move. They waited until Dingguo arrived, then escorted the Prince of Gui from Annan Guard into Yunnan. Wenxiu was then defending Yunnan and also resented Kewang. He welcomed the Prince of Gui into the provincial capital. Kewang raised an army against the Prince of Gui. He left Shuangli to hold the rear and ordered Wenxuan to lead the advance. Dingguo and Wenxiu marched to meet them and halted at Sancha River, encamping on opposite banks. Wenxuan rode with a light detachment to join Dingguo. Kewang sent his generals Zhang Sheng and Ma Bao by a hidden route from Xundian to strike Yunnan, while he himself led elite troops against Dingguo. As battle was joined, his general Ma Weixing fled first. The army collapsed in rout, and Dingguo sent Wenxiu and others in pursuit.

可望至貴陽，雙禮紿言追兵且至。可望知事去，將詣經略洪承疇請降，遣使先納款。文秀等遣將楊武追之，及於沙子嶺。承疇援兵至，乃得脫，將妻子詣長沙降，時順治十四年十月也。詔封義王，慰諭之。尋遣學士麻勒吉等齎敕印冊封。十五年，詣京師，命簡親王濟度等郊迎。入覲，宴中和殿，賜白金萬，官其部將陳杰，劉天瑞等百餘人，命隸漢軍正白旗。可望請從討雲南自效，下王大臣議，寢其奏。十七年，疏辭封爵，复慰諭之。尋卒，諡恪順。

When Kewang reached Guiyang, Shuangli deceived him with word that pursuers were close behind. Kewang knew all was lost. He prepared to go to Frontier Commissioner Hong Chengchou to surrender and sent envoys ahead to offer submission. Wenxiu and the others sent General Yang Wu in pursuit. Yang caught up with him at Shaziling. When Chengchou's relief troops arrived, Kewang escaped. He brought his wife and children to Changsha to surrender in the tenth month of the fourteenth year of Shunzhi. An edict enfeoffed him as Prince of Yi and offered words of reassurance. Soon afterward Academician Mele and others were sent with the edict, seal, and patent of enfeoffment. In the fifteenth year he went to the capital. Prince Jian Jidu and others were ordered to welcome him beyond the walls. He had an audience and was feasted in the Hall of Central Harmony. He was granted ten thousand taels of silver. More than one hundred of his subordinate commanders, including Chen Jie and Liu Tianrui, were given offices and enrolled in the Plain White Banner of the Han Army. Kewang asked to join the campaign against Yunnan to prove his loyalty. The memorial was referred to the princes and grand ministers and set aside. In the seventeenth year he memorialized declining his title and rank. The throne again reassured him. He died soon afterward and was given the posthumous title Keshun.

子徵淇襲，未幾卒。徵淳襲，卒，諡順愍。徵灝請襲，御史孟飛熊疏言：「可望，獻忠餘黨，久據滇、黔，負固不服。及為定國所敗，窮蹙來歸，濫膺非分。宜即停止，或以次降等。」下部議，降襲慕義公，官至兵部尚書，諡清端。子降襲一等阿達哈哈番。乾隆三十六年，命停襲。

His son Zhengqi inherited the title but died before long. Zhengchun inherited, then died and was given the posthumous title Shunmin. Zhenghao asked to inherit. Censor Meng Feixiong memorialized: "Kewang was a remnant of Xianzhong's band who long held Yunnan and Guizhou and stubbornly refused to submit. Only when Dingguo defeated him and he was driven to extremity did he come over, yet he was showered with honors beyond his deserts. The succession should be stopped at once, or the rank reduced by one degree." The memorial was referred to the ministries. The line was reduced to Duke of Muyi. Zhenghao rose to Minister of War and was given the posthumous title Qingduan. His son Jiang inherited a first-rank adaha han banner rank. In the thirty-sixth year of Qianlong an order ended the succession.

文選，陝西吳堡人，亦從獻忠為賊。獻忠敗，從可望入貴州。其緩桂王使得入雲南也，桂王封為鞏國公，令還貴陽慰諭可望，可望奪其兵，置軍中。及將舉兵，諸將說可望原得文選為大將，可望使將前鋒，遂降定國，可望以是敗。桂王封文選鞏昌王。

Wenxuan, a native of Wubao in Shaanxi, had also followed Xianzhong in rebellion. When Xianzhong was defeated, he followed Kewang into Guizhou. For delaying the move so the Prince of Gui could reach Yunnan, the Prince of Gui enfeoffed him as Duke of Gong and ordered him back to Guiyang to reassure Kewang. Kewang stripped him of his command and kept him in the ranks. When Kewang was about to march, his generals urged that he should have Wenxuan as commander. Kewang made him lead the vanguard. Wenxuan then went over to Dingguo, and that was how Kewang was defeated. The Prince of Gui enfeoffed Wenxuan as Prince of Gongchang.

順治十六年，我師下雲南，定國戰屢敗，令文選為殿；戰於玉龍關，文選复敗，走木邦。桂王入緬甸，居赭硜。十七年，文選攻阿瓦，弗克，與定國會師孟艮；再攻阿瓦，求出桂王，終不獲，我師益深入。文選據錫箔，憑江拒守。我師出木邦，造筏將渡，文選奔茶山。總兵馬寧將偏師追之，及於猛養，文選降。詔封承恩公，亦隸漢軍正白旗。康熙元年，命予三等公俸。七年，加太子少師。十四年，卒。子繪，降襲一等精奇尼哈番。卒，停襲。

In the sixteenth year of Shunzhi our army entered Yunnan. Dingguo suffered repeated defeats and ordered Wenxuan to cover the retreat; At Yulong Pass Wenxuan was defeated again and fled to Mubang. The Prince of Gui entered Burma and lived at Zhe'e. In the seventeenth year Wenxuan attacked Ava without success and joined Dingguo at Menggen; They attacked Ava again to recover the Prince of Gui but failed. Our army pressed ever deeper. Wenxuan held Xibo and defended the river line. Our army advanced from Mubang and built rafts to cross the river. Wenxuan fled to Chashan. Regional Commander Ma Ning led a detached force in pursuit and caught him at Mengyang. Wenxuan surrendered. An edict enfeoffed him as Duke of Chengen and enrolled him in the Plain White Banner of the Han Army. In the first year of Kangxi he was granted the salary of a third-rank duke. In the seventh year he was given the additional title of Junior Tutor of the Heir Apparent. In the fourteenth year he died. His son Hui inherited at a reduced rank a first-rank jingqi niha banner title. He died, and the succession ended.

論曰：邦家新造，師行所至，逆者誅，順者庸。雖其人叛故國，賊舊君，苟為利於我，固不能不以為功也。可望獨以台官言降爵，終見削奪。唐通降自成，既復來歸，授世職，康熙間即停襲，事又在其前；而定國、夢庚、雄輩及他諸降將，皆襲封如故。民間傳雄負福王出，王咬其項，遂潰死。雄死時，明亡已二十年。其言誠無稽，然民之所惡，蓋亦可見矣。

The commentators say: When a dynasty is newly founded, wherever the army marches, those who resist are punished and those who submit are rewarded. Even men who betrayed their former state and wronged their former sovereign could not but be counted meritorious if they served the new dynasty's interest. Kewang alone, on a censor's memorial, had his rank reduced and in the end saw the line stripped away entirely. Tang Tong had surrendered to Li Zicheng, then returned and was granted a hereditary rank, yet even his line was ended in the Kangxi reign—an earlier case still; yet Dingguo, Menggeng, Xiong, and the other surrendered commanders kept their hereditary titles without such reduction. Popular legend says that when Xiong was escorting the Prince of Fu away, the prince bit his neck and he collapsed and died on the spot. When Xiong died, the Ming had already fallen twenty years earlier. The tale has no historical basis, yet it shows how deeply the people detested him.

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