1
=姚啟聖=姚啟聖，字熙止，浙江會稽人。 少任俠自喜。 明季為諸生。 順治初，師定江南，遊通州，為土豪所侮，乃詣軍前乞自效。 檄署通州知州，執土豪杖殺之，棄官歸。 郊行，遇二卒掠女子，故與好語，奪其刀殺之，還女子其家。 去附族人，籍隸鑲紅旗漢軍。 舉康熙二年八旗鄉試第一，授廣東香山知縣。 前政負課數万，繫獄，啟聖牒大府，悉為代償。 尋以擅開海禁，被劾奪官。
Yao Qisheng, whose courtesy name was Xizhi, came from Kuaiji in Zhejiang. As a young man he lived by the code of the knight-errant and took pride in his own daring. In the closing years of the Ming dynasty he held the rank of licentiate. Early in the Shunzhi reign, while the Qing armies were pacifying the Jiangnan region, he was traveling in Tongzhou when a local bully humiliated him; he went straight to the army headquarters and asked to serve. He was ordered to serve as acting prefect of Tongzhou, seized the bully, had him clubbed to death, and then resigned and went home. Once on an outing beyond the city walls he came upon two soldiers abducting a woman; he spoke to them pleasantly on purpose, seized their blades and killed them, and sent the woman back to her family. He went to live with kinsmen and was entered on the registers of the Han Bannermen of the Bordered Red Banner. In the second year of the Kangxi reign he took first place in the Eight Banners provincial examination and was appointed magistrate of Xiangshan in Guangdong. His predecessor had left tens of thousands in unpaid taxes and lay in prison; Qisheng petitioned the provincial authorities and paid the entire debt himself. Before long he was impeached and stripped of office for having opened the maritime trade ban on his own authority.
2
十三年，耿精忠反，兵入浙江境，陷溫州傍近及台、處諸屬縣。 聖祖命康親王杰書統師進討，啟聖與子儀募健兒數百詣軍，以策幹王。 檄署諸暨知縣，剿平紫瑯山土寇。 十四年，以王薦，超擢溫處道僉事。 從都統拉哈達克松陽、宣平二縣。 十五年，偕副都統沃申、總兵陳世凱等勦賊石塘，焚其木城，斬獲甚眾，乘勝復云和。
In the thirteenth year Geng Jingzhong rose in rebellion; his forces crossed into Zhejiang, seized the districts around Wenzhou, and overran the subordinate counties of Taizhou and Chuzhou. The Kangxi Emperor ordered Prince Kang Jieshu to take command of a punitive expedition; Qisheng and his son Yi recruited several hundred sturdy fighters and came to the camp to offer the prince their counsel. By imperial order he was made acting magistrate of Zhuji and wiped out the local bandits on Mount Zilang. In the fourteenth year, on the prince's recommendation, he was promoted by special exception to surveillance commissioner of the Wenzhou and Chuzhou circuit. He followed the commandant-in-chief Lahadak and recovered the counties of Songyang and Xuanping. In the fifteenth year, together with the deputy commandant-in-chief Wo Shen, regional commander Chen Shikai, and others, he attacked the rebels at Shitang, burned their wooden fortress, killed and captured a great many of them, and pressed the advantage to retake Yunhe.
3
先是，精忠以書招鄭錦，錦至复拒之，將士多為內應，錦遂取泉、漳二府，據廈門。 精忠與戰，复屢敗。 啟聖又使儀破精忠將曾養性於溫州。 十月，師入仙霞關，趨福建，精忠降。 擢啟聖福建布政使，率兵討錦。 吳三桂將韓大任驍勇善戰，世稱小淮陰者也，自贛入汀，謀與錦合。 啟聖說之降，簡其部卒，得死士三千人，以為親軍。 十六年，從康親王復邵武、興化，盡取漳、泉地。 錦遁歸廈門。 總督郎廷佐奏啟聖與子儀屢著戰功，贍軍購馬，具甲胄弓矢，糜白金五萬，皆出私財，詔嘉獎。
Earlier, Jingzhong had written to summon Zheng Jing; when Jing arrived Jingzhong turned him away again, but many officers and men served as inside collaborators, and Jing thereupon seized the prefectures of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou and held Xiamen. Jingzhong fought him but was beaten again and again. Qisheng again sent Yi to defeat Jingzhong's general Zeng Yangxing at Wenzhou. In the tenth month the army passed through Xianxia Pass and advanced into Fujian; Jingzhong surrendered. Qisheng was promoted to Fujian provincial administration commissioner and led troops against Zheng Jing. Han Daren, a general under Wu Sangui, was famed for his fighting prowess and was known in his day as "the lesser Huaiyin"; he came from Ganzhou into Tingzhou intending to join forces with Zheng Jing. Qisheng persuaded him to surrender, picked men from his ranks, and formed a personal guard of three thousand men willing to die for him. In the sixteenth year he followed Prince Kang in recovering Shaowu and Xinghua and took all the territory of Zhangzhou and Quanzhou. Zheng Jing fled back to Xiamen. Governor-general Lang Tingzuo reported that Qisheng and his son Yi had repeatedly distinguished themselves in battle, provisioned the army, bought horses, and furnished armor, bows, and arrows at a cost of fifty thousand taels of pure silver—all from their own purses—and the court praised and rewarded them.
4
十七年，錦遣其將劉國軒、吳淑、阿佑等復犯漳、泉，海澄公黃芳世、都統穆赫林、提督段應舉等與戰，敗績，遂陷海澄、長泰、同安、惠安、平和諸縣。 詔擢啟聖福建總督，條上機宜，「請調福寧鎮兵助攻泉州，調衢州、贛州、潮州三鎮兵助攻漳州，復設漳浦、同安二總兵，增督標兵五千。 通省經制兵萬八千，申明臨陣賞罰，禁廝役佔兵額」。 下議政王大臣議，衢、贛、潮三路皆重地，未便徵發，既增督標兵，毋庸复廣通省兵額，餘皆從其議。 七月，偕海澄公黃芳度自永福進克平和、漳平。 國軒等解泉州圍，進逼漳州，壁於蜈蚣嶺。 啟聖率壯士鍾寶、張黑子等出戰，將軍賚塔、都統沃申等夾擊，連破賊寨，斬其將鄭英、劉正璽等十餘人，國軒遁海澄，乘勝复長泰。 敘功，進正一品。 九月，復遣儀率兵攻同安，敵棄城遁，斬其將林欽等。 尋偕副都統吉勒塔布、提督楊捷等進攻海澄，敗國軒於江東橋，又敗之於潮溝。
In the seventeenth year Zheng Jing sent his generals Liu Guoxuan, Wu Shu, Ayoo, and others to strike again at Zhangzhou and Quanzhou; the Prince of Haicheng Huang Fangshi, commandant-in-chief Mu Helin, provincial military commissioner Duan Yingju, and others met them in battle but were routed, and Haicheng, Changtai, Tong'an, Huian, Pinghe, and other counties fell. By edict Qisheng was promoted to governor-general of Fujian and laid out a detailed plan: "I request that troops from the Funing garrison be shifted to assist the attack on Quanzhou, that troops from the Quzhou, Ganzhou, and Chaozhou garrisons assist the attack on Zhangzhou, that zonal commanders be reestablished at Zhangpu and Tong'an, and that five thousand men be added to the governor-general's personal standard. The province's regular troops total eighteen thousand; rewards and punishments in the field should be made explicit, and camp servants must be forbidden from occupying military quotas." The proposal was sent to the council of princes and great ministers; the Quzhou, Ganzhou, and Chaozhou routes were all vital posts and could not conveniently be stripped of troops; since the governor-general's standard had already been enlarged, there was no need to raise the province-wide troop quota further—and the rest of his plan was approved. In the seventh month, together with the Prince of Haicheng Huang Fangdu, he advanced from Yongfu and retook Pinghe and Zhangping. Guoxuan and his fellows raised the siege of Quanzhou and pressed toward Zhangzhou, where they fortified themselves on Wugong Ridge. Qisheng led his stalwarts Zhong Bao, Zhang Heizi, and others into battle; General Sagui, commandant-in-chief Wo Shen, and others struck from both flanks, broke one rebel camp after another, and killed more than ten of their generals including Zheng Ying and Liu Zhengxi; Guoxuan fled to Haicheng, and they pressed on to retake Changtai. When merit was reckoned he was advanced to the first rank. In the ninth month he again sent Yi to lead troops against Tong'an; the enemy abandoned the city and fled, and generals such as Lin Qin were killed. Soon afterward he joined deputy commandant-in-chief Jiletabu, provincial military commissioner Yang Jie, and others in attacking Haicheng, defeating Guoxuan at Jiangdong Bridge and again at Chaogou.
5
十八年，國軒與淑、佑等踞郭塘、歐溪頭，欲斷江東橋以犯長泰。 啟聖偕賚塔、捷及巡撫吳興祚等邀擊，大敗之，先後招降所置吏四百餘、兵一萬四千有奇。 國軒等復率萬餘人謀奪榴山寨，啟聖偕賚塔及副都統石調聲擊敗之，至太平橋、潮溝，斬千餘級。 十九年，會賚塔等攻海澄。 時提督萬正色先克海壇，啟聖及總兵趙得壽、黃大來等分兵七路並進，破十九寨； 別遣將渡海，拔金門、廈門，降錦將朱天貴等，錦退保澎湖，盡复所陷郡縣：進兵部尚書、太子太保。
In the eighteenth year Guoxuan, Shu, Ayoo, and others held Gedang and Ouxitou and planned to sever Jiangdong Bridge in order to strike at Changtai. Qisheng joined Sagui, Jie, and Governor Wu Xingzuo in intercepting them and inflicted a crushing defeat; in succession they induced more than four hundred officials and over fourteen thousand troops whom the enemy had installed to surrender. Guoxuan and others again led more than ten thousand men in an attempt to seize Liushan Stockade; Qisheng joined Sagui and deputy commandant-in-chief Shi Diaosheng to defeat them; at Taiping Bridge and Chaogou more than a thousand heads were taken. In the nineteenth year he joined Sagui and others in the attack on Haicheng. By then provincial military commissioner Wan Zhengse had already taken Haitan; Qisheng and regional commanders Zhao Deshou, Huang Dalai, and others advanced in seven columns and stormed nineteen stockades; he separately sent generals across the sea to take Jinmen and Xiamen and induced Zheng Jing's general Zhu Tiangui and others to surrender; Zheng Jing withdrew to hold Penghu, and all the prefectures and counties that had fallen were recovered—whereupon Qisheng was promoted to minister of war and Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent.
6
二十年，左都御史徐元文劾「啟聖疏請借司庫銀十二萬，經營取息，侵占民利； 題報軍前捐銀十五萬，皆剋軍餉朘民膏而得。 閩民極困，啟聖不能存撫，拆毀民居，築園亭水閣，日役千人，舞女歌兒充牣房闥； 又強取長泰戴氏女為妾。 海壇進師，力為阻撓，及克廈門，又言當直取台灣。 始欲養寇，繼欲窮兵。 吳興祚、萬正色平海奏功，啟聖慚妒，妄謂正色與錦將朱天貴有約，讓海壇而去。 險詐欺誣，乞敕部嚴議」。 上令啟聖覆奏，啟聖言：「臣於康熙十七年十月進兵至鳳凰山，因一時投誠者多，犒賞不繼，與撫臣吳興祚議外省貿易，頗有微利，前督臣李率泰、經略洪承疇嘗借帑為之，遂冒昧上疏，未蒙俞允。 臣自入仕，京師未有產業，而軍前捐銀十五萬有奇者，香山罷官後，貿易七年，得積微貲，並臣浙江祖產變價，及親朋借貸，經年累月而後有此。 臣於十七年七月至省，見總督官廨為耿精忠屯兵毀傷傾圮，因捐貲修整，日役不過數十，柵外員役私舍，令其自行撤除。 至臣妾皆有子女，年已老大，並無歌兒舞女，強取戴氏女，尤無其事。 十八年十一月，臣密陳進剿機宜，請水陸五道進兵，並未阻撓。 至得廈門即攻台灣，先於十八年九月預陳，亦非屆時發議。 撫臣、提臣拜疏出師，平賊首功已定，臣何所容其慚妒。 朱天貴應撫投誠，天貴言之而臣始知之。 臣任三閩三職，雖無妒功之心，實有溺職之咎。 乞敕部嚴議，別簡賢能。」 疏入，報聞。 二十一年，敘克海澄、金門、廈門功，授世職拜他喇布勒哈番兼拖沙喇哈番。
In the twentieth year the left censor-in-chief Xu Yuanwen impeached him, charging that "Qisheng memorialized asking to borrow 120,000 taels from the treasury to invest for profit, encroaching on the people's gain; in reporting donations at the front of 150,000 taels, all of it was obtained by skimming military pay and draining the people's substance. The people of Fujian are in extreme distress, yet Qisheng cannot preserve and comfort them—he tears down private homes to build gardens and waterside pavilions, employing a thousand men a day, and singing girls and dancers crowd every room and hall; he also forcibly took a daughter of the Dai family of Changtai as a concubine. When the army advanced on Haitan he did all he could to obstruct it, and after Xiamen was taken he argued that Taiwan should be taken at once. At first he wished to let the rebels thrive; afterward he wished to exhaust the army. When Wu Xingzuo and Wan Zhengse reported their merit in pacifying the sea, Qisheng, ashamed and jealous, falsely claimed that Zhengse had a secret agreement with Zheng Jing's general Zhu Tiangui and had yielded Haitan. He is treacherous, deceitful, and fraudulent—I beg that the ministry be ordered to deliberate on him with the utmost severity." The emperor ordered Qisheng to reply in memorial; Qisheng wrote: "In the tenth month of the seventeenth year of Kangxi, when the army advanced to Fenghuang Mountain, so many came over to our side at once that rewards could not keep pace; I discussed with Governor Wu Xingzuo trade with other provinces, which yielded a modest profit; former governor-general Li Shuaitai and Grand Secretary Hong Chengchou had once borrowed treasury funds for such purposes, so I rashly memorialized—and the request was not granted. Since I entered office I have owned no property in the capital; the more than 150,000 taels I donated at the front came from seven years of trade after I was dismissed from Xiangshan, a small sum saved up bit by bit, together with the sale of my ancestral property in Zhejiang and loans from kin and friends—built up over many months and years before I had that amount. In the seventh month of the seventeenth year, when I arrived in the province, I found the governor-general's yamen ruined and leaning after Geng Jingzhong's troops had occupied and wrecked it; I donated funds to repair it, employing no more than several tens of men a day; as for the private quarters of junior officials outside the barrier, I had them tear those down themselves. As for my concubines, all have borne children and are already advanced in years; I keep no singing girls or dancers; the charge that I forcibly took a daughter of the Dai family is especially without foundation. In the eleventh month of the eighteenth year I secretly memorialized the plan for a punitive expedition, requesting advance by five routes on land and sea, and I did not obstruct the campaign. As for attacking Taiwan as soon as Xiamen was taken, I had already stated that plan in the ninth month of the eighteenth year; it was not a proposal raised only when the moment arrived. When the governor and provincial military commissioner memorialized to take the field, the chief merit for pacifying the rebels was already settled—where could I harbor shame or jealousy? Zhu Tiangui was persuaded to surrender by the governor; Tiangui spoke of it, and only then did I learn of it. I have held three posts across the three Fujian offices; though I have no heart to envy others' merit, I truly bear the guilt of neglecting my duties. I beg that the ministry deliberate on me with severity and choose another able man in my place." When the memorial was submitted, the court took note. In the twenty-first year, for merit in taking Haicheng, Jinmen, and Xiamen, he was granted the hereditary rank of Butalabuhan combined with Tosalahahan.
7
方鄭錦屢入寇，徙濱海居民入內地，俾絕接濟、避侵掠，下令越界者罪至死，民多盪析。 及禁旅班師，驅系良民子女北行，啟聖白王嚴禁。 复捐貲贖歸難民二萬餘人，並請開海界、复民業，聽降卒墾荒，民困漸蘇。 及錦死，子克塽仍其爵，稱延平王，凡事皆決之國軒等。 啟聖令知府卞永譽、張仲舉專理海疆，多以金帛間其黨與。 克塽乃遣使齎書，原稱臣入貢，不薙發登岸，如琉球、高麗例。 啟聖以聞，上不許，趣水師提督施琅進徵。
While Zheng Jing raided again and again, coastal inhabitants were moved inland to cut off supplies to the enemy and avoid pillage; anyone crossing the boundary was sentenced to death, and countless families were scattered. When the prohibition troops were withdrawn, they drove the sons and daughters of good commoners northward; Qisheng reported this to the prince and had it strictly forbidden. He again donated funds to ransom more than twenty thousand refugees, and requested that the maritime boundary be opened and people's livelihoods restored, allowing surrendered soldiers to reclaim wasteland; the people's hardship gradually eased. When Zheng Jing died, his son Keshuang inherited his rank, styled himself Prince Yanping, and all affairs were decided by Guoxuan and his circle. Qisheng put prefects Bian Yongyu and Zhang Zhongju in charge of the coast and often used gold and silk to sow discord among the enemy factions. Keshuang then sent envoys bearing a letter, offering to submit as a vassal and pay tribute without shaving the head when coming ashore, on the model of Ryukyu and Koryeo. Qisheng reported this to the throne; the emperor would not agree and urged the naval commander Shi Lang to advance in expedition.
8
二十二年六月，瑯進攻台灣，取澎湖。 啟聖駐廈門督饋運，以大舟載金、纟曾、貨、米至軍，大賚降卒，遣之歸，台民果攜貳。 復設間使克塽與國軒互相猜，眾莫為用。 瑯遂定台灣，克塽、國軒等皆降。 語具瑯傳。 啟聖還福州，未幾，疽發背，卒。 明年，部議以啟聖修繕船舶、軍械，浮冒帑金四萬七千有奇，應追繳，上念其勞，免之。
In the sixth month of the twenty-second year Shi Lang advanced on Taiwan and took Penghu. Qisheng was stationed at Xiamen supervising supply transport; he sent large ships laden with gold, silk, goods, and rice to the army, richly rewarded the surrendered troops, and sent them home—and the people of Taiwan did indeed waver in their loyalty. He again set secret agents to sow mutual suspicion between Keshuang and Guoxuan, so that no one could be put to effective use. Shi Lang then pacified Taiwan; Keshuang, Guoxuan, and the rest all surrendered. The full account is given in Shi Lang's biography. Qisheng returned to Fuzhou; before long a carbuncle broke out on his back and he died. The next year the ministry ruled that in repairing ships and military equipment Qisheng had falsely claimed more than forty-seven thousand taels of treasury funds, which ought to be recovered; the emperor, mindful of his services, exempted him.
9
子儀，膂力絕人，雄偉與父埒。 初以捐納知縣從征，累戰有功。 康親王檄署游擊。 議敘，內擢郎中。 上以儀有才略，且自陳原以武職自效，改都督僉事，以總兵用。 歷狼山、杭州、沅州、鶴慶諸鎮總兵，鑲紅旗漢軍副都統。 卒，賜祭葬。
His son Yi had strength beyond ordinary men and was as imposing as his father. At first, having purchased office as a magistrate, he joined the campaign and distinguished himself again and again in battle. Prince Kang appointed him acting colonel by order. When merit was reckoned he was promoted within the civil service to director in the ministry. The emperor, seeing that Yi had talent and strategy and that he himself had declared he wished to serve in a military post, changed his appointment to vice commissioner of the metropolitan banner and employed him as a regional commander. He served in turn as regional commander at Langshan, Hangzhou, Yuanzhou, and Heqing, and as vice commandant-in-chief of the Han Bannermen of the Bordered Red Banner. He died, and the court granted him the rites of imperial sacrifice and burial.
10
鍾寶，少業屠，流為盜。 啟聖令香山，招之降。 後啟聖徵福建，寶偕同降者二十人隸麾下，每戰輒當前，所向有功。 累進秩都督僉事。 啟聖卒，遂歸。 後數年，部議注官，授潼關參將，遷靖邊協副將。 卒。 寶撫兵民有恩，稱為鍾佛子。
Zhong Bao had been a butcher in his youth and drifted into banditry. When Qisheng was magistrate of Xiangshan he induced him to surrender. Later, when Qisheng campaigned in Fujian, Bao and twenty others who had surrendered with him entered his service; in every battle he took the front rank and wherever he went won distinction. He was repeatedly promoted until he reached the rank of vice commissioner of the metropolitan banner. When Qisheng died he went home. Several years later, when the ministry deliberated on registering officials, he was appointed defender of Tong Pass and later transferred to assistant regional commander of the Jingbian command. He died. Bao treated soldiers and commoners with kindness and was called the Buddha-son Zhong.
11
韓大任，降後入覲，聖祖以其為三桂將，留為內務府包衣參領。 二十九年，從佟國綱徵噶爾丹，次烏闌布通，伏發，國綱歿於陣。 大任驚曰：「吾聞臨陣失帥，兵家大罪。 吾以叛逆之黨，蒙恩不死。 今豈可坐必死之律，復對獄吏乎？」 因馳入賊陣，手刃數十人，死之。
Han Daren, after surrendering, had an audience with the emperor; because he had been a general under Wu Sangui, the Kangxi Emperor kept him on as a bondservant clerk in the Imperial Household Department. In the twenty-ninth year he followed Tong Guogang on the expedition against Galdan; they encamped at Ulan Butong; an ambush was sprung and Guogang fell in battle. Daren cried out in alarm: "I have heard that to lose one's commander in battle is a grave offense in the art of war. I belong to the party of rebels and received grace that I was not put to death. How can I now sit under a law that must mean death and face the prison officers again?" With that he galloped into the enemy ranks, killed several tens with his own hand, and died.
12
=吳興祚=吳興祚，字伯成，漢軍正紅旗人，原籍浙江山陰。 父執忠，客禮親王代善幕，授頭等護衛。 興祚自貢生授江西萍鄉知縣。 金聲桓叛，郡縣多被寇，萍鄉以有備獨完。 坐事罷。 旋以守禦功复官，授山西大寧知縣，遷山東沂州知州。 白蓮教嘯聚為患，興祚開諭散遣之。 复坐事降補江南無錫知縣。 縣吏虧庫帑，更數政未得償，官罷不能去。 興祚至，為請豁除，其當償者出私財代輸。 清丈通縣田，編號繪圖，因田徵賦。 飛詭隱匿，皆不得行。 縣徭役未均，最煩苦者為圖六。 興祚以入官田徵租僱役，民害乃除。 歲饑，為粥食餓者。 八旗兵駐防蘇州，興祚請於領兵固山，單騎彈壓。 兵或取民雞，立笞之，皆奉約束。 塘溢，兵不得渡，立竹於塘旁，懸燈以為識，騎行如坦途。
Wu Xingzuo, whose courtesy name was Bocheng, was a Han Bannerman of the Plain Red Banner, originally from Shanyin in Zhejiang. His father Zhizhong, received as a guest at Prince Dai Shan's staff, was appointed a first-class guard. Xingzuo, having purchased office as a student, was appointed magistrate of Pingxiang in Jiangxi. When Jin Shengchuan rebelled, bandits overran most of the prefectures and counties, but Pingxiang alone remained intact because it had been prepared. He was dismissed for misconduct. He was soon restored to office for his defensive merit, appointed magistrate of Daying in Shanxi, and then transferred to prefect of Yizhou in Shandong. When the White Lotus sect gathered in armed bands and became a menace, Xingzuo openly reasoned with them and had them disbanded. He was again demoted for misconduct and reassigned as magistrate of Wuxi in Jiangnan. County clerks had embezzled public funds, and through several administrations the shortfall could never be made up—when an official was dismissed he still could not leave. When Xingzuo arrived, he petitioned for remission of the debt, and for what still had to be repaid he paid out of his own purse. He conducted a full survey of the county's fields, numbered them and mapped them, and levied taxes according to actual holdings. False claims and concealment could no longer be practiced. Corvee duties in the county were unevenly distributed, and the worst burden fell on Register Six. Xingzuo used rents from government land to hire corvee labor, and the people's burden was lifted. In a famine year he set up gruel kitchens to feed the starving. When Eight Banner troops were garrisoned at Suzhou, Xingzuo obtained permission from their garrison commander and rode out alone to enforce order. When soldiers seized people's chickens he had them flogged on the spot, and they all submitted to discipline. When a pond overflowed and blocked the soldiers' crossing, he planted bamboo poles along the bank and hung lanterns as markers, so that riding across was as easy as traveling a level road.
13
康熙十三年，遷行人，仍留知縣事，用漕運總督帥顏保薦，超擢福建按察使。 有朱統錩者，號明裔，耿精忠私署敉遠將軍，及精忠降，自稱宜春王，據貴溪為亂，與福建錯壤。 興祚輕騎至光澤，撫其將陳龍等，遣降將陽自歸為內應，令龍導師入，其將馮珩等縛統錩，率兵三千以降。
In the thirteenth year of Kangxi he was transferred to Gentleman Attendant while still handling magistrate duties, and on the recommendation of Grand Canal transport commissioner Shuai Yanbao he was promoted out of turn to surveillance commissioner of Fujian. A man named Zhu Tongqi styled himself a descendant of the Ming; Geng Jingzhong had privately appointed him Pacification-General of the Frontier, and after Jingzhong surrendered he proclaimed himself Prince of Yichun, seized Guixi, and rebelled on Fujian's border. Xingzuo rode lightly to Guangze and won over Zhu's generals Chen Long and others; he sent the surrendered general Yang Zigui as an inside agent, had Long guide the imperial army in, and Feng Heng and others bound Zhu Tongqi and surrendered with three thousand troops.
14
十七年，擢巡撫。 時鄭錦踞台灣，遣其驍將劉國軒等陷漳、泉屬縣，复圍泉州。 興祚率標兵自興化赴援，至仙遊，錦將黃球等率二千人結土寇萬餘屯白鴿嶺。 興祚分兵三道，自當中路，與戰，自辰至酉，相持不即退。 興祚遣兵自間道奪白鴿嶺關口，斬級六百，墮岸溺水死者甚眾，寇乃潰走，追敗之於嶺頭灣，复永春、德化二縣。 國軒自泉州走入海，以巨艦數百出沒赤嶼、黃崎諸處。 興祚遣總兵林賢等統水師出海，分三路夾攻，焚敵艦六十餘，俘斬六千有奇。 疏報捷，並言：「海逆逼犯漳、泉，大軍由陸路進發，跋涉疲難。 臣前捐募水兵，一戰破賊，但兵力稍薄，未易輕取廈門。 若得水師二萬，再添造戰船，可直搗巢穴，掃蕩鯨波。」 詔允行。
In the seventeenth year he was promoted to governor. Zheng Jing then held Taiwan and sent his best generals, including Liu Guoxuan, to seize counties under Zhangzhou and Quanzhou and once again besiege Quanzhou. Xingzuo led garrison troops from Xinghua to the rescue, and at Xianyou Zheng Jing's generals Huang Qiu and others, with two thousand men joined by more than ten thousand local bandits, encamped at Baige Ridge. Xingzuo divided his forces into three columns and took the center himself; the battle raged from morning until evening without either side yielding ground. Xingzuo sent troops by a side path to seize the pass at Baige Ridge, took six hundred heads, and many rebels fell from the cliffs and drowned; the enemy then broke and fled, and he pursued and routed them at Lingtou Bay, recovering Yongchun and Dehua. Guoxuan fled from Quanzhou out to sea and with several hundred large warships raided around Chiyu, Huangqi, and other points along the coast. Xingzuo sent regional commander Lin Xian and others to lead the fleet to sea, attacked in three columns, burned more than sixty enemy ships, and captured or killed more than six thousand of the enemy. He memorialized reporting victory and added: "The sea rebels are pressing in on Zhangzhou and Quanzhou; the main army advances overland, exhausted by the long march. Your subject previously raised naval troops at his own expense and defeated the rebels in one battle, but our forces are still too thin to take Xiamen easily. With twenty thousand naval troops and more warships, we could strike their stronghold directly and sweep the seas clean. The emperor approved the proposal.
15
十八年，國軒率兵二千至郭塘、歐溪頭，欲斷江東橋以犯長泰，興祚與都統吉勒塔布、總督姚啟聖會師擊走之。 興祚遣驛傳道王國泰等招降錦將蔡衝琱、林忠等三百八十五人，兵萬二千五百，拔難民千二百，得舟六十七。 敘前後功，進秩正一品。
In the eighteenth year Liu Guoxuan led two thousand men to Guotang and Ouxitou, intending to sever Jiangdong Bridge and invade Changtai; Xingzuo joined commandant-in-chief Jiletabu and Governor Yao Qisheng, and together they drove the enemy off. Xingzuo dispatched Wang Guotai and others via the courier service to win over Zheng Jing's generals Cai Chongdiao, Lin Zhong, and 385 others along with 12,500 troops; they rescued 1,200 refugees and seized sixty-seven boats. In recognition of his successive victories he was promoted to the first rank.
16
十九年，疏言：「鄭錦盤踞廈門，沿海生靈受其荼毒。 臣去冬新造戰船，水師提督萬正色分配將士，自閩安出大洋操練。 俟舊存船艘修葺完整，江南砲手齊集，即相機進取廈門。」 二月，正色師進海壇，興祚自泉州會寧海將軍拉哈達、總兵王英等赴同安，攻克汭洲、潯尾諸隘。 渡海，拉哈達出中路，英右，興祚左，奮戰，敵大潰，遂克廈門。 時正色已取海壇，降錦將朱天貴等，復遣兵取金門，餘眾悉竄台灣。 捷聞，詔嘉獎，下部優敘。 興祚因請留澳民防守，蠲荒田租糧，減關課。 正色亦請於海澄、廈門分兵駐守。 上命侍郎溫岱赴福建會議。 溫岱至，啟聖與言正色复海壇，與天貴先有約乃進兵，無殺賊攻克事。 溫岱還京師，兵部據其言，議興祚冒功，上命仍議敘，予世職拜他喇布勒哈番兼拖沙喇哈番。
In the nineteenth year he memorialized: "Zheng Jing holds Xiamen, and the coastal population suffers under his oppression. Last winter your subject had new warships built, and naval commissioner Wan Zhengse assigned officers and men to train on the open sea from Min'an. Once the remaining vessels are fully repaired and the Jiangnan gunners are assembled, we shall seize the opportunity to take Xiamen. In the second month Wan Zhengse's fleet advanced on Haitan, while Xingzuo left Quanzhou to join Ninghai general Lahada and regional commander Wang Ying at Tong'an, where they stormed the passes at Ruizhou, Xunwei, and elsewhere. They crossed the sea with Lahada in the center, Wang Ying on the right, and Xingzuo on the left; after fierce fighting the enemy broke completely, and Xiamen fell. By then Wan Zhengse had already taken Haitan and won the surrender of Zheng Jing's generals Zhu Tiangui and others; he sent troops again to take Jinmen, and the rest of the enemy fled to Taiwan. When news of the victory arrived, the emperor issued an edict of commendation and ordered exceptional rewards for the officers involved. Xingzuo also petitioned to keep local harbor communities on guard duty, to remit grain tax on abandoned fields, and to reduce customs duties. Wan Zhengse likewise requested that troops be stationed at Haicheng and Xiamen. The emperor sent vice minister Wen Dai to Fujian to confer on the matter. When Wen Dai arrived, Yao Qisheng told him that Wan Zhengse had retaken Haitan only after making a prior deal with Zhu Tian Gui, and that no enemy had been killed in its capture. When Wen Dai returned to the capital, the Board of War, acting on his report, considered that Xingzuo had falsely claimed credit, but the emperor ordered that merit be evaluated nonetheless and granted him the hereditary rank of Butalabuhan combined with Tosalahahan.
17
二十年，擢兩廣總督。 興祚上官，疏言尚之信在廣東橫徵苛斂，民受其害數十年。 因舉鹽埠、渡稅、稅總店、漁課諸害，悉奏罷之。 自遷界令下，廣東沿海居民多失業，興祚疏請展界，恣民捕採耕種。 上遣尚書杜臻、內閣學士石柱會興祚巡歷規畫，兵民皆得所。 又言潮州海汛遼闊，商民往來貿易，恐宵小潛踪，應令澄海協達濠營水汛官兵船隻改歸南澳水師鎮統轄，與碣石鎮互相聯絡，巡防外海島嶼，詔並允行。 二十四年，疏請於廣東、廣西二省設爐鼓鑄，給事中錢晉錫、御史王君詔疏劾興祚鼓鑄浮冒，下吏議，當鐫秩，命以副都統用。
In the twentieth year he was promoted to governor-general of the two Guang provinces. On taking office Xingzuo memorialized that Shang Zhixin had been levying extortionate taxes in Guangdong, and that the people had suffered under this for decades. He cited abuses such as the salt wharves, ferry taxes, tax monopolies, and fishing levies, and had them all abolished by imperial decree. Since the coastal evacuation order, many residents along the Guangdong coast had lost their livelihoods; Xingzuo memorialized asking that the boundary be extended so people could again fish, forage, and farm freely. The emperor sent Minister Du Zhen and Grand Secretariat academician Shizhu to join Xingzuo in surveying and planning the resettlement, so that both soldiers and civilians were properly settled. He also argued that the Chaozhou coastal zone was too vast for merchants traveling to and fro, and that covert troublemakers might go unnoticed; he proposed placing the Chenghai brigade's Dahao naval patrol force under the Nanao naval command, coordinating with the Jieshi garrison to patrol the outer islands—and the emperor approved all of these measures. In the twenty-fourth year, he memorialized asking that mints be established in Guangdong and Guangxi. The supervising secretary Qian Jinxi and the censor Wang Junzhao then impeached Xingzuo for fraudulent minting. The case was sent down for official review, and he was judged liable to be stripped of rank; yet he was ordered to serve as a deputy lieutenant general.
18
三十一年，授歸化城右翼漢軍副都統，复坐事鐫秩。 三十五年，上徵噶爾丹，命自呼坦和碩至寧夏安十三塘，興祚原效力坐沙克舒爾塘，未幾，復原秩。 三十六年，卒。
In the thirty-first year he was appointed deputy lieutenant general of the Right Wing Han Army at Guihua City, but was again stripped of rank after an offense. In the thirty-fifth year the Emperor marched against Galdan and ordered supply stations established from Hutai Heshuo to the thirteen stations at Ningxia An. Xingzuo volunteered for duty and was posted at Shakushu'er station; before long his original rank was restored. In the thirty-sixth year he died.
19
興祚為政持大體，除煩苛，卒後遠近戴之。 歷官之地，並籥祀名宦。
In office Xingzuo kept to the larger principles of governance and cleared away petty burdens; after his death people near and far honored his memory. Every place where he had served entered him into the rolls of the local shrines to distinguished officials.
20
=施琅=施琅，字琢公，福建晉江人。 初為明總兵鄭芝龍部下左衝鋒。 順治三年，師定福建，瑯從芝龍降。 從征廣東，戡定順德、東莞、三水、新寧諸縣。 芝龍歸京師，其子成功竄踞海島，招瑯，不從。 成功執瑯，並縶其家屬。 瑯以計得脫，父大宣、弟顯及子侄皆為成功所殺。 十三年，從定遠大將軍世子濟度擊敗成功於福州，授同安副將。 十六年，成功據台灣，就擢瑯同安總兵。
Shi Lang, courtesy name Zhuogong, was a native of Jinjiang in Fujian. At first he served as a left vanguard under the Ming regional commander Zheng Zhilong. In the third year of Shunzhi, when imperial forces pacified Fujian, Lang surrendered along with Zhilong. He joined the campaign in Guangdong and helped pacify Shunde, Dongguan, Sanshui, Xinning, and other counties. When Zhilong went to the capital, his son Chenggong fled to an island and seized it, then summoned Lang to join him; Lang refused. Chenggong seized Lang and imprisoned his entire family as well. Lang escaped by a ruse, but his father Da Xuan, his brother Xian, and his sons and nephews were all killed by Chenggong. In the thirteenth year he followed the Campaign General of Dingyuan, the Heir Jidu, in defeating Chenggong at Fuzhou and was appointed deputy commander of Tong'an. In the sixteenth year, after Chenggong seized Taiwan, Lang was promoted to commander of Tong'an.
21
康熙元年，遷水師提督。 時成功已死，其子錦率眾欲犯海澄，瑯遣守備汪明等率舟師御之海門，斬其將林維，獲戰船、軍械。 未幾，靖南王耿繼茂、總督李率泰等攻克廈門，敵驚潰，瑯募荷蘭國水兵，以夾板船要擊，斬級千餘，乘勝取浯嶼、金門二島。 敘功，加右都督。 三年，加靖海將軍。
In the first year of Kangxi he was transferred to the post of naval commander-in-chief. By then Chenggong was dead, and his son Jing led a force intending to strike Haicheng. Lang sent the garrison commander Wang Ming and others with a fleet to meet them at Haimen, killed their general Lin Wei, and captured warships and arms. Soon afterward Prince Jingnan Geng Jimao, Governor Li Shuaitai, and others captured Xiamen, and the enemy broke in panic. Lang hired Dutch sailors and used frigates to cut them off, killing more than a thousand men, then pressed the advantage to take the islands of Wuyu and Jinmen. His achievements were recognized, and he was promoted to Right Censor-in-Chief. In the third year he was given the additional title of Pacifying-the-Seas General.
22
七年，瑯密陳錦負嵎海上，宜急攻之。 召詣京師，上詢方略，瑯言：「賊兵不滿數万，戰船不過數百，錦智勇俱無。 若先取澎湖以扼其吭，賊勢立絀； 倘复負固，則重師泊台灣港口，而別以奇兵分襲南路打狗港及北路文港海翁堀。 賊分則力薄，合則勢蹙，台灣計日可平。」 事下部議，寢其奏。 因裁水師提督，授瑯內大臣，隸鑲黃旗漢軍。
In the seventh year Lang secretly memorialized that Jing was defying the court from the sea and ought to be attacked at once. He was summoned to the capital, and when the Emperor asked his plan Lang replied: "The rebels have fewer than ten thousand men and no more than a few hundred warships; Jing lacks both wit and valor. If we first seize Penghu and cut off their lifeline, the rebels' strength will collapse at once; If they still resist, a main fleet should anchor off Taiwan's ports while separate strike forces hit the southern route at Takao and the northern route at Wengang and Haiwengju. Divided, the rebels will be too weak; united, they will be cornered; Taiwan can be pacified within days." The proposal was sent to the ministries for review, and his memorial was set aside. The naval command was then abolished, and Lang was made an inner court minister attached to the Bordered Yellow Banner Han Army.
23
二十年，錦死，子克塽幼，諸將劉國軒、馮錫範用事。 內閣學士李光地奏台灣可取狀，因薦瑯習海上事，上复授瑯福建水師提督，加太子少保，諭相機進取。 瑯至軍，疏言：「賊船久泊澎湖，悉力固守。 冬春之際，颶風時發，我舟驟難過洋。 臣今練習水師，又遣間諜通臣舊時部曲，使為內應。 俟風便，可獲全勝。」 二十一年，給事中孫蕙疏言宜緩徵台灣。 七月，彗星見，戶部尚書梁清標復以為言，詔暫緩進剿。 瑯疏言：「臣已簡水師精兵二萬、戰船三百，足破滅海賊。 請趣督撫治糧餉，但遇風利，即可進行，並請調陸路官兵協剿。」 詔從之。
In the twentieth year Jing died, leaving his young son Ke Shuang; the generals Liu Guoxuan and Feng Xifan then held the reins of power. Grand Secretary Li Guangdi memorialized that Taiwan could be taken and recommended Lang for his mastery of maritime affairs. The Emperor restored him as Fujian naval commander-in-chief, made him Junior Guardian of the Crown Prince, and ordered him to strike when conditions favored it. When Lang reached the fleet he memorialized: "The rebel ships have long been anchored at Penghu and are defending it with all their strength. Between winter and spring hurricanes often blow up, and our ships cannot easily make the crossing. I am now training the fleet and sending agents to my former subordinates to arrange inside support. When the wind turns favorable, we can win a complete victory." In the twenty-first year the supervising secretary Sun Hui memorialized that the expedition against Taiwan should be postponed. In the seventh month a comet appeared, and Minister of Revenue Liang Qingbiao raised the matter again; an edict then temporarily halted the advance. Lang memorialized: "I have already chosen twenty thousand picked sailors and three hundred warships, enough to destroy the sea rebels. I ask that the governors and grand coordinators be pressed to ready provisions; once the wind serves, we can move at once, and I also request land forces to join the campaign." The court approved his request.
24
二十二年六月，瑯自桐山攻克花嶼、貓嶼、草嶼，乘南風進泊八罩。 國軒踞澎湖，緣岸築短牆，置腰銃，環二十餘里為壁壘。 瑯遣游擊藍理以鳥船進攻，敵舟乘潮四合。 瑯乘樓船突入賊陣，流矢傷目，血溢於帕，督戰不少卻，總兵吳英繼之，斬級三千，克虎井、桶盤二嶼。 旋以百船分列東西，遣總兵陳蟒、魏明、董義、康玉率兵東指雞籠峪、四角山，西指牛心灣，分賊勢。 瑯自督五十六船分八隊，以八十船繼後，揚帆直進。 敵悉眾拒戰，總兵林賢、朱天貴先入陣，天貴戰死。 將士奮勇衷擊，自辰至申，焚敵艦百餘，溺死無算，遂取澎湖，國軒遁歸台灣。 克塽大驚，遣使詣軍前乞降，瑯疏陳，上許之。 八月，瑯統兵入鹿耳門，至台灣。 克塽率屬薙發，迎於水次，繳延平王金印。 台灣平，自海道報捷。 疏至，正中秋，上賦詩旌瑯功，复授靖海將軍，封靖海侯，世襲罔替，賜御用袍及諸服物。 瑯疏辭侯封，乞得如內大臣例賜花翎，部議謂非例，上命毋辭，並如其請賜花翎。
In the sixth month of the twenty-second year Lang set out from Tungshan, took Huayu, Maoyu, and Caoyu, and rode a south wind to anchor at Bazhao. Guoxuan held Penghu, building short walls along the shore, posting swivel guns, and ringing more than twenty li of coast with fortifications. Lang sent the raiding commander Lan Li forward in swift boats, and the enemy ships closed in on the rising tide from every side. Lang led a tower ship straight into the rebel line; a stray arrow struck his eye and blood soaked his handkerchief, yet he kept directing the fight without yielding. Commander Wu Ying pressed on after him, killing three thousand men and taking the islets of Hujing and Tongpan. He then split a hundred ships into eastern and western columns, sending the commanders Chen Mang, Wei Ming, Dong Yi, and Kang Yu east toward Jilongyu and Sijiaoshan and west toward Niuxinwan to divide the rebel force. Lang himself led fifty-six ships in eight squadrons, with eighty more following behind, and sailed straight in under full canvas. The enemy met them with their full strength; the commanders Lin Xian and Zhu Tianguian broke in first, and Tianguian fell in the fighting. The men fought on with fierce direct assaults; from mid-morning until late afternoon they burned more than a hundred enemy ships and drowned countless rebels, then took Penghu as Guoxuan fled back to Taiwan. Ke Shuang was terrified and sent an envoy to the front to sue for surrender; Lang reported this, and the Emperor granted it. In the eighth month Lang led his army through Lu'ermen and reached Taiwan. Ke Shuang came with his followers, shaved their heads in submission, met Lang at the shore, and handed over the Prince of Yanping's gold seal. Taiwan was pacified, and word of victory was sent back by sea. When the memorial reached the capital, it was the very heart of autumn. The Emperor composed a poem to celebrate Lang's achievement, reappointed him Pacification-of-the-Seas General, enfeoffed him as Marquis of Pacifying the Seas with perpetual hereditary rank, and granted him imperial robes and other gifts of attire. Lang memorialized to decline the marquisate and asked instead for a peacock feather, as inner court ministers received by custom. The ministry ruled that this was irregular, but the Emperor told him not to refuse the title—and also granted the peacock feather he had requested.
25
遣侍郎蘇拜至福建，與督撫及瑯議善後事。 有言宜遷其人、棄其地者，瑯疏言：「明季設澎水標於金門，出汛至澎湖而止。 台灣原屬化外，土番雜處，未入版圖。 然其時中國之民潛往生聚，已不下萬人。 鄭芝龍為海寇，據為巢穴。 及崇禎元年，芝龍就撫，借與紅毛為互市之所。 紅毛聯結土番，招納內地民，漸作邊患。 至順治十八年，鄭成功盤踞其地，糾集亡命，荼毒海疆。 傳及其孫克塽，積數十年。 一旦納土歸命，善後之計，尤宜周詳。 若棄其地、遷其人，以有限之船，渡無限之民，非閱數年，難以報竣。 倘渡載不盡，竄匿山谷，所謂藉寇兵而齎盜糧也。 且此地原為紅毛所有，乘隙复踞，必竊窺內地，鼓惑人心。 重以夾板船之精堅，海外無敵，沿海諸省，斷難安然無虞。 至時復勤師遠征，恐未易見效。 如僅守澎湖，則孤懸汪洋之中，土地單薄，遠隔金門、廈門，豈不受制於彼，而能一朝居哉？ 臣思海氛既靖，汰內地溢設之官兵，分防兩處：台灣設總兵一、水師副將一、陸營參將二、兵八千； 澎湖設水師副將一、兵二千。 初無添兵增餉之費，已足固守。 其總兵、副將、參、遊等官，定以二三年轉升內地。 其地正賦雜糧，暫行蠲豁。 駐兵現給全餉，三年後開徵濟用，即不盡資內地轉輸。 蓋籌天下形勢，必期萬全，台灣雖在外島，關四省要害，斷不可棄。 並繪圖以進。」 疏入，下議政王大臣等議，仍未決。 上召詢廷臣，大學士李霨奏應如瑯請。 尋蘇拜等疏亦用瑯議，並設縣三、府一、巡道一，上命允行。
The court sent Vice Minister Su Bai to Fujian to consult with the provincial governors and Lang on how to settle affairs after the conquest. Some argued that the population should be moved off the island and the territory abandoned. Lang memorialized in reply: "In the late Ming, the Penshui garrison was posted at Kinmen, and patrols went no farther than Penghu. Taiwan had lain outside the civilized order, a land where native tribes mingled, not yet charted within the empire's borders. Even then, however, Chinese settlers had slipped across in secret to live there together—already no fewer than ten thousand. Zheng Zhilong turned pirate and made the island his stronghold. In the first year of Chongzhen, Zhilong accepted imperial pacification and leased the place to the Dutch as a trading port. The Dutch allied with the native tribes, drew settlers from the mainland, and little by little turned the island into a frontier menace. By the eighteenth year of Shunzhi, Zheng Chenggong had seized the island, mustered desperate fugitives, and poisoned the coast for decades. Power passed to his grandson Ke Shuang, and so it remained for decades. Now that they have surrendered the territory and submitted to the throne, the plans for what comes after must be laid with especial care. If we abandon the land and move the people, limited shipping cannot carry an unlimited population—years would pass before the task was finished. If not all could be evacuated and the rest hid in the hills, we would be arming the bandits and feeding the robbers. Moreover, this land once belonged to the Dutch. Given the chance to seize it again, they would surely turn covetous eyes inland and stir men's hearts against us. Their decked warships are stout and swift, unmatched on the open sea—the coastal provinces could hardly sleep untroubled. To mobilize the army again for a distant campaign would then be costly—and success far from assured. If we held Penghu alone, it would stand isolated on the open sea—thin soil, far from Kinmen and Xiamen. Would we not be at their mercy, unable to hold it for long? Your servant proposes that, with the seas now quiet, we trim the excess garrisons inland and redeploy troops to two posts: on Taiwan, one regional commander, one naval vice commander, two land-force brigade commanders, and eight thousand men; on Penghu, one naval vice commander and two thousand men. At no added cost in troops or pay, the garrisons would suffice to hold both places. The regional commanders, vice commanders, brigade officers, and patrol officers would rotate back to mainland posts every two or three years. Land tax and grain levies there would be remitted for the time being. The garrison would draw full rations at first; after three years local revenue could begin to meet the need, so the mainland would not bear the whole burden of supply. In weighing the empire's strategic position, nothing less than complete security will do. Taiwan may be an outer island, but it guards the vital approaches of four provinces—it must not be abandoned. He submitted maps along with the memorial." When the memorial reached court, it was referred to the Prince Regent and the grand ministers—but still no decision was made. The Emperor called in the court ministers for counsel. Grand Secretary Li Huo advised that Lang's proposal should be adopted. Before long Su Bai and the others memorialized in support of Lang's plan as well, recommending three counties, one prefecture, and one circuit intendant. The Emperor approved, and the arrangement was put into effect.
26
瑯又疏請克塽納土歸誠，應攜族屬與劉國軒、馮錫範及明裔朱桓等俱詣京師，詔授克塽公銜，國軒、錫范伯銜，俱隸上三旗，餘職官及桓等於近省安插墾荒。 复疏請申嚴海禁，稽核貿易商船，命如所議。
Lang also memorialized that, since Ke Shuang had surrendered the territory in good faith, he should come to the capital with his clansmen, Liu Guoxuan, Feng Xifan, and the Ming descendant Zhu Huan. An edict granted Ke Shuang ducal rank and Guoxuan and Xifan the rank of earl; all were enrolled in the Upper Three Banners. The remaining officials and Zhu Huan were resettled in nearby provinces to reclaim wasteland. He memorialized again to tighten the sea ban and inspect merchant vessels; the Emperor ordered his proposals carried out.
27
二十七年，入覲，溫旨慰勞，賞賚優渥。 上諭瑯曰：「爾前為內大臣十有三年，當時尚有輕爾者。 惟朕深知爾，待爾甚厚。 後三逆平定，惟海寇潛據台灣為福建害，欲除此寇，非爾不可。 朕特加擢用，爾能不負任使，舉六十年難靖之寇，殄滅無餘。 或有言爾恃功驕傲，朕令爾來京。 又有言當留勿遣者，朕思寇亂之際，尚用爾勿疑，況天下已平，反疑而勿遣耶？ 今命爾復任，宜益加敬慎，以保功名。」 瑯奏謝，言：「臣年力已衰，懼勿勝封疆之重。」 上曰：「將尚智不尚力。 朕用爾亦智耳，豈在手足之力哉？」 命還任。 三十五年，卒於官，年七十六，贈太子少傅，賜祭葬，諡襄壯。
In the twenty-seventh year he came to court. The Emperor received him with warm words of praise and lavished rewards upon him. The Emperor said to Lang, "You served as an inner court minister for thirteen years, and even then some still looked down on you. Only I knew your worth and treated you with great favor. After the Three Feudatories were crushed, only the sea rebels still held Taiwan and plagued Fujian. To root them out, no one but you would do. I promoted you expressly for this task, and you did not fail the trust I placed in you—you wiped out a rebellion that had defied pacification for sixty years, leaving not a trace behind. Some said you had grown proud on your laurels, so I summoned you to the capital. Others said I ought to keep you here and not send you back. I reasoned that in the midst of rebellion I still trusted you without hesitation—now that the realm is at peace, would I turn suspicious and refuse to let you return? Now I appoint you to your post again. Be all the more careful and respectful, and preserve the honor you have won." Lang thanked him and said, "Your servant's years and strength are failing; I fear I am no longer equal to so weighty a frontier command." The Emperor said, "A general is valued for wit, not brute strength. I employ you for your mind—what need have I of the strength in your arms and legs?" He ordered Lang to return to his command. In the thirty-fifth year he died in office, aged seventy-six. He was posthumously made Vice Mentor of the Heir Apparent, granted state funeral honors, and given the posthumous name Xiangzhuang.
28
瑯治軍嚴整，通陣法。 尤善水戰，諳海中風候。 將出師，值光地請急歸，問瑯曰：「眾皆言南風不利，今乃刻六月出師，何也？」 瑯曰：「北風日夜猛。 今攻澎湖，未能一戰克。 風起舟散，將何以戰？ 夏至前後二十餘日，風微，夜尤靜，可聚泊大洋。 觀釁而動，不過七日，舉之必矣。 即偶有颶風，此則天意，非人慮所及。 鄭氏將劉國軒最驍，以他將守澎湖，雖敗，彼必再戰。 今以國軒守，敗則膽落，台灣可不戰而下。」 及戰，雲起東南，國軒望見，謂颶作，喜甚。 俄，雷聲殷殷，國軒推案起曰：「天命矣！ 今且敗。」 人謂瑯必報父仇，將致毒於鄭氏。 瑯曰：「絕島新附，一有誅戮，恐人情反側。 吾所以銜卹茹痛者，為國事重，不敢顧私也。」 子世綸、世驃，自有傳； 世範，襲爵。
Lang kept his troops in strict order and was thoroughly versed in battle formations. He excelled above all at naval warfare and knew the winds and seasons of the open sea. As the fleet was about to sail, Li Guangdi, who had asked leave to return home in haste, questioned Lang: "Everyone says the south wind is unfavorable—why fix on the sixth month to take the fleet out?" Lang replied, "The north wind blows hard day and night. If we attack Penghu now, we cannot hope to take it in a single engagement. When the wind rises the fleet will scatter—how then are we to fight? For some twenty days before and after the summer solstice the winds are mild and the nights especially still—we can mass the fleet and anchor on the open sea. Watch for the right moment and strike; within seven days we are sure to carry it. If a hurricane should come, that is Heaven's will—not something human planning can forestall. Liu Guoxuan was the fiercest of the Zheng commanders. If some other general held Penghu, defeat would only bring another battle. With Guoxuan in command, one defeat will break their nerve—and Taiwan will fall without another fight." When battle came, clouds piled up in the southeast. Guoxuan saw them, took them for the onset of a hurricane, and rejoiced. Then thunder rolled across the sky. Guoxuan shoved back from his desk and rose, crying, "Heaven has spoken! We are lost today." People expected Lang to avenge his father's death and visit ruin on the Zheng clan. Lang said, "The island has only just submitted. The least bloodshed would set hearts churning. I swallowed my grief for the sake of the state—I dared not indulge private vengeance." His sons Shilun and Shipiao have biographies of their own; Shifan inherited the marquisate.
29
=朱天貴=朱天貴，福建莆田人。 初為鄭錦將。 康熙十九年，師下海壇，以所部二萬人、舟三百來降，授平陽總兵。 瑯攻澎湖，天貴以師會。 國軒拒戰，天貴以十二舟薄敵壘，焚其舟，殺傷甚眾，戰益力，俄，中飛砲僕舟中，猶大呼殺賊，遂卒，贈太子少保，諡忠壯。
Zhu Tianguai came from Putian in Fujian. He had first served as a general under Zheng Jing. In the nineteenth year of Kangxi, when the imperial fleet descended on Haitan, he surrendered with twenty thousand men and three hundred vessels under his command and was made regional commander at Pingyang. When Lang attacked Penghu, Tianguai brought his troops to join the campaign. Guoxuan resisted fiercely. Tianguai closed on the enemy works with twelve boats, set their ships afire, and killed or wounded a great many. He fought all the harder until a cannonball struck him down in his vessel; even then he shouted to kill the rebels before he died. He was posthumously made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent and given the posthumous name Zhongzhuang.
30
=【論】=論曰：台灣平，瑯專其功。 然啟聖、興祚經營規畫，戡定諸郡縣。 及金、廈既下，鄭氏僅有台澎，遂聚而殲。 先事之勞，何可泯也？ 及瑯出師，啟聖、興祚欲與同進，瑯遽疏言未奉督撫同進之命。 上命啟聖同瑯進取，止興祚毋行。 既克，啟聖告捷疏後瑯至，賞不及，鬱鬱發病卒。 功名之際，有難言之矣。 大敵在前，將帥內相競，審擇堅任，一戰而克。 非聖祖善馭群材，曷能有此哉？
Commentary: When Taiwan was pacified, Lang took the lion's share of the credit. Yet Yao Qisheng and Wu Xingzuo had laid the groundwork, planned the campaign, and brought the coastal prefectures and counties to heel. Once Kinmen and Xiamen had fallen, the Zheng held only Taiwan and Penghu—and then they were cornered and destroyed. How can the work done beforehand be erased from the record? When Lang took the fleet out, Qisheng and Xingzuo wished to advance with him—but Lang hastily memorialized that he had received no order for the governors to join the expedition. The Emperor ordered Qisheng to advance with Lang, but barred Xingzuo from going. After the victory, Qisheng's report of triumph reached court after Lang's—and the rewards never reached him. He sickened from grief and died. At the crossroads of merit and fame, there are things one can hardly put into words. With a formidable enemy before them and rivalry among the commanders within, the Emperor chose his man with care, entrusted him firmly, and won in a single battle. Had the Sage Ancestor not known so well how to harness the talents of many men, how could such an outcome have been achieved?