1
隆科多，佟佳氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人，一等公佟國維子，孝懿仁皇后弟也。
Long Keduo, of the Tungiya clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Yellow Banner—the son of Duke Tong Guowei of the first rank and younger brother of Empress Xiaoyiren.
2
康熙二十七年，授一等侍衛，擢鑾儀使，兼正藍旗蒙古副都統。
In Kangxi 27 (1688), he was appointed a first-class bodyguard, promoted to Director of the Imperial Procession Guard, and concurrently made Deputy Lieutenant General of the Mongol Bordered Blue Banner.
3
四十四年，以所屬人違法，上責隆科多不實心任事，罷副都統、鑾儀使，在一等侍衛上行走。
In year forty-four, when subordinates under his command broke the law, the emperor faulted Long Keduo for lack of diligence, stripped him of his posts as Deputy Lieutenant General and Director of the Imperial Procession Guard, and left him serving only as a first-class bodyguard.
4
五十年，授步軍統領。
In year fifty, he was appointed Commander of the Metropolitan Banner Brigade.
5
五十九年，擢理籓院尚書，仍管步軍統領。
In year fifty-nine he was promoted to Minister of the Court of Colonial Affairs while continuing to command the Metropolitan Banner Brigade.
6
六十一年十一月，聖祖大漸，召受顧命。 世宗即位，命與大學士馬齊總理事務，襲一等公，授吏部尚書。 旋以總理事務勞，加一等阿達哈哈番，以其長子岳興阿襲。 次子玉柱，自侍衛授鑾儀使。
In the eleventh month of Kangxi 61, as the Kangxi Emperor lay dying, Long Keduo was summoned to receive the dying emperor's testament. When the Yongzheng Emperor took the throne, Long Keduo was ordered to oversee state affairs jointly with Grand Secretary Ma Qi, inherited the dukedom of the first rank, and was appointed Minister of Personnel. Soon afterward, in recognition of his service in overseeing state affairs, he received an additional hereditary rank of ada hahaan of the first class, which passed to his eldest son Yuexing'a. His second son Yuzhu was promoted from bodyguard to Director of the Imperial Procession Guard.
7
雍正元年，與川陝總督年羹堯同加太保。
In Yongzheng 1, he and Sichuan-Shaanxi Governor-General Nian Gengyao were both made Grand Tutors.
8
二年，兼領理籓院事。 纂修《聖祖實錄》、《大清會典》並充總裁，監修《明史》。 復與羹堯同賜雙眼花翎、四團龍補服、黃帶、紫轡。
In year two he additionally took charge of the Court of Colonial Affairs. He served as chief editor for the Veritable Records of the Kangxi Emperor and the Great Qing Statutes, and supervised the compilation of the History of the Ming. He and Gengyao were again granted the same extraordinary honors: the double-eyed peacock feather, the four-claw dragon rank robe, the yellow belt, and the purple bridle.
9
三年，解步軍統領。 玉柱以行止甚劣，奪官，交隆科多管束。 羹堯得罪，上以都統範時捷疏劾欺罔貪婪諸狀，及妄劾道員金南瑛等，並下吏部議處。 上諭曰：「前以隆科多、年羹堯頗著勤勞，予以異數，乃交結專擅，諸事欺隱。」 命繳上所賜四團龍補服，並不得復用雙眼花翎、黃帶、紫轡。 及議上，以時捷劾，請罷羹堯任； 以妄劾南瑛，請嚴加治罪。 上以前議徇庇，後議復過當，責隆科多有意擾亂，削太保及一等阿達哈哈番世職，命往阿蘭善等處修城墾地，諭曰：「朕御極之初，隆科多、年羹堯皆寄以心腹，毫無猜防。 孰知朕視為一德，彼竟有二心，招權納賄，擅作威福，欺罔悖負，朕豈能姑息養奸耶？ 向日明珠、索額圖結黨行私，聖祖解其要職，置之閒散，何嘗更加信用？ 隆科多、年羹堯若不知恐懼，痛改前非，欲如明珠等，萬不能也！ 殊典不可再邀，覆轍不可屢蹈，各宜警懼，毋自乾誅滅。」
In year three he was relieved of command of the Metropolitan Banner Brigade. Yuzhu was stripped of office for gross misconduct and placed under Long Keduo's supervision. When Nian Gengyao fell from favor, the emperor acted on a memorial from Banner Commander Fan Shijie charging him with deception, greed, and other offenses, including false impeachment of Circuit Intendant Jin Nanying and others, and referred the case to the Ministry of Personnel for deliberation. The emperor declared: "Long Keduo and Nian Gengyao once earned extraordinary favor for their distinguished service, yet they formed factions, monopolized power, and concealed the truth in one matter after another." He ordered them to surrender the four-claw dragon robes the throne had bestowed and permanently barred them from the double-eyed peacock feather, yellow belt, and purple bridle. When the ministry's recommendation came up, it cited Shijie's charges and proposed removing Gengyao from office; and for the false impeachment of Nanying, it proposed severe punishment. Finding the earlier recommendation too lenient and the later one excessive, the emperor blamed Long Keduo for deliberately sowing confusion, stripped him of the Grand Tutorship and the hereditary ada hahaan rank, and sent him to Alashan and elsewhere to build fortifications and reclaim land. He declared: "At the start of my reign I entrusted Long Keduo and Nian Gengyao as my closest confidants, without a trace of suspicion. Yet while I treated them as men of one heart, they nursed divided loyalties—soliciting power, taking bribes, arrogating authority, and deceiving the throne. How could I indulge such villains? When Songgotu and Sonin once formed factions for private gain, the Kangxi Emperor removed them from key posts and set them aside—did he ever trust them again? If Long Keduo and Nian Gengyao do not learn fear and thoroughly reform, they must not imagine they can fare like Songgotu and Sonin! Extraordinary favor will not be granted twice; the same pit must not be fallen into again. Let each take warning and not court his own destruction."
10
四年，隆科多家僕牛倫挾勢索賕，事發，逮下法司，鞫得隆科多受羹堯及總督趙世顯、滿保，巡撫甘國璧、蘇克濟賄。 讞上，上命斬倫，罷隆科多尚書，令料理阿爾泰等路邊疆事務。 尋命勘議俄羅斯邊界。
In year four, Long Keduo's servant Niulun was caught extorting bribes by abusing his master's power. Handed to the courts, the case revealed that Long Keduo had taken bribes from Gengyao, Governors Zhao Shixian and Manbao, and Governors-General Gan Guobi and Sukeji. When the verdict came up, the emperor ordered Niulun executed, removed Long Keduo from the Ministry of Personnel, and assigned him to manage frontier affairs along the Altai routes. Soon afterward he was ordered to survey and negotiate the Russian border.
11
初，隆科多與阿靈阿、揆敘相黨附，繼又與羹堯交結。 至是，上盡發阿靈阿、揆敘及羹堯罪狀，宣示中外。 又侍郎查嗣庭為隆科多所薦，坐悖逆誅死，上詰隆科多，隆科多不以實對。
Long Keduo had first aligned with Aling'a and Kuisu, and later formed ties with Gengyao as well. The emperor now fully disclosed the crimes of Aling'a, Kuisu, and Gengyao and proclaimed them at home and abroad. Vice Minister Zha Siting, whom Long Keduo had recommended, was executed for treason; when the emperor questioned Long Keduo, he did not answer truthfully.
12
五年，宗人府復奏劾輔國公阿布蘭以玉牒畀隆科多藏於家，阿布蘭坐奪爵幽禁。 上命奪隆科多爵，召還京，命王大臣會鞫。 以聖祖升遐，隆科多未在上前，妄言身藏匕首以防不測； 又自擬諸葛亮，奏稱「白帝城受命之日，即死期將至之時」； 上躬祀壇廟，妄謂防刺客，令於案下搜查； 上謁陵，妄奏「諸王心變」。 具獄辭：大不敬之罪五，欺罔之罪四，紊亂朝政之罪三，黨姦之罪六，不法之罪七，貪婪之罪十六，凡四十一款，當斬，妻子入辛者庫，財產入官。 上諭曰：「隆科多罪不容誅，但皇考升遐，大臣承旨者惟隆科多一人。 今以罪誅，朕心有所不忍，可免其正法，於暢春園外築屋三楹，永遠禁錮； 妻子免入辛者庫，岳興阿奪官，玉柱發黑龍江。」
In year five the Court of the Imperial Clan reported that Assistant Duke Ablan had given the imperial genealogy to Long Keduo to keep at home; Ablan was stripped of his rank and confined. The emperor stripped Long Keduo of his noble rank, recalled him to the capital, and ordered a joint trial by princes and grand ministers. At the Kangxi Emperor's death Long Keduo had not been at the emperor's side, yet falsely claimed he had carried a dagger against unforeseen danger; he compared himself to Zhuge Liang, writing that "the day of receiving the mandate at Baidicheng is the day when death draws near"; when the emperor sacrificed at the altars and temples, he falsely spoke of guarding against assassins and ordered searches beneath the altar tables; and when the emperor visited the imperial tombs, he falsely reported that "the princes' hearts have turned." The completed indictment listed forty-one counts: five of gross disrespect, four of deception, three of disordering the court, six of factional villainy, seven of lawlessness, and sixteen of greed. The sentence was decapitation; his wife and children were to enter bondage in the Sinchu Treasury and his property was to be confiscated. The emperor declared: "Long Keduo's crimes deserve death, yet at my father's passing he alone among the ministers received the dying testament. To execute him now is more than I can bear. Formal execution is waived; three rooms shall be built outside the Garden of Refreshing Spring and he shall be imprisoned there for life; his wife and children are spared the Sinchu Treasury; Yuexing'a is stripped of office; and Yuzhu is banished to Heilongjiang."
13
六年六月，隆科多死於禁所，賜金治喪。
In the sixth month of year six Long Keduo died in confinement; the court granted funds for his funeral.
14
年羹堯，字亮工，漢軍鑲黃旗人。 父遐齡，自筆帖式授兵部主事，再遷刑部郎中。 康熙二十二年，授河南道御史。 四遷工部侍郎，出為湖廣巡撫。 湖北武昌等七府歲徵匠役班價銀千餘，戶絕額缺，為官民累。 遐齡請歸地丁徵收，下部議，從之。 疏劾黃梅知縣李錦虧賦，奪官。 錦清廉得民，民爭完逋賦，諸生吳士光等聚眾閉城留錦。 事聞，上命調錦直隸，士光等發奉天，遐齡與總督郭琇俱降級留任。 四十三年，遐齡以病乞休。
Nian Gengyao, courtesy name Lianggong, was a Han Bannerman of the Bordered Yellow Banner. His father Xialing rose from Grand Secretariat clerk to secretary in the Ministry of War and, after two promotions, to director in the Ministry of Punishments. In Kangxi 22 he was appointed censor of the Henan Circuit. After four promotions he became Vice Minister of Works, then was appointed Governor of Huguang. In Hubei, seven prefectures including Wuchang annually levied more than a thousand taels in artisan-service quota silver; when households died out and quotas went unfilled, the burden fell on officials and commoners alike. Xialing proposed folding the levy into the land-and-poll tax; the ministry approved. He memorialized against Li Jin, magistrate of Huangmei, for tax shortfalls, and Li was removed from office. Li was upright and beloved by the people, who rushed to pay tax arrears in full; licentiate Wu Shiguang and others gathered a crowd, shut the city gates, and detained him. When word reached the court, the emperor transferred Li to Zhili, sent Wu Shiguang and his followers to Fengtian, and demoted both Xialing and Governor-General Guo Xiu one grade while retaining them in office. In year forty-three Xialing retired on grounds of illness.
15
羹堯，康熙三十九年進士，改庶吉士，授檢討。 迭充四川、廣東鄉試考官，累遷內閣學士。 四十八年，擢四川巡撫。 四十九年，斡偉生番羅都等掠寧番衛，戕游擊周玉麟。 上命羹堯與提督岳昇龍剿撫。 昇龍率兵討之，擒羅都，羹堯至平番衛，聞羅都已擒，引還。 川陝總督音泰疏劾，部議當奪官，上命留任。 五十六年，越巂衛屬番與普雄土千戶那交等為亂，羹堯遣游擊張玉剿平之。
Gengyao passed the metropolitan examination in Kangxi 39, entered the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor, and was appointed reviser. He served successively as examiner for the Sichuan and Guangdong provincial examinations and rose to Hanlin Academician of the Grand Secretariat. In year forty-eight he was promoted to Governor of Sichuan. In year forty-nine the Gowei Shengfan chieftain Luodu and others raided Ningfan Guard and killed Mobile Brigade Commander Zhou Yulin. The emperor ordered Gengyao and Provincial Military Commander Yue Shenglong to suppress and pacify them. Shenglong led troops against them and captured Luodu; Gengyao reached Pingfan Guard, learned Luodu was already taken, and withdrew. Governor-General Yintai of Sichuan-Shaanxi memorialized against him; the ministry recommended removal, but the emperor ordered him retained. In year fifty-six dependent tribes of Yuexi Guard joined Native Official Na Jiao of Puxiong and others in rebellion; Gengyao sent Mobile Brigade Commander Zhang Yu to suppress them.
16
是歲，策妄阿喇布坦遣其將策淩敦多卜襲西藏，戕拉藏汗。 四川提督康泰率兵出黃勝關，兵譁，引還。 羹堯遣參將楊盡信撫諭之，密奏泰失兵心，不可用，請親赴松潘協理軍務。 上嘉其實心任事，遣都統法喇率兵赴四川助剿。 五十七年，羹堯令護軍統領溫普進駐里塘，增設打箭爐至里塘驛站，尋請增設四川駐防兵，皆允之。 上嘉羹堯治事明敏，巡撫無督兵責，特授四川總督，兼管巡撫事。 五十八年，羹堯以敵情叵測，請赴藏為備。 廷議以鬆潘諸路軍事重要，令羹堯毋率兵出邊，檄法喇進師。 法喇率副將岳鍾琪撫定里塘、巴塘。 羹堯亦遣知府遲維德招降乍丫、察木多、察哇諸番目，因請召法喇師還，從之。
That year Tsewang Arabtan sent his general Tsewang Donduk to raid Tibet and kill Lhabzang Khan. Sichuan Provincial Military Commander Kang Tai led troops out through Huangsheng Pass, but they mutinied and he withdrew. Gengyao sent Brigade Commander Yang Jinxin to pacify the troops and secretly reported that Kang had lost the soldiers' loyalty and was unfit for command, asking to go personally to Songpan to oversee military affairs. The emperor praised his diligence and dispatched Banner Commander Fala with troops to assist in Sichuan. In year fifty-seven Gengyao ordered Garrison Commander Wenpu to advance to Litang, added courier stations from Dartsedo to Litang, and soon won approval for additional Sichuan garrison troops. Praising Gengyao's keen administration, the emperor noted that a governor normally had no troop command; he was therefore specially appointed Governor of Sichuan with concurrent charge of governorship affairs. In year fifty-eight, finding the enemy situation unpredictable, Gengyao asked to go to Tibet as a precaution. The court held that affairs along the Songpan routes were critical and ordered Gengyao not to lead troops beyond the border, dispatching Fala to advance instead. Fala led Vice Commander Yue Zhongqi to pacify Litang and Batang. Gengyao also sent Prefect Chi Weide to win over the chieftains of Zhaya, Chamdo, Chawa, and others, then asked that Fala's army be recalled; the request was granted.
17
五十九年，上命平逆將軍延信率兵自青海入西藏，授羹堯定西將軍印，自拉里會師，並諮羹堯孰可署總督者。 羹堯言一時不得其人，請以將軍印畀護軍統領噶爾弼，而移法喇軍駐打箭爐，上用其議。 巴塘、里塘本雲南麗江土府屬地，既撫定，雲貴總督蔣陳錫請仍隸麗江土知府木興； 羹堯言二地為入藏運糧要路，宜屬四川，從之。 興率兵往收地，至喇皮，擊殺番酋巴桑，羹堯疏劾。 上命逮興，囚雲南省城。 八月，噶爾弼、延信兩軍先後入西藏，策淩敦多卜敗走，西藏平。 上諭羹堯護凱旋諸軍入邊，召法喇還京師。
In year fifty-nine the emperor ordered Pacification General Yensin to enter Tibet from Qinghai, granted Gengyao the seal of Pacification General of the West to join forces at Lhari, and asked whom he recommended to act as governor in his absence. Gengyao said no suitable man was available at the moment and proposed giving the general's seal to Garrison Commander Ga'erbi while moving Fala's army to Dartsedo; the emperor agreed. Batang and Litang had originally belonged to the native prefecture of Lijiang in Yunnan; once pacified, Governor-General Jiang Chenxi of Yunnan-Guizhou asked that they again be placed under Lijiang Native Prefect Mu Xing; Gengyao argued that both places lay on the vital grain route into Tibet and should belong to Sichuan; the court agreed. Mu Xing led troops to recover the territory and, reaching Lapi, killed tribal chieftain Basang; Gengyao memorialized against him. The emperor ordered Mu Xing arrested and imprisoned in the Yunnan provincial capital. In the eighth month the armies of Ga'erbi and Yensin entered Tibet in succession; Tsewang Donduk was defeated and fled, and Tibet was pacified. The emperor ordered Gengyao to escort the victorious armies back within the border and recalled Fala to the capital.
18
羹堯尋遣兵撫定里塘屬上下牙色、上下雅尼，巴塘屬桑阿壩、林卡石諸生番。 六十年，入覲，命兼理四川陝西總督，辭，還鎮，賜弓矢。 上命噶爾弼率兵駐守西藏，行次瀘定橋，噶爾弼病不能行，羹堯以聞。 上命公策旺諾爾佈署將軍，額駙阿寶、都統武格參贊軍務，駐西藏。 青海索羅木之西有郭羅克上中下三部，為唐古特種人，屢出肆掠。 阿寶以聞，上令羹堯與鍾琪度形勢，策進討。 羹堯疏言：「郭羅克有隘口三，悉險峻，宜步不宜騎。 若多調兵，塞上傳聞，使賊得為備，不如以番攻番。 臣素知瓦斯、雜穀諸土司亦憾郭羅克肆惡，原出兵助剿。 臣已移鍾琪令速赴松潘，出塞督土兵進剿。」 尋，鍾琪督兵擊敗郭羅克，下番寨四十餘，獲其渠，餘眾悉降。
Gengyao soon sent troops to pacify the raw tribes of upper and lower Yase and upper and lower Yani under Litang, and Sang'aba, Linkashi, and others under Batang. In year sixty he came to court, was offered concurrent charge of the Sichuan-Shaanxi governorship-generalship, declined, returned to his post, and received bow and arrows as a gift. The emperor ordered Ga'erbi to garrison Tibet with his troops; at the Luding Bridge Ga'erbi fell too ill to continue, and Gengyao reported it. The emperor appointed Duke Tsewang Norbu acting garrison general, with Imperial Son-in-law Apao and Banner Commander Wuge as military advisers, to garrison Tibet. West of Suoluomu in Qinghai lay the upper, middle, and lower divisions of Golok—Tangut peoples who repeatedly raided at will. Apao reported the raids; the emperor ordered Gengyao and Zhongqi to assess the situation and plan an attack. Gengyao wrote: "Golok has three passes, all steep and dangerous—suited to foot soldiers, not cavalry. If we mobilize too many troops, word will spread on the frontier and the enemy will prepare; it is better to set tribe against tribe. I have long known that the chiefs of Was, Zagun, and other domains also resent Golok's outrages and are willing to send troops to help. I have already ordered Zhongqi to hurry to Songpan, cross the frontier, and lead the native troops in the attack." Soon afterward Zhongqi led the troops, defeated Golok, took more than forty tribal stockades, captured their leader, and the rest submitted.
19
六十一年，羹堯密疏言：「西藏喇嘛楚爾齊木臧布及知府石如金呈策旺諾爾布委靡，副都統常齡、侍讀學士滿都、員外郎巴特瑪等任意生事，致在藏官兵不睦。」 因請撤駐藏官兵。 下廷臣議，以羹堯擅議撤兵，請下部嚴議，上原之，命召滿都、巴特瑪、石如金、楚爾齊木臧布等來京師，遣四川巡撫色爾圖、陝西布政使塔琳赴西藏，佐策旺諾爾布駐守。
In year sixty-one Gengyao secretly reported that the Tibetan lama Chuerqimu Zangbu and Prefect Shi Rujin portrayed Tsewang Norbu as slack, while Vice Commander Chang Ling, Reader-in-Waiting Mandu, Department Director Batma, and others acted arbitrarily, sowing discord among the garrison in Tibet." He therefore asked to withdraw the garrison in Tibet. The matter went to the court, which found Gengyao had overstepped in proposing withdrawal and recommended severe review; the emperor pardoned him, summoned Mandu, Batma, Shi Rujin, Chuerqimu Zangbu, and others to the capital, and sent Sichuan Governor Se'ertu and Shaanxi Provincial Administration Commissioner Talin to Tibet to assist Tsewang Norbu.
20
自軍興，陝西州縣饋運供億，庫帑多虧缺。 羹堯累疏論劾州縣吏，嚴督追償。 陝西巡撫噶什圖密奏虧項不能速完，又與羹堯請加徵火耗墊補。 上諭曰：「各省錢糧皆有虧空，陝西尤甚。 蓋自用兵以來，師所經行，資助馬匹、盤費、衣服、食物，倉卒無可措辦，勢必挪用庫帑。 及撤兵時亦然。 即如自藏回京，將軍以至士卒，途中所得，反多於正項。 各官費用，動至萬金，但知取用，不問其出自何項也。 羹堯等欲追虧項以充兵餉，追比不得，又議加徵火耗。 火耗止可議減，豈可加增？ 朕在位六十一年，從未加徵火耗。 今若聽其加派，必致與正項一例催徵，肆無忌憚矣。 著傳旨申飭。」 命發帑銀五十萬送陝西資餉。
Since the war began, Shaanxi's prefectures and counties had supplied transport and provisions on a vast scale, leaving treasury balances deeply in deficit. Gengyao repeatedly memorialized against prefectural and county officials and strictly supervised recovery of shortfalls. Shaanxi Governor Gashitu secretly reported that deficits could not be quickly made up and, together with Gengyao, asked to levy additional surcharge silver to cover them. The emperor declared: "Every province's tax revenues show deficits; Shaanxi's are especially severe. Since the war began, wherever the army passed, horses, travel expenses, clothing, and food had to be supplied at short notice with no ready source—treasury funds had inevitably to be diverted. The same was true when troops were withdrawn. Even returning from Tibet to the capital, from the general down to the common soldier, what was gained on the road often exceeded the regular quota. Official expenses often ran to ten thousand taels each; men took what they needed without asking which account supplied it. Gengyao and others sought to recover deficits to fund military pay; when forced collection failed, they again proposed additional surcharge levies. Surcharges should only be reduced—how could they be increased? In sixty-one years on the throne I have never increased surcharge collection. If this increase is permitted, surcharges will inevitably be collected as ruthlessly as the regular tax, without restraint. Issue an edict of stern admonition." He ordered five hundred thousand taels from the treasury sent to Shaanxi for military supplies.
21
世宗即位，召撫遠大將軍允還京師，命羹堯管理大將軍印務。 雍正元年，授羹堯二等阿達哈哈番世職，並加遐齡尚書銜。 尋又加羹堯太保。 詔撤西藏駐防官軍。 羹堯疏陳邊防諸事，請於打箭爐邊外中渡河口築土城，移嵐州守備駐守； 大河南保縣，移威茂營千總駐守； 越巂衛地方寥闊，蠻、倮出沒，改設游擊，增兵駐守； 松潘邊外諸番，阿樹為最要，給長官司職銜； 大金川土目莎羅奔從征羊峒有功，給安撫司職銜； 烏蒙蠻目達木等兇暴，土舍祿鼎坤等請擒獻，俟其至，給土職，分轄其地。 下部議，從之。 論平西藏功，以羹堯運糧守隘，封三等公，世襲。
When the Yongzheng Emperor took the throne, he recalled Pacification General-in-Chief Prince Yunti to the capital and ordered Gengyao to manage the grand general's seal and duties. In Yongzheng 1, Gengyao received a hereditary ada hahaan of the second class, and Xialing was given the honorary rank of Minister. Soon afterward Gengyao was again made Grand Tutor. An edict ordered withdrawal of the garrison in Tibet. Gengyao memorialized on frontier defense, asking for an earthen fort at the Zhongdu River crossing beyond Dartsedo and transfer of the Lanzhou garrison commander to hold it; at Baoxian in southern Henan, transfer of a battalion commander from the Weimao garrison to hold the post; Yuexi Guard's territory was vast, with Man and Luo tribes roaming it; establish a Mobile Brigade Commander post and increase the garrison; Among the tribes beyond Songpan, Ashu was most critical—grant the rank of head native official; Shaluoben, chieftain of Jinchuan, had merit in the Yangtong campaign—grant the rank of Pacification Commissioner; Damu and other Wumeng leaders were violent; native officials such as Ludingkun offered to capture them—when delivered, grant native offices and divide their lands for separate jurisdiction. The ministry approved. For merit in pacifying Tibet—transporting grain and holding the passes—he was enfeoffed Duke of the third rank, inheritable.
22
青海台吉羅卜藏丹津為顧實汗孫，糾諸台吉吹拉克諾木齊、阿爾布坦溫布、藏巴札布等，劫親王察罕丹津叛，掠青海諸部。 上命羹堯進討，諭撫遠大將軍延信及防邊理餉諸大臣，四川、陝西、雲南督、撫、提、鎮，軍事皆告羹堯。 十月，羹堯率師自甘州至西寧，改延信平逆將軍，解撫遠大將軍印授羹堯，盡護諸軍。 羹堯請以前鋒統領素丹、提督岳鍾琪為參贊大臣，從之。 論平郭羅克功，進公爵二等。
The Qinghai taiji Lobzang Danjin, grandson of Gushri Khan, rallied fellow taijis Chilaq Nomuchi, Albu Tanwunbu, Zangbazhab, and others, seized Prince Caghan Danjin in rebellion, and plundered Qinghai's tribes. The emperor ordered Gengyao to advance against them and instructed Pacification General-in-Chief Yensin, frontier and supply ministers, and all governors, provincial commanders, and garrison commanders of Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan to report military affairs to Gengyao. In the tenth month Gengyao led his army from Ganzhou to Xining, reduced Yensin to Pacification General, transferred the grand general's seal to Gengyao, and took full command of all forces. Gengyao asked that Vanguard Commander Sudan and Provincial Military Commander Yue Zhongqi serve as military advisers; the request was granted. For merit in pacifying Golok, his dukedom was advanced to the second rank.
23
羹堯初至西寧，師未集，羅卜藏丹津诇知之，乃入寇，悉破傍城諸堡，移兵向城。 羹堯率左右數十人坐城樓不動，羅卜藏丹津稍引退，圍南堡。 羹堯令兵斫賊壘，敵知兵少，不為備，驅桌子山土番當前隊； 砲發，土番死者無算。 鍾琪兵至，直攻敵營，羅卜藏丹津敗奔，師從之，大潰，僅率百人遁走。 羹堯乃部署諸軍，令總兵官周瑛率兵截敵走西藏路，都統穆森駐吐魯番，副將軍阿喇納出噶斯，暫駐布隆吉爾，又遣參將孫繼宗將二千人與阿喇納師會。 敵侵鎮海堡，都統武格赴援，敵圍堡，戰六晝夜，參將宋可進等赴援，敵敗走，斬六百餘級，獲多巴囊素阿旺丹津。 羅卜藏丹津攻西寧南川口，師保申中堡。 敵圍堡，堡內囊素與敵通，欲鑿牆而入。 守備馬有仁等力禦，可進等赴援，夾擊，敵敗走，諸囊素助敵者皆殺之。 羹堯先後疏聞，並請副都統花色等將鄂爾多斯兵，副都統查克丹等將歸化土默特兵，總兵馬覿伯將大同鎮兵，會甘州助戰，從之。
Gengyao had just reached Xining before his army assembled; Lobzang Danjin learned this by reconnaissance, invaded, overran the nearby forts, and marched on the city. Gengyao sat unmoved on the city tower with only a few dozen attendants; Lobzang Danjin drew back slightly and besieged the southern fort. Gengyao ordered troops to storm the enemy stockade; the enemy, knowing his force was small, took no precautions and drove Zhuozishan tribesmen as the vanguard; when the cannon fired, countless tribesmen fell. Zhongqi's troops arrived and struck the enemy camp directly; Lobzang Danjin fled in defeat, his army was routed in pursuit, and he escaped with only a hundred men. Gengyao then deployed his forces: Major-General Zhou Ying to block the escape route toward Tibet, Banner Commander Musen to garrison Turfan, Vice General Arana through Gasi to Burungir, and Brigade Commander Sun Jizong with two thousand men to join Arana. The enemy attacked Zhenhai Fort; Banner Commander Wuge relieved it under siege for six days and nights until Brigade Commander Song Kejin and others arrived; the enemy fled after more than six hundred were killed, and Dobangsu Awang Danjin was captured. Lobzang Danjin attacked Xining's Nanchuan Pass; the army held Shenzhong Fort. The enemy besieged the fort; nangso inside colluded with them and tried to break through the wall. Garrison Commander Ma Youren and others defended fiercely; Kejin and others relieved them in a pincer attack; the enemy fled, and every nangso who had aided them was killed. Gengyao reported in successive memorials and asked that Vice Commander Huase lead Ordos troops, Vice Commander Chakdan lead Guihua Tumed troops, and Major-General Ma Jinbo lead Datong garrison troops to Ganzhou—all were approved.
24
西寧北川、上下北塔蒙回諸眾將起應羅卜藏丹津，羹堯遣千總馬忠孝撫定下北塔三十餘莊。 上北塔未服，忠孝率兵往剿，擒戮其渠，餘眾悉降。 察罕丹津走河州，羅卜藏丹津欲劫以去。 羹堯令移察罕丹津及其族屬入居蘭州。 青海台吉索諾木達什為羅卜藏丹津誘擒，脫出來歸，羹堯奏聞，命封貝子，令羹堯撫慰。 敵掠新城堡，羹堯令西寧總兵黃喜林等往剿，斬千五百餘級，擒其渠七，得器械、駝馬、牛羊無算。 以天寒，羹堯令引師還西寧。
Mongol, Hui, and other communities of northern Xining and upper and lower Beita were rising for Lobzang Danjin; Gengyao sent Battalion Commander Ma Zhongxiao to pacify more than thirty villages of lower Beita. Upper Beita had not submitted; Zhongxiao led troops against them, captured and executed their leader, and the rest submitted. Caghan Danjin fled to Hezhou; Lobzang Danjin meant to seize him and carry him off. Gengyao ordered Caghan Danjin and his clansmen moved to Lanzhou. Qinghai taiji Sonam Dash, lured and captured by Lobzang Danjin, escaped and submitted; Gengyao reported it; the court enfeoffed him as beile and ordered Gengyao to reassure him. The enemy raided Xincheng Fort; Gengyao sent Xining Major-General Huang Xilin and others against them; more than fifteen hundred were killed, seven leaders captured, and weapons, camels, horses, cattle, and sheep seized in vast numbers. With the weather turning cold, Gengyao ordered the army back to Xining.
25
尋策來歲進兵，疏：「請選陝西督標西安、固原、寧夏、四川、大同、榆林綠旗兵及蒙古兵萬九千人，令鍾琪等分將，出西寧、松潘、甘州、布隆吉爾四道進討，分兵留守西寧、甘州、布隆吉爾，並駐防永昌、巴塘、里塘、黃勝關、察木多諸隘。 軍中馬不足，請發太僕寺上都打布孫腦兒孳生馬三千，巴爾庫爾駝一千，仍於甘、涼增買千五百。 糧米，臣已在西安預買六萬石。 軍中重火器，請發景山所製火藥一百駝，駝以一百八十斤計。」 下廷議，悉如所請，馬加發千，火藥加發倍所請。
He soon planned the next year's campaign and wrote: "Select nineteen thousand Green Standard troops from Xi'an, Guyuan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Datong, and Yulin, with Mongol troops, under Zhongqi and others by four routes from Xining, Songpan, Ganzhou, and Burungir; leave detachments at Xining, Ganzhou, and Burungir, and garrison Yongchang, Batang, Litang, Huangsheng Pass, and Chamdo. Horses are insufficient; issue three thousand breeding horses from the Shangdu stud, one thousand Barkul camels, and buy another fifteen hundred in Ganzhou and Liangzhou. As for grain, I have already purchased sixty thousand shi in advance at Xi'an. The army relies heavily on firearms; issue one hundred camel-loads of Jingshan powder, each load at one hundred eighty jin." The court approved all requests, added one thousand horses, and doubled the powder issue.
26
察罕丹津屬部殺羅卜藏丹津守者來歸，羹堯宣上指，安置四川邊外。 墨爾根戴青拉查卜與羅卜藏丹津合力劫察罕丹津，其子察罕喇卜坦等來歸，羹堯令招拉查卜內附。 又有堪布諾門汗，察罕丹津從子也，為塔兒寺喇嘛，叛從敵，糾眾拒戰，至是亦來歸。 羹堯數其罪，斬之。 羅卜藏丹津侵布隆吉爾，繼宗與副將潘之善擊敗之。 西寧南川塞外郭密九部屢出為盜，羹堯招三部內附。 餘部行掠如故，呈庫、沃爾賈二部尤暴戾。 羹堯令鍾琪率瓦斯、雜穀二土司兵至歸德堡，撫定上下寺東策布，督兵進殲呈庫部眾，擒戮沃爾賈部酋，餘並乞降。
Caghan Danjin's followers killed Lobzang Danjin's guards and submitted; Gengyao proclaimed the emperor's intent and settled them beyond the Sichuan border. Mergen Daiqing Lachab had joined Lobzang Danjin in seizing Caghan Danjin; his son Caghan Labtan and others submitted; Gengyao ordered Lachab brought in. Kanbu Nomonhan, Caghan Danjin's nephew and a Ta'er Monastery lama, had rebelled with the enemy and rallied resistance; he now submitted as well. Gengyao recited his crimes and executed him. Lobzang Danjin invaded Burungir; Jizong and Vice General Pan Zhishan defeated him. Beyond Xining's Nanchuan Pass, nine Gomi divisions repeatedly raided; Gengyao won three to submit. The rest raided as before; the Chenku and Wo'erjia divisions were especially violent. Gengyao ordered Zhongqi to lead Was and Zagun native troops to Guide Fort, pacify Sidongcebu, annihilate the Chenku division, capture and execute the Wo'erjia chieftain, and accept the rest in surrender.
27
二年，上以羅卜藏丹津負國，叛不可宥，授鍾琪奮威將軍，趣羹堯進兵。 西寧東北郭隆寺喇嘛應羅卜藏丹津為亂，羹堯令鍾琪及素丹等督兵討之，賊屯哈拉直溝以拒。 師奮入，度嶺三，毀寨十。 可進、喜林及總兵武正安皆有斬馘，复毀寨七，焚所居室。 至寺外，賊伏山谷間，聚薪縱火，賊殲焉，殺賊六千餘，毀寺，誅其渠。 青海貝勒羅卜藏察罕、貝子濟克濟札布、台吉滾布色卜騰納漢將母妻詣羹堯請內屬，羹堯予以茶葉、大麥，令分居邊上。 羹堯遣鍾琪、正安、喜林、可進及侍衛達鼐，副將王嵩、紀成斌將六千人深入，留素丹西寧佐治事。
In year two, finding Lobzang Danjin's rebellion unpardonable, the court appointed Zhongqi Valiant General and urged Gengyao to advance. Northeast of Xining, Guolong Monastery lamas had joined Lobzang Danjin; Gengyao ordered Zhongqi, Sudan, and others against them; the rebels held Halazhigou. The army pressed forward, crossed three ridges, and destroyed ten stockades. Kejin, Xilin, and Major-General Wu Zheng'an all took heads; seven more stockades were destroyed and their dwellings burned. Outside the monastery rebels lay in the valleys, piled firewood, and set fire; more than six thousand were killed, the monastery destroyed, and its leaders executed. Qinghai beile Lobzang Caghan, beise Jikejizhab, and taiji Gunbusebutengnah sent their mothers and wives to Gengyao seeking submission; he gave them tea and barley and settled them along the border. Gengyao sent Zhongqi, Zheng'an, Xilin, Kejin, Bodyguard Datanai, and Vice Generals Wang Song and Ji Chengbin with six thousand men deep into enemy country, leaving Sudan at Xining to assist in administration.
28
二月，鍾琪師進次伊克喀爾吉，搜山，獲阿爾布坦溫布，喜林亦得其酋巴珠爾阿喇布坦等。 師復進，羹堯诇知阿岡都番助敵，別遣涼莊道蔣泂等督兵攻之，戮其囊素。 复擊破石門寺喇嘛，殺六百餘人，焚其寺。 鍾琪師復進次席爾哈羅色，遣兵攻噶斯，逐吹拉克諾木齊。 三月，鍾琪師復進次佈爾哈屯。 羅卜藏丹津所居地曰額母訥布隆吉，鍾琪督兵直入，分兵北防柴旦木，斷往噶斯道。 羅卜藏丹津走烏蘭穆和兒，复走柴旦木，師從之，獲其母阿爾太哈屯及其戚屬等，並男婦、牛羊、駝馬無算。 分兵攻烏蘭白克，獲吹拉克諾木齊及助亂八台吉。 時藏巴扎布已先就擒，羅卜藏丹津以二百餘人遁走。 青海部落悉平。 論功，進羹堯爵一等，別授精奇尼哈番，令其子斌襲，封遐齡如羹堯爵，加太傅； 並授素丹、可進三等阿達哈哈番，喜林二等阿達哈哈番，按察使王景灝及達鼐、瑛、嵩、成斌拜他喇布勒哈番，提督郝玉麟及正安拖沙喇哈番。
In the second month Zhongqi's army reached Yikeka'erji, searched the mountains, and captured Albu Tanwunbu; Xilin also captured chieftains including Bazhu'er Alabutan. The army advanced again; learning that Agangdu tribes were aiding the enemy, Gengyao sent Liangzhuang Circuit Intendant Jiang Jiong and others against them and executed their nangso. They again broke the Shimen Monastery lamas, killed more than six hundred, and burned the monastery. Zhongqi's army reached Xi'erhaluose, attacked Gasi, and drove out Chilaq Nomuchi. In the third month Zhongqi's army reached Bu'erhatun. Lobzang Danjin's seat was Emunebulongji; Zhongqi led a direct advance, detached troops north to guard Chaidanmu, and cut the road to Gasi. Lobzang Danjin fled to Wulanmuhe'er, then to Chaidanmu; the army pursued and captured his mother Altai Hatun and her kin, with men, women, cattle, sheep, camels, and horses in vast numbers. Detached troops took Wulanbaike and captured Chilaq Nomuchi and eight rebel taiji. Zangbazhab had already been captured; Lobzang Danjin escaped with only two hundred-odd men. Qinghai's tribes were all pacified. For merit Gengyao's rank was advanced to the first degree with a separate jingqinihafan for his son Bin; Xialing was enfeoffed at the same rank and made Grand Preceptor; Sudan and Kejin received third-class ada hahaan, Xilin second-class; Wang Jinghao, Datanai, Ying, Song, and Chengbin received batulehafan; Hao Yulin and Zheng'an received tuosalahafan.
29
阿拉布坦蘇巴泰等截路行劫，羹堯令繼宗往剿，逐至推墨爾，阿拉布坦蘇巴泰將妻子遁走。 成斌等搜戮餘賊至梭羅木，擊斬堪布夾木燦垂扎木素。 羹堯遣達鼐及成斌攻布哈色布蘇，獲台吉阿布濟車陳； 又遣副將岳超龍討平河州塞外鐵布等七十八寨，殺二千一百餘人，得人口、牲畜無算。 羹堯執吹拉克諾木齊、阿爾布坦溫布、藏巴扎布檻送京師。 上祭告廟、社、景陵、禦午門受俘。 羹堯策防邊諸事，以策妄阿喇布坦遣使乞降，請罷北征師，分駐巴里坤、吐魯番、哈密城、布隆吉爾駐兵守焉，轄以總兵，每營撥餘丁屯赤金衛、柳溝所田； 設同知理民事，衛守備理屯糧，游牧蒙古令分居布隆吉爾迤南山中。 寧夏邊外阿拉善以滿洲兵駐防。 上悉從所請。
Alabutan Subatai and others plundered the roads; Gengyao sent Jizong against them, pursued to Tuimo'er, and Subatai fled with his family. Chengbin and others hunted down remaining rebels to Suoluomu and killed kanbu Jiamucanchuizhamusu. Gengyao sent Datanai and Chengbin against Buhasebusu and captured taiji Abujichechen; he also sent Vice General Yue Chaolong to pacify seventy-eight stockades beyond Hezhou including Tiebu, killing more than twenty-one hundred and seizing population and livestock in vast numbers. Gengyao sent Chilaq Nomuchi, Albu Tanwunbu, and Zangbazhab to the capital in cangues. The emperor reported to the state temples, altars of soil and grain, and the Jing Mausoleum, and received the captives at the Meridian Gate. Gengyao planned frontier defense; as Tsewang Arabtan had sent envoys suing for peace, he asked to disband the northern expedition, garrison Barkul, Turfan, Hami, and Burungir under major-generals, and set surplus camp men to farm at Chijin Guard and Liugou Post; establish subprefects for civil affairs, garrison commandants for colony grain, and settle nomadic Mongols separately in the mountains south of Burungir. Beyond the Ningxia border, Alashan was to be garrisoned by Manchu troops. The emperor approved all requests.
30
莊浪邊外謝爾蘇部土番據桌子、棋子二山為巢，皆穴地而居，官軍駐其地，奴使之； 兵或縱掠，番御之，盡殲，置不問，番始橫。 涼州南崇寺沙馬拉木扎木巴等掠新城張義諸堡。 又有郭隆寺逸出喇嘛，與西寧納硃公寺、朝天堂、加爾多寺諸番相結，糾謝爾蘇部土番謀為亂。 羹堯遣鍾琪等督兵討之，納硃公寺喇嘛降。 師進次朝天堂，遣成斌、喜林及副將張玉等四道攻加爾多寺，殺數百人，餘眾多入水死，焚其寺。 游擊馬忠孝、王大勳戰和石溝，王序吉、范世雄戰石門口，泂戰喜逢堡，蘇丹師次旁伯拉夏口，土番偽降，诇之，方置伏，縱兵擊之，所殺傷甚眾。 泂搜剿棋子山，逐賊巴洞溝，土司魯華齡逐賊天王溝，先密寺喇嘛縛其渠阿旺策淩以獻。 師入，轉戰五十餘日，殺土番殆盡。 羹堯以先密寺喇嘛反覆不常，並焚其寺，徙其眾加爾多寺外桌子山； 餘眾降，羹堯令隸華齡受約束。
Beyond Zhuanglang, Xie'ersu tribes held Zhuozi and Qizi mountains, dwelling in caves; government troops stationed there enslaved them; when soldiers plundered at will, the tribes resisted and were annihilated without consequence—the tribes then grew insolent. South of Liangzhou, Shamulamuzhamuba of Chong Monastery and others raided Xincheng, Zhangyi, and other forts. Escaped Guolong Monastery lamas joined tribes of Xining's Nazhugong Monastery, Chaotian Monastery, and Jia'erduo Monastery, rallying Xie'ersu tribes to rebel. Gengyao sent Zhongqi and others against them; the Nazhugong Monastery lamas submitted. The army reached Chaotian Monastery and sent Chengbin, Xilin, and Vice General Zhang Yu in four columns against Jia'erduo Monastery; several hundred were killed, many drowned, and the monastery was burned. Ma Zhongxiao and Wang Daxun fought at Heshigou; Wang Xuji and Fan Shixiong at Shimenkou; Jiang at Xifeng Fort; Sudan encamped at Pangbolaxiakou; when tribes feigned submission he learned by reconnaissance they were setting an ambush and struck, killing and wounding a great multitude. Jiang cleared Qizi Mountain and pursued rebels to Badonggou; native official Lu Hualing pursued them to Tianwanggou; Xianmi Monastery lamas bound their leader Awang Celing and presented him. The army fought for more than fifty days and nearly exterminated the tribes. Finding Xianmi Monastery lamas treacherous, Gengyao burned their monastery and moved their people to Zhuozishan outside Jia'erduo Monastery; the remainder submitted and Gengyao placed them under Hualing's discipline.
31
條上青海善後諸事，請以青海諸部編置佐領。 三年一入貢，開市那拉薩拉。 陝西、雲南、四川三省邊外諸番，增設衛所撫治。 諸廟不得過二百楹，喇嘛不得過三百。 西寧北川邊外築邊牆，建城堡。 大通河設總兵，鹽池、保安堡及打箭爐外木雅吉達、巴塘、里塘諸路皆設兵。 發直隸、山西、河南、山東、陝西五省軍罪當遣者，往大通河、布隆吉爾屯田； 而令鍾琪將四千人駐西寧，撫綏諸番。 下王大臣議行。 十月，羹堯入覲，賜雙眼花翎、四團龍補服、黃帶、紫轡、金幣。 敘功，加一等阿思哈尼哈番世職，令其子富襲。
He itemized Qinghai's post-pacification measures, asking that its tribes be organized under zuoling. Tribute every three years; open a market at Nalasala. For tribes beyond the borders of Shaanxi, Yunnan, and Sichuan, additional guards and posts were to pacify and govern them. No monastery might exceed two hundred bays or three hundred lamas. Border walls and fortresses were built beyond the northern frontier pass at Xining. A regional commander was stationed on the Datong River, and troops were posted at Yanchi and Bao'an Fort and along the routes beyond Dajianlu to Muya Jida, Batang, Litang, and elsewhere. Convict soldiers from Zhili, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong, and Shaanxi who were due for banishment were sent to undertake garrison farming at the Datong River and Bulongji'er; Yue Zhongqi was ordered to lead four thousand men in garrison at Xining and to pacify the frontier tribes. The plan was submitted to the imperial prince-ministers for deliberation and execution. In the tenth month Gengyao came to the capital for audience and was granted the double-eyed peacock feather, the four-claw dragon rank robe, the yellow belt, a purple bridle, and gold coins. In recognition of his service he was granted an additional first-class hereditary ashan i hafan rank, to be inherited by his son Fu.
32
羹堯才氣凌厲，恃上眷遇，師出屢有功，驕縱。 行文諸督撫，書官斥姓名。 請發侍衛從軍，使為前後導引，執鞭墜鐙。 入覲，令總督李維鈞、巡撫範時捷跪道送迎。 至京師，行絕馳道。 王大臣郊迎，不為禮。 在邊，蒙古諸王公見必跪，額駙阿寶入謁亦如之。 嘗薦陝西布政使胡期恆及景灝可大用，劾四川巡撫蔡珽逮治，上即以授景灝，又擢期恆甘肅巡撫。 羹堯僕桑成鼎、魏之耀皆以從軍屢擢，成鼎布政使，之耀副將。 羹堯請發將吏數十從軍，上許之。 覲還，即劾罷驛道金南瑛等，而請以從軍主事丁松署糧道。 上責羹堯題奏錯誤，命期恆率所劾官吏詣京師。 三年正月，珽逮至，上召入見，備言羹堯暴貪誣陷狀，上特宥珽罪。
Talented and aggressive, Gengyao relied on the emperor's favor and his armies' repeated victories to grow arrogant and unrestrained. In his communications to governors-general and governors, he addressed them by title and personal name—a deliberate slight. He asked that Imperial Bodyguards be detailed to his campaigns to march before and behind him as escorts and to hold his whip and stirrups. When he came to court for audience, he had Governor-General Li Weijun and Governor Fan Shijie kneel in the road to escort him in and out. On reaching the capital, he rode along the forbidden imperial highway. When prince-ministers came out to the suburbs to welcome him, he refused to acknowledge the courtesy. On the frontier, Mongol princes and nobles were required to kneel in his presence; even Prince Consort Abao was compelled to do so when paying his respects. He once recommended Shaanxi Provincial Administration Commissioner Hu Qiheng and Jing Hao for high appointment. He impeached Sichuan Governor Cai Ting, who was arrested and brought to trial; the emperor promptly made Jing Hao governor and promoted Qiheng to Gansu governor. Gengyao's servants Sang Chengdin and Wei Zhiyao were repeatedly promoted for serving with his campaigns—Chengdin rose to provincial administration commissioner and Zhiyao to brigade vice-commander. Gengyao requested that several dozen officers and officials be detailed to his campaigns, and the emperor agreed. On returning from audience he immediately impeached and removed Relay Station Intendant Jin Nanying and others, and proposed that Principal Secretary Ding Song, who had served on campaign, act as grain intendant. The emperor rebuked Gengyao for errors in his memorials and ordered Qiheng to bring the impeached officials to the capital. In the first month of Yongzheng 3, Cai Ting was brought to the capital under arrest. Summoned to audience, he gave a full account of Gengyao's violence, greed, and false impeachments, and the emperor specially pardoned him.
33
二月庚午，日月合璧，五星聯珠，羹堯疏賀，用「夕惕朝乾」語，上怒，責羹堯有意倒置，諭曰：「羹堯不以朝乾夕惕許朕，則羹堯青海之功，亦在朕許不許之間而未定也。」 會期恆至，入見，上以奏對悖謬，奪官。 上命更定打箭爐外增汰官兵諸事，不用羹堯議。 四月，上諭曰：「羹堯舉劾失當，遣將士築城南坪，不惜番民，致驚惶生事，反以降番复叛具奏。 青海蒙古饑饉，匿不上聞。 怠玩昏憒，不可復任總督，改授杭州將軍。」 而以鍾琪署總督，命上撫遠大將軍印。 羹堯既受代，疏言：「臣不敢久居陝西，亦不敢遽赴浙江，今於儀徵水陸交通之處候旨。」 上益怒，促羹堯赴任。 山西巡撫伊都立、都統前山西巡撫範時捷、川陝總督岳鍾琪、河南巡撫田文鏡、侍郎黃炳、鴻臚少卿單疇書、原任直隸巡撫趙之垣交章發羹堯罪狀，侍郎史貽直、高其佩赴山西按時捷劾羹堯遣兵圍郃陽民堡殺戮無辜，亦以讞辭入奏，上命分案議罪。 罷羹堯將軍，授閒散章京，自二等公遞降至拜他喇布勒哈番，乃盡削羹堯職。
On the gengwu day of the second month the sun and moon formed a conjoined disk and the five planets aligned in a row. Gengyao submitted a congratulatory memorial that used the phrase "xi ti chao qian" instead of the canonical "chao qian xi ti" (ever vigilant morning and evening). The emperor was furious, charging Gengyao with deliberately inverting the wording, and declared: "If Gengyao refuses to grant me 'chao qian xi ti,' then his merits at Qinghai remain for me to grant or withhold—and are far from settled." Shortly afterward Qiheng arrived and was summoned to audience; the emperor found his replies contradictory and absurd and stripped him of office. The emperor ordered a reassessment of troop increases and reductions beyond Dajianlu, rejecting Gengyao's recommendations. In the fourth month the emperor declared: "Gengyao's recommendations and impeachments have been reckless. He sent troops to build a fort at Nanping without regard for the frontier tribes, provoking alarm and unrest, then memorialized claiming that surrendered tribes had rebelled anew. When famine struck the Mongols of Qinghai, he concealed the fact and failed to report it. Slothful, negligent, and muddled, he can no longer serve as governor-general and is reassigned as general at Hangzhou." Yue Zhongqi was appointed acting governor-general and ordered to assume the seal of the Pacification General-in-Chief of the Far Reaches. After Gengyao was replaced, he memorialized: "Your servant dares not remain long in Shaanxi, nor dare hurry to Zhejiang; I now await Your Majesty's command at Yizheng, where land and water routes converge." The emperor grew still angrier and ordered Gengyao to proceed to his new post at once. Shanxi Governor Yiduli, Banner Commander and former Shanxi Governor Fan Shijie, Sichuan-Shaanxi Governor-General Yue Zhongqi, Henan Governor Tian Wenjing, Vice Minister Huang Bing, Vice Director of the Court of State Ceremonial Shan Choushu, and former Zhili Governor Zhao Zhiyuan submitted memorials one after another exposing Gengyao's crimes. Vice Ministers Shi Yizhi and Gao Qipei went to Shanxi to investigate Fan Shijie's charge that Gengyao had sent troops to surround a civilian fort at Heyang and slaughter innocents, and they too submitted their findings. The emperor ordered the cases deliberated separately. Gengyao was removed as general and assigned a vacant clerk's post; his rank was reduced step by step from duke of the second rank down to batulehafan, until every office and title had been stripped from him.
34
十二月，逮至京師，下議政大臣、三法司、九卿會鞫。 是月甲戌，具獄辭：羹堯大逆之罪五，欺罔之罪九，僭越之罪十六，狂悖之罪十三，專擅之罪六，忌刻之罪六，殘忍之罪四，貪黷之罪十八，侵蝕之罪十五，凡九十二款，當大辟，親屬緣坐。 上諭曰：「羹堯謀逆雖實，而事蹟未著，朕念青海之功，不忍加極刑。」 遣領侍衛內大臣馬爾賽、步軍統領阿齊圖齎詔諭羹堯獄中令自裁。 遐齡及羹堯兄希堯奪官，免其罪； 斬其子富； 諸子年十五以上皆戍極邊。 羹堯幕客鄒魯、汪景祺先後皆坐斬，親屬給披甲為奴。 又有靜一道人者，四川巡撫憲德捕送京師，亦誅死。 五年，赦羹堯諸子，交遐齡管束。 遐齡旋卒，還原職，賜祭。
In the twelfth month he was arrested and brought to the capital and referred to the Deliberative Prince-Ministers, the Three Chief Legal Offices, and the Nine Ministers for joint trial. On the jiaxu day of that month the indictment was completed: Gengyao faced ninety-two counts in all—five of treason, nine of deception, sixteen of presumption, thirteen of arrogance, six of usurpation, six of vindictiveness, four of cruelty, eighteen of corruption, and fifteen of embezzlement—punishable by death, with associated punishment for his kin. The emperor declared: "Though Gengyao's treason is real, the evidence is not fully established. Remembering his service at Qinghai, I cannot bring myself to impose the extreme penalty." He sent Chief Imperial Bodyguard and Grand Minister Ma Ersai and Metropolitan Brigade Commander Aqitu to the prison with an edict ordering Gengyao to take his own life. Xialing and Gengyao's elder brother Nian Xiyao were stripped of office but spared punishment; his son Fu was executed; all sons aged fifteen and above were banished to garrison the remotest frontier. Gengyao's retainers Zou Lu and Wang Jingqi were executed in turn; his relatives were distributed as bond-servants in the banners. There was also the Jingyi Daoist, whom Sichuan Governor Xiande arrested and sent to the capital; he too was executed. In the fifth year Gengyao's sons were pardoned and placed under Xialing's supervision. Xialing soon died; his former rank was posthumously restored and funeral rites were granted.
35
希堯，初自筆帖式累擢工部侍郎。 既，奪官，復起內務府總管，命榷稅淮安，加左都御史。 十三年，為江蘇巡撫高其倬劾罷。 乾隆三年，卒。
Nian Xiyao began as a Grand Secretariat clerk and rose step by step to Vice Minister of Works. Later stripped of office, he was reappointed Superintendent of the Imperial Household Department, put in charge of tax collection at Huai'an, and given the additional title of Left Censor-in-Chief. In the thirteenth year Jiangsu Governor Gao Qichuo impeached him and he was dismissed. He died in Qianlong 3.
36
胡期恆，字元方，湖廣武陵人。 祖統虞，明崇禎末進士。 國初授檢討，官至秘書院學士。 父獻徵，自廕生授都察院經歷，官至湖北布政使。 期恆，康熙四十四年舉人。 獻徵與遐齡友，歡若弟昆，期恆少從羹堯遊。 上南巡，獻詩，授翰林院典籍。 出為夔州通判，有恩信，民為建生祠。 羹堯為巡撫，薦期恆，遷夔州知府，再遷川東道。 羹堯兼督陝西，复薦遷陝西布政使。 期恆通曉朝章國故，才敏，善理繁劇，羹堯深倚之。 羹堯挾貴而驕，惟期恆能以微言救其失。 羹堯奴辱咸陽知縣，期恆執而杖之，自是諸奴稍斂戢。 嘗諷羹堯善持盈，羹堯勿能用。 及羹堯敗，諸為羹堯引進者，爭劾羹堯以自解； 期恆惟引咎，終不言羹堯，乃下獄頌系。 至高宗即位，始得釋。 僑居江南，久之，卒。
Hu Qiheng, style name Yuanfang, was a native of Wuling in Huguang. His grandfather Tong Yu received the jinshi degree late in the Ming Chongzhen reign. At the dynasty's founding he was appointed a reviser and rose to Academician of the Secretariat. His father Xianzheng entered service through hereditary privilege as a Censorate clerk and rose to Huguang Provincial Administration Commissioner. Qiheng passed the provincial examination in Kangxi 44. Xianzheng and Xialing were close friends like brothers; in youth Qiheng kept company with Gengyao. During an imperial southern tour he presented a poem and was appointed Hanlin Academy registrar. Appointed subprefect of Kuizhou, he earned the people's trust through kindness and integrity, and they built a living shrine in his honor. When Gengyao became governor he recommended Qiheng, who was promoted to prefect of Kuizhou and then to intendant of the Eastern Sichuan Circuit. When Gengyao additionally took charge of Shaanxi, he recommended Qiheng again, and he was made Shaanxi provincial administration commissioner. Well versed in court regulations and state precedent, quick-witted and adept at managing heavy affairs, Qiheng became someone Gengyao relied on deeply. Gengyao grew arrogant on his eminence, yet only Qiheng could check his excesses with quiet counsel. When Gengyao's servant insulted the magistrate of Xianyang, Qiheng had him seized and beaten; from then on the household servants showed some restraint. He once admonished Gengyao to preserve his fullness before fortune turned—but Gengyao would not listen. When Gengyao fell, all those he had advanced rushed to impeach him to clear their own names; Qiheng accepted blame on himself alone and never spoke against Gengyao; he was imprisoned and detained pending trial. He was not released until the Qianlong Emperor acceded to the throne. He lived in exile in Jiangnan and died there many years later.
37
論曰：雍正初，隆科多以貴戚，年羹堯以戰多，內外夾輔為重臣。 乃不旋踵，幽囚誅夷，亡也忽諸。 當其貴盛侈汰，隆科多恃元舅之親，受顧命之重； 羹堯自代允禵為大將軍，師所向有功。 方且憑藉權勢，無復顧忌，即於覆滅而不自怵。 臣罔作威福，古聖所誡，可不謹歟！
The annalist observes: At the start of the Yongzheng reign Long Keduo, by virtue of imperial kinship, and Nian Gengyao, by the weight of his battlefield victories, became the great ministers who buttressed the throne from court and camp alike. Yet almost overnight they were imprisoned and destroyed—gone before anyone could fully grasp what was happening. At the height of their power and extravagance, Long Keduo relied on his status as the emperor's maternal uncle and the burden of the testamentary mandate; Gengyao had replaced Prince Yunti as commissioner-in-chief, and his armies won victory wherever they marched. Even then, trusting in their power without restraint, they showed no fear even as ruin approached. The ancient sages warned that ministers must not arrogate authority and dispense favors as they please—surely this is a lesson to heed!