Volume 297 Biographies 84: Cha Langa, Fu Erdan, Ma Ersai, Li Di, Qing Fu, Li Zhicui, Zhang Guangsi

列傳八十四

Biographies 84

查郎阿傅爾丹馬爾賽李杕慶復李質粹張廣泗

Cha Lang'a; Fu Erdan; Ma Ersai; Li Di; Qing Fu; Li Zhicui; Zhang Guangsi

查郎阿，字松莊，納喇氏，滿洲鑲白旗人。曾祖章泰，以軍功授拖沙喇哈番。祖查爾海，復以軍功進一等阿達哈哈番。父色思特，死烏闌布通之戰。查郎阿襲世職，兼佐領，遷參領。雍正元年，授吏部郎中。二年，超擢侍郎，署鑲黃旗滿洲都統。五年，遷左都御史，仍治吏部事。是歲冬，西藏噶布倫阿爾布巴等為亂，戕總理藏務貝子康濟鼐，扎薩克台吉頗羅鼐馳聞，上命查郎阿偕副都統邁祿率兵入藏。六年，擢尚書。秋，師至藏，駐藏副都統馬喇等已擒阿爾布巴，即按誅之，並殲其餘黨。查郎阿奏移達賴喇嘛暫居里塘，留兵二千交駐藏大臣調遣；又奏請以頗羅鼐總理後藏，而前藏達賴喇嘛未還，畢昭新授噶布倫，慮未妥協，並令頗羅鼐兼領：皆從之。

Cha Lang'a, whose courtesy name was Songzhuang, belonged to the Nara clan and served as a Manchu bannerman of the Bordered White Banner. His great-grandfather Zhangtai received the jasak darhan hereditary rank for distinguished service in war. His grandfather Cha'erhai was later raised to first-class adaha gusa rank, again for military merit. His father Sesite was killed at the battle of Ulan Butong. Cha Lang'a succeeded to the family post, held an assistant command in the banner, and was later promoted to company commander. In Yongzheng 1 he was made a director in the Ministry of Personnel. The next year he was leapfrogged to vice minister and served concurrently as commandant-general of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner. In the fifth year he became left censor-in-chief but continued to oversee the Ministry of Personnel. That winter the Tibetan garpons Arbab and his confederates rose in revolt and murdered Kangjidai, the prince who directed Tibetan affairs. The jasak taiji Poluonai sent urgent word to court, and the emperor ordered Cha Lang'a, together with Vice President Mailu of the Banner Corps, to march into Tibet. In the sixth year he was promoted to minister. When the army reached Tibet that autumn, the garrison vice president Mala and his colleagues had already seized Arbab. He was promptly put to death under due process, and the remaining rebels were wiped out. Cha Lang'a proposed moving the Dalai Lama temporarily to Litang and leaving two thousand troops at the disposal of the resident commissioner in Tibet; he also asked that Poluonai oversee rear Tibet. With the Dalai Lama still absent from Lhasa and Bizhao newly appointed garpon, he worried that affairs would not run smoothly and urged that Poluonai hold both responsibilities. The court approved every point.

七年，命查郎阿至西安，留佐川陝總督岳鍾琪，專理軍需。鍾琪授大將軍，出師，令署川陝總督兼西安將軍，加太子少保。八年，命往肅州專理軍需。九年，析置四川、陝西兩總督，查郎阿改署陝西總督。十年，召鍾琪還京師，以查郎阿署寧遠大將軍，命大學士鄂爾泰馳驛往肅州授方略，並賜白金萬。十一年，疏劾副將紀成斌防廋集、總兵張元佐防無克克嶺，敵入掠糧車，漫無偵察。上命斬成斌，元佐坐降調。又劾總兵曹勷防哈密，縱賊妄報，上命斬勷。又劾副都統阿克山、觀音保牧馬多死，玩悮軍事，下部議當斬。查郎阿復奏阿克山、觀音保所部兵久居南方，不知牧馬法，視退縮竊換者有間，請暫免死，今於通衢荷校，遍示諸軍。

In the seventh year he was sent to Xi'an to assist the Sichuan-Shaanxi governor-general Yue Zhongqi, devoting himself solely to military logistics. Zhongqi received the grand general's seal and marched out; Cha Lang'a was ordered to serve concurrently as Sichuan-Shaanxi governor-general and Xi'an general and was given the title Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the eighth year he was sent to Suzhou to take charge of military supplies alone. In the ninth year Sichuan and Shaanxi were split into separate governor-general jurisdictions, and Cha Lang'a was reassigned as acting governor-general of Shaanxi. In the tenth year Zhongqi was recalled to the capital and Cha Lang'a was made acting Ningyuan grand general. Grand Secretary Ortai was dispatched post-haste to Suzhou to deliver the battle plan, and Cha Lang'a was granted ten thousand taels of silver. In the eleventh year he impeached Brigade General Ji Chengbin, who held Shouji, and Major General Zhang Yuanzuo, who held Wukekeling, because enemy raiders had overrun their sectors, looted supply trains, and met no effective scouting. The emperor ordered Chengbin executed; Yuanzuo was demoted and transferred. He also impeached Major General Cao Qing at Hami for letting the enemy circulate false intelligence; the emperor ordered Qing beheaded as well. He further charged Vice Presidents Ake Shan and Guanyinbao with losing large numbers of horses under their care and treating military duty lightly; the ministries recommended the death penalty. Cha Lang'a followed with a plea that Ake Shan and Guanyinbao be spared for the moment: their men had long served in the south and were unfamiliar with frontier horse-keeping, unlike soldiers who deliberately shirked duty or swapped out mounts. He asked that they be placed in the cangue on the main road as a warning to every unit.

十三年，噶爾丹策淩乞和，命查郎阿撤兵。奏請留兵戍哈密及三堡沙棗爾、塔勒納沁諸城，並於南山大坂、無克克嶺、塔勒納沁河源分設斥堠，又奏於安西及赤金、靖逆、柳溝、布隆吉爾、橋灣五處分兵駐防，部議如所請。授文華殿大學士，兼兵部尚書，仍改陝西總督為川陝總督。乾隆元年，疏言甘肅地瘠，請撥陝西倉糧預籌協濟，命會巡撫劉於義確議。尋請撥陝西倉糧八萬石運貯慶陽、涇州、靜寧、固原諸處，從之。疏劾甘肅巡撫許容匿災營私，上命奪容官逮治。秋，入覲，諭速回任。奏言：「軍中馬駝被竊，當責大將軍償補。雍正十年以前，岳鍾琪任之；十一年，臣任之。惟鄂爾多斯牧廠所失及歷年馬駝多斃，請免追償。」上許之。三年，奏劾肅州道黃文煒、軍需道沈青崖等侵帑，並及於義徇庇，遣左都御史馬爾泰會鞫論罪。

In the thirteenth year Galdan Tseren sought peace, and the emperor ordered Cha Lang'a to withdraw his forces. He asked to keep garrisons at Hami and at the three forts of Shaza'er, Talenaxin, and related posts, with lookout stations on Nanshan Pass, Wukekeling, and the Talenaxin headwaters. He also proposed dividing forces among Anxi, Chijin, Jingni, Liugou, Bulongji'er, and Qiaowan. The ministries approved his plan in full. He was made Grand Secretary of the Wenhua Hall and concurrent Minister of War, and his jurisdiction was restored to the combined Sichuan-Shaanxi governor-generalship. In Qianlong 1 he reported that Gansu was impoverished and asked to draw grain in advance from Shaanxi granaries for coordinated relief. The court told him to work out the details with Provincial Governor Liu Yuyi. He soon secured approval to move eighty thousand shi of Shaanxi grain into storehouses at Qingyang, Jingzhou, Jingning, Guyuan, and neighboring points. He impeached the Gansu governor Xu Rong for covering up famine and lining his own pockets. The emperor stripped Rong of rank and ordered him taken into custody. That autumn he came to audience and was told to return to his post without delay. He reported: "When army horses or camels are stolen, the grand general should make restitution. Before Yongzheng 10 that duty fell to Yue Zhongqi; from the eleventh year onward it has been mine. I ask only that losses from the Ordos pasture depots and the many animals that died over the years not be charged back to me." The emperor granted the request. In the third year he charged Suzhou Circuit Intendant Huang Wenwei, Military Supply Intendant Shen Qingya, and others with embezzlement, and implicated Liu Yuyi for shielding them. Left Censor-in-Chief Maertai was sent to conduct a joint inquiry and fix penalties.

章嘉呼圖克圖請以里塘、巴塘畀達賴喇嘛，查郎阿奏：「聖祖時克西藏，收里塘、巴塘內屬。章嘉呼圖克圖以日用不敷為辭，藏中大小廟千餘，常住喇嘛四十餘萬，需用良鉅。請視里塘、巴塘諸地每歲徵收數目，以打箭爐商稅撥予達賴喇嘛，地仍內屬如故。」上嘉納之。寧夏地震，查郎阿馳往賑撫。五年，命還京入閣治事，加太子太保。六年，命與侍郎阿里袞清察黑龍江、吉林烏喇開墾地畝。十二年，以衰病，命致仕。尋卒。

The Changkya Khutukhtu asked that Litang and Batang be handed to the Dalai Lama. Cha Lang'a replied: "When the Kangxi emperor conquered Tibet, Litang and Batang were incorporated into the empire. The Changkya Khutukhtu pleaded that daily expenses were inadequate. Tibet has more than a thousand temples large and small and over four hundred thousand resident lamas, whose needs are enormous. Let the annual revenue from Litang, Batang, and the like be assessed, and assign the Dartsedo merchant tax to the Dalai Lama while the territories remain imperial possessions as before." The emperor commended and approved the proposal. When an earthquake struck Ningxia, Cha Lang'a rushed there to organize relief. In the fifth year he was recalled to the capital to serve in the Grand Council and was given the title Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the sixth year he and Vice Minister Aligun were sent to audit newly opened farmland in Heilongjiang and Jilin Wula. In the twelfth year, worn by age and illness, he was permitted to retire. He died soon after.

傅爾丹，瓜爾佳氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人，費英東曾孫，倭黑子也。康熙二十年，襲三等公，兼佐領，授散秩大臣。四十三年，上西巡，駐蹕祁縣鄭家莊，於行宮前閱太原城守兵騎射。有卒馬驚逸近禦仗，傅爾丹直前勒止之，捽其人下。上悅，諭獎傅爾丹，賜貂皮褂。尋授正白旗蒙古都統。四十八年，授領侍衛內大臣。五十四年，以託疾未入直，罷領侍衛內大臣。命率土默特兵千赴烏蘭固木等處屯田。五十六年，复授領侍衛內大臣。

Fu Erdan, of the Guwalgiya clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Yellow Banner, a great-grandson of the founding minister Fiyanggū and the son of Wohei. In Kangxi 20 he succeeded to the third-rank dukedom, held an assistant command in the banner, and was appointed a minister without portfolio. In the forty-third year, during an imperial tour of the west, the court halted at Zhengjiazhuang in Qi County, where the emperor reviewed mounted archery by the Taiyuan garrison before the traveling palace. When a trooper's mount panicked near the imperial escort, Fu Erdan rushed forward, checked the horse, and pulled the rider from the saddle. The emperor was pleased, praised Fu Erdan publicly, and granted him a sable jacket. He was soon appointed commandant-general of the Mongol Plain White Banner. In the forty-eighth year he became chief commandant of the Imperial Bodyguard. In the fifty-fourth year he was removed as chief bodyguard commandant for feigning illness and absenting himself from duty. He was ordered to lead a thousand Tümed troops to Ulan Gum and neighboring posts to open military colonies. In the fifty-sixth year he was restored as chief commandant of the Imperial Bodyguard.

師討噶爾丹，授富寧安靖逆將軍，出西路；傅爾丹振武將軍，出北路：駐軍阿爾泰。五十七年，疏請與富寧安分路進兵，諭定師期。傅爾丹請與征西將軍祁里德將萬二千人，以七月出布魯爾，直抵額爾齊斯河。會策妄阿喇布坦使來乞和，令暫停進取，繕兵防守。上欲於烏蘭固木、科布多築城衛喀爾喀游牧，命傅爾丹相度具奏。五十八年春，傅爾丹疏請築城鄂勒齊圖郭勒，上以鄂勒齊圖郭勒距師遠，命更於科布多築城。傅爾丹复疏言：「科布多阻大河，材木難致。請築城察罕廋爾，距鄂勒齊圖郭勒千里，中設十一站。」上從之。五十九年，將八千人自布拉罕進次格爾額爾格，準噶爾兵潰，擊斬二百餘級，擒宰桑等百餘，盡降其眾。又焚烏蘭呼濟爾敵糧，引還。雍正元年，命兼統祁里德軍，分兵駐巴里坤。三年，召還，授內大臣。四年，授黑龍江將軍。六年，授吏部尚書，賜雙眼孔雀翎。

When troops marched against Galdan, Funing'an was made Pacification General of the West and took the western route; Fu Erdan was named Martial Valor General and took the northern route, encamping at Altai. In the fifty-seventh year he proposed advancing on separate axes with Funing'an, and the emperor set the date for the general advance. Fu Erdan asked to join Western Campaign General Qilide with twelve thousand men, march from Burul in the seventh month, and strike straight for the Irtysh. When Tsewang Araptan sent envoys to sue for peace, the court ordered a pause in the advance and told the armies to fortify their positions. The emperor wished to build fortified towns at Ulan Gum and Kobdo to shield Khalkha herders and ordered Fu Erdan to survey the ground and report. In the spring of the fifty-eighth year Fu Erdan proposed building at Ölöktu Gol, but the emperor judged the site too remote from the main force and directed construction at Kobdo instead. Fu Erdan replied: "Kobdo lies beyond a major river, and timber is hard to bring in. I ask to build at Chaghan Shou'er, a thousand li from Ölöktu Gol, with eleven relay stations between." The emperor agreed. In the fifty-ninth year he led eight thousand men from Bulahan to Ger Erge. The Dzungar force broke; over two hundred were killed in action, more than a hundred zaisangs and others were taken, and the rest surrendered. He burned enemy grain stores at Ulan Hujir and withdrew. In Yongzheng 1 he was placed in overall command of Qilide's force as well and detached troops to garrison Barkol. In the third year he was recalled and made an inner court minister. In the fourth year he was appointed general of Heilongjiang. In the sixth year he became Minister of Personnel and was granted the double-eyed peacock feather.

初，青海羅卜藏丹津敗走，準噶爾策妄阿喇布坦納之。上屢遣使索獻，策妄阿喇布坦亦遣使請和，上罷兩路兵，久之議未決。策妄阿喇布坦死，子噶爾丹策零嗣，屢犯邊。七年二月，上命廷臣集議，大學士硃軾、左都御史沈近思皆言天時未至，副都統達福亦言不可，惟大學士張廷玉贊用兵，上意乃決，復出師。命傅爾丹為靖邊大將軍，出北路；發京師八旗兵六千、車騎營兵九千、奉天等處兵八千八百，以巴賽為副將軍，順承郡王錫保掌振武將軍印，陳泰、袞泰、石禮哈、岱豪、達福、覺羅海蘭為參贊。定壽將前鋒，魏麟、閃文繡將車騎營，納秦將奉天兵，塔爾岱、西彌賴將索倫兵，費雅思哈將寧古塔兵，阿三將右衛兵，素圖將寧夏兵，承保、常祿將察哈爾兵，馬爾齊、袞布將土默特兵，丹巴、沙津達賴將喀喇沁、土默特兵，法敏、伊都立、巴泰、西琳、傅德理餉，永國護印。上祭告太廟，幸南苑閱車騎營兵，禦太和殿行授鉞禮，賜傅爾丹御用朝珠、黃帶、紫轡、白金五千，加少保。出駐阿爾泰。八年，噶爾丹策零表請執羅卜藏丹津以獻，上命緩進兵。尋召與兵鍾琪同詣京師議軍事，遣還軍。九年，疏言科布多為進兵孔道，請仍於此築城，下廷議，如所請。

Earlier, after Lobzang Danjin of Qinghai was defeated and fled, the Dzungar ruler Tsewang Araptan gave him refuge. The court repeatedly demanded that he be handed over, while Tsewang Araptan also sent peace envoys. The emperor suspended both campaigning armies, and for years the court could not settle on a policy. After Tsewang Araptan died, his son Galdan Tseren succeeded and raided the frontier again and again. In the second month of the seventh year the emperor convened the court. Grand Secretary Zhu Shi and Left Censor-in-Chief Shen Jinsi argued that the time was not ripe; Vice President Dafu also opposed war. Only Grand Secretary Zhang Tingyu urged military action, and on that basis the emperor resolved to march again. Fu Erdan was appointed Pacification General of the Frontier and took the northern route; The court mobilized six thousand Beijing bannermen, nine thousand Cavalry Brigade troops, and eight thousand eight hundred men from Fengtian and other garrisons. Basei served as deputy general; Prince Xibao of Shuncheng held the Martial Valor seal; and Chen Tai, Guntai, Shi Liha, Dai Hao, Dafu, and Aisin Gioro Hailan were named staff controllers. Dingshou led the vanguard; Wei Lin and Shan Wenxiu the Cavalry Brigade; Na Qin the Fengtian detachments; Tardai and Ximilai the Solon; Feiyasihā the Ningguta; A San the Right Guard; Su Tu the Ningxia; Chengbao and Chang Lu the Chahar; Maerqi and Gunbu the Tümed; Danba and Shajindalai the Kharachin and Tümed auxiliaries. Famin, Yiduli, Batai, Xilin, and Fude handled supplies, and Yongguo guarded the general's seal. The emperor reported to the ancestral temple, reviewed the Cavalry Brigade in the Southern Park, and in the Hall of Supreme Harmony performed the rite of granting the commander's axe. Fu Erdan received the emperor's own court beads, yellow belt, purple bridle, five thousand taels of silver, and the title Junior Guardian. He marched out and encamped at Altai. In the eighth year Galdan Tseren offered to arrest Lobzang Danjin and deliver him to the court, and the emperor ordered the advance slowed. He and the campaigning general Zhongqi were soon summoned to the capital to discuss strategy, then sent back to their commands. In the ninth year he argued that Kobdo was the main corridor for advance and again asked to fortify it. The ministries approved his request.

五月，傅爾丹移軍科布多，噶爾丹策零遣所部嗒蘇爾海丹巴為間，為守卡侍衛所獲，詰之，曰：「噶爾丹策零發兵三萬，使大策零敦多卜、小策零敦多卜分將犯北路。小策零敦多卜已至察罕哈達，大策零敦多卜以事宿留未至。」傅爾丹信其語，計及其未集擊之。令選兵萬人，循科布多河西以進，素圖、岱豪為前鋒，定壽等領第一隊，馬爾薩等領第二隊，傅爾丹舉大兵繼其後，令袞泰護築城，陳泰屯科布多河東，斷奇蘭道。六月庚子，師發科布多，定壽等進次扎克賽河，獲准噶爾邏卒，言距察罕哈達止三日程，準噶爾兵不過千人，未立營。傅爾丹命乘夜速進，行數日不見敵。戊申，獲諜，言準噶爾兵二千屯博克托嶺。傅爾丹遣素圖、岱豪將三千人往擊之。敵出羸兵誘師，而伏二萬人谷中。己酉，定壽師次庫列圖嶺，遇敵，斬四百餘級，敵驅駝馬踰嶺遁。

In the fifth month Fu Erdan shifted his headquarters to Kobdo. Galdan Tseren sent a spy named Tasurhai Danba, who was seized by a border guard. Under questioning he said that Galdan Tseren had mobilized thirty thousand men under the Greater and Lesser Tsewang Donjub to strike the northern route. The Lesser Tsewang Donjub had already reached Chaghan Hada, while the Greater Tsewang Donjub was still delayed on other business. Fu Erdan believed the report and resolved to attack before the enemy could concentrate. He selected ten thousand men to march along the west bank of the Kobdo. Su Tu and Dai Hao led the vanguard; Dingshou commanded the first column and Maersa the second; Fu Erdan followed with the main body. Guntai was left to oversee the fortifications, Chen Tai to hold the east bank of the Kobdo and block the Qilan route. On gengzi day in the sixth month the army left Kobdo. Dingshou advanced to the Zhakesai River and took a Dzungar scout, who said Chaghan Hada lay only three days away, that no more than a thousand enemy troops were present, and that they had not yet encamped. Fu Erdan ordered a forced night march, but after several days still found no enemy. On wushen day another spy was taken, who reported two thousand Dzungars at Boketu Ridge. Fu Erdan sent Su Tu and Dai Hao with three thousand men to attack. The enemy put forward a weak screen to bait the Qing force while twenty thousand men waited in ambush in the valley. On jiyou day Dingshou reached Kulietu Ridge, engaged the enemy, killed more than four hundred, and watched them drive their camels and horses over the pass in flight.

庚戌，傅爾丹師至，素圖、定壽皆會。辛亥，逐敵入谷，伏發，據高阜衝擊。傅爾丹督戰，殺敵千餘，塔爾岱、馬爾齊督兵奪西山，敵據險，師攻之不能克。壬子，傅爾丹令移軍和通呼爾哈諾爾，定壽、素圖、覺羅海蘭、常祿、西彌賴據山梁東，塔爾岱、馬爾齊據其西，承保居中，馬爾薩出其東，達福、岱豪當前，舒楞額、沙津達賴等護後。師甫移，敵力攻山梁東西二軍，定壽等奮戰。大風雨雹，師為敵所圍。傅爾丹遣兵援塔爾岱出，又令承保援定壽，日暮，圍未解。癸丑，海蘭突圍出，定壽、素圖、馬爾齊皆自殺；西彌賴令索倫兵赴援，兵潰，亦自殺。甲寅，敵環攻大營，傅爾丹督兵御之，殺敵五百餘。科爾沁兵潰，沙津達賴奮戰入敵陣，師望見其纛，曰：「土默特兵陷賊矣！」遂大潰。乙卯，永國、海蘭、岱豪皆自殺。傅爾丹雜士伍中以出。敵大集，查弼納、巴賽、達福、馬爾薩、舒楞額皆戰死。傅爾丹率殘兵渡哈爾噶納河，敵追至，擊殺五百餘人。七月壬戌朔，還至科布多，收餘兵僅存二千餘。

On gengxu day Fu Erdan came up and joined Su Tu and Dingshou. On xinhai day the Qing columns pursued the enemy into the valley, where the ambush closed and attackers poured down from the heights. Fu Erdan directed the fighting and more than a thousand enemy were killed. Tardai and Maerqi tried to take the western hill, but the enemy held the high ground and the assault failed. On renzi day Fu Erdan drew the army back to Hetong Hu'erhanuo'er. Dingshou, Su Tu, Aisin Gioro Hailan, Chang Lu, and Ximilai held the eastern ridge; Tardai and Maerqi the west; Chengbao the center; Maersa on the east flank; Dafu and Dai Hao in the van; and Shulenge, Shajindalai, and others in the rear guard. Hardly had the army shifted position when the enemy threw their full weight against both ridge forces, and Dingshou and his officers fought desperately. A violent storm of wind, rain, and hail broke, and the army found itself encircled. Fu Erdan sent men to break Tardai out and ordered Chengbao to relieve Dingshou, but by nightfall the ring had not been broken. On guichou day Hailan fought his way out, while Dingshou, Su Tu, and Maerqi each took their own lives; Ximilai ordered Solon troops forward to help, but they broke and fled, and he killed himself as well. On jiayin day the enemy closed on the main camp from every side. Fu Erdan directed the defense and killed more than five hundred of them. The Khorchin contingent broke. Shajindalai charged deep into the enemy lines, and when the army saw his banner they cried, "The Tümed have been cut off!" At that the whole force dissolved in rout. On yimao day Yongguo, Hailan, and Dai Hao all took their own lives. Fu Erdan slipped out disguised among the rank and file. As the enemy massed, Zhabina, Basei, Dafu, Maersa, and Shulenge were all killed in action. Fu Erdan led the survivors across the Khargana River. The pursuers caught up at the crossing, and more than five hundred of them were killed. On the first day of the seventh month he returned to Kobdo with barely two thousand survivors.

方戰，科爾沁蒙古兵先敗，傅爾丹聞人言，謂先敗者土默特兵也。劾沙津達賴，論斬。歸化城土默特副都統袞布降敵，戮其孥。傅爾丹疏請罪，上諭曰：「損兵誠有罪，朕因爾等竭蹶力戰，特寬恕之。痛惻難忍，不覺淚下！解朕親束帶賜傅爾丹。爾等毋妄動，敵至能堅守，即爾等之功。科布多不能守，可還軍察罕廋爾。」傅爾丹复疏請罪，上諭曰：「輕信賊言，冒險深入，中賊詭計，是爾之罪。至不肯輕生自殺，力戰全歸，此爾能辨別輕重。事定，朕自有處置。」尋命以錫保為靖邊大將軍，傅爾丹掌振武將軍印，協辦軍務。十年七月，準噶爾侵烏遜珠勒，錫保令傅爾丹將三千人御之，敗績。錫保疏劾，罷領侍衛內大臣、振武將軍，削公爵。十一年，錫保再疏劾傅爾丹，上察傅爾丹兵寡，原其罪，命留軍效力。

In the fighting the Khorchin Mongols broke first, but Fu Erdan heard reports that blamed the Tümed contingent. He impeached Shajindalai, who was sentenced to death. Gunbu, the Tümed vice president at Guihuacheng, defected to the enemy, and his family was put to death. Fu Erdan submitted a confession. The emperor replied: "Losing troops is indeed a fault, but because you fought yourselves to exhaustion, I pardon you. My grief is more than I can bear; tears come unbidden! I give Fu Erdan the belt from my own waist. Do not move rashly. If you can hold your ground when the enemy comes, that will be merit enough. If Kobdo cannot be held, withdraw to Chaghan Shou'er." Fu Erdan confessed again. The emperor said: "Believing enemy reports, plunging deep into danger, and falling into their trap—that is your fault. But refusing suicide and fighting your way back alive shows you know what truly matters. When the campaign ends, I shall decide your case myself." Soon afterward Xibao was made Pacification General of the Frontier while Fu Erdan kept the Martial Valor seal and assisted in command. In the seventh month of the tenth year the Dzungars raided Wusun Zhule. Xibao sent Fu Erdan with three thousand men to repel them, and they were beaten again. Xibao impeached him. Fu Erdan lost his posts as chief bodyguard commandant and Martial Valor General and was stripped of his dukedom. In the eleventh year Xibao impeached him again, but the emperor saw that Fu Erdan had too few troops and pardoned him, ordering him to remain at the front and serve.

十三年，伊都立等侵軍餉事發，辭連傅爾丹，命侍郎海望逮詣京師下獄，並追論和通呼爾哈諾爾及烏遜珠勒失機罪，王大臣等依律擬斬。命未下，世宗崩，高宗即位，命改監候。乾隆四年，與岳鍾琪並釋出獄。十三年，師討大金川未下，授內大臣、護軍統領，赴軍，尋命署川陝總督，與鍾琪治軍事。大學士傅恆出為經略，奏傅爾丹衰老，惟熟於管理滿洲兵，請專治營壘諸事。十四年，命為參贊。大金川師罷，授黑龍江將軍。十七年，卒，賜祭葬，諡溫愨。子兆德，襲爵；哈達哈，自有傳。

In the thirteenth year the embezzlement case of Yiduli and others implicated Fu Erdan. Vice Minister Haiwang was sent to arrest him and bring him to the capital. His defeats at Hetong Hu'erhanuo'er and Wusun Zhule were reviewed, and the princes and ministers recommended death under statute. Before the sentence could be carried out, the Yongzheng emperor died and Qianlong succeeded, commuting the penalty to imprisonment awaiting execution. In Qianlong 4 he was released from prison together with Yue Zhongqi. In the thirteenth year, while the campaign against Greater Jinchuan dragged on, he was made inner court minister and commandant of the Guard Corps and sent to the front. He was soon named acting Sichuan-Shaanxi governor-general to manage affairs with Zhongqi. Grand Secretary Fu Heng took the field as superintendent and reported that Fu Erdan was old and fit only for managing Manchu camps and fortifications. In the fourteenth year he was named a staff controller. When the Greater Jinchuan campaign ended, he was appointed general of Heilongjiang. He died in the seventeenth year. The court granted funeral rites and gave him the posthumous title Wennu. His son Zhaode succeeded to the title; Hadaha is treated in a separate biography.

傅爾丹頎然岳立，面微赬，美鬚髯。其為大將軍，廷玉實薦之。鍾琪嘗過其帳，見壁上刀槊森然，問：「安用此？」傅爾丹曰：「此吾所素習者，懸以勵眾。」鍾琪出曰：「為大將，不恃謀而恃勇，敗矣！」

Fu Erdan was tall and imposing, with a slightly ruddy face and a handsome beard. His appointment as grand general had in fact come through Zhang Tingyu's recommendation. Zhongqi once visited his tent, saw blades and spears bristling on the walls, and asked, "What are these for?" Fu Erdan replied, "These are the arms I have always trained with. I hang them here to hearten the men." As he left, Zhongqi said, "A commander who trusts courage instead of strategy is already beaten."

馬爾賽，馬佳氏，滿洲正黃旗人，大學士、三等公圖海孫。馬爾賽，襲爵。康熙間，迭授護軍統領、鑲黃旗蒙古都統、領侍衛內大臣，掌鑾儀衛事。雍正二年，加贈圖海一等公，號曰忠達，仍以馬爾賽襲。調鑲藍旗滿洲。六年，授武英殿大學士，兼吏部尚書。八年，命與大學士張廷玉、蔣廷錫詳議軍行事宜。尋以翊贊機務，加一等阿達哈哈番世職。

Ma Ersai, of the Majia clan, was a Manchu of the Plain Yellow Banner and a grandson of Grand Secretary Tu Hai, who held the third-rank dukedom. Ma Ersai succeeded to the title. Under Kangxi he served in turn as commandant of the Guard Corps, commandant-general of the Mongol Bordered Yellow Banner, and chief commandant of the Imperial Bodyguard, overseeing the procession guard. In Yongzheng 2 Tu Hai was posthumously raised to first-rank duke with the style Zhongda, and Ma Ersai continued to inherit the line. He was transferred to the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner. In the sixth year he became Grand Secretary of the Wuying Hall and concurrent Minister of Personnel. In the eighth year he joined Grand Secretaries Zhang Tingyu and Jiang Tingshi in detailed planning for the campaign. Soon afterward, for assisting in state affairs, he received the added hereditary rank of first-class adaha gusa.

九年，靖邊大將軍傅爾丹討噶爾丹策零，師敗績。授撫遠大將軍，調西路副將軍覺羅伊禮佈為參贊，率師駐圖拉。馬爾賽師行，聞準噶爾將犯科布多，奏請暫駐第十五台。俄聞準噶爾兵屯科布多近處，又奏請進駐察罕廋爾；既又聞準噶爾兵至奎素，復奏請調蒙、漢兵七千人赴推河。上責馬爾賽展轉不定，命駐第十四台待命。旋命將蒙、漢兵五千人駐翁袞。上解傅爾丹靖邊大將軍印授順承郡王錫保，諭馬爾賽，蒙古諸扎薩克俱遵靖邊大將軍調遣，不得以撫遠大將軍印有所徵發。尋改授撫遠將軍，駐紮克拜達里克。

In the ninth year Pacification General Fu Erdan marched against Galdan Tseren and was defeated. Ma Ersai was made Pacification General of the Far Reaches, with Western Route Deputy General Aisin Gioro Yilibu as staff controller, and encamped the army at Tula. As his army marched, he heard the Dzungars were threatening Kobdo and asked to halt at the fifteenth relay station. Soon he heard Dzungar troops were near Kobdo and asked to advance to Chaghan Shou'er; then heard they had reached Kuisu and asked to move seven thousand Mongol and Han troops to the Tui River. The emperor rebuked Ma Ersai for vacillation and ordered him to hold the fourteenth relay station and await orders. He was then told to post five thousand Mongol and Han troops at Ongon. The emperor transferred Fu Erdan's seal as Pacification General of the Frontier to Prince Xibao of Shuncheng and told Ma Ersai that all Mongol jasaks answered to that command, not to his own Pacification General of the Far Reaches seal. He was soon reassigned as Pacification General of the Far Reaches and stationed at Zakhbaydarik.

十年秋，準噶爾大舉內犯，掠喀爾喀諸部。喀爾喀親王策棱與戰額爾德尼昭，大破之，餘眾循鄂爾昆河源走推河。錫保劄馬爾賽，令與建勳將軍達爾濟合軍截擊，喀爾喀親王丹津多爾濟亦馳報，促馬爾賽發兵。馬爾賽集諸將議，諾爾琿曰：「我等當速發兵迎截，遲且將不及。」諸將皆和之，獨都統李杕以為但當守城，馬爾賽以杕言為然。諾爾琿、博爾屯等力請，傅鼐至跪求，馬爾賽持不可。達爾濟遣使約會師，馬爾賽終不應。士卒登城見敵過，奮欲出擊，參贊胡琳、傅鼐不待馬爾賽令，將所部以出，馬爾賽乃與偕行。至博木喀拉，令欽拜將七百人逐敵，馬爾賽引還。準噶爾兵去已遠，欽拜等亦無所獲而返。胡琳、欽拜、博爾屯、諾爾琿等先後疏報，上命奪馬爾賽官爵治罪，錫保等請誅馬爾賽及杕，部議當貽誤軍機律斬。十二月，遣副都統索林赴扎克拜達里克，斬馬爾賽。

That autumn the Dzungars invaded in force and ravaged the Khalkha tribes. Khalkha Prince Celeng met them at Erdeni Juu and routed them. The survivors fled along the Ergun headwaters toward the Tui River. Xibao ordered Ma Ersai to join Merit-Building General Daerji in cutting off the retreat. Khalkha Prince Danjindorji also sent urgent word urging him to march. Ma Ersai called a council of generals. Nuerhuan said, "We must march at once to intercept them, or we shall be too late." The other generals agreed, but Commandant Li Di alone argued for holding the fort. Ma Ersai sided with Li Di. Nuerhuan, Bo'ertun, and others pressed him hard, and Fu Nai knelt to plead, but Ma Ersai refused. Daerji sent envoys to arrange a rendezvous, but Ma Ersai never responded. Troops on the walls saw the enemy pass and clamored to attack. Staff controllers Hu Lin and Fu Nai marched out without waiting for orders, and Ma Ersai followed. At Bomukala he sent Qinbai with seven hundred men in pursuit, then withdrew himself. The Dzungars were already far away, and Qinbai returned empty-handed. Hu Lin, Qinbai, Bo'ertun, Nuerhuan, and others reported in turn. The emperor stripped Ma Ersai of rank and ordered him punished. Xibao and others asked for the execution of Ma Ersai and Li Di, and the ministries recommended death for jeopardizing military operations. In the twelfth month Vice President Suolin was sent to Zakhbaydarik and executed Ma Ersai.

李杕，漢軍鑲藍旗人，李國翰四世孫。降襲三等伯，累擢至廣州將軍。坐駐防兵閧巡撫官廨，逮京師論斬，上貸之，复授都統，仍令襲爵。至是，責其一言僨事，罪與馬爾賽等，奪官爵，論斬。

Li Di, a Han bannerman of the Bordered Blue Banner, was a fourth-generation descendant of Li Guohan. He inherited a demoted third-rank earldom and rose step by step to general of Guangzhou. When his garrison troops brawled at the governor's yamen he was brought to the capital for execution, but the emperor spared him, restored him as commandant, and let him keep the title. Now he was blamed because one remark had ruined the operation. His crime was judged equal to Ma Ersai's; he was stripped of rank and sentenced to death.

慶復，字瑞園，佟佳氏，滿州鑲黃旗人，佟國維第六子。雍正五年，襲一等公，授散秩大臣。遷鑾儀使，兼領武備院事。七年，授正白旗漢軍副都統。八年，遷正藍旗漢軍都統。九年，列議政大臣。十一年，授工部尚書，署刑部，調戶部。十二年，授領侍衛內大臣。十三年，高宗即位，命代平郡王福彭為定邊大將軍，出北路。乾隆元年，準噶爾乞和，罷兵。慶復請沿邊設卡倫，以侍衛或護軍一專管，喀爾喀台吉一協理；發土謝圖、賽因諾顏、扎薩克圖、車臣四部兵合三千人，歲六月集鄂爾坤出巡，九月罷歸牧：詔如所請。召還京，署吏部尚書，兼戶部，尋真除刑部。二年，授兩江總督。劾江西巡撫俞兆岳貪鄙營私，奪官，論如律。疏言蘇、常、揚、鎮、通、泰諸屬例徵麥二萬餘石，請改徵米，從之。

Qing Fu, whose courtesy name was Ruiyuan, belonged to the Tunggiya clan and served as a Manchu of the Bordered Yellow Banner. He was the sixth son of Tung Guowei. In Yongzheng 5 he succeeded to the first-rank dukedom and was made a minister without portfolio. He became director of the Imperial Procession and also oversaw the Armory. In the seventh year he was made vice president of the Han Plain White Banner. In the eighth year he became commandant-general of the Han Plain Blue Banner. In the ninth year he joined the ranks of deliberative ministers. In the eleventh year he became Minister of Works, acted for the Ministry of Punishments, and was transferred to the Ministry of Revenue. In the twelfth year he became chief commandant of the Imperial Bodyguard. When Qianlong succeeded in the thirteenth year, he was ordered to replace Prince Fu Peng of Ping as Pacification General of the Frontier and take the northern route. In Qianlong 1 the Dzungars sued for peace and the campaign was halted. Qing Fu proposed border karun posts, each managed by one attendant or guardsman with a Khalkha taiji to assist; and to mobilize three thousand men from the four Khalkha leagues to assemble at the Orkhon each sixth month for patrol and return to pasture in the ninth. The court approved his plan. Recalled to the capital, he acted as Minister of Personnel and concurrently oversaw Revenue before receiving a substantive appointment as Minister of Punishments. In the second year he was appointed governor-general of the Two Jiangs. He impeached the Jiangxi governor Yu Zhaoyue for corruption and private gain. Yu was stripped of office and sentenced under law. He reported that districts under Suzhou, Changzhou, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Tongzhou, and Taizhou customarily levied more than twenty thousand shi of wheat and asked to switch the levy to rice. The court agreed.

移督雲、貴。四年，加太子少保。五年，疏言：「雲南府屬縣引南汁等六河溉田，山溪箐澗水發不常，沙石壅遏，堤埂易決。請以時修治。」上嘉之。又言：「滇、黔、粵、蜀四省接壤，瑤、苗雜處，往往爭界構訟，積案莫結。如廣西鎮安屬小鎮安土州與雲南廣南屬土目爭剝頭、者賴二村，臣令詳勘，以村入廣西境應歸廣西；而廣西又議以小鎮安土州歸雲南，畫昭陽關為界。雲南、四川於金沙江分界，雲南屬江驛、七戛、則補、晉毛諸地越在江外，兩省駐汛分防，犬牙互制，而四川又欲劃江分界。現在民、夷寧帖，應仍舊貫，不必紛更。其或田在彼境，糧在此境，當以糧從田，俾免牽混。」下軍機大臣議行。又疏言錢價日昂，請省城增十爐，臨安增五爐，發餉銀七錢三。下部議行。又分疏請開姚州鹽井，南安州屬咢嘉、大小猛光、回子門諸地招墾，濬治金沙江。

He was transferred to governor-general of Yunnan and Guizhou. In the fourth year he received the title Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the fifth year he reported: "The counties under Yunnan Prefecture irrigate fields from six rivers including the Nan Zhi. Mountain streams rise unpredictably, sand and stone choke the channels, and dikes break easily. I ask that they be repaired on schedule." The emperor commended the proposal. He also wrote: "Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, and Sichuan share borders where Yao and Miao communities are intermixed. Boundary disputes and lawsuits pile up without resolution. For example, the Xiaozhen'an chieftain under Guangxi Zhen'an and a native official under Yunnan Guangnan disputed the villages of Botou and Zhelai. I ordered a detailed survey and found the villages lay within Guangxi and should belong to Guangxi; but Guangxi also proposed transferring the entire Xiaozhen'an chieftaincy to Yunnan and making Zhaoyang Pass the boundary. Yunnan and Sichuan were divided at the Jinsha River, yet Yunnan-held districts such as Jiangyi, Qijia, Zebui, and Jinmao all lay on the far bank. Both provinces posted garrison troops in a checkerboard of mutual restraint, while Sichuan again pressed to make the river the line. The people and the tribes are now at peace; the old arrangements should stand, without further upheaval. Where land lies in one province but tax is registered in another, tax liability should follow the land, to prevent mixed jurisdiction." The memorial was sent down to the Grand Council for deliberation and implementation. He also reported that cash was rising in value daily and asked for ten additional mint furnaces at the provincial capital, five at Lin'an, and that troops be paid at seven mace and three candareens of silver. The proposal was sent to the relevant ministry for approval and implementation. He also filed separate memorials to open the Yao Prefecture salt wells, encourage reclamation in Ejia, Da Mengguang, Xiao Mengguang, Huizimen, and other districts under Nan'an Prefecture, and dredge the Jinsha River.

旋移督兩廣，疏劾粵海關監督鄭伍賽需索侵蝕，擬罪如律。又疏言：「瓊州四面環海，中有五指山，黎人所居。請設義學，俾子弟就學應試，別編'黎'字，州縣額取一名。」八年，又疏言：「廣西東蘭州自雍正初改土為流，置兵二百戍守。水土毒惡，山路崎嶇，民病於運糧。請以其半改駐三旺。」均從之。

He was soon transferred to the Liangguang post, where he impeached the Guangdong customs supervisor Zheng Wusai for extortion and embezzlement; the case was sentenced under statute. He also wrote: "Qiongzhou is encircled by the sea on all sides. At its center stands Wuzhi Mountain, home to the Li people. I ask that charity schools be established so Li youths may study and sit for the examinations, with a separate register marked by the character Li and one quota place allotted per prefecture and county." In the eighth year he wrote again: "Guangxi's Donglan Prefecture was converted from native to regular rule in the early Yongzheng reign, with two hundred troops posted as a garrison. The land and water are harsh, the mountain roads tortuous, and the people are worn down by grain transport. I ask that half the garrison be redeployed to Sanwang." All were approved.

复移督川、陝。郭羅剋土番處青海界上，地寒不能畜牧，屢出為「夾壩」，夾壩，華言盜也。慶復令捕其酋林噶架立誅之，番眾頂經誓奉約束。慶復令貧番三百餘戶授地課耕，歲五六月許出獵，限一次，寨限十五人。要隘設汛置兵，松潘鎮總兵歲出巡，駐阿壩。番人訟不決，詣總兵剖晰。上中下三部置土千戶一、土百戶二，種人為盜，責三土目捕治。疏聞，下軍機大臣議行。又有瞻對土司在打箭爐邊外，處萬山中，恃險肆劫，掠及台站兵，有司捕治。上瞻對土目四朗、下瞻對土目班滾匿罪人不出。

He was transferred again to the Sichuan-Shaanxi governorship. The Guoluo Ke tribesmen lived on the Qinghai frontier. The country was too cold for herding, and they repeatedly raided as jiaba—jiaba being their word for bandit. Qing Fu had their chief Lin Gajiali captured and executed, after which the tribesmen swore upon scripture to abide by the rules. Qing Fu granted land and taught farming to more than three hundred impoverished households. In the fifth and sixth months they might hunt once per year, with no more than fifteen men per stockade. Garrisons were posted at key passes, and the Songpan brigade commander conducted an annual inspection, basing himself at Aba. When tribal disputes could not be resolved locally, the parties appealed to the brigade commander for judgment. In the upper, middle, and lower districts he appointed one native thousand-household chief and two hundred-household chiefs; when tribesmen turned to banditry, these three native officers were held responsible for capture and punishment. When the memorial arrived, it was sent to the Grand Council for deliberation and implementation. There was also the Zhandui chieftain beyond Dajianlu, deep in the mountains, who used the terrain to raid boldly, even attacking relay-station troops, until local officials captured and punished the offenders. The upper Zhandui chieftain Silang and the lower Zhandui chieftain Ban Bong sheltered fugitives and refused to hand them over.

十年，慶復偕巡撫紀山、提督李質粹疏請發兵進剿，上命宜妥協周詳，毋少疏忽。慶復遂發兵，質粹進駐東俄洛，扼兩瞻對總隘；夔州副將馬良柱出里塘為南路，松潘總兵宋宗璋出甘孜為北路，建昌總兵袁士弼出沙晉隆為中路，刻期並發，四朗詣宗璋軍降。士弼自擴城頂趨納爾格，與番人戰加社袨卡諸地，屢勝。良柱攻嚓嗎所，焚其寨三，地雷發，番人死甚眾。上下瞻對夾江而居，四朗居江西地，曰撒墩，其從子肯硃居江東地，曰孺耳，班滾亦居江西地，曰如郎。江東木魯工為要隘。四朗既降，宗璋兵越撒墩駐阿賽，去如郎數十里，良柱亦逼進如郎，質粹發兵往應，班滾力拒。宗璋分兵自然多會士弼，克臘蓋，破底硃。良柱亦撫定番寨四十六。班滾請降，慶復不許。疏入，上命毋恃勝輕敵。尋授慶復文華殿大學士，仍留總督。

In the tenth year Qing Fu, together with Governor Ji Shan and Brigade Commander Li Zhicui, memorialized for a punitive expedition. The emperor ordered that the campaign be conducted with care, thorough planning, and no negligence. Qing Fu then mobilized. Zhicui advanced to Dong'e Luo and seized the main passes between upper and lower Zhandui; Kui Prefecture vice commander Ma Liangzhu marched from Litang on the southern route, Songpan commander Song Zongzhang from Ganzi on the north, and Jianchang commander Yuan Shibi from Shajinlong in the center. On the appointed day all columns moved together, and Silang surrendered to Song Zongzhang. Shibi pushed from Kuochengding toward Na'erge and fought the tribes at Jiasheka and elsewhere, winning battle after battle. Liangzhu assaulted Chamahuo, burned three stockades, and set off land mines that killed a great many tribesmen. Upper and lower Zhandui straddled the river. Silang held the west bank at Sadun; his nephew Kenzhu held the east at Ru'er; Ban Bong also held the west bank at Rulang. Mulugong on the east bank was the key choke point. After Silang surrendered, Song Zongzhang crossed Sadun and encamped at Asai, a few dozen li from Rulang. Liangzhu pressed toward Rulang as well, Zhicui sent reinforcements, and Ban Bong resisted stubbornly. Song Zongzhang detached a column to join Shibi at Ziranduo, took Lagai, and stormed Dizhu. Liangzhu also brought forty-six tribal stockades to submission. Ban Bong offered to surrender, but Qing Fu refused. When the report arrived, the emperor warned them not to grow overconfident after their victories. Qing Fu was soon made a Grand Secretary of the Wenhua Hall while remaining governor-general.

十一年春，慶復進駐東俄洛，奏言：「前克底硃，班滾母率頭人至軍前請降，質粹遣令歸。臣諮詢質粹，令速進兵。」上責質粹失機，慶復又疏劾士弼意主招降，請奪官，仍戴罪效力。尋自東俄洛進駐靈雀，以明正土司汪結及降人騷達邦、俄木丁等為導，自茹色以皮船渡，破十餘卡，逼如郎，攻泥日寨，圍之數日，焚碉。質粹諮慶復，言班滾已焚死，又言焚碉時，火光中望見番酋懸縊。慶復詢於眾，俄木丁於燼中得鳥槍銅捥，謂班滾物也，遂以班滾焚斃疏聞。上察慶復師逼如郎時，嘗奏班滾走沙加邦河，土目姜錯太迎入寨，未言至泥日；諭慶復，班滾渠魁斷不可漏網，毋留遺孽，毋墮狡計。尋加慶復太子太保。慶復又劾士弼怯懦乖張，奪官，逮下刑部論罪。

In the spring of the eleventh year Qing Fu moved forward to Dong'e Luo and reported: "After we took Dizhu, Ban Bong's mother came to camp with headmen to sue for peace, and Zhicui sent them back. I questioned Zhicui and ordered him to press the attack at once." The emperor rebuked Zhicui for letting the moment slip. Qing Fu also impeached Shibi for favoring negotiation over pursuit, asked that his rank be stripped, and allowed him to continue serving under sentence of guilt. He soon advanced from Dong'e Luo to Lingque, guided by the Mingzheng chieftain Wang Jie and defectors including Saodabang and Emuding. Crossing at Ruse in skin boats, he stormed more than ten blockhouses, closed on Rulang, and besieged the Nirizai stockade for days before burning its towers. Zhicui informed Qing Fu that Ban Bong had died in the fire, and claimed that amid the flames he had seen the chieftain hanging himself. Qing Fu questioned those present. Emuding pulled a musket socket from the ashes and declared it Ban Bong's. On this basis Qing Fu reported that Ban Bong had perished in the flames. The emperor noted that when Qing Fu's army closed on Rulang, he had reported Ban Bong fleeing to the Shajiabang River and being sheltered by the native officer Jiang Cuotai, without mentioning Nirizai; and instructed Qing Fu that the ringleader Ban Bong must not slip through the net, that no remnant faction be left alive, and that they must not be taken in by deception. Qing Fu was soon made Crown Prince Grand Guardian as well. Qing Fu impeached Shibi again for cowardice and insubordination, stripped his rank, and had him sent to the Ministry of Punishments for trial.

十二年，大金川土酋莎羅奔為亂，上授張廣泗川陝總督，召慶復入閣治事，命兼管兵部。尋廣泗奏言訊土司汪結，言班滾尚匿如郎未死，慶復得班滾子沙加七立，為更名德昌喇嘛，令仍居班滾大碉，冒稱經堂。上責慶復欺罔，奪官待罪。欽差大臣尚書班第奏言師克如郎，班滾已逃，僅得空寨。上逮質粹下刑部獄，召宗璋與質。質粹言：「曩報班滾焚斃，實未親見；後聞藏匿山洞，亦未告慶復追捕。」上命下慶復刑部獄，令軍機大臣會訊，按律定擬，坐貽誤軍機律論斬。十四年九月，賜自盡。

In the twelfth year the Greater Jinchuan chieftain Suoluoben rose in rebellion. The emperor appointed Zhang Guangsi governor-general of Sichuan and Shaanxi, recalled Qing Fu to the Grand Council, and put him in charge of the Board of War as well. Zhang Guangsi soon reported that under interrogation the chieftain Wang Jie said Ban Bong was still alive and hiding at Rulang. Qing Fu had taken Ban Bong's son Shajia Qili, renamed him Dechang Lama, installed him in Ban Bong's great tower, and passed it off as a chapel. The emperor condemned Qing Fu for deceit, stripped his offices, and left him to await sentence. Imperial commissioner Ban Di reported that the army took Rulang but Ban Bong had already escaped, leaving only empty stockades. The emperor had Zhicui imprisoned in the Ministry of Punishments and summoned Song Zongzhang to confront him. Zhicui said: "When I reported that Ban Bong had burned to death, I had not seen it with my own eyes; later I heard he was hiding in a cave, but I never told Qing Fu to hunt him down." The emperor had Qing Fu imprisoned as well, ordered the Grand Council to try him jointly, and under the statute on dereliction in military affairs sentenced him to death. In the ninth month of the fourteenth year he was granted suicide in lieu of execution.

李質粹，漢軍正白旗人。雍正初，自把總擢藍翎侍衛。嘗從年羹堯出師，累擢陝西、固原提督。丁憂，命署四川提督。附和慶復妄言班滾死，慶復死之明年，斬質粹。

Li Zhicui was a member of the Hanjun Plain White Banner. In the early Yongzheng reign he rose from corporal to Blue Plume Bodyguard. He campaigned under Nian Gengyao and was eventually promoted to brigade commander of Shaanxi and Guyuan. During a period of mourning he was appointed acting brigade commander of Sichuan. He echoed Qing Fu's false claim that Ban Bong was dead. The year after Qing Fu's death, Zhicui was beheaded.

張廣泗，漢軍鑲紅旗人。以監生入貲授知府。康熙六十一年，選貴州思州。雍正四年，調雲南楚雄。雲貴總督鄂爾泰討亂苗，以廣泗佐其事，奏改調黎平。五年，擢貴州按察使。六年，廣泗率兵赴都勻、黎平、鎮遠、清平諸地化導群苗，相機剿撫，超授巡撫。清平屬丹江苗最悍，廣泗遣兵分道攻克小丹江、大丹江及雞溝等寨。鎮遠屬上九股諸寨與接壤，亦次第降。下九股、清水江、古州諸苗悉定。疏聞，上命與鄂爾泰詳議善後諸事，語詳鄂爾泰傳。十年，廣泗疏言：「清水江及都江為黔、楚、粵三省通流，當設哨船聯絡聲勢。古州應貯米，責成同知以下董理。譯人分別勤惰予糈，並授土官劄付，宣布條約，化導苗民。」下部議行。敘功，授拜他喇布勒哈番世職。

Zhang Guangsi was a member of the Hanjun Bordered Red Banner. He purchased office as a student and was appointed prefect. In the sixty-first year of the Kangxi reign he was assigned to Sizhou in Guizhou. In the fourth year of Yongzheng he was transferred to Chuxiong in Yunnan. When Yunnan-Guizhou governor-general Ortai campaigned against rebellious Miao, Guangsi assisted him and was transferred to Liping on Ortai's recommendation. In the fifth year he was promoted to surveillance commissioner of Guizhou. In the sixth year Guangsi led troops through Duyun, Liping, Zhenyuan, Qingping, and neighboring districts to win over the Miao tribes, campaigning or negotiating as circumstances required, and was promoted straight to provincial governor. The Danjiang Miao under Qingping were the fiercest. Guangsi sent columns by separate routes and took the stockades of Xiao Danjiang, Da Danjiang, Jigou, and others. The Shang Jiugu stockades on the Zhenyuan border also submitted one after another. The Miao of Xia Jiugu, the Qingshui River, and Guzhou were all brought to order. When his report arrived, the emperor ordered him and Ortai to work out the post-pacification arrangements in detail, as recounted in Ortai's biography. In the tenth year Guangsi wrote: "The Qingshui River and the Dujiang are shared waterways of Guizhou, Huguang, and Guangdong. Patrol boats should be posted to keep the regions in communication. Guzhou should maintain grain reserves, with the subprefect and lower officials responsible for oversight. Interpreters should be paid according to diligence, native officers granted patents of appointment, treaties proclaimed, and the Miao brought under civil guidance." The proposals were sent to the relevant ministry for approval and implementation. For his services he was granted the hereditary rank of baturu.

準噶爾擾邊，寧遠大將軍岳鍾琪率師出西路。上授廣泗副將軍，召詣京師授方略。廣泗至軍，鍾琪方自巴爾廣爾移軍穆壘。廣泗將四千人出鄂隆吉，與鍾琪會於科舍圖，至穆壘。上召鍾琪還京師，命廣泗護大將軍印。廣泗疏言：「穆壘地處兩山間，築城其中，形如釜底，非屯兵進取之地。今築城未竟，臣與副將軍常賚兩營當要衝，兵止二三百，即鍾琪營亦僅數百，遇警何以抵禦？準噶爾專用馬，我兵必馬步兼用，而鍾琪立意用車，沙磧殊非所宜。至馬步兵弓箭、鳥槍之外，止攜木梃，全無刀戟，官兵莫不竊議。穆壘又無牧地，鍾琪留馬二千餘，悉就牧烏蘭烏蘇、科舍圖兩地，敵人窺伺可虞。駐兵數万人，糧運最要。地多叢山大嶺，車駝分運，必繞出沙磧。鍾琪聞寇至，輒令停運，以此遲緩。鍾琪張皇剛愎，號令不明。題奏奉到諭旨，臨時宣傳，莫測誠偽。」上奪鍾琪官，命廣泗還軍巴爾庫爾。廣泗奏軍還巴爾庫爾，分兵防洮賚、無克克嶺，斷敵南走道，防廋集察罕、哈馬爾，斷敵西來道；巴爾庫爾北為鏡兒泉、噶順、烏卜圖克勒克諸地，東北為圖古里克、特爾庫勒諸地，敵自沙磧來，處處可通，皆置兵守。他諸要隘並設卡倫，巡護牧廠，哈密、塔勒納沁皆增兵為備。尋以查郎阿為大將軍，授廣泗正紅旗漢軍都統，留軍。十一年，廣泗將萬餘人分駐北山。十二年，诇寇至烏爾圖河，檄副都統班第達什、降調總兵張元佐及提督樊廷逐捕，越噶順至鄂隆吉大坂，擊破之，斬四百餘人，獲三十六人。捷聞，命議敘。十三年，準噶爾乞和，師還。授湖廣總督。

When the Zungars raided the frontier, Ningyuan grand general Yue Zhongqi led an army westward. The emperor made Guangsi deputy commander, summoned him to the capital, and briefed him on strategy. Guangsi reached the front just as Zhongqi was moving his force from Barkul to Mulei. Guangsi marched four thousand men from Elongji, joined Zhongqi at Keshetu, and advanced to Mulei. The emperor recalled Zhongqi to the capital and left Guangsi in charge of the commander's seal. Guangsi reported: "Mulei lies between two mountain ranges. Building a fortress there traps the army in a cauldron-bottom—hardly ground for an offensive camp. The fort is unfinished. My camp and Deputy Commander Chang Zhai's hold the passes with only two or three hundred men each, and even Zhongqi's camp has only a few hundred. How are we to meet an attack? The Zungars fight mounted; our force must combine cavalry and infantry. Yet Zhongqi insists on wagons, which are useless in the desert sands. Beyond bows and muskets, the men carry only wooden clubs, with no blades or polearms at all. Officers and soldiers alike murmur against it. Mulei has no pasture. Zhongqi left more than two thousand horses grazing at Wulan Wusu and Keshetu, inviting enemy reconnaissance. With tens of thousands of troops in the field, grain transport is critical. The country is rugged, and wagon and camel convoys must skirt the desert by long detours. Whenever Zhongqi heard the enemy was near, he halted convoys, and supplies fell behind. Zhongqi is alarmist and obstinate, and his orders are unclear. When edicts arrived he announced them orally on the spot, so no one could tell whether they were genuine." The emperor stripped Zhongqi of rank and ordered Guangsi to withdraw to Barkol. Guangsi reported that on returning to Barkol he posted detachments at Zhaolai and Wukekeling to block the enemy's southern retreat, and at Shoujichahan and Hamar to block their approach from the west; north of Barkol lie Jing'er Spring, Gashun, and Wubutukeleke; to the northeast lie Tugurike and Teerkule. The enemy could cross the desert at many points, and he posted troops at each. He established karun at other passes, patrolled the pastures, and reinforced Hami and Talenaxin. Cha Langa was soon appointed grand general, and Guangsi was made commander of the Plain Red Banner Hanjun while remaining in the field. In the eleventh year Guangsi stationed more than ten thousand men on the northern heights in separate camps. In the twelfth year scouts reported the enemy at the Wurtu River. He sent deputy commander Ban Didashi, demoted commander Zhang Yuanzuo, and brigade commander Fan Ting in pursuit. They crossed Gashun to the Elongji pass, routed the force, killed more than four hundred, and took thirty-six prisoners. When news of the victory arrived, the court ordered his services recorded for reward. In the thirteenth year the Dzungars sued for peace and the army withdrew. He was appointed governor-general of Huguang.

自鄂爾泰定苗疆，至是九股苗復為亂。尚書張照偕將軍哈元生、副將軍董芳率兵討之，久無功。高宗即位，授廣泗經略，赴貴州，將軍以下聽節制。廣泗疏劾照阻撓軍機，徵集兵數万，元生沿途分佈，用以攻剿者不過三千，顧此失彼。芳駐守八弓，僅事招撫。巡撫元展成治賑，條款紛錯，官民並困。上為奪照、芳、展成等官，命廣泗兼領貴州巡撫；罷元生將軍，以提督聽廣泗驅策。十二月，廣泗至凱里，分兵三道進剿：副將長壽出空稗，總兵王無黨出台營，廣泗督兵出清江地曰雞擺尾，刻期並進。破上九股卦丁等寨，毀其巢，餘苗走入牛皮大箐。乾隆元年正月，廣泗令諸軍合圍，獲其渠包利等，斬萬餘級，諸苗悉定。授廣泗雲貴總督，兼領巡撫，進三等阿達哈哈番世職。奏定鎮遠、安順、大定、平遠諸營製，增貴州兵額，都計二千九百有奇。三年，復請濬治清水江、都江，增爐鑄錢。皆下部議行。五年，請入覲，會湖廣城步橫嶺等寨紅苗糾粵瑤為亂，命廣泗往勘。九月，授欽差大臣，楚、粵提鎮以下受節制。十一月，亂定。六年正月，至京師，乞歸葬，賜其父母祭。貴州黎平黑苗复糾粵瑤為亂，命廣泗還貴州按治，獲苗酋石金元等置之法。十年，加太子少保。

Since Ortai had pacified the Miao frontier, the Nine-Stock Miao had risen again. Minister Zhang Zhao, General Ha Yuansheng, and Deputy General Dong Fang campaigned against them for a long time without success. When Qianlong succeeded, Guangsi was made campaign superintendent and sent to Guizhou, with every officer from general downward under his command. Guangsi impeached Zhao for obstructing operations. Tens of thousands were mobilized, but Yuansheng scattered them along the march and kept fewer than three thousand for actual fighting, so gains in one place were lost in another. Fang held Bagong and did nothing but offer inducements. Provincial Governor Yuan Zhancheng handled relief, but confused regulations left officials and commoners alike in distress. The emperor stripped Zhao, Fang, Zhancheng, and others of rank and ordered Guangsi to serve concurrently as Guizhou governor; Yuansheng was removed as general, and the brigade commander was placed under Guangsi's orders. In the twelfth month Guangsi reached Kaili and divided his force into three columns: Brigade General Changshou from Kongbai, Major General Wang Wudang from Taiying, and Guangsi himself from Jibaiwei on the Qing River, all to advance on a fixed date. They stormed the upper Nine-Stock strongholds, destroyed the rebel bases, and the survivors fled into Niupi Daqing. In the first month of Qianlong 1 Guangsi closed the ring, captured chieftains including Baoli, killed more than ten thousand, and pacified the Miao completely. Guangsi was made Yunnan-Guizhou governor-general, retained the governorship, and was advanced to third-class adaha gusa hereditary rank. He fixed the garrison systems of Zhenyuan, Anshun, Dading, and Pingyuan and raised Guizhou troop strength to slightly more than twenty-nine hundred. In the third year he again asked to dredge the Qingshui and Dujiang rivers and add mints. The ministries approved and implemented each proposal. In the fifth year he sought an audience, but Red Miao at Chengbu Hengling and other stockades in Huguang had stirred up Yue Yao rebels, and he was sent to investigate. In the ninth month he was made imperial commissioner with command over all senior officers of Huguang and Guangdong. By the eleventh month the rebellion was over. In the first month of the sixth year he reached the capital, asked leave to bury his parents at home, and was granted funeral sacrifices for them. Black Miao at Liping in Guizhou stirred up Yue Yao rebels again. Guangsi was sent back to Guizhou, captured chieftains including Shi Jinyuan, and punished them under law. In the tenth year he received the title Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent.

十一年，大金川土司莎羅奔為亂，調川陝總督。廣泗至軍，小金川土司澤旺土舍良爾吉來降。八月，遣總兵宋宗璋、許應虎分道攻勒烏圍，副將馬良柱攻噶拉依，副將張興、參將買國良繼進。山險碉堅，轉戰逾二年，師無功。十三年，疏劾良柱自丹噶撤軍失砲械，命逮詣京師。上授大學士訥親經略，出視師，並起岳鍾琪赴軍，詔責廣泗師老氣怯，調度失機宜。廣泗奏報攻克戎布寨五十餘碉，諭曰：「此亦小小攻克耳。佇待捷音，以慰西顧。」訥親初至，督攻碉，師敗績。總兵任舉為驍將，戰沒。乃議令官軍築碉，謂與賊共險。上以為非策，責廣泗附和推諉，嚴諭詰難。訥親劾廣泗分十道進兵，兵力微弱，老師糜餉；鍾琪亦劾廣泗玩兵養寇，信用良爾吉及漢奸王秋，洩軍事於敵。上責廣泗貽誤軍機，奪官，逮至京師，上御瀛台親鞫。廣泗極言其枉，命用刑，辨不已。上諭曰：「金川用兵，張廣泗、訥親前後貽誤。廣泗初至軍，妄為大言，既久無成效，則諉過於部將。及訥親往，乃復觀望推諉，見訥親種種失宜，無一語相告。見其必敗，訕笑非議，備極險忮。蓋恐此時奏聞，猶或譴責，不若坐視決裂為得計也。朕詳悉推勘，如見肺肝。訥親且在其術中而不覺矣。廣泗熟嫻軍旅，與訥親並為練達政事之大臣，乃自逞其私，罔卹國事。今朕明正其罪，以彰國憲。」下軍機大臣會刑部議罪，當失誤軍機律斬。十二月，斬廣泗。後十日，諭並誅訥親。

In the eleventh year the Greater Jinchuan chieftain Suoluo Ben rebelled, and Guangsi was transferred to the Sichuan-Shaanxi governor-generalship. When Guangsi reached the front, Liangerji, a tusi under the Lesser Jinchuan chieftain Zewang, surrendered. In the eighth month he sent Major Generals Song Zongzhang and Xu Yinghu against Lewuwei on separate axes, Brigade General Ma Liangzhu against Galayi, and Brigade General Zhang Xing and Regimental Colonel Mai Guoliang in support. The mountains were steep and the blockhouses stubborn; after more than two years of fighting the army had achieved nothing. In the thirteenth year he impeached Liangzhu for withdrawing from Dangga and losing artillery. Liangzhu was ordered arrested and brought to the capital. The emperor appointed Grand Secretary Neqin superintendent of the campaign and recalled Yue Zhongqi to the front. An edict rebuked Guangsi for letting the army grow stale and timid and for mishandling opportunities. Guangsi reported the capture of more than fifty blockhouses at Rongbu Stockade. The emperor replied, "That is only a minor gain. I am waiting for real victory to ease my concern for the western frontier." When Neqin arrived he pressed assaults on the blockhouses and was defeated. Major General Ren Ju, one of the army's boldest fighters, was killed in action. They then proposed building blockhouses of their own, arguing that this would let them share the enemy's strong points. The emperor rejected the plan and sharply rebuked Guangsi for echoing others and shirking responsibility. Neqin impeached Guangsi for splitting the advance into ten weak columns, keeping the army idle, and wasting supplies; Zhongqi also charged Guangsi with coddling the enemy, trusting Liangerji and the Han collaborator Wang Qiu, and leaking military intelligence. The emperor blamed Guangsi for jeopardizing military operations, stripped him of rank, and had him brought to the capital, where the emperor personally tried him at the Yingtai. Guangsi insisted he had been wronged. Torture was ordered, but he kept protesting. The emperor said: "In the Jinchuan war, Zhang Guangsi and Neqin failed the court one after another. When Guangsi first arrived he boasted extravagantly; when nothing came of it he blamed his subordinates. When Neqin took command he again held back and shifted blame. He saw Neqin's many mistakes and never offered a word of warning. Seeing defeat coming, he mocked and criticized with the utmost malice. He feared that reporting now might still bring punishment, and judged it safer to watch the disaster unfold. I have examined this in full, as if I could see his heart and lungs laid bare. Even Neqin was caught in his schemes without realizing it. Guangsi knew warfare well, and like Neqin he was an experienced statesman, yet both indulged private ends and neglected the state. Now I shall make their crimes clear and uphold the law of the state." The Grand Council and Ministry of Punishments deliberated and sentenced him to death for jeopardizing military operations. In the twelfth month Guangsi was executed. Ten days later Neqin was executed as well.

論曰：為三軍擇將，豈易言哉？查郎阿臨邊未遇敵，按殺成斌、勷。世謂與查廩有連為修怨，甚矣其枉也！傅爾丹中敵間，師徒撓敗，世宗特寬之；高宗時復起，至與岳鍾琪同視，何其幸歟！若馬爾賽之畏縮，慶復之欺誑，譴當其罪。廣泗傾鍾琪，劾照，知訥親不可撼，乃坐視其敗，以忮殺其身，雖有勞不能逭。籲，可畏哉！

The historian remarks: Choosing commanders for the armies is no easy matter. Cha Lang'a never met the enemy on the frontier, yet had Chengbin and Qing executed under due process. Later opinion held that he acted from a grudge tied to Cha Lin—a grave injustice! Fu Erdan fell for an enemy ruse and his army was shattered, yet the Yongzheng emperor spared him; under Qianlong he was restored and even served again with Yue Zhongqi—what remarkable fortune! Ma Ersai's timidity and Qing Fu's deceit deserved the punishments they received. Guangsi undermined Zhongqi and impeached Zhao; seeing that Neqin could not be moved, he watched his defeat and was destroyed by his own malice. Merit could not save him. Alas—how dreadful a lesson!

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