Volume 305 Biographies 92: Qian Chenqun, Qian Rucheng, Qian Zhen, Shen Deqian, Jin Deying, Qian Zai, Qi Zhaonan, Chen Zhaolun, Sun Guisheng, Dong Bangda, Qian Weicheng, Zou Yigui, Xie Yong, Jin Shen, Zhuang Cunyu, Liu Xingwei, Wang Chang

=錢陳群=錢陳群，字主敬，浙江嘉興人。父綸光，早卒。母陳，翼諸孤以長，語在列女傳。康熙四十四年，聖祖南巡，陳群迎駕吳江，獻詩。上命俟回蹕召試，以母陳病不赴。六十年，成進士，引見，上諭及前事。改庶吉士，授編修。雍正七年，世宗命從史貽直、杭奕祿赴陝西宣諭化導，陳群週曆諸府縣，集諸生就公廨講經，反覆深切，有聞而流涕者。使還，上諭獎為「安分讀書人」。五遷右通政，督順天學政。乾隆元年，以母喪去官。服除，高宗命仍督順天學政，除原官。陳群以母陳夜紡授經圖奏上，上為題詞。疏請增順天鄉試中額，上以官制有定，取者多，用者益遠，國家不能收科目取人之效，寢其議。

Qian Chenqun, whose style name was Zhujing, came from Jiaxing in Zhejiang. His father, Lun'guang, died while Chenqun was still young. His mother, Lady Chen, sheltered the orphans and brought them up; her life is recorded in the Biographies of Exemplary Women. In the forty-fourth year of the Kangxi reign, when the Kangxi Emperor toured the south, Chenqun welcomed the imperial entourage at Wujiang and offered a poem. The emperor told him to wait until the tour ended and then present himself for an examination, but he declined because his mother Chen was ill. In the sixtieth year he became a jinshi, was granted an audience, and the emperor alluded to what had happened before. He entered the Hanlin as a bachelor and received appointment as a compiler. In the seventh year of Yongzheng, the Yongzheng Emperor sent him with Shi Yizhi and Hang Yilu to Shaanxi to proclaim imperial policy and promote moral instruction. Chenqun traveled through the prefectures and counties, assembled students in the yamen to expound the classics, and spoke with such earnest repetition that some listeners were moved to tears. On his return from the mission, the emperor commended him in an edict as "a dutiful scholar." Promoted five times, he rose to Right Commissioner of Communications and served as educational commissioner for Shuntian. In the first year of Qianlong he resigned his post to observe mourning for his mother. After the mourning period, the Qianlong Emperor reappointed him educational commissioner for Shuntian and restored his former rank. Chenqun presented a painting of Lady Chen spinning at night while instructing him in the classics, and the emperor composed an inscription for it. He memorialized to enlarge the quota for provincial graduates in Shuntian, but the emperor replied that official establishments were fixed: the more candidates were passed, the fewer could actually be employed, so the state would not gain from expanding the examination intake, and the proposal was set aside.

三遷內閣學士。陳群屢有建白：嘗疏請嚴治匿名揭帖，無論事鉅細，非據實首告而編造歌謠詩詞，匿名粘貼閭巷街衢，當下刑部依律治罪。疏請廣勸種植樹木，官地令官種，州郡吏種至千本以上，予紀錄；受代時具冊，備地方公用。民地令民種，至五六百本者，予扁額獎賞，成材後聽取用。疏請偏災蠲免分數，分別貧富，富者按例定分數蠲免，貧者被災幾分即蠲免幾分，使之相等。及敕詢州縣耗羨，疏言：「康熙間，州縣官額徵錢糧，收耗羨一二錢不等。陸隴其知嘉定縣止收四分，清如隴其，亦未聞全去耗羨也。議者以康熙間無耗羨，非無耗羨也，特無耗羨之名耳。世宗出自獨斷，通計外吏大小員數，酌定養廉，而以所入耗羨按季支領。吏治肅清，民亦安業。特以有徵報支收之令，不知者或以為加賦。皇上詢及盈廷，臣請稍為變通，凡耗羨所入，仍歸籓庫，各官養廉及各州縣公項，如舊支給。其續增公用，名色不能畫一，多寡亦有不同，應令直省督撫明察，某件應動正項，某件應入公用，分別報銷。各省州縣自酌定養廉，榮悴不一，其有支絀者，應令督撫確察量增，俾稍寬裕。仍飭勿得耗外加耗，以致累民。則既無加賦之名，並無全用耗羨辦公之事，州縣各有贏餘，益知鼓勵。至於施從其厚，斂從其薄，古之制也。及此倉庾充裕、民安物阜之時，大臣悉心調劑，使養廉之入，不為素餐，元氣培扶，帑藏盈溢，然後以三十年之通制國用。宋太祖能罷羨餘，臣固知皇上之聖，不必廷臣建白如張全操其人者，而德音自下也。」

After three further promotions he became a Grand Secretary of the Grand Secretariat. Chenqun made many policy recommendations. He once urged severe penalties for anonymous placards: whether the matter was grave or trivial, anyone who invented songs or verses and posted them anonymously in the streets instead of making a truthful report should be prosecuted immediately by the Ministry of Punishments under the statutes. He urged wider encouragement of tree planting: on government land officials should plant trees themselves, and prefectural and district officers who planted a thousand or more were to receive a merit notation; on completing their term they were to compile registers for local public use. On private land commoners were to plant; those who raised five or six hundred trees were to be rewarded with inscribed plaques, and once the timber matured they might use it as they wished. He proposed that when only part of a region suffered disaster, remissions should distinguish rich from poor: the wealthy would receive the statutory proportional relief, while the poor would be exempted in full proportion to their losses, so that relief would be equitable. When the emperor ordered an inquiry into local surcharges on tax collection, he wrote: "Under Kangxi, prefectural and county officials collected the assessed grain taxes and took surcharges of one or two cash, varying by place. Lu Longqi as magistrate of Jiading took only four-tenths; even men as incorruptible as Longqi were never known to abolish surcharges altogether. Those who claimed the Kangxi era had no surcharges were wrong: the surcharges existed; they simply lacked that label. The Yongzheng Emperor decided on his own authority, reckoned the number of local officials at every level, set integrity-nurturing stipends, and arranged for surcharge income to be paid out quarterly. Government was cleansed and the people lived in peace. Because collections and disbursements were now formally reported, the uninformed sometimes mistook the system for a new tax. When Your Majesty raised the question and the whole court debated it, I beg a modest adjustment: all surcharge receipts should return to the provincial treasury, while officials' integrity stipends and each locality's public expenses should be paid as before. For newly added public expenses, categories cannot be standardized and amounts vary; each governor-general and governor should determine which items must come from regular revenue and which from public funds, and report them separately for reimbursement. Because each locality set its own integrity stipends, some officials remained short while others were comfortable; where stipends fell short, governors should investigate and increase them so that officials could live with modest ease. They must still be forbidden to pile surcharge upon surcharge and burden the people. Then there would be no appearance of a new tax, nor the impression that all official business was paid from surcharges alone; counties would retain surpluses and officials would be better motivated. To give generously and collect lightly was the ancient principle. Now that granaries are full and the realm enjoys peace and plenty, senior ministers should carefully adjust affairs so that integrity stipends reward real service, the state's vital strength is sustained, and the treasury grows abundant—only then should national expenditure be planned on a thirty-year average. Song Taizu was able to abolish surplus levies; I know well that Your Majesty's wisdom needs no courtier like Zhang Quancao to propose reforms—Your gracious policy will issue of itself."

七年，擢刑部侍郎。上令廷臣議州縣常平倉應行諸事，諸臣皆議歉歲減價。陳群疏言：「成熟之年，出陳易新，倉米必不及市米，而民以米值納倉，銀色當高於市易。擬令石減一錢二分，還倉時加穀四五升，以為出入耗費。」

In the seventh year he was promoted to Vice Minister of Punishments. The emperor ordered the court to discuss operations of the local ever-normal granaries; the ministers all favored lowering prices in famine years. Chenqun argued: "In good harvest years, when old grain is sold off and new grain stored, granary rice is inferior to market grain, yet commoners pay in grain at its cash value, so the rate in silver should be higher than the market price. I propose reducing the price by one cash and two fen per picul, and when grain is returned to the granary adding four or five sheng per picul to cover handling loss."

十七年，患反穀疾，連疏乞解職，許之。命其子編修汝誠侍行，且賜詩以寬其意。陳群進途中所作詩，上為答和。時有偽為孫嘉淦疏稿語謗上，上令窮治，陳群自家密疏請省株連，上嚴飭之，而事漸解。二十二年，上南巡，令在籍食俸。二十五年，上為橋梓圖寄賜陳群。二十六年，偕江南在籍侍郎沈德潛詣京師祝皇太后七十壽，命與香山九老會，加尚書銜。上諭：「明歲南巡，諸臣今年已赴闕，毋更遠迎。」二十七年，南巡，陳群偕德潛迎駕常州，上賜詩稱為「大老」。三十年，南巡，复迎駕。是歲陳群年八十，加太子太傅。賜其子汝器舉人，汝誠扈蹕，命從還省視。

In the seventeenth year he fell ill with a digestive disorder and repeatedly asked to resign; his request was granted. The emperor ordered his son, the compiler Rucheng, to accompany him home and granted a poem to console him. Chenqun presented poems written on the journey, and the emperor answered them in verse. At the time a forged memorial attributed to Sun Jiagan slandered the throne, and the emperor ordered a full investigation. Chenqun privately memorialized from home asking that punishment not extend to innocent families; the emperor rebuked him sharply, but the case gradually died down. In the twenty-second year, during the southern tour, he was allowed to draw his salary while living in retirement at home. In the twenty-fifth year the emperor sent Chenqun a painting of father and son as a gift. In the twenty-sixth year he traveled to the capital with the retired Jiangnan vice minister Shen Deqian to celebrate the Empress Dowager's seventieth birthday, was invited to join the Nine Elders of Fragrant Hills, and received the titular rank of Minister. The emperor said: "On next year's southern tour, you have already come to court this year, so do not travel far again to welcome the imperial procession." In the twenty-seventh year, during the southern tour, Chenqun and Deqian welcomed the emperor at Changzhou, and the emperor granted a poem addressing him as "venerable elder." In the thirtieth year, on another southern tour, he again welcomed the emperor. That year Chenqun turned eighty and was made Grand Tutor of the Heir Apparent. His son Ruqi was granted the rank of provincial graduate; Rucheng, who was attending the emperor, was ordered to return home with his father for a visit.

三十一年，陳群復進其母陳畫冊，冊有綸光題句。上題詩以趙孟頫、管道升為比。三十五年，上六十萬壽，命德潛至嘉興勸陳群毋詣京師，陳群獻竹根如意，上批劄云：「未頒僧紹之賜，恰致公遠之貢，文而有節，把玩良怡！今賜卿木蘭所獲鹿，服食延年，以俟清晤。」三十六年，上東巡，陳群迎駕平原，進登岱祝釐頌。是冬，复詣京師祝皇太后八十萬壽，命紫禁城騎馬，賜人葠，再與香山九老會。陳群進和詩有句云「鹿馴岩畔當童扶」，上賞其超逸，復為圖賜之。南歸，以詩餞。

In the thirty-first year Chenqun again presented an album of paintings of Lady Chen, with inscriptions by his father Lun'guang. The emperor wrote a poem on it comparing mother and son to Zhao Mengfu and Guan Daosheng. In the thirty-fifth year, for the emperor's sixtieth birthday, Shen Deqian was sent to Jiaxing to persuade Chenqun not to travel to the capital; Chenqun presented a bamboo-root ruyi scepter, and the emperor wrote in reply: "Before I have granted Seng Shao's gift, you have aptly offered Gong Yuan's tribute—refined yet steadfast, a pleasure to hold! I now send you the deer taken at the Mulan hunt—eat it for long life until we meet again in person." In the thirty-sixth year, on the eastern tour, Chenqun welcomed the emperor at Pingyuan and presented a prayer and hymn for the Mount Tai rites. That winter he returned to the capital for the Empress Dowager's eightieth birthday, was allowed to ride a horse within the Forbidden City, received a gift of ginseng, and again joined the Nine Elders of Fragrant Hills. In a responsive poem Chenqun wrote, "The deer is tame beside the cliff, as a boy might steady it"; the emperor admired its free spirit and sent him another painting as a gift. When he returned south, the emperor bade him farewell in verse.

陳群里居，每歲上錄寄詩百餘篇，陳群必賡和，親書冊以進，體兼行草，屢蒙獎許。三十九年，卒，年八十九。上諭謂：「儒臣老輩中能以詩文結恩遇、備商榷者，沈德潛卒後惟陳群。」加太傅，祀賢良祠，諡文端。四十四年，上製懷舊詩，列五詞臣中。

In retirement Chenqun received each year more than a hundred poems the emperor had recorded and sent to him; Chenqun always wrote matching poems, copied them by hand in albums for presentation, in a style blending regular and cursive script, and was repeatedly commended. In the thirty-ninth year he died at the age of eighty-nine. The emperor said: "Among the older Confucian ministers who won the throne's favor through poetry and prose and were consulted on policy, after Shen Deqian's death only Chenqun remained." He was posthumously made Grand Tutor, enshrined in the Shrine of Worthy Officials, and given the posthumous title Wenduan. In the forty-fourth year the emperor wrote a nostalgic poem and named him among five literary ministers.

子汝誠，字立之。乾隆十三年進士，改庶吉士，授編修，命南書房行走。四遷至侍郎，歷兵、刑、戶諸部。再典試江南，上命寄諭尹繼善，招陳群遊攝山，父子可相見。汝誠試畢，迎陳群入試院，居數日乃還。三十年，乞養歸。四十一年，父喪終，授刑部侍郎，仍在南書房行走。四十四年，卒。

His son Rucheng, whose style name was Lizhi. He became a jinshi in the thirteenth year of Qianlong, entered the Hanlin as a bachelor, was appointed compiler, and was assigned to the Southern Study. Promoted four times, he rose to vice minister and served in the Boards of War, Punishments, and Revenue. When he again served as chief examiner for Jiangnan, the emperor instructed Yin Jishan to invite Chenqun to Mount She so father and son could meet. When the examinations ended, Rucheng brought Chenqun into the examination compound, where he stayed several days before returning home. In the thirtieth year he asked to retire and care for his parents at home. In the forty-first year, after his father's mourning ended, he was appointed Vice Minister of Punishments and continued to serve in the Southern Study. In the forty-fourth year he died.

汝誠子臻，字潤齋。自兵馬司副指揮授河南鄧州知州，累遷江西糧道。左授山西平陽知府，复累遷直隸布政使。嘉慶二十一年，授江西巡撫。江西南昌諸府食淮鹽，而與福建、浙江、廣東三省毗連，私販侵引額。臻議疏綱額、緝私販。尋移山東巡撫。兗、曹、沂諸府民素悍，染邪教，盜甚熾。臻請就諸府增設參將以下官，上皆採其議。入覲，以衰老左授湖南布政使，休致。道光十九年，卒。

Rucheng's son Zhen, whose style name was Runzhai. Starting as deputy commander of the Horse and Chariot Office, he was appointed magistrate of Dengzhou in Henan and rose through successive posts to grain intendant of Jiangxi. Demoted to prefect of Pingyang in Shanxi, he was later promoted again through successive posts to provincial treasurer of Zhili. In the twenty-first year of Jiaqing he was appointed governor of Jiangxi. In Jiangxi the Nanchang region consumed Huai salt, but because the province bordered Fujian, Zhejiang, and Guangdong, smugglers encroached on the official quota. Zhen proposed easing the quota and cracking down on smuggling. Soon afterward he was transferred to governor of Shandong. The people of Yan, Cao, and Yi prefectures had long been unruly, were drawn to heterodox sects, and banditry flourished. Zhen asked that additional military officers down to the rank of regional commander be stationed in those prefectures, and the emperor approved all his recommendations. When he presented himself at court, he was demoted because of age to provincial treasurer of Hunan and allowed to retire. In the nineteenth year of Daoguang he died.

陳群詩純愨樸厚，如其為人。賡唱既久，亦頗斅御製詩體。貳刑部十年，慎於庶獄，虛衷詳鞫。高宗嘗以於定國期之。汝誠繼貳刑部，奉陳群之教，持法明允。臻亦善治獄。在平陽，介休民被盜殺其母，攫釧去。民言姻家嘗貸釧，傭或竊釧逃，鄰家子左右之。縣捕三人，榜掠誣服。他日獲盜得釧，民乃言非其母物。獄不能決。臻微服訪得實。撫山東，清庶獄，雪非罪二十餘人，擒教訟者置於法。

Chenqun's poetry was plain, sincere, and unadorned, like the man himself. After years of poetic exchange with the emperor, he also came to echo the style of imperial verse. He served ten years as vice minister of punishments, handled ordinary cases with care, and investigated each with an open mind and thorough inquiry. The Qianlong Emperor once compared him to the Han minister Yu Dingguo. Rucheng later served as vice minister of punishments, followed his father's teaching, and applied the law with clarity and fairness. Zhen was also skilled at judging cases. While prefect of Pingyang, a man from Jiexiu was robbed; his mother was killed and her bracelet taken. The man claimed his in-laws had once lent the bracelet, that a hired servant might have stolen it and fled, and that a neighbor's son had assisted him. The county magistrate arrested three men, who under torture falsely confessed. Later the real thief was caught with the bracelet, and the man admitted it had not belonged to his mother. The case could not be resolved. Zhen went in disguise and uncovered the truth. As governor of Shandong he cleared ordinary cases, exonerated more than twenty innocent men, and arrested professional litigators and punished them under the law.

=沈德潛=沈德潛，字碻士，江南長洲人。乾隆元年，舉博學鴻詞，試未入選。四年，成進士，改庶吉士，年六十七矣。七年，散館，日晡，高宗蒞視，問孰為德潛者，稱以「江南老名士」，授編修。出御製詩令賡和，稱旨。八年，即擢中允，五遷內閣學士。乞假還葬，命不必開缺。德潛入辭，乞封父母，上命予三代封典，賦詩餞之。十二年，命在上書房行走，遷禮部侍郎。是歲，上諭諸臣曰：「沈德潛誠實謹厚，且憐其晚遇，是以稠疊加恩，以勵老成積學之士，初不因進詩而優擢也。」

Shen Deqian, whose style name was Qieshi, came from Changzhou in Jiangnan. In the first year of Qianlong he was nominated for the special Erudite Letters examination but was not selected. In the fourth year he became a jinshi and entered the Hanlin as a bachelor at the age of sixty-seven. In the seventh year, when the Hanlin bachelors completed their probation, the Qianlong Emperor visited in the late afternoon, asked which man was Deqian, heard him called "an old literary luminary of Jiangnan," and appointed him Hanlin compiler. The emperor produced one of his own poems and asked for a harmonizing response; Deqian's reply met with imperial approval. In the eighth year he was promptly raised to middle attendant, and over five further transfers he rose to grand secretary in the Grand Secretariat. He asked for leave to go home and conduct a funeral, and was told his office did not have to be declared open. When Deqian came to bid farewell and asked that honors be conferred on his parents, the emperor granted enfeoffment rites for three generations and wrote a parting poem for him. In the twelfth year he was assigned to duty in the Upper Study and promoted to vice minister of rites. That same year the emperor told his ministers: "Shen Deqian is sincere, trustworthy, and steady in character. I also feel for how late in life he finally received office, which is why I have heaped favor upon him—to encourage elderly scholars who have long cultivated their learning. From the beginning his advancement was not a special promotion earned by submitting poems."

十三年，德潛以齒衰病噎乞休，命以原銜食俸，仍在上書房行走。十四年，复乞歸，命原品休致，仍令校御製詩集畢乃行。諭曰：「朕於德潛，以詩始，以詩終。」且令有所著作，許寄京呈覽。賜以人葠，賦詩寵其行。德潛歸，進所著歸愚集，上親為製序，稱其詩伯仲高、王，高、王者謂高啟、王士禎也。十六年，上南巡，命在籍食俸。是冬，德潛詣京師祝皇太后六十萬壽。十七年正月，上召賜曲宴，賦雪獅與聯句。又以德潛年八十，賜額曰「鶴性鬆身」，並賚藏佛、冠服。德潛歸，復進西湖志纂，上題三絕句代序。二十二年，复南巡，加禮部尚書銜。二十六年，复詣京師祝皇太后七十萬壽，進歷代聖母圖冊。入朝賜杖，上命集文武大臣七十以上者為九老，凡三班，德潛為致仕九老首。命遊香山，圖形內府。

In the thirteenth year Deqian asked to retire on account of his advanced age and a swallowing ailment. The emperor let him keep his original rank and salary and continue duty in the Upper Study. In the fourteenth year he again asked to go home. He was permitted to retire at his existing rank, but only after he had completed proofreading the imperial poetry collection. The emperor instructed him: "Between Deqian and me, everything began with poetry and will end with poetry." He was also told that any future work he wrote might be sent to the capital for the emperor to read. The emperor gave him ginseng and wrote a poem to grace his journey home. After Deqian went home he presented his Guiyu Collection. The emperor personally wrote its preface and declared his poetry the equal of Gao Qi and Wang Shizhen. In the sixteenth year, during the emperor's southern tour, Deqian was granted salary while retaining his registered residence status. That winter Deqian traveled to the capital to offer birthday congratulations to the empress dowager on her sixtieth milestone. In the first month of the seventeenth year the emperor invited him to a private banquet and joined him in verses on a snow lion and in linked-verse composition. Because Deqian had reached eighty, the emperor also granted him a plaque inscribed "Crane Nature, Pine Body," along with a Buddhist image for his death rites and formal cap and robes. When Deqian went home he again presented his compiled Gazetteer of West Lake, and the emperor supplied three quatrains to serve as its preface. In the twenty-second year, during another southern tour, he was granted the honorary title of minister of rites. In the twenty-sixth year he again traveled to the capital for the empress dowager's seventieth birthday and presented an illustrated album of exemplary mothers from successive dynasties. When he attended court he received a ceremonial staff. The emperor assembled civil and military officials aged seventy and above into three groups of Nine Elders, and Deqian was named chief among the retired elders. The elders were sent on an excursion to Fragrant Hills, and portraits of them were kept in the inner palace.

德潛進所編國朝詩別裁集請序，上覽其書以錢謙益為冠，因諭：「謙益諸人為明朝達官，而復事本朝，草昧締構，一時權宜。要其人不得為忠孝，其詩自在，聽之可也。選以冠本朝諸人則不可。錢名世者，皇考所謂'名教罪人'，更不宜入選。慎郡王，朕之叔父也，朕尚不忍名之。德潛豈宜直書其名？至世次前後倒置，益不可枚舉。」命內廷翰林重為校定。二十七年，南巡，德潛及錢陳群迎駕常州，上賜詩，並稱為「大老」。三十年，复南巡，仍迎駕常州，加太子太傅，賜其孫維熙舉人。三十四年，卒，年九十七。贈太子太師，祀賢良祠，諡文愨。御製詩為輓。是時上命毀錢謙益詩集，下兩江總督高晉令察德潛家如有謙益詩文集，遵旨繳出。會德潛卒，高晉奏德潛家並未藏謙益詩文集，事乃已。四十三年，東台縣民訐舉人徐述夔一柱樓集有悖逆語，上覽集前有德潛所為傳，稱其品行文章皆可為法，上不懌。下大學士九卿議，奪德潛贈官，罷祠削諡，僕其墓碑。四十四年，御製懷舊詩，仍列德潛五詞臣末。

Deqian presented his edited Separate Anthology of Qing Poetry and asked for an imperial preface. When the emperor read it and found Qian Qianyi ranked first, he said: "Qianyi and his kind were eminent Ming officials who later served our dynasty. In the disorder of founding a new regime, that was a temporary necessity. As men they cannot be called loyal and filial, but their poems may stand on their own and be read without objection. To place him at the head of Qing poets, however, is unacceptable. Qian Mingshi was the man my father, the Yongzheng Emperor, condemned as an 'enemy of moral teaching'; he is even less suitable for inclusion. Prince Shen is my uncle, and even I cannot bring myself to name him. How could Deqian have thought it proper to record that name outright? As for reversing the order of generations and ranks, the errors are too many even to list." He then ordered the inner-court Hanlin to revise the anthology completely. In the twenty-seventh year, on a southern tour, Deqian and Qian Chenqun greeted the emperor at Changzhou. He granted them poems and hailed them both as "great elders." In the thirtieth year, on yet another southern tour, they again received the emperor at Changzhou. Deqian was made grand tutor of the crown prince, and his grandson Weixi was granted the rank of juren. In the thirty-fourth year he died at the age of ninety-seven. He was posthumously honored as grand preceptor of the crown prince, given a place in the Worthy Elders Shrine, and granted the posthumous title Wenque. The emperor composed a poem as his elegy. At that time the emperor ordered Qian Qianyi's collected poems destroyed and instructed Governor-General Gao Jin of the Two Jiangs to search Deqian's home and confiscate any of Qianyi's literary works found there. Deqian happened to die just then. Gao Jin reported that his household possessed no works by Qianyi, and the affair was dropped. In the forty-third year a Dongtai County resident reported that juren Xu Shukui's Yizhulou Collection contained seditious passages. When the emperor read Deqian's biographical preface calling Xu's character and writings exemplary, he was offended. The case was referred to the grand secretaries and nine ministers, who stripped Deqian of his posthumous rank, removed him from the shrine, revoked his posthumous title, and had his tomb stele overturned. In the forty-fourth year the emperor's own nostalgic poem still placed Deqian last among five literary ministers.

德潛少受詩法於吳江葉燮，自盛唐上追漢、魏，論次唐以後列朝詩為別裁集，以規矩示人。承學者效之，自成宗派。

In his youth Deqian studied poetry under Ye Xie of Wujiang. Working from High Tang back through Han and Wei, he arranged post-Tang verse from successive dynasties into his Separate Anthology and offered it as a model of proper standards. Followers who took up his method imitated him until a distinct school of poetry took shape.

=金德瑛=金德瑛，字汝白，浙江仁和人。乾隆元年進士，廷對初置第六，高宗親擢第一，授修撰。是歲舉博學鴻詞科，德瑛以薦徵，既入翰林，不更試。旋命南書房行走，充江南鄉試考官。德瑛以原籍休寧辭，不許。再遷右庶子。督江西學政。任滿，上特諭「德瑛甚有操守，取士公明」，命留任。德瑛疏言：「翰林為儲才地，庶吉士宜求學有根柢，器量明達，庶可備他日任使。每科命大臣教習，大臣政事甚繁，但能總大綱。舊有分教例，但由掌院選任，時設時止。乞令掌院於翰詹中擇品學優贍、資俸較深者引見，簡畀分教。」得旨俞允。复四遷太常寺卿，命祭告山西諸行省帝王陵寢。疏言：「女媧氏陵寢殿塑女像，旁侍嬪御，民間奉為求嗣之神，實為黷褻。請毀像立主。」下部議行。督山東學政。十九年，歲饑，上發帑治賑，而鄒、滕諸縣災尤重。有司格於例限，不敢以請。德瑛任滿還京師，入對，具言狀，上特命展賑。遷內閣學士。二十一年，遷禮部侍郎。充江西鄉試考官。使還，經徐州，時河決孫家集，微山湖暴漲，入運河，江南、山東連壤諸州縣被水。德瑛諮訪形勢，入陳於上前，上嘉德瑛誠實不欺。旋命尚書劉統勳董治疏築。二十三年，督順天學政，疏言：「八旗諸生遇歲試，輒稱病諉避，甚至病者多於與試者，請下八旗都統考覈。」

Jin Deying, whose style name was Rubai, came from Renhe in Zhejiang. Having become a jinshi in the first year of Qianlong, he was first ranked sixth in the palace examination, but the Qianlong Emperor personally raised him to first place and appointed him Hanlin compiler. That year the special Erudite Letters examination was held. Deying had been nominated and summoned, and once he entered the Hanlin he was excused from sitting the exam again. He was soon assigned to the Southern Study and made chief examiner for the Jiangnan provincial examinations. Deying asked to be excused because his ancestral home was Xiuning, but the request was denied. He was next promoted to right vice director of the Hanlin Academy. He was appointed educational commissioner of Jiangxi. When his term ended, the emperor personally remarked that "Deying is a man of strong integrity who selects candidates fairly and openly," and ordered him to remain in the post. Deying submitted a memorial arguing that "the Hanlin is a reservoir of talent, and bachelors should be chosen for solid learning and clear, generous character so they can be readied for future service. Each class is placed under a senior minister as instructor, but those ministers are overwhelmed with administrative business and can oversee only the broad outlines. There had once been a system of divided instruction, but the chancellor chose the instructors and the arrangement was adopted and dropped intermittently. He asked that the chancellor choose from the Hanlin and associated officials men of outstanding character and scholarship with relatively senior rank, have them presented to the throne, and appoint them to teach in subdivided classes." The emperor approved the proposal. After four further promotions he became minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and was sent to offer ritual announcements at imperial tombs throughout Shanxi. In a memorial he wrote: "At the tomb shrine of Lady Nüwa the hall contains a molded female figure with attendant consorts beside her. The people worship her as a deity of childbirth, which is truly a profanation of the sacred site. He asked that the image be removed and a spirit tablet installed in its place." The ministries were ordered to deliberate and carry out the proposal. He was appointed educational commissioner of Shandong. In the nineteenth year famine struck. The emperor released treasury funds for relief, yet the counties of Zou, Teng, and neighboring districts were hit hardest. Local officials, bound by regulatory limits, did not dare to ask for additional aid. When Deying's term ended and he returned to the capital, he reported the full situation at audience. The emperor specially ordered relief extended. He was promoted to grand secretary in the Grand Secretariat. In the twenty-first year he was made vice minister of rites. He was appointed chief examiner for the Jiangxi provincial examinations. On his return he passed through Xuzhou just as the Yellow River burst at Sunjiaji. Weishan Lake swelled and poured into the Grand Canal, flooding adjoining districts in Jiangnan and Shandong. Deying investigated conditions on the ground and reported them directly to the emperor, who praised his honest and unvarnished account. The emperor promptly put Minister Liu Tongxun in charge of dredging and embankment work. In the twenty-third year, as Shuntian educational commissioner, he memorialized: "When the annual examinations come, banner students routinely plead illness to avoid them—sometimes more claim sickness than actually sit the exam. I ask that the banner commanders be ordered to investigate."

二十六年，擢左都御史，疏言：「秋審舊例，凡已經秋審者謂之'舊事'，現入秋審者謂之'新事'。當九卿、詹事、科道集議時，書吏宣唱名冊，繁重淹滯。其實商榷輕重，多在新事。積年緩決之案，自按察使上巡撫，更三法司，初獄已致慎矣；況三審緩決，久成信讞。諸囚偷生囹圄，幸待十年慶典，得蒙恩赦。然亦裁自聖心，諸臣無與焉。舊事名冊宜罷宣唱。陳案既省，近事得以從容往復，盡心詳審。九卿兼有餘晷治其本職。」上韙其言，下大學士會刑部議，請如德瑛言。十二月，命稽覈通州倉儲，中寒病作，二十七年正月，卒。

In the twenty-sixth year he was made left censor-in-chief and wrote: "Under the autumn review rules, cases already reviewed are called 'old cases,' while those newly entering review are called 'new cases. When the nine ministers, academicians, and censorial officials meet to deliberate, clerks read the name registers aloud, a cumbersome process that bogs proceedings down. In practice, most of the debate over sentencing severity concerns new cases. Cases deferred year after year have already passed from the surveillance commissioner to the governor and through the three judicial offices, and the original trials were conducted with great care; moreover, after three rounds of review with deferred execution, they have long since become settled verdicts. The prisoners linger in their cells, gambling on the decennial celebration in hopes of imperial amnesty. Yet amnesty rests solely with the emperor's own judgment; the ministers play no part in it. The register of old cases should no longer be read aloud. With old cases set aside, recent ones can be debated at length and reviewed thoroughly. The nine ministers would also have time left to handle their regular responsibilities." The emperor endorsed his proposal and referred it to the grand secretaries and the Ministry of Punishments, who recommended adopting Deying's plan. In the twelfth month he was assigned to audit Tongzhou granaries, fell ill with a chill, and died in the first month of the twenty-seventh year.

德瑛端平簡直，無有偏黨，為上所知。方為少詹事，入對，上曰：「汝元年狀元，尚作四品官耶？」數日擢太常寺卿。及病，上每見廷臣問狀，且曰：「德瑛辛巳生，長朕十歲。」及病革，上方出巡幸，將啟蹕，猶曰：「德瑛久不入值，病必重。」德瑛即以其日卒。三十一年，德瑛子潔成進士，引見，上曰：「汝金德瑛子耶？」德瑛卒已將十年，上猶惓惓如是。

Deying was even-tempered, upright, and free of faction, and the emperor held him in esteem. While he was still junior tutor of the heir apparent, the emperor asked at audience: "You were the top jinshi of the first year of my reign—are you still only a fourth-rank official?" Within days he was promoted to minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. When he grew ill, the emperor asked court ministers about his condition whenever he saw them, remarking: "Deying was born in the xinsi year and is ten years my senior." As his illness turned critical, the emperor was away on tour and about to depart, yet still said: "Deying has not reported for duty in some time—his illness must be serious." Deying died that same day. In the thirty-first year Deying's son Jiecheng passed the jinshi examination. At his audience the emperor asked: "Are you Jin Deying's son?" Nearly ten years after Deying's death, the emperor still remembered him with such warmth.

=錢載=錢載，字坤一，浙江秀水人。雍正十年，副榜貢生，舉博學鴻詞、舉經學，就試皆未入選。乾隆十七年，成進士，改庶吉士，授編修。七遷內閣學士，直上書房。四十一年，督山東學政。四十五年，命祭告陝西、四川岳瀆及帝王陵寢。尋擢禮部侍郎，充江南鄉試考官，舉顧問為第一，四書文純用排偶，上以乖文體，命議處。

Qian Zai, whose style name was Kunyi, came from Xiushui in Zhejiang. In the tenth year of Yongzheng he graduated as a tribute student on the supplementary list. Nominated for the Erudite Letters and Classical Learning examinations, he competed in both but was not chosen. In the seventeenth year of Qianlong he became a jinshi, entered the Hanlin as a bachelor, and was appointed compiler. After seven promotions he reached grand secretary in the Grand Secretariat and served in the Upper Study. In the forty-first year he was appointed educational commissioner of Shandong. In the forty-fifth year he was sent to offer ritual announcements at the sacred peaks and rivers of Shaanxi and Sichuan and at imperial tombs. He was soon made vice minister of rites and chief examiner for the Jiangnan provincial examinations. He ranked Gu Wen first, but Gu's Four Books essay was written entirely in parallel couplets. The emperor judged this a breach of proper literary form and ordered disciplinary action.

呂氏春秋堯葬穀林，史記不書其地。乾隆元年，以山東巡撫岳濬奏，自東平改祀濮州。四十一年，大理寺卿尹嘉銓疏言當在平陽，下部議駁。載督學山東，謁濮州堯陵，自四川還道平陽，得堯陵州東北；及江南典試歸，又至東平求舊時所祭堯陵，參互考訂，以為在平陽者是。史記湯、武皆未著葬地，蓋都於是葬於是則不書，堯亦其例。因疏請釐定。下大學士、九卿議駁，載奏辨；复議，仍寢不行。上諭曰：「經生論古，反覆辨證，原所不禁。但既陳之奏牘，並經廷臣集議，即不當再執成見。載斥呂不韋門下客浮說，不韋即不足取，亦尚不可以人廢言。況其門下客所著書，所謂'懸之國門，不易一字'，豈能謂不足為據？其時去古未遠，或尚有所承述。乃欲在數千年後虛揣翻駁，有是理乎？載本晚達，且其事只是考古，是以不加深問。若遇朝廷政治，亦似此嘵嘵不已，朕必重治其罪。」命傳旨申飭。載疏累數千言，語有未明，復為自註，時謂非章奏體，上亦未深詰也。

The Lüshi Chunqiu says Yao was buried at Gulin, but the Records of the Grand Historian gives no location for the burial. In the first year of Qianlong, on the recommendation of the governor of Shandong, Yue Jun, the rites were transferred from Dongping to Puzhou. In the forty-first year Yin Jiaquan, chief judge of the Court of Judicial Review, argued in a memorial that the tomb should be at Pingyang, but after referral to the ministries the proposal was rejected. While serving as educational commissioner of Shandong, Zai paid his respects at the tomb of Yao at Puzhou; on his return from Sichuan he traveled by way of Pingyang and located the tomb northeast of the prefectural seat; After returning from chief examining duty in Jiangnan, he went again to Dongping to find the tomb of Yao that had once been worshipped there; cross-checking the evidence, he concluded that the site at Pingyang was the true one. The Records of the Grand Historian gives no burial place for Tang or Wu, presumably because when a ruler reigned and was buried in the same locale the historian did not record it; Yao follows that same convention. He therefore submitted a memorial asking that the site be authoritatively fixed. The case was referred to the grand secretaries and the nine chief ministers, who rejected his claim; Zai answered with a counter-memorial; After further review the proposal was once again set aside. The emperor said: "When scholars of the classics debate antiquity and argue their cases at length, I have never forbidden it. But once a view has been laid before the throne in a memorial and the court has deliberated together, one should not cling stubbornly to one's original opinion. Zai dismissed the writings of Lü Buwei's retainers as empty speculation; even if Lü Buwei himself is unworthy of esteem, one still must not dismiss a statement solely because of who wrote it. Moreover, the book produced by those retainers was of the sort they claimed could be hung at the state gate without changing a single word—how can one say it affords no basis for judgment? That time was not far removed from antiquity, and may still have preserved reliable traditions. To overturn it thousands of years later on the basis of idle speculation—is that reasonable? Zai had come to office late in any case, and the matter concerned only archaeological scholarship, so the emperor did not pursue it further. If he were to carry on like this over matters of state policy, I would certainly punish him severely." He had an edict delivered to reprimand him. Zai's memorial ran to several thousand words; where his meaning was obscure he added explanatory notes of his own, which contemporaries judged improper for an official memorial, but the emperor did not pursue the point.

四十八年，休致。五十八年，卒，年八十有五。

In the forty-eighth year he retired from office. In the fifty-eighth year he died, aged eighty-five.

子世錫，入翰林。時侍郎英廉及載充教習庶吉士，英廉語世錫曰：「君家仍世入翰林，而上命父教其子，當勉為朅、頲以報上恩。」世錫子寶甫，初名昌齡，避仁宗陵，以字行。亦以編修官至雲南布政使。

His son Shixi was appointed to the Hanlin Academy. At the time Vice Minister Ying Lian and Zai were serving as instructors to the Hanlin bachelors; Ying Lian told Shixi: "Your family has produced Hanlin scholars for generations, and now the emperor has appointed your father to instruct his own son—you should strive to match the example of Xie and Ting and repay the emperor's favor." Shixi's son Baofu had originally been named Changling; to avoid the taboo associated with the Jiaqing Emperor's tomb name, he was known by his style name. He too rose from compiler to provincial treasurer of Yunnan.

德瑛論詩宗黃庭堅，謂當辭必己出，不主故常。載初與訂交，晚登第，乃為門下門生；詩亦宗庭堅，險入橫出，嶄然成一家。同縣王又曾、萬光泰輩相與唱酬，號秀水派。語互詳文苑傳。載又為陳群族孫，從陳群母陳受畫法，蒼秀高勁，亦如其詩。

In his poetics Deying looked to Huang Tingjian, insisting that language must be one's own and must not cling to received formulas. Zai had first become his friend; after passing the examinations late in life, he became a disciple under his tutelage; His poetry likewise followed Tingjian, daring and unexpected, until it stood forth as a distinctive school in its own right. Together with fellow townsmen Wang Youceng, Wan Guangtai, and others he exchanged poems in fellowship, and they were known as the Xiushui school. Their careers are recounted at length in the Biographies of Literary Men. Zai was also related to Chen Qun through his mother's clan; he studied painting under Chen Qun's mother, Lady Chen, and his brushwork was spare, refined, and vigorous—much like his verse.

=齊召南=齊召南，字次風，浙江天台人。幼而穎敏，鄉里稱神童。雍正十一年，命舉博學鴻詞，召南以副榜貢生被薦。乾隆元年，廷試二等，改庶吉士，散館授檢討。八年，禦試翰詹各官，擢中允，遷侍讀。九年，以父喪去官。時方校刻經史，召南分撰禮記、漢書考證，命即家撰進。服除，起原官。十二年，遷侍讀學士。十三年，復試翰詹各官，以召南列首，擢內閣學士，命上書房行走。遷禮部侍郎。上於寧古塔得古鏡，問召南，召南辨其款識，具陳原委。上顧左右曰：「是不愧博學鴻詞矣！」上西苑射，發十九矢皆中的，顧尚書蔣溥及召南曰：「不可無詩！」召南進詩，上和以賜。十四年夏，召南散直墮馬，觸大石，顱幾裂。上聞，遣蒙古醫就視，賜以藥。語皇子宏適：「汝師傅病如何？當頻使存問！」幸木蘭，使賜鹿脯十五束。及冬，入謝，上慰勞，召南因乞歸，固請乃許。及行，賜紗、葛各二端。

Qi Zhaonan. Qi Zhaonan, whose style name was Cifeng, came from Tiantai in Zhejiang. As a child he was exceptionally bright, and his neighbors hailed him as a prodigy. In the eleventh year of Yongzheng the throne called for nominations to the Erudite Letters examination, and Zhaonan, a tribute student on the supplementary list, was put forward. In the first year of Qianlong he placed second class in the palace examination, entered the Hanlin as a bachelor, and after completing his term was appointed reviser. In the eighth year the emperor examined the Hanlin and Academy officials; Zhaonan was promoted to middle attendant and then to reader-in-waiting. In the ninth year he resigned to mourn his father. The court was then collating and printing the classics and histories; Zhaonan was assigned to compile textual studies for the Record of Rites and the Book of Han and was told to draft and submit his work from home. After the mourning period he returned to his former office. In the twelfth year he was made bachelor reader-in-waiting. In the thirteenth year the Hanlin and Academy officials were examined again; Zhaonan ranked first and was promoted to grand secretary in the Grand Secretariat and assigned to the Upper Study. He was appointed vice minister of rites. The emperor acquired an ancient mirror at Ningguta and asked Zhaonan about it; Zhaonan read its inscription and explained its history in full. The emperor turned to those around him and said: "This is worthy indeed of an Erudite Letters scholar!" The emperor went shooting in the Western Park and hit the mark with all nineteen arrows. He turned to Minister Jiang Pu and Zhaonan and said: "We must have a poem for this!" Zhaonan offered a poem, and the emperor composed a matching verse and bestowed it on him. In the summer of the fourteenth year, after leaving the palace at the end of his shift, Zhaonan fell from his horse, struck a boulder, and nearly split his skull open. On hearing of the accident, the emperor sent a Mongol physician to treat him and granted him medicine. He told Prince Hongshi: "How is your tutor's illness? You must inquire after him often!" On a hunting trip to Mulan he sent Zhaonan fifteen bundles of venison as a gift. That winter he came to the capital to offer thanks; the emperor comforted him, and Zhaonan asked to retire home—only after he pressed his request repeatedly was he allowed to go. When he left, the emperor bestowed on him two bolts each of gauze and ramie.

上南巡，屢迎駕，輒問病狀，出御製詩命和。上嘗詢天台、雁宕兩山景物，召南對未嘗遊覽。上問：「名勝在鄉里間，何以不往？」召南對：「山峻溪深，臣有老母，怵古人登高臨深之誡，是以未敢往。」上深嘉之。既而，以族人周華為書訕上，逮詣京師，吏議坐隱匿，當流，籍其家，上命奪職放歸，還其產十三四。召南歸，遂卒。

During the southern tour Zhaonan repeatedly welcomed the imperial procession; the emperor each time asked after his health and presented an imperial poem for him to match in reply. The emperor once asked about the scenery of Mount Tiantai and Mount Yandang; Zhaonan answered that he had never seen them. The emperor asked: "These famous places are right in your home country—why have you never visited them?" Zhaonan answered: "The mountains are steep and the ravines deep; I have an aged mother, and I heed the ancient warning against standing on high places and looking into deep ones, and so I have not dared to go." The emperor was deeply pleased. Not long afterward his clansman Zhou Hua was found to have written a book slandering the emperor; Zhaonan was brought to the capital, and the officials judged him guilty of concealment and recommended exile and confiscation of his estate. The emperor stripped him of office and sent him home, restoring only three or four tenths of his property. Zhaonan returned home and died soon after.

召南易直子諒，文辭渰雅。著水道提綱，具詳源委脈絡；歷代帝王年表，舉諸史綱要：並行於世。

Zhaonan was plainspoken and upright, his manner unpretentious, and his prose refined and graceful. He wrote the Essentials of Waterways, tracing rivers from their sources through their full courses; and Chronological Tables of Emperors Through the Ages, distilling the main lines of the dynastic histories—both works circulated widely.

=陈兆崙=陈兆崙，字星齋，浙江錢塘人。亦幼慧。雍正八年進士，福建即用知縣。舉博學鴻詞，詣京師試，授內閣中書，充軍機章京。乾隆元年，廷試二等，授檢討。十七年，上御經筵，以撰進講義稱旨，擢左中允。禦試翰詹各官，复擢侍講學士。再遷順天府府尹。值大水，兆崙心計指畫，撫綏安集，無不得所。畿輔役繁，舊設官車疲敝，議僉富戶應役，兆崙奏罷之。時方西征，發禁旅，兆崙經畫宿頓儲蓄，井井有緒，軍民晏然。二十一年，遷太常寺卿。上謁陵，以同官迎駕失儀，左授太僕寺少卿。再遷太僕寺卿。三十六年，卒。

Chen Zhaolun. Chen Zhaolun, whose style name was Xingzhai, came from Qiantang in Zhejiang. He too showed exceptional talent as a child. In the eighth year of Yongzheng he passed the jinshi examination and was appointed at once as a county magistrate in Fujian. Nominated for the Erudite Letters examination, he traveled to the capital to compete, was appointed a Grand Secretariat secretary, and served as a clerk on the Grand Council. In the first year of Qianlong he placed second class in the palace examination and was appointed reviser. In the seventeenth year the emperor attended the Classics Lectern; the lecture notes Zhaolun drafted and submitted pleased him, and he was promoted to left middle attendant. At the emperor's examination of Hanlin and Academy officials, he was further promoted to bachelor lecturer. He was next appointed governor of Shuntian prefecture. During a major flood Zhaolun planned and directed relief with clear judgment; in comforting and resettling the people, he left no one without proper care. Labor levies in the capital region were burdensome; the official transport carts had fallen into disrepair, and some proposed drafting wealthy households to serve instead—Zhaolun memorialized to have the scheme abolished. A western campaign was then under way and the palace guard had been mobilized; Zhaolun organized encampments and supplies with meticulous order, and both soldiers and civilians remained untroubled. In the twenty-first year he was appointed chief steward of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. On an imperial visit to the tombs, a colleague failed in propriety while receiving the procession, and Zhaolun was demoted to vice director of the Court of the Imperial Stud. He was later restored as director of the Court of the Imperial Stud. He died in the thirty-sixth year.

兆崙精六書之學，尤長經義，於易、書、禮均有論述。為詩文澹泊清遠。

Zhaolun mastered the study of the Six Scripts and was especially skilled in classical exegesis; he wrote on the Changes, the Documents, and the Rites. His poetry and prose were spare, serene, and luminous.

孫桂生，字堅木。嘉慶初，自優貢生授知縣，揀發湖北。時教匪為亂，桂生從廣州將軍明亮擊賊，破孝感，殲魯惟志；戰歸州，禦齊王氏：屢有功。授大冶知縣，再遷安陸知府。九年，遭母喪，湖北巡撫章煦疏請留軍。喪終，除荊州知府。三遷，再轉為江寧布政使，署江蘇巡撫。初彭齡劾桂生徵賦不力，奪職；复劾察庫帑不實，上命大學士托津、戶部尚書景安按治，疏言：「桂生察庫帑無弊，徵賦亦逾十之七。」召詣京師，旋授甘肅布政使。再轉，复遷江蘇巡撫。上六十萬壽，蠲各行省民間逋賦。桂生疏言：「曠典殊施，當令澤及於民。請自嘉慶元年起至二十二年，詳察民間逋賦，毋令官吏因緣為奸。二十二年漕項，例至二十四年奏銷，民逋請並蠲除。」又言：「民間逋賦有由州縣移他款代納者，今既蠲逋，當令現任州縣期十年償所移款。」皆議行。命署蘇州織造，兼領滸墅關，兼署兩江總督。宣宗即位，召詣京師，以三品京堂待缺，旋命休致。道光二十年，卒。桂生子憲曾，進士，官至詹事。

Sun Guisheng, whose style name was Jianmu. At the start of the Jiaqing reign he was appointed county magistrate from among outstanding tribute students and was posted to Hubei. When the White Lotus rebels rose in revolt, Guisheng followed General Mingliang of Guangzhou against them, captured Xiaogan, and killed Lu Weizhi; He fought at Guizhou against the rebel leader Qi Lady Wang and won repeated distinction. He was appointed magistrate of Daye and later promoted to prefect of Anlu. In the ninth year, while mourning his mother, he was kept with the army at the request of the governor of Hubei, Zhang Xu. After the mourning period he was appointed prefect of Jingzhou. After three promotions and two further transfers he became provincial treasurer of Jiangning and served concurrently as acting governor of Jiangsu. Chu Pengling impeached Guisheng for lax tax collection, and he was dismissed from office; Chu then impeached him again for falsifying the treasury accounts; the emperor ordered Grand Secretary Tuo Jin and Minister of Revenue Jing'an to investigate. They reported: "Guisheng's audit found no fraud in the treasury, and tax collection had exceeded seventy percent of the quota." He was summoned to the capital and soon made provincial treasurer of Gansu. After a further transfer he was again appointed governor of Jiangsu. On the emperor's sixtieth birthday, unpaid popular taxes throughout the provinces were remitted. Guisheng memorialized: "This extraordinary act of grace should truly reach the common people. I ask that unpaid popular taxes from the first year of Jiaqing through the twenty-second be examined in detail, so that officials may not use the remission as a pretext for corruption. Grain transport quotas for the twenty-second year are not routinely cleared until the twenty-fourth; unpaid popular levies in that category should be remitted as well." He also proposed: "Where counties and prefectures had covered unpaid popular taxes from other funds, current officials should be allowed ten years to repay those diverted sums now that the arrears are remitted." All his proposals were approved and carried out. He was appointed acting superintendent of the Suzhou Weaving Office, given concurrent charge of the Hushu customs station, and assigned to serve concurrently as governor-general of the Two Jiangs. When the Daoguang Emperor came to the throne, Guisheng was summoned to the capital and given a third-rank Capital Court appointment pending assignment; he was soon ordered to retire. He died in the twentieth year of the Daoguang reign. Guisheng's son Xianzeng passed the jinshi examination and rose to serve as Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent.

=董邦達=董邦達，字孚存，浙江富陽人。雍正元年，選拔貢生。以尚書勵廷儀薦，命在戶部七品小京官上行走。十一年，成進士，改庶吉士，授編修。乾隆三年，充陝西鄉試考官，疏言官卷數少，以民卷補中，報聞。授右中允，再遷侍讀學士。十二年，命直南書房，擢內閣學士，以母憂歸。逾年，召詣京師，命視梁詩正例，入直食俸。十五年，補原官，遷侍郎，歷戶、工、吏諸部。二十七年，遷左都御史，擢工部尚書。二十九年，調禮部。三十一年，調還工部。三十二年，仍調還禮部。三十四年，以老病乞解任，上諭曰：「邦達年逾七十，衰病乞休，自合引年之例。惟邦達移家京師，不能即還裡。禮部事不繁，給假安心調治，不必解任。」尋卒。賜祭葬，諡文恪。

Dong Bangda, whose style name was Fucun, came from Fuyang in Zhejiang. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign he was selected as a tribute student through the special examination. On the recommendation of Minister Li Tingyi, he was ordered to serve as an attendant among the Board of Revenue's seventh-rank minor capital officials. In the eleventh year he passed the jinshi examination, entered the Hanlin as a bachelor, and was appointed a compiler. In the third year of Qianlong he served as examiner for the Shaanxi provincial examination and memorialized that too few official examination papers had been submitted and that commoner papers should be used to fill the quota; the memorial was approved. He was appointed Right Assistant Master of the Household and was later promoted to Reader of the Heir Apparent. In the twelfth year he was ordered to serve in the Southern Library and was promoted to Grand Secretary of the Grand Secretariat; he then returned home to observe mourning for his mother. After a year he was summoned to the capital and ordered, following Liang Shizheng's precedent, to resume active service and draw his salary. In the fifteenth year he was restored to his former post, promoted to vice minister, and served successively in the Boards of Revenue, Works, and Personnel. In the twenty-seventh year he was transferred to Left Censor-in-Chief and promoted to Minister of Works. In the twenty-ninth year he was transferred to the Board of Rites. In the thirty-first year he was transferred back to the Board of Works. In the thirty-second year he was transferred back again to the Board of Rites. In the thirty-fourth year, citing old age and illness, he asked to be relieved of office. The emperor instructed: "Bangda is over seventy and seeks retirement on account of debility and illness; this accords with the precedent for retiring at advanced age. Only Bangda has moved his household to the capital and cannot return home at once. The business of the Board of Rites is not heavy; grant him leave to recuperate in peace without requiring him to resign his post." Soon afterward he died. Imperial sacrifices and funeral honors were granted, and he was posthumously given the title Wenge.

邦達工山水，蒼逸古厚。論者謂三董相承，為畫家正軌，目源、其昌與邦達也。子誥，自有傳。

Bangda was skilled in landscape painting, his manner vigorous, unfettered, ancient, and substantial. Critics held that three generations of Dongs formed the orthodox lineage of painters, naming Dong Yuan, Dong Qichang, and Bangda. His son Gao has a separate biography.

=錢維城=錢維城，字宗盤，江南武進人。乾隆十年一甲一名進士，授修撰。功令，初入翰林，分習清、漢文。維城習清文，散館列三等。上不懌，曰：「維城豈謂清文不足習耶？」傅恆為之解。命再試漢文，上謂詩有疵，賦尚通順，仍留修撰。是歲即遷右中允，命南書房行走。三遷，再轉為刑部侍郎。疏請申明律例：「事主殺盜賊移屍，有司輒置勿論。本律科移屍罪，反至流徒。請凡殺人律得勿論者，雖移屍仍用本律。殺姦之獄，姦夫拒捕，有司輒用鬥殺律定讞。殺姦殺拒捕者，反重於殺不拒捕者。請用殺拒捕罪人律勿論。」下部議行。三十四年，命偕內閣學士富察善如貴州會湖廣總督吳達善按治威寧州知州劉標虧帑，巡撫良卿、前巡撫方世俊等皆坐譴。三十五年，古州苗香要為亂，復命偕吳達善及巡撫宮兆麟督剿。香要多力而狡，苗女迫根為羽翼，煽旁寨出掠。維城如古州，督總兵程國相破烏牛、佳居諸寨，獲迫根。維城乃自烏牛如佳居宣諭，解脅從。督兵破朋論大箐，香要獨身跳去。乃令先撤兵，遣诇香要，卒擒而殲之。亂定，諭議敘。三十六年，雲南龍陵戍卒四十去伍走，既就獲，大吏請悉誅之。維城入對，言：「伊犁戍卒荷校一月，今用法過重。且戮於獲所，邊兵何由知？不如械至龍陵，倍其罰，荷校三月，足以儆眾。」上從之。三十七年，丁父憂，歸，以毀卒。諡文敏。

Qian Weicheng, whose style name was Zongpan, came from Wujin in Jiangnan. In the tenth year of Qianlong he took first place among the top tier of jinshi graduates and was appointed a compiler-expositor. By regulation, newly entered Hanlin bachelors were assigned to study either Manchu or Chinese. Weicheng studied Manchu and was ranked third class at the Hanlin disbandment examination. The emperor was displeased and said: "Does Weicheng mean that Manchu is not worth studying?" Fuheng interceded on his behalf. The emperor ordered him tested again in Chinese, said his poetry had flaws but his fu was still passable, and retained him as compiler-expositor. That same year he was promoted to Right Assistant Master of the Household and ordered to serve in the Southern Library. After three promotions he was transferred again to Vice Minister of Justice. He memorialized requesting clarification of the statutory provisions: "When a victim kills a thief or robber and moves the corpse, officials often dismiss the case. Yet the statute itself prescribes punishment for moving a corpse, which can result in exile or penal servitude. I ask that wherever the statute on killing permits no punishment, moving the corpse should still be governed by that statute. In adultery cases, when the adulterer resists arrest officials often sentence under the statute on killing in affray. Thus killing an adulterer who resists arrest is punished more severely than killing one who does not resist. I ask that the statute permitting no punishment for killing a criminal who resists arrest be applied instead." The memorial was referred to the ministry for deliberation and adopted. In the thirty-fourth year he was ordered to Guizhou with Grand Secretary Fuca Shanru, together with Hu-Guang Governor-General Wu Dashan, to investigate the embezzlement of treasury funds by Liu Biao, prefect of Wei'ning; Governor Liang Qing, former Governor Fang Shijun, and others were all punished. In the thirty-fifth year Xiang Yao of the Miao at Guzhou raised a rebellion, and Weicheng was again ordered to join Wu Dashan and Governor Gong Zhaolin in directing the suppression. Xiang Yao was powerful and cunning; the Miao woman Po Gen served as his right hand, inciting neighboring stockades to raid. Weicheng went to Guzhou and directed Regional Commander Cheng Guoxiang in breaking the stockades at Wuniu, Jiaju, and elsewhere, capturing Po Gen. Weicheng then went from Wuniu to Jiaju to proclaim imperial policy and release those who had been coerced into following the rebels. He directed troops to break Penglun Daqing, but Xiang Yao alone leaped away and escaped. He then ordered the troops withdrawn first and sent men to scout out Xiang Yao; in the end Xiang Yao was captured and destroyed. When the rebellion was settled, an edict ordered that rewards be deliberated. In the thirty-sixth year forty garrison soldiers at Longling in Yunnan deserted; once they were recaptured, senior officials requested that all be executed. Weicheng presented himself for audience and said: "Garrison soldiers at Yili wear the cangue for one month; the punishment now proposed is too severe. Moreover, if they are executed where they were captured, how will border troops learn of it? It would be better to send them in fetters to Longling, double the penalty, and make them wear the cangue for three months — enough to warn the multitude." The emperor assented. In the thirty-seventh year, upon his father's death he returned home and died from grief in mourning. He was posthumously given the title Wenmin.

維城工文翰，畫山水幽深沈厚。錢陳群謂維城通籍後畫益工，蓋得益於邦達雲。

Weicheng was skilled in literary composition, and his landscape painting was deep, remote, and richly subdued. Qian Chenqun said Weicheng's painting grew still more accomplished after entering official service, having no doubt benefited from Bangda.

=鄒一桂=鄒一桂，字原褒，江南武進人。祖忠倚，順治九年一甲一名進士，官修撰。一桂，雍正五年二甲一名進士，改庶吉士，授編修。十年，授雲南道監察御史，疏禁官媒蓄婦女為奸利。乾隆七年，轉禮科給事中，疏言：「刑部諸囚已結入北監，未結羈南所。今察視監所，已未結雜收，請如例分禁。」又言：「奉命下部議諸事，科道輒於部議未上之先，攙越凟陳，請申飭。」上韙其言。湖南巡撫許容坐誣劾糧道謝濟世罷，復命署湖北巡撫。一桂與給事中陳大玠具疏論列，謂：「容狡詐欺公，僅予奪職，已邀寬典；今復任封疆，何以訓天下？乞降旨宣示臣民，俾曉然於黜陟之所以然，斯國法昭而吏治有所率循。」上為罷容。十年，遷太常寺少卿，疏言：「律載獄俱全圖，鐵索鈕钅，俱有定式。獄官以防範為辭，匣床以束其身，鐵簫以直其項，觀音圈以攣其手足。部議禁非刑，日久复創新制，令諸囚排頭仰臥，橫穿長木，壓其手足，與匣床無異，請敕嚴禁。」從之。四遷為禮部侍郎。同部侍郎張泰開舉一桂子志伊為國子監學正，又坐徇尚書王安國、左都御史楊錫紱祀其父鄉賢，屢下部議，二十一年，左授內閣學士。二十三年，乞致仕。三十六年，詣京師祝上壽，加禮部侍郎銜，在籍食俸。三十七年，歸，卒於東昌道中。加尚書銜。

Zou Yigui, whose style name was Yuanbao, came from Wujin in Jiangnan. His grandfather Zhongyi was the top jinshi of the first rank in the ninth year of Shunzhi and served as a compiler-expositor. Yigui, in the fifth year of Yongzheng, was first among the second tier of jinshi graduates, entered the Hanlin as a bachelor, and was appointed a compiler. In the tenth year he was appointed censor of the Yunnan circuit and memorialized to prohibit official matchmakers from keeping women for illicit profit. In the seventh year of Qianlong he was transferred to supervising secretary of the Board of Rites and memorialized: "Prisoners whose cases are closed enter the northern prison, while those whose cases remain open are detained in the southern holding quarters. On inspection of the prisons, closed and open cases are now mixed together; I ask that they be separated and confined according to regulation." He also said: "On matters ordered referred to the ministry for deliberation, censors repeatedly submit memorials ahead of the ministry's report, presumptuously and insolently; I ask that this be sternly forbidden." The emperor approved his words. Hunan Governor Xu Rong was dismissed for falsely impeaching Grain Intendant Xie Jishi, but was again ordered to serve as acting governor of Hubei. Yigui and Supervising Secretary Chen Dajue jointly submitted a detailed memorial, stating: "Rong was cunning and deceptive toward the public; to strip him of office only was already an indulgent measure; now to restore him to a frontier governorship — how will the empire be instructed? I beg that an edict be issued to make officials and people clearly understand the principles of promotion and dismissal, so that national law is manifest and official governance has a standard to follow." The emperor dismissed Rong on this account. In the tenth year he was transferred to Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and memorialized: "The code provides full diagrams for prisons, iron chains, shackles, and fetters, all with fixed forms. Prison officials use prevention as a pretext: the coffin-bed to bind the body, the iron flute to straighten the neck, and the Guanyin ring to twist the hands and feet. The ministry had deliberated and prohibited torture, but in time new devices were invented, forcing prisoners to lie face up in a row with a long pole run horizontally through to pin down their hands and feet — no different from the coffin-bed; I ask that an imperial order strictly forbid this." The request was granted. After four promotions he became Vice Minister of Rites. Fellow Vice Minister Zhang Taikai recommended Yigui's son Zhiyi for the post of director of study at the Directorate of Education; Yigui was also punished for showing favoritism toward Minister Wang Anguo and Left Censor-in-Chief Yang Xifu in enshrining their fathers as local worthies. The case was repeatedly referred for deliberation, and in the twenty-first year he was demoted to Grand Secretary of the Grand Secretariat. In the twenty-third year he requested retirement. In the thirty-sixth year he came to the capital to congratulate the emperor on his birthday; he was granted the rank of Vice Minister of Rites and allowed to draw salary while remaining in his native place. In the thirty-seventh year, on his way home, he died on the road in Dongchang. The rank of Minister was posthumously granted.

一桂畫工花卉，承惲格後為專家。嘗作百花卷，花題一詩，進上，上深賞之，為題百絕句。晚被薄譴，歸猶賦詩餞之雲。

Yigui was skilled in flower-and-bird painting and, after Yun Shouping, became a leading specialist. He once painted a scroll of a hundred flowers, inscribing one poem for each blossom; he presented it to the throne, and the emperor greatly admired it and composed a hundred quatrains in response. In his later years he received a mild reprimand; even when he returned home the emperor still composed verses to see him off, they say.

=謝墉=謝墉，字昆城，浙江嘉善人。乾隆十六年，上南巡，墉以優貢生召試，賜舉人，授內閣中書。十七年，成進士，改庶吉士，授編修。坐撰閩浙總督喀爾吉善碑文語失當，下部議，降調。二十四年，回部平，墉擬鐃歌上，上命复官，直上書房。五遷工部侍郎，督江蘇學政。四十三年，調禮部。四十五年，調吏部。廣西全州知州彭曰龍坐縱革役复充，奪官，詣部請捐复。大學士阿桂領吏部，將許之，墉以為不可。時有山東商河教諭侯華捐复，方議駁，墉援以例曰龍。阿桂疑墉為華地，奏聞。上命訊，華力言無囑託，乃用墉議，不許曰龍捐复。四十八年，复督江蘇學政。五十一年，任滿，還京師。上問洪澤湖運河水勢，墉奏：「洪澤湖漸高，民間傳說'昔如釜，今如盤'，請加疏濬。」五十二年，上以總督李世傑奏洪澤湖水注清口暢流，命墉往與世傑勘湖水淺深。尋奏湖水深至十丈，淺亦在一二丈間，墉自請議處。上以湖水前年較淺，墉得自傳聞，據以入告，茲既已勘明，免其議處。

Xie Yong, whose style name was Kuncheng, came from Jiashan in Zhejiang. In the sixteenth year of Qianlong, when the emperor toured the south, Yong, as an outstanding tribute student, was summoned for examination, granted juren status, and appointed a secretary in the Grand Secretariat. In the seventeenth year he passed the jinshi examination, entered the Hanlin as a bachelor, and was appointed a compiler. He was punished because language in an epitaph he composed for Fujian-Zhejiang Governor-General Ka'erjishan was inappropriate; the case was referred to the ministry and he was demoted and transferred. In the twenty-fourth year, when the western regions were pacified, Yong drafted triumphal hymns and presented them; the emperor ordered his rank restored and had him serve directly in the Upper Library. After five promotions he became Vice Minister of Works and served as educational commissioner for Jiangsu. In the forty-third year he was transferred to the Board of Rites. In the forty-fifth year he was transferred to the Board of Personnel. Peng Yuelong, prefect of Quanzhou in Guangxi, was stripped of office for allowing dismissed corvée laborers to be re-enrolled; he came to the ministry to request reinstatement by purchase. Grand Secretary Agui, acting head of the Board of Personnel, was about to grant the request, but Yong held that it should not be allowed. At the time Shanghe Instructor Hou Hua in Shandong was also seeking reinstatement by purchase and the case was under deliberation for rejection; Yong cited that precedent against Yuelong. Agui suspected Yong was pulling strings for Hua and reported the matter to the throne. The emperor ordered an inquiry; Hua insisted there had been no solicitation; Yong's opinion was followed and Yuelong's purchase of reinstatement was denied. In the forty-eighth year he again served as educational commissioner for Jiangsu. In the fifty-first year, when his term ended, he returned to the capital. The emperor asked about the water conditions of Hongze Lake and the Grand Canal; Yong reported: "Hongze Lake is gradually rising; among the people it is said that "in the past it was like a cauldron, now it is like a platter." I ask that dredging be increased." In the fifty-second year the emperor, on the basis of Governor-General Li Shijie's report that Hongze Lake's waters were flowing freely into the Qing estuary, ordered Yong to go and survey the lake's depth with Shijie. Soon it was reported that the lake was as deep as ten zhang in places and even in the shallows one or two zhang; Yong voluntarily requested disciplinary action. The emperor said that the lake had indeed been shallower the year before, that Yong had acted on hearsay in reporting as he did, and that now the facts had been verified, so disciplinary action was waived.

墉兩任江蘇學政，士有不得志者，以偶語譏誚。阿桂偶以聞，上命巡撫閔鶚元訪察。鶚元言墉初任聲名平常，後任頗為謹飭。上命降授內閣學士。五十四年，上察直上書房諸臣多曠班，墉七日未入直，复降編修，在修書處效力。五十六年，復命直上書房。六十年，休致。尋卒。

Yong served twice as education commissioner of Jiangsu; discontented scholars mocked him in offhand jibes. Agui happened to hear of it, and the emperor ordered the governor Min E'yuan to look into the matter. E'yuan reported that Yong's first term had been undistinguished, but his second was markedly careful and restrained. The emperor ordered him demoted and appointed Grand Secretariat scholar. In the fifty-fourth year the emperor, finding many of those on duty in the Upper Library absent without leave, saw that Yong had not reported for seven days and again demoted him to compiler, assigning him to serve in the editorial bureau. In the fifty-sixth year he was again ordered back to direct service in the Upper Library. In the sixtieth year he retired from office. Not long afterward he died.

墉在上書房久，仁宗方典學，肄習詩文，高宗命墉講授。嘉慶五年，加恩舊學，贈三品卿銜，賜祭葬。子恭銘，進士，改庶吉士，散館歸班，是歲授內閣中書。墉以督學蒙謗，然江南稱其得士，尤賞江都汪中，嘗字之曰：「予上容甫，爵也；若以學，予於容甫北面矣！」乾隆中直上書房諸臣以學行稱者，又有金甡、莊存與、劉星煒。

Yong had served long in the Upper Library. The future Jiaqing Emperor was then mastering the classics and practicing poetry and prose, and the Qianlong Emperor ordered Yong to teach him. In the fifth year of Jiaqing, in gratitude for his old service as tutor, he was posthumously granted third-rank ministerial title and the imperial rites of mourning and burial. His son Gongming was a jinshi, entered the Hanlin as a bachelor, and after leaving the probationary academy returned to the regular roster; that same year he was appointed a secretary in the Grand Secretariat. Though Yong was maligned for his work as education commissioner, Jiangnan praised him for finding true talent, above all Wang Zhong of Jiangdu. He once addressed him by style name, saying: "If I stand above Rongfu, that is rank alone; but if learning is the measure, I should face north and bow to Rongfu!" Among those who served in the Upper Library under Qianlong and were famed for learning and conduct were also Jin Shen, Zhuang Cunyu, and Liu Xingwei.

甡，字雨叔，浙江錢塘人。初以舉人授國子監學正。乾隆七年，舉禮部試第一，廷試复第一，授修撰。三遷侍講學士。二十二年，直上書房，擢詹事，再遷禮部侍郎。三十八年，上幸熱河，從，方入直，遘疾遽僕。大學士劉統勳以聞，命予假。甡乞休，允之。明年秋，疾間，乃得歸。四十七年，卒，年八十有一。

Shen, whose style name was Yushu, came from Qiantang in Zhejiang. He first entered service as a provincial graduate appointed academician of the Directorate of Education. In the seventh year of Qianlong he placed first in the Ministry of Rites examination and again first in the palace examination, and was appointed a drafter. He rose through three promotions to attendant reader of the Hanlin Academy. In the twenty-second year he was posted directly to the Upper Library, promoted to grand tutor of the heir apparent, and then again to vice minister of Rites. In the thirty-eighth year, when the emperor traveled to Rehe, he went along; just as he was entering duty he was seized by illness and suddenly fell. Grand Secretary Liu Tongxun reported it, and the emperor granted him leave. Shen begged to retire, and the request was granted. The next autumn, when his illness had eased, he was at last able to go home. In the forty-seventh year he died, at the age of eighty-one.

甡在上書房十七年，直諒誠敬，所陳說必正義法言，諸皇子皇孫皆愛重之。

Shen spent seventeen years in the Upper Library. Upright, candid, and reverent, he spoke only what was just and within the bounds of propriety, and every prince and imperial grandson held him in affection and esteem.

存與，字方耕，江南武進人。乾隆十年一甲二名進士，授編修。四遷內閣學士。二十一年，督直隸學政。按試滿洲、蒙古童生，嚴，不得傳遞，群閧。御史湯世昌論劾，命奪存與官。上惡滿洲、蒙古童生縱恣，親覆試，搜得懷挾文字。臨鞫，童生海成最狡黠，言：「何不殺之？」上怒，立命誅之。閧堂附和者三人，發拉林種地；四十人令在旗披甲；不得更赴試。並以存與督試嚴密，仍命留任。擢禮部侍郎。遭父喪。服除，補內閣學士，仍授原官，直上書房。遭母喪。服除，補原官。五十一年，以衰老休致。五十三年，卒。

Cunyu, whose style name was Fanggen, came from Wujin in Jiangnan. In the tenth year of Qianlong he graduated jinshi as second in the first tier and was appointed compiler. He was promoted four times to Grand Secretariat scholar. In the twenty-first year he was appointed education commissioner of Zhili. When he examined Manchu and Mongol boys he was strict and forbade the passing of notes; the crowd broke into an uproar. Censor Tang Shichang memorialized in impeachment, and the emperor ordered Cunyu deprived of his rank. The emperor, angered by the license of Manchu and Mongol boys, personally held a re-examination and uncovered concealed crib sheets. At the hearing, the boy Haicheng was the most brazen and said: "Why not just kill him? The emperor flew into a rage and at once ordered him put to death. Three who had joined the hall in the uproar were sent to Lalin to farm; forty were ordered to serve in the banners under arms; and none of them might sit for the examinations again. The emperor also judged that Cunyu had supervised the examination with proper rigor, and ordered him to remain in office. He was promoted to vice minister of Rites. He entered mourning for his father. When mourning ended he was restored as Grand Secretariat scholar, reassumed his former rank, and returned to the Upper Library. He entered mourning for his mother. When mourning ended he was restored to his former post. In the fifty-first year he retired on grounds of age and infirmity. In the fifty-third year he died.

存與廉鯁。典浙江試，巡撫餽金不受，遺以二品冠，受之。及塗，從者以告曰：「冠頂真珊瑚，直千金！」存與使千餘裡返之。為講官，上御文華殿，進講禮畢，存與奏：「講章有舛誤，臣意不謂爾。」奉書進，复講，盡其旨，上為留聽之。

Cunyu was incorruptible and unbending. When he presided over the Zhejiang examinations the governor offered him gold, which he refused, but left with him a second-rank official's cap, which he accepted. On the road his attendants told him: "The cap finial is genuine coral, worth a thousand taels of gold! Cunyu sent it back more than a thousand li. As lecturing official, when the emperor attended the Hall of Literary Brilliance and the lecture on Rituals was finished, Cunyu memorialized: "There are errors in the lecture text; in my judgment it should not stand as written. He presented the text, lectured again, and expounded it to the full; the emperor remained to listen.

弟培因，字本淳，乾隆十五年一甲一名進士，官至內閣學士。

His younger brother Peiyin, whose style name was Benchun, was first among jinshi of the first tier in the fifteenth year of Qianlong and rose to Grand Secretariat scholar.

劉星煒，字映榆，江南武進人。乾隆十三年進士，改庶吉士，授編修。遷侍講，督廣東學政。疏言：「鶴山立縣初，有廣州民一百五戶請修城入籍，緣是開冒考之弊，請以有廬墓、田糧在縣者為限。」丁母喪，去。服闋，補原官。督安徽學政，請童生兼試五言六韻詩。童試有詩自此始。累遷侍讀學士。二十九年，直上書房，再遷禮部侍郎。卒。

Liu Xingwei, whose style name was Yingyu, came from Wujin in Jiangnan. In the thirteenth year of Qianlong he passed the jinshi examination, entered the Hanlin as a bachelor, and was appointed compiler. He was promoted to attendant expositor and appointed education commissioner of Guangdong. He memorialized: "When Heshan county was first established, one hundred and fifty Guangzhou households petitioned to register by building walls, and from this arose the abuse of false registration for the examinations. I ask that eligibility be limited to those who have ancestral halls or tombs and land tax obligations within the county. His mother died and he left his post. When mourning ended he was restored to his former post. As education commissioner of Anhui he requested that boys in the preliminary examination also be tested on five-character regulated verse in six rhymes. From this time onward poetry was included in the boys' examinations. He rose in stages to attendant reader of the Hanlin Academy. In the twenty-ninth year he was posted directly to the Upper Library and again promoted to vice minister of Rites. He died.

=王昶=王昶，字德甫，江蘇青浦人。乾隆十九年進士。南巡，召試，授內閣中書，充軍機章京。三遷刑部郎中。三十二年，察治兩淮運鹽提引，前鹽運使盧見曾坐得罪，昶嘗客授見曾所，至是坐漏言奪職。雲貴總督阿桂帥師討緬甸，疏請發軍前自效。上命大學士傅恆出視師，嗣以理籓院尚書溫福代阿桂，皆以昶佐幕府。溫福移師討金川，昶實從，疏請敘昶勞，授吏部主事。既，復從阿桂定兩金川，再遷郎中。刑部侍郎袁守侗按事四川，上命察軍中事，還奏言昶治軍書有勞。四十一年，師凱還，擢昶鴻臚寺卿，仍充軍機章京。三遷左副都御史，外授江西按察使。數月，以憂歸。起直隸按察使，未上，移陝西按察使。

Wang Chang, whose style name was Defu, came from Qingpu in Jiangsu. He became a jinshi in the nineteenth year of Qianlong. During the southern tour he was summoned for examination, appointed a secretary in the Grand Secretariat, and served as a Grand Council clerk. He rose through three promotions to director in the Board of Punishments. In the thirty-second year, while investigating the salt transport surcharge at Lianghuai, former Salt Transport Commissioner Lu Jianzeng was found guilty. Chang had once taught as a guest in Lu's household, and now was stripped of office for leaking information. Yunnan-Guizhou Governor-General Agui led an army against Burma, and Chang memorialized asking to serve at the front. The emperor ordered Grand Secretary Fu Heng to take command in the field; afterward Minister of the Court of Colonial Affairs Wen Fu replaced Agui, and Chang served on both staffs. When Wen Fu moved his army against Jinchuan, Chang went with him; a memorial requested recognition of his service, and he was appointed a principal clerk in the Board of Personnel. Afterward he again followed Agui in pacifying the Two Jinchuans and was promoted again to director. Vice Minister of Punishments Yuan Shoutong was investigating affairs in Sichuan; the emperor ordered him to inspect military matters, and on his return he reported that Chang had rendered distinguished service in managing military documents. In the forty-first year, when the victorious army returned, Chang was promoted to vice minister of the Court of State Ceremonial and continued as a Grand Council clerk. He rose through three promotions to vice censor-in-chief of the Left, then was appointed provincial surveillance commissioner of Jiangxi. Within a few months he returned home to mourn. He was recalled as surveillance commissioner of Zhili; before he could take up the post he was transferred to Shaanxi as surveillance commissioner.

在陝西凡十年，值回田五為亂，軍興，昶繕守具，佐治軍需，疏請清釐保甲，禁民間蓄軍器。遷雲南布政使。河南伊陽民戕知縣，竄匿陝西境未獲，昶如商州督捕，上命俟得賊詣京師覲見。昶既得賊，入謁上，自陳疲憊，乞改京職，上溫旨慰遣，乃上官。以雲南銅政事重，撰銅政全書，求調劑補救之法。旋調江西布政使。五十四年，內遷刑部侍郎。屢命如江南、湖北讞獄。五十八年，以老乞罷，上許之，方歲暮，諭俟來歲春融歸里。昶歸，遂以「春融」名其堂。嘉慶元年，詣京師賀內禪，與千叟宴。四年，复詣京師謁高宗梓宮。十一年，卒。

He served in Shaanxi for ten years in all. When the Muslim rebel Tian Wu rose in rebellion and war broke out, Chang prepared defenses and supplies, assisted in managing military provisions, and memorialized requesting the reorganization of the baojia system and a ban on civilians keeping weapons. He was transferred to provincial administration commissioner of Yunnan. When a man from Yiyang in Henan killed a magistrate and fled into Shaanxi still at large, Chang went to Shangzhou to oversee the pursuit; the emperor ordered that once the culprit was taken he should come to the capital for an audience. Once Chang had the culprit he went to audience, declared himself worn out, and begged for a post in the capital; the emperor sent warm edicts of reassurance, and he then took up his new office. Because Yunnan copper administration was a weighty matter, he compiled a comprehensive book on copper policy and sought ways to remedy and adjust it. Soon he was transferred to provincial administration commissioner of Jiangxi. In the fifty-fourth year he was transferred within the capital to vice minister of Punishments. He was repeatedly ordered to review legal cases in Jiangnan and Hubei. In the fifty-eighth year he begged leave on account of age; the emperor granted it, and as the year was ending, directed him to wait until the spring thaw before returning home. When Chang returned home he named his hall "Spring Thaw." In the first year of Jiaqing he went to the capital to congratulate the abdication and took part in the banquet of a thousand elders. In the fourth year he again went to the capital to pay respects before the Qianlong Emperor's coffin. In the eleventh year he died.

昶工詩古文辭，通經。讀硃子書，兼及薛瑄、王守仁諸家之學。蒐採金石，平選詩文詞，著述傳於世。

Chang was accomplished in classical poetry and prose and thoroughly versed in the classics. He read Zhu Xi's works and also took up the teachings of Xue Xuan, Wang Shouren, and others. He gathered inscriptions on bronze and stone, compiled and selected poetry and prose, and his writings circulated widely.

=【論】=論曰：國家全盛日，文學侍從之臣，雍容揄揚，潤色鴻業。人主以其閒暇，偶與賡和，一時稱盛事。未有彌歲經時，往復酬答，君臣若師友，如高宗之於陳群、德潛。嗚呼，懿矣！當時以儒臣被知遇，或以文辭，或以書畫，錄其尤著者。視陳群、德潛恩禮雖未逮，文采要足與相映，不其盛歟！

Commentary: The historiographer says: In the days of the state's full flourishing, literary attendants moved with easy grace, offering praise and adding luster to the grand enterprise. The sovereign, in moments of leisure, would occasionally exchange verses with them, and for a time it was hailed as a great occasion. Never before had exchanges lasted whole years, back and forth in reply, ruler and subject like teacher and friend—as with the Qianlong Emperor toward Chen Qun and Deqian. Alas, how splendid! At that time Confucian officials who won imperial favor—whether for literary composition or for painting and calligraphy—are recorded here, the most eminent among them. Though the grace and favor shown them did not match that given Chen Qun and Deqian, their literary brilliance was certainly enough to shine in answer—is this not grandeur indeed!

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