Volume 307 Biographies 94: Yin Jishan, Liu Yuyi, Chen Dashou, Zhang Yunsui, Chen Hongmou

尹繼善劉於義陳大受張允隨陳宏謀

Yin Jishan, Liu Yuyi, Chen Dashou, Zhang Yunsui, and Chen Hongmou.

尹繼善，字元長，章佳氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人，大學士尹泰子。雍正元年進士，改庶吉士，授編修。五年，遷侍講，尋署戶部郎中。上遣通政使留保等如廣東按布政使官達、按察使方原瑛受賕狀，以尹繼善偕。鞫實，即以尹繼善署按察使。六年，授內閣侍讀學士，協理江南河務。是秋，署江蘇巡撫，七年，真除。疏禁收漕規費，定石米費六分，半給旗丁，半給州縣，使無不足，然後裁以法。平糶盈餘，非公家之利，應存縣庫，常平倉捐穀聽民樂輸，不得隨漕勒徵。命如議行。又疏請崇明增設巡道，兼轄太倉、通州。並釐定永興、牛羊、大安諸沙分防將吏。福山增隸沙船，與京口、狼山諸汛會哨。又請移按察使駐蘇州，蘇松道駐上海。皆從之。旋署河道總督。九年，署兩江總督。十年，協辦江寧將軍，兼理兩淮鹽政。疏言：「鎮江水兵駐高資港，江寧水兵駐省會，各增置將吏。狼山復設趕纟曾大船，與鎮江、江寧水兵每月出巡察，庶長江數千里聲勢聯絡。」上嘉之。尹繼善請清察江蘇積欠田賦，上遣侍郎彭維新等助為料理，又命浙江總督李衛與其事。察出康熙五十一年至雍正四年都計積虧一千十一萬，上命分別吏蝕、民欠，逐年帶徵。尹繼善等並議敘。又請改三江營同知為鹽務道，並增設緝私將吏。

Yin Jishan, styled Yuanchang, belonged to the Zhangjia clan and served as a Manchu bannerman of the Bordered Yellow Banner; he was the son of Grand Secretary Yin Tai. He earned his jinshi degree in the first year of Yongzheng, entered the Hanlin as a probationary academician, and received appointment as a compiler. In the fifth year he rose to Hanlin lecturer and shortly thereafter acted as a director in the Ministry of Revenue. The throne dispatched Communications Commissioner Liubao and others to Guangdong to look into bribery charges against Administration Commissioner Guanda and Surveillance Commissioner Fang Yuanying, and Yin Jishan went with them. Once the inquiry confirmed the offenses, Yin Jishan was immediately appointed acting surveillance commissioner. In the sixth year he became a Grand Secretariat reader and was put in charge of assisting with Jiangnan hydraulic affairs. That autumn he acted as Jiangsu governor, and in the seventh year the post was confirmed to him. He submitted a memorial banning illicit surcharges on grain transport, setting a levy of six fen per shi of rice—half for banner transport crews and half for local prefectures and counties so that all parties were adequately provided for before any statutory reduction was applied. He held that surpluses from government grain sales at relief prices were not state revenue and should remain in county treasuries, that donations to ever-normal granaries should be voluntary, and that such gifts must not be extorted along with transport dues. The throne approved his recommendations. He further asked that a new inspection circuit be established at Chongming with authority over Taicang and Tongzhou as well. He likewise reorganized the officers responsible for defending the Yongxing, Niuyang, and Da'an sandbanks. Fushan was brought under the sand-junk patrol system and ordered to conduct joint patrols with the garrisons at Jingkou, Langshan, and other stations. He further proposed moving the surveillance commissioner to Suzhou and the Susong circuit intendant to Shanghai. The court accepted all of these requests. He soon afterward acted as director-general of waterways. In the ninth year he acted as governor-general of the Two Jiangs. In the tenth year he assisted the Jiangning general and at the same time took charge of the Lianghuai salt monopoly. In a memorial he wrote: "Zhenjiang's naval force should be posted at Gaozi Harbor and Jiangning's at the provincial seat, and additional commanders should be assigned to each detachment. Large fast patrol ships should be restored at Langshan and, together with the Zhenjiang and Jiangning fleets, sent out on monthly patrols so that the Yangzi's thousand-mile reach would be covered by a connected chain of naval strength." The emperor commended the plan. Yin Jishan asked for a full investigation of Jiangsu's long-standing land-tax arrears; the throne sent Vice Minister Peng Weixin and others to help settle the accounts and directed Zhejiang Governor-General Li Wei to join the effort. The investigation revealed a cumulative deficit of 10.11 million taels from Kangxi 51 through Yongzheng 4; the emperor ordered official embezzlement to be separated from genuine peasant arrears and recovery to proceed on an annual schedule. Yin Jishan and his colleagues were all rewarded with merit citations. He further proposed converting the Sanjiang garrison subprefect into a salt intendant and adding officers devoted to anti-smuggling duty.

十一年，調雲貴廣西總督。思茅土酋刁興國為亂，總督高其倬發兵討之，擒興國，餘黨未解。尹繼善至，諮於其倬，得翾要，檄總兵楊國華、董芳督兵深入，斬其酋三，及從亂者百餘。元江、臨安悉定。分兵進攻攸樂、思茅，東道撫定攸樂三十六寨，西道攻六囤，破十五寨，降八十餘寨。疏聞，上諭曰：「剿撫名雖二事，恩威用豈兩端？當撫者不妨明示優容，當剿者亦宜顯施斬馘，俾知順則利，逆則害。今此攻心之師，即寓將來善後之舉，是乃仁術也。識之！」十二年，奏定新闢苗疆諸事，請移清江鎮總兵於台拱，並移設同知以下官，增兵設汛，從之。又奏雲南濬土黃河，自土黃至百色，袤七百四十餘裡。得旨嘉獎。尋詔廣西仍隸廣東總督。十三年，奏定貴州安籠等營製。貴州苗复亂，尹繼善發雲南兵，並徵湖廣、廣西兵策應。遣副將紀龍剿清平，參將哈尚德收新舊黃平二城，合兵徇重安。副將周儀等復餘慶，獲苗酋羅萬像等。總兵王無黨、韓勳剿八寨，總兵譚行義剿鎮遠。又令無黨合廣西、湖南兵與行義會，破苗寨，斬千餘級，獲苗酋阿九清等，苗亂乃定。乾隆元年，貴州別設總督，命尹繼善專督雲南。二年，奏豁雲南軍丁銀萬二千二百有奇。入覲，以父尹泰老，乞留京侍養。授刑部尚書，兼管兵部。三年，丁父憂。四年，加太子少保。五年，授川陝總督。郭羅克部番復為亂，尹繼善檄諭番酋執為盜者以獻，事旋定。六年。奏陳郭羅克善後諸事，請設土目，打牲予號片，寬積案，撤戍兵，上皆許之。七年，丁母憂。

In the eleventh year he was transferred to the post of governor-general of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi. The Simao chieftain Diao Xingguo rebelled; Governor-General Gao Qizhuo marched against him and took Xingguo prisoner, yet his followers had not yet been subdued. On reaching the province Yin Jishan consulted Gao Qizhuo and learned the essentials of the campaign, then ordered Regional Commanders Yang Guohua and Dong Fang to drive deep into rebel country, where they killed three chieftains and more than a hundred rebels. Yuanjiang and Lin'an were fully brought under control. Forces were split to advance on Youle and Simao: the eastern column pacified thirty-six Youle stockades, while the western column assaulted Liutun, took fifteen stockades by storm, and accepted the surrender of more than eighty others. When the report reached court, the emperor instructed: "Punitive campaigns and conciliatory measures may go by different names, but can kindness and severity really be wielded as two separate tools? Where conciliation is called for, show clemency openly; where force is required, make executions visible, so that people learn that submission brings reward and resistance brings ruin. This present campaign aimed at winning hearts already contains the work of future pacification; that is the truly humane approach. Bear this in mind!" In the twelfth year he submitted regulations for the newly opened Miao territories, proposing to move the Qingjiang regional commander to Taigong, reassign subprefects and lower officials, and add troops and garrison posts; the court approved. He also reported dredging Yunnan's Tuhuang River from Tuhuang to Baise, a distance of more than seven hundred forty li. He received an imperial commendation. Shortly afterward an edict placed Guangxi once again under the Guangdong governor-general. In the thirteenth year he submitted regulations governing the Anlong garrison and other Guizhou military posts. When the Guizhou Miao rose again, Yin Jishan sent Yunnan troops and summoned reinforcements from Huguang and Guangxi. He sent Vice Commander Ji Long against Qingping, Colonel Ha Shangde to retake the old and new Huangping towns, and then united the columns for an advance on Chong'an. Vice Commander Zhou Yi and his colleagues retook Yuqing and captured the Miao chieftains Luo Wanxiang and others. Regional Commanders Wang Wudang and Han Xun campaigned in the Eight Stockades, while Regional Commander Tan Xingyi operated against Zhenyuan. He further ordered Wudang to unite Guangxi and Hunan forces with Xingyi's column, stormed Miao stockades, killed more than a thousand rebels, and captured chieftains including A Jiuqing, after which the Miao uprising was finally pacified. In the first year of Qianlong Guizhou received its own governor-general, and Yin Jishan was left in sole charge of Yunnan. In the second year he secured remission of more than 12,200 taels in military service payments owed by Yunnan troops. When he came to court for audience, he asked to remain in the capital to care for his aged father Yin Tai. He was appointed Minister of Punishments and given concurrent charge of the Ministry of War. In the third year he went into mourning for his father. In the fourth year he received the additional title of Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the fifth year he was appointed governor-general of Sichuan and Shaanxi. The Golok tribes rebelled again; Yin Jishan ordered the chieftains to hand over the raiders, and the disturbance was quickly settled. In the sixth year. He reported on Golok pacification, proposing native headmen, tally slips for hunting parties, relief from backlogged cases, and withdrawal of garrison troops; the emperor approved every item. In the seventh year he went into mourning for his mother.

八年，署兩江總督，協理河務。疏言：「毛城鋪天然壩，高郵三壩，皆宜仍舊。」上諭令斟酌，因時制宜。九年，衛入覲，還，上命傳旨開天然壩，且曰：「衛奏河水小，壩宜開。」尹繼善覆奏，略言：「衛不問河身深淺，但問河水大小，非知河者也。河淺壩開，宣流太過。湖弱不敵黃強，為害滋甚。」上卒用尹繼善議。十年，實授兩江總督。十二年，疏言：「阜寧、高、寶諸地圩岸分年修治，務令圩外取土，挑濬成溝，量留涵洞，使旱澇有備。鳳、潁、泗三屬頻遭水患，河渠次第開濬，而田間圩塍實與為表裡，亦陸續興修。俟有成效，推行遠近。」上諭曰：「此誠務本之圖，實力為之。」

In the eighth year he acted as governor-general of the Two Jiangs while assisting with hydraulic affairs. He memorialized: "The natural dam at Maochengpu and the three Gaoyou dams should all be maintained as they are." The emperor told him to weigh the matter carefully and adapt policy to circumstances. In the ninth year Wei came to court and, on his return, the emperor sent orders to open the natural dam, saying: "Wei reports low water and recommends opening the dam." Yin Jishan replied that Wei judged the river only by surface flow, not by channel depth, and therefore did not understand river management. If the channel is shallow and the dam is opened, the current will be released too forcefully. The lake's weaker current cannot resist the Yellow River's force, and the damage would be severe." The emperor ultimately followed Yin Jishan's advice. In the tenth year he was confirmed as governor-general of the Two Jiangs. In the twelfth year he wrote: "Polder dikes in Funing, Gaoyou, and Baoying should be repaired on a rotating schedule; soil should be taken from outside the dikes and dredged into drainage channels, with sluices left where needed, so the region is prepared for both drought and flood. Fengyang, Yingzhou, and Sizhou have suffered repeated flooding; main canals are being dredged in sequence, and the field dikes that work in tandem with them are likewise being repaired step by step. Once these measures prove effective, they can be extended throughout the region." The emperor replied: "This is a genuinely fundamental plan; put it into practice with full energy."

十三年，入覲，調兩廣，未行，授戶部尚書、協辦大學士、軍機處行走，兼正藍旗滿洲都統。未幾，復出署川陝總督。嗣以四川別設總督，命專督陝、甘。大學士傅恆經略金川，師經陝西，上獎尹繼善料理台站、馬匹諸事，調度得宜。十四年，命參贊軍務，加太子太保。十五年，西藏不靖，四川總督策楞統兵入藏，命兼管川陝總督。

In the thirteenth year he came to court and was slated for the Two Guangs, but before he could leave he was made Minister of Revenue, associate grand secretary, Grand Council member, and commander of the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner. Soon afterward he left the capital again to act as governor-general of Sichuan and Shaanxi. When Sichuan later received its own governor-general, he was left in sole charge of Shaanxi and Gansu. When Grand Secretary Fu Heng campaigned in Jinchuan and the army passed through Shaanxi, the emperor commended Yin Jishan for his well-managed arrangements of relay stations and horses. In the fourteenth year he was assigned to assist in military planning and received the additional title of Senior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the fifteenth year, when Tibet grew unstable, Sichuan Governor-General Celeng marched into Tibet and Yin Jishan was ordered to resume concurrent charge of Sichuan and Shaanxi affairs.

十六年，復調兩江。十七年，尹繼善以上江頻被水，疏請濬宿州睢河、彭家溝，泗州謝家溝，虹縣汴河上游，築宿州符離橋，靈壁新馬橋，砂礓河尾黃甿橋、翟家橋，詔如所請。羅田民馬朝柱為亂，檄總兵牧光宗捕治，並親赴天堂寨，獲朝柱家屬、徒黨，得旨嘉獎，召詣京師。十八年，復調署陝甘總督。雍正間，開哈密蔡伯什湖屯田，乾隆初，以畀回民。貝子玉素富以屢歉收請罷。尹繼善奏言：「從前開渠引水，幾費經營。回民不諳耕作，頻歲歉收。萬畝屯田，棄之可惜。請選西安兵丁子弟，或招各衛民承種。」上韙其言。

In the sixteenth year he was transferred back to the Two Jiangs. In the seventeenth year Yin Jishan, citing repeated flooding along the upper river, asked to dredge the Sui River and Pengjia Ditch at Suzhou, the Xiejia Ditch at Sizhou, and the upper Bian River at Hong County, and to build bridges at Fuli, Xinma, Huangmeng, and Zhaijia; the court approved. When the Luotian rebel Ma Chaozhu rose in arms, Yin Jishan ordered Regional Commander Mu Guangzong to arrest him and personally went to Tiantang Stockade, capturing Chaozhu's family and followers; he was commended by edict and summoned to the capital. In the eighteenth year he was transferred back to act as governor-general of Shaanxi and Gansu. Under Yongzheng, military colonies had been opened at Caiboshi Lake near Hami; early in Qianlong they were turned over to Muslim cultivators. Prince Yusufu asked that the colonies be abandoned after repeated crop failures. Yin Jishan argued: "The canals dug to bring in water required enormous effort to establish. The Muslim settlers are inexperienced farmers and have suffered poor harvests year after year. It would be wasteful to abandon ten thousand mu of colony land. He proposed assigning sons of Xi'an garrison soldiers or recruiting cultivators from the surrounding guard settlements." The emperor endorsed his proposal.

調江南河道總督。十九年，疏言：「河水挾沙而行，停滯成灘。有灘則水射對岸，即成險工。銅、沛、邳、睢、宿、虹諸地河道多灘，宜遵聖祖諭，於曲處取直，開引河，導溜歸中央，藉水刷沙。河堤歲令加高，務使穩固，而青黃不接，亦寓賑於工。」詔如議行。命署兩江總督，兼江蘇巡撫。二十一年，疏請濬洪澤湖入江道，開石羊溝，引東西灣兩壩所減之水，疏芒稻閘達董家溝引河，引金灣閘壩所減之水，加寬廖家溝河口，引璧虎、鳳凰兩橋所減之水，並濬各河道上游，修天妃、青龍、白駒諸閘，從之。實授兩江總督。二十二年，疏言：「沛縣地最卑，昭陽、微山諸湖環之，濟、泗、汶、滕諸水奔注。請於荊山橋外增建閘壩，使湖水暢流入運。又沂水自山東南入駱馬湖，出盧口入運，阻荊山橋出水。當相度堵修。」上以所言中形勢，嘉之。旋與侍郎夢麟等會督疏治淮、揚、徐、海支干各河暨高、寶各工，是冬事竟，議敘。二十五年，上命增設布政使，尹繼善請分設江寧、蘇州二佈政使，而移安徽布政使駐安慶。二十七年，上南巡，命為御前大臣。二十九年，授文華殿大學士，仍留總督任。三十年，上南巡，尹繼善年七十，御書榜以賜。召入閣，兼領兵部事，充上書房總師傅。三十四年，兼翰林院掌院學士。三十六年，上東巡，命留京治事。四月，卒，贈太保，發帑五千治喪。令皇八子永璇奠醊，永璇，尹繼善壻也。賜祭葬，諡文端。

He was transferred to the post of director-general of Jiangnan waterways. In the nineteenth year he wrote: "The river carries silt as it flows, and wherever the current slackens shoals build up. Once shoals appear, the current strikes the opposite bank and creates a dangerous breach point. From Tongshan through Pei, Pi, Sui, Su, and Hong the channel is shoal-ridden; following the Kangxi emperor's instruction, bends should be straightened, diversion canals dug, the current brought back to mid-channel, and the flow used to scour away silt. Dikes should be raised annually to keep them secure, and during the lean season before the new harvest, public works can also serve as famine relief." The court approved his plan. He was appointed acting governor-general of the Two Jiangs with concurrent duty as Jiangsu governor. In the twenty-first year he proposed dredging Hongze Lake's outlet to the Yangzi, opening the Shiyang Ditch, clearing channels from the eastern and western bay dams, the Mangdao Sluice, the Jinwan dam, the widened Liaojiagou mouth, and the Bihu and Fenghuang bridges, dredging upstream reaches throughout, and repairing the Tianfei, Qinglong, and Baiju sluices; the court approved. He was confirmed as governor-general of the Two Jiangs. In the twenty-second year he wrote: "Pei County is the lowest ground in the region, ringed by the Zhaoyang and Weishan lakes, with the Ji, Si, Wen, and Teng rivers pouring in upon it. He proposed building additional sluices and dams beyond Jingshan Bridge so lake water could flow freely into the Grand Canal. The Yi River also enters Luoma Lake from southeastern Shandong and leaves through Lukou for the canal, but Jingshan Bridge blocks its discharge. The site should be surveyed and appropriate blocking and repair work carried out." The emperor judged his analysis to be right about the situation and praised him for it. He then joined Vice Minister Meng Lin and others to supervise dredging of the Huai, Yang, Xu, and Hai river systems and related works at Gao and Bao; the projects were finished that winter and rewards were proposed. In the twenty-fifth year the throne ordered new provincial administration commissioners; Yin Jishan proposed separate posts at Jiangning and Suzhou and relocating the Anhui commissioner to Anqing. During the southern tour in the twenty-seventh year, he was named an imperial attendant minister. In the twenty-ninth year he received appointment as Grand Secretary of the Hall of Literary Glory and kept his governorship. On the southern tour in the thirtieth year, when Yin Jishan reached seventy, the emperor bestowed a plaque written in the imperial hand. He was called into the Grand Council, took charge of the Ministry of War as well, and served as chief tutor in the Upper Study. In the thirty-fourth year he also held the chancellorship of the Hanlin Academy. During the eastern tour in the thirty-sixth year, he was left in the capital to manage affairs. He died in the fourth month, was posthumously made Grand Guardian, and the court issued five thousand taels from the treasury for his funeral. The Eighth Imperial Son, Yongxuan—Yin Jishan's son-in-law—was ordered to perform the funeral libations. The court granted him state funeral rites and the posthumous title Wenduan, Cultured and Upright.

尹繼善釋褐五年，即任封疆，年才三十餘。蒞政明敏，遇糾紛盤錯，紆徐料量，靡不妥貼。一督雲、貴，三督川、陝，四督兩江。在江南前後三十年，最久，民德之亦最深。世宗最賞李衛、鄂爾泰、田文鏡，嘗諭尹繼善，謂當學此三人。尹繼善奏曰：「李衛，臣學其勇，不學其粗。田文鏡，臣學其勤，不學其刻。鄂爾泰，宜學處多，然臣亦不學其愎。」世宗不以為忤。高宗嘗謂：「我朝百餘年來，滿洲科目中惟鄂爾泰與尹繼善為真知學者。」御製懷舊詩复及之。子慶桂，自有傳。

Only five years after taking office, Yin Jishan was already serving on the frontier, and he was barely past thirty. Clear-eyed in office, he handled tangled disputes with unhurried judgment and always found a fitting solution. He served once as governor-general of Yunnan-Guizhou, three times of Sichuan-Shaanxi, and four times of the Two Jiangs. His service in Jiangnan spanned nearly thirty years, longer than any other post, and the people honored him most deeply of all. Emperor Yongzheng most admired Li Wei, Ortai, and Tian Wenjing, and once told Yin Jishan that he ought to learn from all three. Yin Jishan answered: "From Li Wei I would take his courage, not his coarseness. From Tian Wenjing I would take his diligence, not his severity. There is much in Ortai worth learning, but I would not take his obstinacy." Emperor Yongzheng was not offended. Emperor Qianlong once said: "In the more than a century of our dynasty, among Manchus who rose through the civil examinations, only Ortai and Yin Jishan have been genuine scholars. The emperor's own nostalgic poems mention him as well. His son Qinggui is given a separate biography.

劉於義，字喻旃，江蘇武進人。進士，改庶吉士，授編修。在翰林文譽甚著，凡有撰擬，輒稱旨。雍正元年，命直南書房，遷中允。再遷侍講，督山西學政。三年，遷庶子，上諭以留心民事。歲饑，無積貯，奏請歲以耗羨四萬於太原、平陽、潞安、大同買米貯倉，春糶秋補，上命巡撫伊都立酌量舉行。四年，一歲四遷，擢倉場侍郎。倉吏積習，鬻正米以購篩颺耗米抵額。於義嚴出入，稽餘米定數，宿弊一清。七年，命察覈西寧軍需。八年，遷吏部侍郎。命與侍郎牧可登如山東察賑，並按按察史唐綏祖劾濟南知府金允彝袒鄒平知縣袁舜裔虧空，論如律。

Liu Yuyi, styled Yuzhan, came from Wujin in Jiangsu. Having passed the jinshi examination, he entered the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor and was appointed compiler. His literary reputation in the Hanlin was outstanding, and every draft he produced won imperial approval. In the first year of Yongzheng he was assigned to the Southern Library and promoted to vice director. He was promoted again to reader-in-waiting and made educational commissioner of Shanxi. In the third year he became vice supervisor of the Heir Apparent's study, and the emperor told him to keep the people's welfare in mind. When famine struck and there were no reserves, he proposed using forty thousand taels of annual surplus fees to buy grain for granaries at Taiyuan, Pingyang, Lu'an, and Datong, selling in spring and restocking in autumn; the emperor ordered Governor Neyijili to carry this out as he saw fit. In the fourth year he was promoted four times within one year and rose to vice minister of the Granary. Granary clerks had long sold good grain to buy winnowed spoilage grain so they could meet their quotas. Yu Yi tightened control over receipts and disbursements, audited surplus grain against fixed quotas, and wiped out the old abuses entirely. In the seventh year he was sent to audit military supplies at Xining. In the eighth year he was made vice minister of the Board of Civil Appointments. He was sent to Shandong with Vice Minister Mu Kedeng to inspect famine relief, and also investigated Surveillance Commissioner Tang Suizu's charge that Jinan Prefect Jin Yunyi had shielded Zouping Magistrate Yuan Shunyin in a treasury deficit; the offenders were sentenced according to law.

九年，授直隸河道總督。奏天津截留漕糧，省津貼諸費，但給地方官耗米百之一。又奏青龍灣諸地，侍郎何國宗議建雞心閘十四阻水，當停。並請展壩面，使無礙水道。均如議行。擢刑部尚書，仍理河務。尋署直隸總督。直隸盜犯，依律不分首從皆斬。大名劫盜十餘案，每案數十人。於義以凶器祗田具，贓物僅米穀，乃饑民借糧爭奪，非盜，奏請得末減。直隸盜案視各省分首從自此始。

In the ninth year he was appointed canal governor-general of Zhili. He proposed that grain held at Tianjin should no longer require the various transport subsidies, with local officials receiving only one percent as handling loss. He also argued that at Qinglong Bay and nearby areas, the fourteen heart-shaped sluices proposed by Vice Minister He Guozong would block the flow and ought to be stopped. He also asked that the dike surface be widened so the waterway would not be obstructed. All of these proposals were approved and carried out. He was promoted to minister of the Board of Punishments while continuing to oversee river works. He soon served as acting governor-general of Zhili. In Zhili the law required that robbers be executed without distinguishing ringleaders from followers. More than ten robbery cases at Daming had involved dozens of people in each. Yu Yi argued that the weapons were only farm implements, the goods taken were nothing but grain, and the affair was a fight among starving people over borrowed food rather than robbery; he memorialized for leniency at the lower end of the statutory range. From this case onward Zhili began, like other provinces, to distinguish ringleaders from accomplices in robbery cases.

十年，署陝西總督。十一年，授吏部尚書，仍署總督。累疏言甘、涼為軍需總匯，糧草價昂，兵餉不敷養贍。請酌借耔糧農器，於瓜州諸地開墾屯種，耕犁以馬代牛，並募耕夫二百，教回民農事。又於赤金、靖逆之北湃帶湖及塔兒灣築台堡為保障，安家窩鋪口別開渠供灌溉。又疏請甘、涼設馬廠，牧長、牧副，視太僕寺條例，歲十一月，察馬匹孳生多寡，為弁兵升降賞罰。均如所請行。十三年，命大學士查郎阿代於義領陝西總督，予於義欽差大臣關防，留肅州專筦軍儲。乾隆元年，奏言：「蘭州浮橋始於前明，用二十四艘，兩埠鐵纜百二十丈。自有司遞減四舟，纜僅七十丈，於是埠基砌入河心，水益湍急，衝潰屢見。請動用公帑改復原式。庶河寬水緩，以便行旅。」得旨允行。

In the tenth year he served as acting governor-general of Shaanxi. In the eleventh year he was made minister of the Board of Civil Appointments while continuing as acting governor-general. He repeatedly reported that Ganzhou and Liangzhou were the chief depot for military supplies, that grain and fodder prices were high, and that soldiers' pay no longer covered their upkeep. He proposed lending seed grain and farm tools as needed, opening colony farms around Guazhou, plowing with horses instead of oxen, and hiring two hundred laborers to teach the Hui people farming. He also built fortified platforms at Beipai Dai Lake and Ta'er Bay north of Chijin and Jingni for protection, and opened a separate canal at Anjiawopu for irrigation. He also asked to establish horse pastures in Ganzhou and Liangzhou with pasture chiefs and deputies under Court of the Imperial Stud rules, inspecting breeding numbers each November to determine promotions, demotions, rewards, and punishments for officers and men. All of these requests were approved and implemented. In the thirteenth year Grand Secretary Zhalang'a was ordered to take over the Shaanxi governorship from Yu Yi; Yu Yi received an imperial commissioner's seal and remained at Suzhou in Gansu to manage military supplies. In the first year of Qianlong he reported: "The Lanzhou pontoon bridge dates from the Ming dynasty and originally used twenty-four boats with iron cables one hundred and twenty zhang long between the two banks. Local officials had successively removed four boats, leaving cables of only seventy zhang; the bank foundations were driven into the river channel, the current grew swifter, and breaches became frequent. He asked that public funds be used to restore the original design. That would widen the river, slow the current, and make travel easier." The request was approved by imperial edict.

查郎阿入覲，於義仍署陝西總督。二年，召還京。三年，查郎阿劾承辦軍需道沈青崖等私運侵帑，辭連於義。上遣侍郎馬爾泰會查郎阿按治，於義坐奪官，並責償麥稞價銀三萬餘兩。甘肅自康熙末至雍正初，虧帑金一百六十餘萬，文書散缺。於義奉命察覈，逮任總督，部署西師往返，凡四年，屯田築堡，安集流移，輸送軍糧戰馬，其勞最多。以簿領過繁，得過亦由此。

When Zhalang'a went to court for an audience, Yu Yi again served as acting governor-general of Shaanxi. In the second year he was recalled to the capital. In the third year Zhalang'a impeached Grain Transport Commissioner Shen Qingya and others for private transport and embezzlement, implicating Yu Yi in the case. The emperor sent Vice Minister Malitai to join Zhalang'a in the investigation; Yu Yi was dismissed from office and ordered to repay more than thirty thousand taels of silver for misappropriated wheat grain. From the late Kangxi reign into early Yongzheng, Gansu had run up a treasury deficit of more than 1.6 million taels, and its records were scattered and incomplete. Yu Yi was ordered to investigate the accounts; once he became governor-general he spent four years organizing the western army's movements, establishing colony farms, building forts, resettling refugees, and supplying grain and horses—bearing more of the burden than anyone. The sheer volume of paperwork was also how he came to be faulted.

五年，起署直隸布政使。七年，授福建巡撫，疏請裁減閩鹽課外加派。漳州民陳作謀、台灣民王永興等謀為亂，遣將吏捕治。八年，調山西，召補戶部尚書。九年，調吏部尚書、協辦大學士。御史柴潮生請修治直隸水利，命同直隸總督高斌勘察。議濬檿牛河；開白溝河支流，西淀亦開支河，東淀河道裁灣取直，子牙河疏河口，築堤界，別清渾；疏鳳河；濬塌河淀；引唐河入保定河；濬正定諸泉，引以溉田；並修復營田舊渠閘。是為初次應舉各工。十年，署直隸總督，加太子太保。是冬，報初次工竟。复議還鄉河裁灣取直，築運薊河西堤；挑張青口支河、新安新河；拓廣利渠，望都至安肅開溝；並裁永定河兜灣。是為二次應舉各工。引塌河淀漲水入薊運河；疏天津賈家口、靜海蘆北口諸河；及慶雲馬頰河、鹽山宣惠河。是為三次應舉各工。又令署直隸河道總督，疏請減慶雲賦額。上命減地丁十之三，著為令。十二年夏，報二、三次工竟。召還。

In the fifth year he was restored to office and served as acting provincial administration commissioner of Zhili. In the seventh year he was appointed governor of Fujian and memorialized to cut the extra surcharges on Fujian salt taxes. When Chen Zuomou of Zhangzhou, Wang Yongxing of Taiwan, and others plotted rebellion, he sent officers to capture and punish them. In the eighth year he was transferred to Shanxi and then summoned to serve as minister of the Board of Revenue. In the ninth year he was made minister of the Board of Civil Appointments and associate grand secretary. When Censor Chai Chaosheng petitioned for repairs to Zhili waterworks, Yu Yi was ordered to inspect the region with Zhili Governor-General Gao Bin. They proposed dredging the Yan Niu River; opening branch channels of the Baigou River and branch rivers in the Western Marsh, straightening bends in the Eastern Marsh channel, dredging the mouth of the Ziya River, and building dikes to separate clear from muddy water; dredging the Feng River; deepening the Ta River marshes; diverting the Tang River into the Baoding River; clearing the springs at Zhengding and channeling them for irrigation; and restoring the old colony-field canals and sluices. These made up the first round of proposed works. In the tenth year he served as acting governor-general of Zhili and was made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. That winter brought word that the first round of works was finished. They proposed again to straighten bends in the Huanxiang River and build the western dike of the Yunji Canal; excavating the Zhangqingkou branch river and the Xin'an New River; widening the Guangli Canal and opening a ditch from Wangdu to Ansu; and cutting bends in the Yongding River. These made up the second round of proposed works. Channeling floodwater from the Ta River marshes into the Ji-Yun Canal; dredging the rivers at Jiajiakou in Tianjin, Lubekou in Jinghai, and other sites; as well as the Majia River at Qingyun and the Xuanhui River at Yanshan. These made up the third round of proposed works. He was also ordered to serve as acting canal governor-general of Zhili and memorialized to reduce Qingyun's tax quota. The emperor ordered land and poll taxes cut by three-tenths and made the reduction permanent law. In the summer of the twelfth year came word that the second and third rounds of works were finished. He was recalled to the capital.

十三年二月，奏事養心殿，跪久致僕，遽卒。賜祭葬，諡文恪。

In the second month of the thirteenth year, while presenting business in the Hall of Mental Cultivation, he collapsed from kneeling too long and died suddenly. The court granted him state funeral rites and the posthumous title Wenke, Cultured and Respectful.

陳大受，字佔咸，湖南祁陽人。幼沉敏，初授內則，即退習其儀。既長，家貧，躬耕山麓。同舍漁者夜出捕魚，為候門，讀書不輟。雍正十一年，成進士，選庶吉士。乾隆元年，授編修。二年，大考翰詹諸臣，日午，上御座以待。大受卷先奏，列第一，超擢侍讀。五遷吏部侍郎。四年，授安徽巡撫。初視事，決疑獄，老吏駭其精敏。廬、鳳、潁諸府時多盜，有司多諱匿，大受定限嚴緝，月獲盜五十輩，得旨褒美。淮南、北洊飢，發倉穀賑之。穀且盡，繼以麥。又告糶江南、廣東，且發且儲。時頻歲饑民掠米麥以食，有司以盜論。哀其情，奏原六十餘人。麥熟，禁鵕麴造酒及大商囤積。又以高阜斜陂不宜稻麥。福建安溪有旱稻名畬粟，不須溉灌，前總督郝玉麟得其種，教民試藝有獲。因令有司多購，分給各州縣，俾民因地種植。事聞，上諭曰：「諸凡如此留心，甚慰朕懷。」

Chen Dashou, styled Zhanxian, came from Qiyang in Hunan. Even as a boy he was thoughtful and sharp; after his first lessons in the Inner Canon, he would withdraw on his own to rehearse its ceremonies. When he came of age, his family was poor, and he worked the fields himself at the mountain's foot. A fisherman who shared his lodging went out at night to fish; Dashou kept watch at the door and never stopped studying. In the eleventh year of the Yongzheng reign, he passed the jinshi examination and was chosen as a Hanlin bachelor. In the first year of the Qianlong reign, he was appointed Hanlin compiler. In the second year, when the Hanlin and Hanlin Academy officials were examined, the emperor took the throne at noon and waited. Dashou's examination paper was submitted first and placed first; he was exceptionally promoted to reader. Within five promotions he rose to vice minister of the Ministry of Personnel. In the fourth year he was appointed governor of Anhui. When he first assumed office, he resolved a doubtful case, and veteran clerks were astonished by his sharp judgment. Lu, Feng, and Ying were then rife with bandits, but local officials often concealed the problem. Dashou set firm deadlines for strict pursuit; within a month fifty bandits were captured, and the emperor praised him for it. Huainan and northern Jiangbei suffered famine year after year; he opened the granaries and distributed grain for relief. When the grain was nearly gone, he continued relief with wheat. He also requested grain sales from Jiangnan and Guangdong, releasing supplies even as he built up reserves. In those years of repeated famine, starving people seized rice and wheat to eat, and officials prosecuted them as thieves. Moved by their plight, he memorialized to pardon more than sixty of them. When the wheat ripened, he forbade brewing wine from wheat germ and hoarding by large merchants. He also observed that high ground and sloping embankments were ill suited to rice and wheat. In Anxi, Fujian, there was a drought-resistant rice called she grain that needed no irrigation; the former governor-general Hao Yulin had obtained its seed and taught the people to trial-cultivate it with success. He therefore ordered officials to buy large quantities and distribute the seed to every prefecture and county, so the people could plant according to local conditions. When the report reached the throne, the emperor said: "To show such care in every matter of this kind greatly comforts my heart."

是年，調江蘇，疏請飭糧道較定各州縣漕斛，及先冬令民搜蝻子。屢諭嘉獎，並以搜蝻子法令直隸總督高斌仿行。常州、鎮江、太倉三府州被水災，發倉治賑。江南舊多藉堰圩塘，或有久廢者，被水後尤多潰敗，工鉅費重，民力不能勝。大受出官粟借之，召民興築，計時而成。於江浦繕三合、永豐、北城諸圩，於句容复郭西塘黃堰，蘇州、太倉疏劉家河，灌溉瀦洩，諸工畢舉。七年秋，黃河決古溝、石林，高、寶、興、泰、徐諸州縣罹其患，大受馳視以聞。上命截漕米協濟，大受乃命多具舟，候水至分載四出，舳艫數百里，一日而遍。丹陽運河口藉湖水灌輸，淤沙需疏濬，大受奏定六年大修，每年小修。後高宗南巡，御製反李白丁都護歌曰：「豈無疏濬方，天工在人補。輪年大小修，往來通商賈。」蓋嘉其奏定歲修法利於漕運也。

That year he was transferred to Jiangsu and memorialized asking the grain-tribute intendant to standardize transport measures in each prefecture and county, and to order the people to search for locust nymphs before winter. The emperor repeatedly praised and rewarded him, and ordered Governor-General Gao Bin of Zhili to adopt the locust-nymph search regulation as well. Changzhou, Zhenjiang, and Taicang were stricken by flood; he opened the granaries and organized relief. Jiangnan had long depended on dikes, polders, and ponds, some of them long neglected; after the floods even more collapsed. The work was enormous and costly, beyond what local people could manage alone. Dashou lent out official grain, mobilized the people to rebuild, and the work was finished on schedule. At Jiangpu he repaired the Sanhe, Yongfeng, and Beicheng polders; at Jurong he restored the Huang weir at Guoxitang; at Suzhou and Taicang he dredged the Liujia River. Irrigation, drainage, and flood control were all put in order. In the autumn of the seventh year the Yellow River broke through at Gugou and Shilin, and Gaoyou, Baoying, Xinghua, Taizhou, and Xuzhou were inundated. Dashou rushed to inspect the damage and report. The emperor ordered grain tribute diverted for mutual relief. Dashou had many boats prepared, and when the floodwaters came he loaded them and sent them out in every direction—a line of vessels hundreds of li long, reaching every affected place in a single day. The Danyang transport canal mouth depended on lake water for irrigation and needed dredging as silt accumulated. Dashou memorialized to establish a major repair every six years and minor repairs each year. Later, on his southern tour, the Qianlong Emperor wrote a poem in reply to Li Bai's "Song of Ding the Commandant": "Are there not ways to dredge and clear? What heaven leaves undone, human labor must repair. Major and minor repairs in turn, and merchants and traders pass freely back and forth." He wrote this to praise Dashou's annual repair plan and its benefit to grain transport.

十年，有旨蠲明年天下錢糧，大受疏請核准漕項科則，曉諭周知；匯覈地丁耗羨，同漕項並完；酌定業戶減租分數，通飭遵行。得旨嘉獎。戶部議禁商人貯米，大受謂：「商人貯米，得少利即散，貯不過一歲，民且利焉。請弛禁便。」又言：「城工核減，意在節用。用省而工惡，再修且倍之。」上皆韙其言。常州俗好佛，家設靜堂，自立名教。江寧、松江、太倉漸染其習。大受疏請飭有司防禁，移佛入廟；堂內人田屋產，量為處置。上諭曰：「此等事須實力，不可欲速。不然，則所謂好事不如無也。」

In the tenth year an edict remitted the following year's land tax and grain tribute throughout the empire. Dashou memorialized asking that transport-tribute quotas be verified and the policy made widely known; that land-tax surcharges be consolidated and checked, and submitted together with transport items as complete; and that the degree of rent reduction for tenant farmers be fixed and uniformly enforced. The emperor commended him for it. When the Ministry of Revenue proposed banning merchants from storing grain, Dashou said: "Merchants who store grain sell as soon as they see a small profit; they never hoard for more than a year, and the people benefit. I ask that the ban be lifted for the public good." He also argued: "Cutting city-wall budgets is meant to save money. If costs are cut but the work is poor, rebuilding will cost twice as much." The emperor endorsed everything he said. Changzhou was fond of Buddhism; families set up "quiet halls" and formed their own sects. Jiangning, Songjiang, and Taicang gradually adopted the same practice. Dashou memorialized asking officials to suppress the practice, move Buddha images into proper temples, and dispose of the halls' land, houses, and property as appropriate. The emperor replied: "Matters like this require real effort; you must not try to finish too quickly. Otherwise, as the saying goes, a botched good deed is worse than doing nothing at all."

十一年，加太子少保，調福建。十二年，疏言：「近海商民，例許往暹羅造船販米。內渡時若有船無米，應倍稅示罰。」部議從之。疏言：「巡台御史巡南北二路，台灣、鳳山、諸羅、彰化四縣具廚傳犒賞，往往濫準詞訟。又於額設胥役外，俾奸民注籍，恃符生事。」上命自乾隆五年起，巡台御史均下部嚴議。又疏言：「台灣番民生業艱難，向漢民重息稱貸。子女田產，每被盤折。請撥台穀二萬石分貯諸羅、彰化、淡水諸縣，視鳳山例接濟。其不原借者聽。」報可。台灣民、番雜處，土音非譯不通。有奸民殺人賄通事，移坐番罪，疑之，再鞫，竟得白。或言海上有島十四，為田萬餘畝，可開墾，前政以入告。大受以島地久在禁令，一旦開禁，聚人既多，生姦尤易。設兵彈壓，為費彌甚，利不敵害，輒奏罷之。召授兵部尚書。十三年，調吏部，協辦大學士、軍機處行走。十四年，金川平，晉太子太傅。秋，署直隸總督。十五年，授兩廣總督。陛辭請訓，上曰：「汝直軍機處兩年，萬幾之事，皆所目擊，即朕訓也。何贅辭？惟中外一心足矣。」尋命協理粵海關。兩粵去京師遠，吏媮民哤，大受以猛治之，舉劾不法吏，政令大行。十六年，以病乞解任，溫詔慰留。未幾，卒，賜祭葬，諡文肅，祀賢良祠。

In the eleventh year he was made Junior Mentor of the Heir Apparent and transferred to Fujian. In the twelfth year he memorialized: "Coastal merchants are by regulation allowed to go to Siam to build ships and trade in rice. When they return inland, if they bring a ship but no rice, they should be taxed at double the usual rate as a penalty." The ministry agreed. He memorialized: "When touring censors of Taiwan patrol the north and south routes, the four counties of Taiwan, Fengshan, Zhuluo, and Changhua provide lodging and rewards, and lawsuits are often accepted indiscriminately. Beyond the authorized clerks and runners, scoundrels are registered on the rolls and use their credentials to stir up trouble." The emperor ordered that from the fifth year of Qianlong onward, every touring censor of Taiwan be referred to the ministry for strict review. He also memorialized: "Taiwan aborigines struggle to make a living and borrow from Han Chinese at crushing interest. Their children, wives, and land are often seized through extortion. I ask that twenty thousand shi of Taiwan grain be allocated and stored in Zhuluo, Changhua, and Danshui, following the Fengshan precedent for relief lending. Those who do not wish to borrow need not do so." The proposal was approved. Han and aborigines lived mingled in Taiwan, and local speech could not be understood without an interpreter. When a scoundrel killed a man and bribed the interpreter to shift the crime onto an aborigine, Dashou was suspicious, re-examined the case, and finally cleared the innocent party. Some claimed there were fourteen offshore islands with more than ten thousand mu of land that could be opened for cultivation; the previous administration had reported the proposal for approval. Dashou argued that the islands had long been under prohibition; once opened, a large influx of settlers would make wrongdoing especially easy. Garrisoning troops to keep order would cost far more; the gain would not justify the harm, and he memorialized to stop the plan. He was summoned to court and appointed minister of war. In the thirteenth year he was transferred to the Ministry of Personnel, assisting the grand secretary and serving in the Grand Council. In the fourteenth year, after the pacification of Jinchuan, he was promoted to Grand Mentor of the Heir Apparent. That autumn he served as acting governor-general of Zhili. In the fifteenth year he was appointed governor-general of Guangdong and Guangxi. At his farewell audience he asked for instruction. The emperor said: "You served in the Grand Council for two years and saw every matter of state firsthand—that is my instruction to you. Why ask for more words? Only that court and provinces act as one is enough." He was soon ordered to assist in managing the Guangdong maritime customs. Guangdong and Guangxi were far from the capital; officials were lax and the people unruly. Dashou governed sternly, impeaching corrupt officials, and his orders were widely enforced. In the sixteenth year he asked to resign because of illness, but a warm edict comforted him and kept him in office. Before long he died. He was granted ceremonial burial, given the posthumous title Wensu, and enshrined in the Hall of Worthies.

大受眉目皆上起，豐髯有威。清節推海內。以微時極貧，祿不逮親養，自奉如布衣時。子輝祖，自有傳。

Dashou's brows and eyes all turned upward, and his full beard gave him an imposing air. His integrity was renowned throughout the empire. Because he had been desperately poor in his youth and his salary could not reach home to support his parents, he lived as simply as he had as a commoner. His son Huizu has a separate biography.

張允隨，字覲臣，漢軍鑲黃旗人。祖一魁，福建邵武知府，有政績，祀名宦。允隨入貲為光祿寺典簿，遷江南寧國同知，擢雲南楚雄知府。雍正元年，調廣南。丁母憂，總督鄂爾泰等請留司銅廠。二年，授曲靖知府，擢糧儲道。鄂爾泰复薦可大任，上召入見。五年，擢按察使。未幾，遷布政使。雲南產銅供鑄錢，寶源、寶泉二局需銅急，責委員領帑採洋銅，洋銅不時至。允隨綜銅廠事，察知舊廠產尚富，增其值。民樂於開採，舊廠復盛。又開大龍、湯丹諸新廠，歲得銅八九百萬斤供用。乃停採洋銅，國帑省，官累亦除。八年，調貴州。未幾，授雲南巡撫。允隨官雲南久，熟知郡國利病，山川險要，苗、夷情狀。十一年，思茅土酋刁興國糾徼外苦蔥蠻等為亂，蔓延數州縣。允隨與總督高其倬遣兵討之，思茅圍解。亂苗遁攸樂，知縣章綸以事詣會城，至蟃蜯村，遇寇死。允隨趣兵進，擒興國。餘眾走臨安，复擊破之。允隨疏以鎮沅、思樂府縣皆新改土為流，請立學，設教職，定學額。又疏以雲南各府州或兵少米多，請以額徵秋米石折銀一兩；或兵多米少，請以額徵條銀兩收米一石。十二年，疏請於廣西府開爐鼓鑄。皆下部議行。十三年，疏報蒙化墾田二十六頃有奇。

Zhang Yunsui, styled Jinchen, was a Han bannerman of the Bordered Yellow Banner. His grandfather Yi Kui had served as prefect of Shaowu in Fujian, won a reputation for good administration, and was enshrined among distinguished officials. Yunsui purchased office as a registry clerk in the Court of Imperial Entertainments, was transferred to vice prefect of Ningguo in Jiangnan, and was promoted to prefect of Chuxiong in Yunnan. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign he was transferred to Guangnan. When he entered mourning for his mother, Governor-General Ortai and others asked that he be kept on to manage the copperworks. In the second year he was appointed prefect of Qujing and promoted to grain storage intendant. Ortai again recommended him for greater responsibility, and the emperor summoned him for an audience. In the fifth year he was promoted to surveillance commissioner. Before long he was made provincial administration commissioner. Yunnan produced copper for coinage, and the Baoyuan and Baoquan mints urgently needed it. Commissioners were ordered to draw funds and procure imported copper, but the shipments did not arrive on schedule. Yunsui took overall charge of the copperworks, found that the old mines still had rich output, and raised the purchase price. The people were eager to mine, and the old works flourished again. He also opened new mines at Dalong, Tangdan, and elsewhere, yielding eight or nine million jin of copper each year. He then stopped procuring imported copper, saving the treasury and lifting the burden on officials. In the eighth year he was transferred to Guizhou. Before long he was appointed governor of Yunnan. Yunsui had served in Yunnan for many years and knew intimately each commandery's strengths and weaknesses, the strategic terrain, and the ways of the Miao and Yi peoples. In the eleventh year, Diao Xingguo, the native chieftain of Simao, rallied the Kuchong tribesmen beyond the frontier and others in rebellion, and the unrest spread across several prefectures and counties. Yunsui and Governor-General Gao Qizhuo dispatched troops to suppress the rebels, and the siege of Simao was lifted. The rebel Miao fled to Youle. Magistrate Zhang Lun was traveling to the provincial capital on official business when he reached Manhuang Village and was killed by bandits. Yunsui pressed forward with troops and captured Xingguo. The remnant forces fled to Lin'an, and he attacked and defeated them again. Yunsui memorialized that Zhenyuan and Sile, having all recently been converted from native chieftain rule to direct administration, needed schools established, instructors appointed, and enrollment quotas fixed. He also memorialized that in Yunnan's prefectures and departments, some posts had too few troops for their grain allotments, and proposed accepting one tael of silver in lieu of each shi of quota autumn rice; while where troops were many but grain scarce, one shi of rice should be accepted for each tael of quota silver. In the twelfth year he memorialized requesting that smelting furnaces be opened at Guangxi Prefecture to cast coin. All were referred to the ministries for deliberation and approval. In the thirteenth year he reported by memorial that twenty-six-odd qing of land had been reclaimed at Menghua.

三年，請停鑄錢運京。是冬，入覲。四年，正歲，上宴廷臣，賦柏梁體詩，允隨與焉。五年，疏言：「雲南鹽不敷民食，安寧得洪源井，試煎，年獲二十一萬餘斤。麗江得老姆井，試煎，年獲十八萬餘斤。分地行銷，定為年額。」上獎為有益之事。署貴州總督。六年，廣東妖民黃順等遁匿貴州境，有司捕得奏聞。上諭曰：「汝不以五日京兆自居，盡心治事可嘉。」

In the third year he requested that minted coin no longer be transported to the capital. That winter he traveled to court for an audience. In the fourth year, at the New Year feast, the emperor entertained his ministers and composed poems in the Bailiang style; Yunsui was among those present. In the fifth year he memorialized: "Yunnan's salt supply falls short of the people's needs. At Anning the Hongyuan well was discovered; trial boiling yielded more than 210,000 jin each year. At Lijiang the Laomu well was discovered; trial boiling yielded more than 180,000 jin each year. Salt was allotted by region for sale and fixed as an annual quota." The emperor praised the proposal as a worthwhile measure. He served as acting governor-general of Guizhou. In the sixth year, Huang Shun and other sorcery sect followers from Guangdong fled into Guizhou and went into hiding; local officials captured them and reported the matter to the throne. The emperor instructed him: "You do not treat your post like a temporary appointment in the capital; your devoted service is commendable."

复署雲南總督。兵部議各省有增設兵額，量加裁減。允隨奏：「雲南昭通、普洱二鎮有增設兵額，地處邊要，未可裁減。惟有通覈合省標、鎮、營、協，按額均減，分計則兵裁無幾，合計則餉省已多。標、鎮、營、協應裁兵一千一百六十，先裁餘丁四百四十八。餘俟缺出停補。」從之。允隨請濬金沙江，上命都統新柱、四川總督尹繼善會勘。疏言：「金沙江發源西域，入雲南，經麗江、鶴慶、永北、姚安、武定、東川、昭通七府，至敘州入川江。東川府以下，南岸隸雲南，北岸隸四川。營汛分佈，田廬相望。至大井壩以上，南岸尚有田廬，北岸皆高山。山後沙馬、阿都兩土司地，從前舟楫所不至。自烏蒙改流設鎮，雲南兵米，每歲糴自四川，皆自敘州新開灘至永嘉黃草坪五百八十里，溯流而上。更上自黃草坪至金沙廠六十里，商舶往來。臣等相度，內有大漢漕、凹崖、三腔、鑼鍋耳諸灘險惡，應行修理。更上自金沙廠至濫田壩二百二十七里，十二灘，濫田壩最險，次則小溜筒。臣等相度開鑿子河。更上自雙佛灘至蜈蚣嶺，十五灘相接，石巨工艱。臣等令改修陸路，以避其險。雲南地處極邊，民無蓋藏，設遇水旱，米價增昂。今開通川道，有備無患。」上諭曰：「既可開通，妥協為之，以成此善舉。」允隨主辦其役，計程千三百餘裡，費帑十餘萬，經年而工成。

He again served as acting governor-general of Yunnan. The Board of War proposed that newly added troop quotas in the provinces be reduced in proportion. Yunsui memorialized: "The Zhaotong and Pu'er garrisons in Yunnan have newly added troop quotas, but both lie in strategically vital border regions and cannot be cut. It would be enough to review all the province's banners, garrisons, camps, and brigades together and reduce them proportionally by quota: counted unit by unit the cuts would be small, but taken together the savings in pay would already be considerable. The banners, garrisons, camps, and brigades should reduce troops by 1,160 in all, beginning with 448 surplus retainers. The remainder would be cut only as vacancies arose, with no further replacements." His proposal was approved. Yunsui requested dredging the Jinsha River, and the emperor ordered Banner Commander-in-Chief Xinzhu and Sichuan Governor-General Yin Jishan to conduct a joint survey. In his memorial he wrote: "The Jinsha River rises in the Western Regions, enters Yunnan, flows through the seven prefectures of Lijiang, Heqing, Yongbei, Yao'an, Wuding, Dongchuan, and Zhaotong, and at Xuzhou joins the Sichuan River. Below Dongchuan Prefecture, the south bank falls under Yunnan and the north bank under Sichuan. Military posts are stationed all along the river, and fields and dwellings face one another across its banks. Above Dajingba the south bank still has fields and dwellings, but the north bank is nothing but high mountains. Behind the mountains lie the domains of the Shama and Adu native chieftains, lands that boats had never been able to reach. Since Wumeng was converted to direct administration and a garrison was established there, Yunnan's military grain had to be purchased each year from Sichuan, hauled upstream five hundred eighty li from Xuzhou's Xinkai Rapids to Yongjia's Huangcaoping. Sixty li farther upstream, from Huangcaoping to Jinshachang, merchant boats already traveled back and forth. On survey we found that the Dahan Cao, Aoya, Sanqiang, Luogu'er, and other rapids along this stretch were treacherous and needed repair. Farther upstream, from Jinshachang to Lantianba, the route runs two hundred twenty-seven li through twelve rapids; Lantianba is the worst, with Xiaoliutong next in severity. On survey we determined that bypass channels should be cut. Farther upstream, from Shuangfotan to Wugong Ridge, fifteen rapids run in succession; the boulders are enormous and the engineering arduous. We ordered overland routes to be built instead, to bypass the danger. Yunnan lies at the empire's farthest edge, and the people keep no reserves; when flood or drought strikes, grain prices shoot up. Opening the route to Sichuan would provide against shortage and remove the danger." The emperor instructed: "Since the route can be opened, proceed in proper consultation and complete this worthy project." Yunsui took charge of the work. The route ran more than 1,300 li, cost over 100,000 taels from the treasury, and was finished within a year.

八年，疏言：「大理洱海發源鶴慶沵沮河，至大理，合蒼山十八溪，匯而成海。下自波羅甸出天生橋，趨瀾滄江。海袤百二十里，廣二十餘裡；而天生橋海口寬不及丈，每致倒流，淹浸濱海民田。臣飭將海口疏治寬深，自波羅甸下達天生橋，分段開濬，疊石為堤，外栽茨柳，為近水州縣袪漫溢之患。海口涸出田萬餘畝，令附近居民承墾，即責墾戶五年一大修，按田出夫，合力疏濬。」授雲南總督，兼管巡撫。九年，疏報東川阿壩租得銅礦，試煎，月得銅四萬餘斤。十年，加太子少保。

In the eighth year he memorialized: "Dali's Erhai Lake rises from the Mizu River in Heqing; at Dali it receives the eighteen streams of Cangshan and gathers into a broad lake. Below Boluodian it exits through Tiansheng Bridge and flows toward the Lancang River. The lake is one hundred twenty li long and more than twenty li wide; but the outlet at Tiansheng Bridge is less than a zhang wide, causing backflow that repeatedly floods the fields of lakeside villagers. I ordered the outlet dredged wider and deeper. From Boluodian downstream to Tiansheng Bridge, the work was done in sections: channels were opened, stone dikes raised, and wattles and willows planted along the banks, to spare the nearby prefectures and counties from flooding. When the outlet was drained, more than ten thousand mu of land emerged. Nearby residents were assigned to reclaim it, and the reclaimers were made responsible for major repairs every five years, supplying labor in proportion to their fields to dredge the channel together." He was appointed governor-general of Yunnan, with concurrent charge of the governorship. In the ninth year he reported by memorial that a copper mine had been found on leased land at Dongchuan's Aba; trial smelting yielded more than 40,000 jin of copper each month. In the tenth year he was given the addendum title of Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent.

十二年，授雲貴總督。疏言：「苗、倮種類雖殊，皆具人心。如果撫馭得宜，自不至激成事變。臣嚴飭苗疆文武，毋許私收濫派，並禁胥役滋擾。至苗民為亂，往往由漢奸勾結。臣飭有司稽察捕治。」又疏言：「貴州思州諸府與湖南相接，今有辰、沅饑民百餘入貴州境採蕨而食。臣已飭貴州布政使、糧驛道以公使銀賑濟。如有續至，一體散給安置。」諸疏上，並嘉獎。十五年，入覲，授東閣大學士，兼禮部尚書，加太子太保。十六年，卒，賜祭葬，諡文和。

In the twelfth year he was appointed governor-general of Yunnan and Guizhou. He memorialized: "Although the Miao and Luoluo differ in ethnicity, all are human beings with ordinary hearts. If they are governed with proper care and restraint, they will not be provoked into rebellion. I have strictly ordered the civil and military officials on the Miao frontier to cease unauthorized exactions and excessive levies, and have forbidden clerks and runners from harassing the people. When Miao people do rise in rebellion, it is often because Han collaborators have incited them. I have ordered local officials to investigate and punish them." He also memorialized: "The Sizhou prefectures of Guizhou border Hunan. More than a hundred famine victims from Chen and Yuan have now crossed into Guizhou to gather ferns for food. I have already ordered the Guizhou provincial administration commissioner and grain-transport commissioner to provide relief from public envoy funds. Should more arrive, they too will receive relief and be settled in the same way." All these memorials were submitted and commended. In the fifteenth year he went to court for an audience and was appointed Grand Secretary of the Eastern Pavilion, concurrently Minister of Rites, with the addendum title of Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the sixteenth year he died. The court granted funeral sacrifices and posthumously titled him Wenhe.

陳宏謀，字汝諮，廣西臨桂人。為諸生，即留心時事，聞有邸報至，必借觀之。自題座右，謂「必為世上不可少之人，為世人不能作之事。」雍正元年恩科，世所謂春鄉秋會。宏謀舉鄉試第一，成進士，改庶吉士，授檢討。四年，授吏部郎中。七年，考選浙江道御史，仍兼郎中。監生舊有考職，多以人代。世宗知其弊，令自首，而州縣吏藉察訪為民擾。宏謀疏請禁將來，寬既往。召見，徵詰再三，申論甚晰，乃允其奏，以是知其能。授揚州知府，仍帶御史銜，得便宜奏事。丁父憂，上官留之，辭，不許。遷江南驛鹽道，仍帶御史銜，攝安徽布政使。又丁母憂，命留任，因乞假歸葬。

Chen Hongmou, courtesy name Runu, was a native of Lingui in Guangxi. Even as a licentiate he kept close watch on current affairs; whenever a court gazette arrived, he always borrowed it to read. By his seat he inscribed the words: "One must become someone the world cannot do without, and do what others in the world cannot do." In the first year of Yongzheng, in the grace examination cycle known as the spring provincial exam and autumn palace exam, Hongmou placed first in the provincial examination, passed the palace examination, entered the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor, and was appointed reviser. In the fourth year he was appointed a director in the Board of Civil Appointments. In the seventh year he was selected by examination as censor of the Zhejiang circuit, while retaining his post as director. Student contributors of old were examined for office, but many sent substitutes to take the exam for them. The Yongzheng Emperor saw the abuse and ordered offenders to confess, but prefecture and county clerks used the investigation as a pretext to harass the people. Hongmou memorialized asking that the practice be forbidden in future and past offenses treated leniently. Summoned for an audience, he was questioned again and again; his answers were lucid, and his memorial was approved. By this the emperor recognized his ability. He was appointed prefect of Yangzhou, retaining his censor's title and authorized to memorialize on urgent matters as he saw fit. When his father died he entered mourning. His superior wished to keep him in office; he declined, but was not permitted to leave his post. He was transferred to Jiangnan salt-transport commissioner, retaining his censor's title and serving concurrently as acting provincial administration commissioner of Anhui. When his mother died he entered mourning again. Ordered to remain in office, he begged leave to return home for the burial.

十一年，擢雲南布政使。初，廣西巡撫金鉷奏令廢員墾田報部，以額稅抵銀得復官，報墾三十餘萬畝。宏謀奏言：「此曹急於复官，止就各州縣求有餘熟田，量給工本，即作新墾。田不增而賦日重，民甚病之，請罷前例。」上命雲南廣西總督尹繼善察實，尹繼善請將虛墾地畝冒領工本覈實追繳。乾隆元年，部議再敕兩廣總督鄂彌達會鉷詳勘。宏謀劾鉷欺公累民，開捐報墾不下二十餘萬畝，實未墾成一畝，請盡數豁除。時鉷內遷刑部侍郎，具疏辨。上命鄂彌達會巡撫楊超曾確勘。二年，宏謀复密疏極論其事。高宗責「宏謀不待議覆，又為是瀆奏。粵人屢陳粵事，恐啟鄉紳挾持朝議之漸」。交部議，降調。尋鄂彌達等會奏，報墾田畝多不實，請分別減豁。鉷下下降黜有差。

In the eleventh year he was promoted to provincial administration commissioner of Yunnan. Earlier, Guangxi Governor Jin Hong had memorialized that dismissed officials who reclaimed land and reported it to the ministry could regain office by offsetting quota tax with silver; he reported more than 300,000 mu reclaimed. Hongmou memorialized: "These men, eager to regain office, merely sought surplus mature fields in the various prefectures and counties, were given seed capital in fixed amounts, and counted the land as newly reclaimed. No new land was added, yet levies grew heavier by the day; the people suffered greatly. He asked that the earlier precedent be abolished." The emperor ordered Yunnan-Guangxi Governor-General Yin Jishan to investigate. Yin Jishan proposed verifying falsely reported acreage and recovering seed capital that had been fraudulently drawn. In the first year of Qianlong the ministry deliberated and again ordered Liangguang Governor-General E'mida to join Jin Hong in a detailed survey. Hongmou impeached Jin Hong for deceiving the public and burdening the people: through opened contributions he had reported more than 200,000 mu reclaimed, yet not a single mu had actually been opened. Hongmou asked that the whole amount be remitted. By then Jin Hong had been transferred to the capital as vice minister of the Board of Punishments and submitted a memorial in his own defense. The emperor ordered E'mida to join Governor Yang Chaoceng in a thorough investigation. In the second year Hongmou again submitted a secret memorial arguing the case at length. The Qianlong Emperor rebuked him: "Hongmou, without waiting for deliberation and reply, again submits this impertinent memorial. Cantonese officials keep pressing Cantonese affairs—I fear this will open the way for local gentry to hold court deliberation hostage." The case was referred to the ministry for deliberation, and he was demoted and transferred. Soon afterward E'mida and others jointly memorialized that much of the reported reclaimed acreage was false and asked that it be reduced and remitted by degrees. Jin Hong was dismissed and demoted according to the degree of his offense.

三年，授宏謀直隸天津道。五年，遷江蘇按察使。六年，遷江寧布政使，甫到官，擢甘肅巡撫，未行，調江西。九年，調陝西。十一年，復調回江西。尋又調湖北。十二年，川陝總督慶復劾宏謀在陝西愛憎任情，好自作聰明，不持政體。部議奪官，上命留任。未幾，復調陝西。上諭曰：「此汝駕輕就熟之地，當秉公持重，毋立異，毋沽名。能去此結習，尚可造就也。」署陝甘總督。十五年，加兵部侍郎。其冬，河決陽武。調河南巡撫。十七年，調福建。十九年，復調陝西。二十年，調甘肅。再調湖南，疏劾布政使楊灝侵扣穀價。上嘉其不瞻徇，論灝罪如律。二十一年，又調陝西。

In the third year Hongmou was appointed to the Zhili Tianjin circuit. In the fifth year he was transferred to surveillance commissioner of Jiangsu. In the sixth year he was transferred to provincial administration commissioner of Jiangning. He had barely assumed office when he was promoted to governor of Gansu, but before he could depart he was reassigned to Jiangxi. In the ninth year he was transferred to Shaanxi. In the eleventh year he was transferred back to Jiangxi. Soon afterward he was transferred to Hubei again. In the twelfth year Governor-General Qing Fu of Sichuan and Shaanxi impeached Hongmou, charging that in Shaanxi he had let personal likes and dislikes govern his decisions, loved to play the clever maverick, and disregarded proper administrative procedure. The ministry recommended dismissal, but the emperor ordered him to remain in office. Before long he was transferred to Shaanxi again. The emperor instructed him: "Shaanxi is familiar ground for you. Be even-handed and steady; do not play the eccentric, and do not court a reputation. If you can break these old habits, you may yet become a better man." He was appointed acting governor-general of Shaanxi and Gansu. In the fifteenth year he received the additional title of vice minister of War. That winter the Yellow River burst its banks at Yangwu. He was transferred to governor of Henan. In the seventeenth year he was transferred to Fujian. In the nineteenth year he was transferred to Shaanxi again. In the twentieth year he was transferred to Gansu. He was transferred to Hunan again and memorialized the throne to impeach Provincial Administration Commissioner Yang Hao for embezzling and withholding grain payments. The emperor praised him for refusing to show favoritism and had Yang Hao punished according to law. In the twenty-first year he was transferred to Shaanxi again.

二十二年，調江蘇。入覲，上詢及各省水災，奏言皆因上游為眾水所匯，而下游無所歸宿，當通局籌辦。上以所言中肯綮，命自河南赴江蘇循途察勘。十二月，遷兩廣總督，諭曰：「宏謀籍廣西，但久任封疆，朕所深信。且總督節制兩省，專駐廣東，不必迴避。」二十三年，命以總督銜仍管江蘇巡撫，加太子少傅。二十四年，坐督兩廣時請增撥鹽商帑本，上責「宏謀巿恩沽名，痼習未改」。下部議奪官，命仍留任。又以督屬捕蝗不力，奪總督銜，仍留巡撫任。二十六年，又以失察滸墅關侵漁舞弊，議罷任，詔原之，諭責「宏謀模棱之習，一成不變」。調撫湖南。二十八年，遷兵部尚書，署湖廣總督，仍兼巡撫。召入京，授吏部尚書，加太子太保。

In the twenty-second year he was transferred to Jiangsu. At audience the emperor asked about flooding across the provinces. Hongmou replied that the floods all stemmed from the convergence of many rivers upstream with nowhere for the water to go downstream, and that the solution required a coordinated, empire-wide plan. The emperor found his analysis incisive and ordered him to conduct inspections all along the route from Henan to Jiangsu. In the twelfth month he was appointed governor-general of the Two Guangs. The emperor instructed him: "Hongmou is a native of Guangxi, but having long served on the frontiers, he is an official in whom I repose full trust. A governor-general oversees both provinces and is stationed in Guangdong; you need not recuse yourself on account of your native place." In the twenty-third year he was ordered to keep his governor-general's rank while continuing to administer Jiangsu as governor, and was given the additional title of Junior Preceptor to the Heir Apparent. In the twenty-fourth year he was censured for having requested increased treasury advances for salt merchants while governing the Two Guangs. The emperor rebuked him: "Hongmou is still buying favor and courting reputation—those old habits have not changed." The case was referred to the ministry, which recommended dismissal, but the emperor ordered him to remain in office. He was also stripped of his governor-general's rank because officials under his supervision had failed to control locusts effectively, though he retained his post as governor. In the twenty-sixth year he was again faulted for failing to detect embezzlement and fraud at Xushu Pass. Deliberation recommended his removal, but an edict pardoned him with the rebuke: "Hongmou's habit of equivocation is as unchanging as ever." He was transferred to governor of Hunan. In the twenty-eighth year he was appointed minister of War, served as acting governor-general of Huguang, and continued to hold the governorship as well. Summoned to the capital, he was appointed minister of Personnel and given the additional title of Grand Preceptor to the Heir Apparent.

宏謀外任三十餘年，歷行省十有二，歷任二十有一。蒞官無久暫，必究人心風俗之得失，及民間利病當興革者，分條鉤考，次第舉行。諸州縣村莊河道，繪圖懸於壁，環復審視，興作皆就理。察吏甚嚴，然所劾必擇其尤不肖者一二人，使足怵眾而止。學以不欺為本，與人言政，輒引之於學，謂：「仕即學也，盡吾心焉而已。」故所施各當，人咸安之。

Hongmou spent more than thirty years in provincial service, serving in twelve provinces and holding twenty-one posts in all. Whether his stay was long or short, on taking office he always investigated the state of popular morale and local custom, and whatever public ills or reforms the people needed. He checked each item in turn and implemented them step by step. He had maps drawn of every prefecture, county, village, and waterway, hung them on his wall, and studied them on every tour of inspection, so that every project he undertook was grounded in real knowledge of the terrain. He was strict in evaluating officials, but when he impeached someone he singled out only the one or two worst offenders—enough to warn the rest, and no more. He took sincerity as the foundation of learning. Whenever he spoke of governance he linked it back to learning, saying: "Public office is itself a form of learning—all that is required is to give one's whole heart to the task." Because of this, everything he put into practice was apt, and the people were at ease under his rule.

在揚州值水災，奏請遣送饑民回籍，官給口糧，得補入賑冊，報可。鹽政令淮商於稅額外歲輸銀助國用，自雍正元年始，積數千萬，率以空數報部。及部檄移取，始追徵，實陰虧正課，宏謀奏停之。

During a flood in Yangzhou he memorialized asking that starving refugees be sent home to their native districts with grain rations supplied by the government, eligible for entry in the relief registers. The request was approved. Salt policy required Huai merchants to pay silver beyond their tax quota each year to support state finances. Since the first year of Yongzheng this had accumulated to tens of millions of taels, yet was routinely reported to the ministry as paper figures. Collection began only when the ministry demanded it, which in effect quietly eroded regular tax revenue. Hongmou memorialized to abolish the practice.

在雲南，方用兵倮夷，運糧苦道遠，改轉搬遞運，民便之。增銅廠工本，聽民得鬻餘銅，民爭趨之。更鑿新礦，銅日盛，遂罷購洋銅。立義學七百餘所，令苗民得就學，教之書。刻孝經、小學及所輯綱鑑、大學衍義，分佈各屬。其後邊人及苗民多能讀書取科第，宏謀之教也。

In Yunnan, while the army was campaigning against the Luo tribes, grain transport was hampered by long distances. He switched to a relay transport system, greatly easing the burden on the people. He increased operating capital for the copper mines and allowed people to sell surplus copper on their own; people flocked to the trade. He opened new mines as well, copper output grew steadily, and the state stopped buying foreign copper. He founded more than seven hundred community schools where Miao people could study and learn to read. He had the Classic of Filial Piety, the Elementary Learning, and his own edited Essentials of the Comprehensive Mirror and Extended Meaning of the Great Learning printed and distributed throughout the province. In time many frontier people and Miao learned to read and passed the examinations—achievements owed to Hongmou's educational efforts.

在天津，屢乘小舟諮訪水利，得放淤法，水漲挾沙行，導之從堤左入、隄右出。如是者數四，沙沉土高，滄、景諸州悉成沃壤。按察江蘇，設弭盜之法，重誣良之令，嚴禁淹親柩及火葬者。

In Tianjin he repeatedly went out in small boats to study water management and developed a method of harnessing silt deposition: when floodwaters rose laden with sand, he channeled them in from the left side of the dike and out on the right. After repeating this four times, the silt settled and the ground rose; Cangzhou, Jingzhou, and neighboring prefectures all became rich farmland. As surveillance commissioner of Jiangsu he instituted measures against banditry, imposed heavy penalties for false accusations against innocent people, and strictly forbade delaying the burial of parents' coffins and cremation.

在江西，歲饑，告糴於湖廣。發帑繕城垣，築堰埭，修圩堤閘壩，以工代賑。南昌城南羅絲港為贛水所趨，善衝突，建石堤捍之。左蠡硃磯當眾水之衝，亦筑堤百丈，水患以平。又以錢貴，奏請俟雲南銅解京過九江，留五十五萬五千斤，開爐鼓鑄；並以舊設爐六，請增爐四：詔並許之。又以倉儲多虧缺，請令民捐監，於本省收穀，以一年為限。限滿，上命再收一年。又以民俗尚氣好訐訟，請令各道按行所屬州縣，察有司，自理詞訟，毋使延閣滋累。上命實力督率，毋徒為具文。

In Jiangxi, when famine struck he requested grain from Huguang through the relief purchase system. He spent treasury funds repairing city walls, building weirs and dykes, and mending embankments, sluices, and dams, relieving the famine through public works. Luosi Harbor south of Nanchang lay where the Gan River converged and was prone to severe flooding; he built stone dikes to contain it. Zhuji at Zuo Lake stood where many rivers met; there too he built a hundred-zhang dike, and the flood threat subsided. Because copper cash was scarce and expensive, he memorialized asking that when Yunnan copper bound for the capital passed through Jiujiang, 555,000 jin be retained to open mints and cast coins; and asked that four mints be added to the six already in operation. An edict approved both requests. Because granary stocks were badly depleted, he asked that men be allowed to purchase supervisor degrees by delivering grain to granaries in the province, for a period of one year. When the term expired, the emperor ordered the program extended for another year. Because local custom was contentious and litigation rampant, he asked that each circuit intendant tour the prefectures and counties under his charge, supervise local officials, and adjudicate lawsuits directly, lest endless delays compound the harm. The emperor ordered that this be enforced in earnest, not reduced to empty paperwork.

在陝西，募江、浙善育蠶者導民蠶，久之利漸著。高原恆苦旱，勸民種山薯及雜樹，鑿井二萬八千有奇，造水車，教民用以灌溉。陝西無水道，惟商州龍駒寨通漢江，灘險僅行小舟。宏謀令疏鑿，行旅便之。又以陝西各屬常平倉多空廒，亦令以捐監納穀。並請開爐鑄錢，如江西例。戶部撥運洋銅，鑄罄，採雲南銅應用，錢價以平。請修文、武、成、康四王及周公、太公陵墓，即以陵墓外餘地召租得息，歲葺治。皆下部議行。

In Shaanxi he recruited skilled sericulturists from Jiangsu and Zhejiang to teach the people silk farming; in time the economic benefits became clear. The high plateaus were chronically dry; he encouraged people to plant mountain yams and mixed trees, sunk more than twenty-eight thousand wells, built water wheels, and taught people to use them for irrigation. Shaanxi had no navigable waterways except Longju Stockade in Shangzhou, which connected to the Han River; the rapids were treacherous and only small boats could get through. Hongmou ordered the channel dredged and cleared, greatly easing travel. Because ever-normal granaries throughout Shaanxi had many empty storehouses, he likewise allowed men to fill them by purchasing supervisor degrees with grain. He also asked to open mints and cast coin, following the Jiangxi precedent. The Ministry of Revenue allocated foreign copper for minting; when that was exhausted, Yunnan copper was used instead, and the price of cash stabilized. He asked that the tombs of Kings Wen, Wu, Cheng, and Kang and of the Duke of Zhou and Duke of Tai be restored, with surplus land around the tombs leased out to generate annual income for upkeep. All were referred to the ministries for deliberation and approved for implementation.

在河南，請修太行堤。又以歸德地窪下，議疏商丘豐樂河、古宋河，夏邑響河，永城巴溝河，民力不勝，請發帑濬治。

In Henan he requested repair of the Taihang Dike. Because Guide prefecture's terrain was low-lying, he proposed dredging the Fengle River at Shangqiu, the ancient Song River, the Xiang River at Xiayi, and the Bagou River at Yongcheng. The people could not manage this alone, so he requested treasury funds for the dredging work.

既至福建，歲歉米貴，內地仰食台灣，而商舶載米有定額，奏弛其禁以便民。又疏言福建民囂競多訟，立限月為稽覈，以已未結案件多寡，課州縣吏勤惰。又言福建地狹民稠，多出海為商，年久例不准回籍。請令察實內地良民或已死而妻妾子女原還裡者，不論年例，許其回籍，從之。

After he arrived in Fujian, a poor harvest drove up rice prices. The interior depended on Taiwan for grain, but merchant ships were subject to fixed quotas on rice cargoes. He memorialized to ease the restriction for the people's benefit. He also memorialized that the people of Fujian were quarrelsome and prone to litigation. He established monthly deadlines for case audits, grading prefectural and county officials on their diligence according to how many cases they had resolved or left pending. He also noted that Fujian was crowded and land-poor, so many people went to sea as merchants; after long absence they were barred by precedent from returning to their native register. He asked that verified upright subjects remaining inland, or the wives, concubines, and children of merchants who had died abroad but whose families wished to return home, be allowed to restore their native registration regardless of how long they had been away. The request was granted.

在湖南，禁洞庭濱湖民壅水為田，以寬湖流，使水不為患，歲大熟。江南災，奏運倉穀二十萬石濟之，仍買民穀還倉。

In Hunan he forbade lakeside residents around Dongting Lake from damming water to reclaim farmland, thereby widening the lake's outlet and preventing flooding. That year the harvest was abundant. When Jiangnan suffered disaster he memorialized to dispatch two hundred thousand shi of granary grain for relief, then buy grain from the people to replenish the stores.

再至陝西，聞甘肅軍需缺錢，撥局錢二百萬貫濟餉，上嘉其得大臣任事體。疏請興關外水利，濬赤金、靖逆、柳溝、安西、沙州諸地泉源，上命後政議行。又以準噶爾既內附，請定互巿地，以茶易馬充軍用，詔從之。

On returning to Shaanxi he learned that Gansu military supplies were short of cash and allocated two million strings of bureau coin to meet the need. The emperor praised him for showing the judgment expected of a senior minister. He memorialized requesting irrigation works beyond the frontier passes, including dredging springs at Chijin, Jingni, Liugou, Anxi, Shazhou, and other sites. The emperor ordered that future administrations deliberate and carry out the plan. Since the Dzungars had submitted, he also asked that mutual trade markets be established to exchange tea for horses for military use. An edict approved the request.

其治南河，大要因其故道，開通淤淺，俾暢流入海。督民治溝洫，引水由支達幹，時其蓄洩。徐、海諸州多棄地，遇雨輒淫溢，課民開溝，即以土築圩，多設涵洞為旱潦備；低地則令種蘆葦，薄其賦。其在江蘇，尤專意水利，疏丁家溝，展金灣壩，濬徐六涇白茆口，洩太湖水，築崇明土塘禦海潮，開各屬城河。又疏言：「蘇州向設普濟、育嬰、廣仁、錫類諸堂，收養煢獨老病，並及棄嬰。請將通州、崇明濱海淤灘，除附近民業著聽昇科，餘撥入堂。又通州、崇明界新漲玉心洲，兩地民互爭，請並撥入，以息爭競。」上諭曰：「不但一舉而數善備，汝亦因此得名也。」

In managing the Southern River section of the Yellow River, his general approach was to follow the old channel, clear silted shallows, and restore unimpeded flow to the sea. He supervised the people in maintaining ditches and canals, channeling water from tributaries into main arteries and regulating storage and release according to the season. Xuzhou, Haizhou, and neighboring prefectures had much abandoned land that flooded in rain. He set people to digging ditches, using the excavated earth to build embankments and installing culverts as protection against both drought and flood; in low-lying areas he ordered reeds planted and reduced the tax levies. In Jiangsu he devoted himself above all to water management: dredging Dingjia Gully, extending Jinwan Dam, clearing the Xu, Liu, Jing, and Baimao outlets to drain Tai Lake, building earthen seawalls at Chongming against tidal surges, and opening city canals throughout the province. He also memorialized: "Suzhou has long maintained charity halls such as Puji, Yuying, Guangren, and Xilei, caring for the lonely, sick, and aged, as well as abandoned infants. I ask that silt lands along the coast of Tongzhou and Chongming, except for nearby parcels already under cultivation which may be registered for taxation, be allocated to the charity halls. The newly risen Yuxin Islet on the Tongzhou-Chongming border is also contested by people on both sides; I ask that it be allocated to the halls as well, to end the strife." The emperor replied: "This achieves several good ends at once—and you will gain renown for it as well."

及督湖廣，疏言：「洞庭湖濱居民多築圍墾田，與水爭地，請多掘水口，使私圍盡成廢壤，自不敢再築。」上諭曰：「宏謀此舉，不為煦嫗小惠，得封疆之體。」

While governing Huguang he memorialized: "Residents around Dongting Lake have extensively diked and reclaimed farmland, stealing land from the lake. I ask that many breaches be opened so that private enclosures become wasteland and no one dares build anew." The emperor replied: "In this Hongmou is offering no mere petty favor—he understands what a frontier governor ought to be."

逮入長吏部，疏言：「文武官弁，均有捕盜之責。乃州縣捕役，平時豢盜，營兵捕得，就讞時任其狡展，或且為之開脫。嗣後應令原獲營員會訊。」上嘉其所見切中事理。又疏言：「河工辦料，應令管河各道親驗加結。失事例應文武分償，而參遊例不及，應酌改畫一。」下河督議行。又言：「匿名揭帖，循例當抵罪，所告款內有無虛實，仍應按治。則宵小不得逞姦，有司亦知所警。」上亦韙之。

After he entered the capital as minister of Personnel, he memorialized: "Civil and military officers alike share responsibility for apprehending bandits. Yet prefectural and county constables routinely harbor thieves. When garrison soldiers capture a criminal, at trial the constables let him wriggle free through cunning evasions, or even arrange his acquittal. Hereafter the garrison officer who made the original arrest should be required to join the interrogation." The emperor praised his insight as sound and to the point. He also memorialized: "In procuring materials for river works, each river-administration circuit intendant should personally inspect and certify the supplies. When losses occur, civil and military officers should share liability by precedent, but vice garrison and patrol commanders are not covered. This should be revised so the rule applies uniformly." The Southern River governor deliberated and carried out the proposal. He also stated: "Anonymous denunciation postings are punishable by precedent, but whether the charges they contain are true or false, they should still be investigated and prosecuted accordingly. Petty criminals would then be unable to carry out their schemes, and local officials would know to stay on guard." The emperor endorsed this as well.

二十九年，命協辦大學士。三十二年，授東閣大學士，兼工部尚書。三十四年，以病請告，迭諭慰留。三十六年春，病甚，允致仕，加太子太傅，食俸如故。賜御用冠服，命其孫刑部主事蘭森侍歸。詔所經處有司在二十里內料理護行。上東巡，覲天津行在，賜詩寵其行。六月，行至兗州韓莊，卒於舟次，年七十六。命祀賢良祠，賜祭葬，諡文恭。

In the twenty-ninth year he was appointed associate grand secretary. In the thirty-second year he became grand secretary of the Eastern Pavilion and concurrently Minister of Works. In the thirty-fourth year he asked to retire on account of illness, but the emperor repeatedly urged him to stay. In the spring of the thirty-sixth year, when his illness grew grave, he was allowed to retire with the title Senior Tutor of the Heir Apparent while continuing to draw his full salary. The court bestowed imperial robes upon him and ordered his grandson Lanshen, a director in the Ministry of Punishments, to accompany him home. An edict directed officials along his route to provide escort and provisions within twenty li of each stop. When the emperor toured the east, he presented himself at the temporary court in Tianjin and received an imperial poem honoring his journey. In the sixth month, while passing Hanzhuang in Yanzhou, he died on board his boat at the age of seventy-six. He was entered in the Temple of Worthies, granted state funeral honors, and given the posthumous title Wengong.

宏謀早歲刻苦自勵，治宋五子之學，宗薛瑄、高攀龍，內行修飭。及入仕，本所學以為設施。蒞政必計久遠，規模宏大，措置審詳。嘗言：「是非度之於己，毀譽聽之於人，得失安之於數。」輯古今嘉言懿行，為五種遺規，尚名教，厚風俗，親切而詳備。奏疏文檄，亦多為世所誦。曾孫繼昌，字蓮史。鄉試，二十五年會試、廷試，俱第一，授修撰。歷官至江西布政使。

In youth Hongmou drove himself hard in study, devoted himself to the Five Masters of the Song, took Xue Xuan and Gao Panlong as models, and maintained scrupulous personal conduct. Once in office he put his learning directly into practice. In office he always thought in the long term, worked on a large scale, and arranged affairs with careful thoroughness. He once said: "Judge right and wrong for yourself, leave praise and blame to others, and accept gain and loss as heaven decrees." He compiled exemplary words and deeds from past and present into the Five Books of Admonitory Precepts, upholding moral teaching and enriching local custom in a style at once warm and exhaustive. His memorials and official writings were also widely read and quoted in his time. His great-grandson Jichang, styled Lianshi. He took first place in the provincial, metropolitan, and palace examinations of the twenty-fifth year and was appointed a Hanlin compiler. He eventually rose to provincial administration commissioner of Jiangxi.

論曰：乾隆間論疆吏之賢者，尹繼善與陳宏謀其最也。尹繼善寬和敏達，臨事恆若有餘；宏謀勞心焦思，不遑夙夜，而民感之則同。宏謀學尤醇，所至惓惓民生風俗，古所謂大儒之效也。於義督軍儲、策水利，皆秩秩有條理。大受剛正，屬吏憚之若神明，然論政重大體，非苟為苛察者比。允隨鎮南疆久，澤民之尤大者，航金沙江障洱海，去後民思，與江南之懷尹繼善、陳宏謀略相等，懿哉！

The commentators say: Of the frontier governors held up as models in the Qianlong reign, none ranked above Yin Jishan and Chen Hongmou. Yin Jishan was open, genial, and quick-witted, and always seemed to have capacity to spare when affairs pressed upon him; Hongmou wore himself out in anxious labor day and night, yet the people cherished both men alike. Hongmou's learning was the purer of the two; everywhere he went he devoted himself to the people's livelihood and local custom—the true effect, as the ancients said, of a great Confucian statesman. Yu Yi, whether supervising military supplies or planning waterworks, was always orderly and systematic. Dashou was upright and severe; subordinates feared him like a divine judge, yet in policy he stressed fundamentals and was no petty fault-finder. Yunsui governed the southern frontier for many years; his greatest gifts to the people were opening the Jinsha River to navigation and controlling floods on Erhai Lake. After he left, the people missed him much as Jiangnan missed Yin Jishan and Chen Hongmou—how admirable indeed!

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