Volume 308 Biographies 95: Na Sutu, Yang Chaoceng, Xu Shilin, Shao Ji, Wang Shi, Yin Huiyi, Wang Shu, Fang Xian, Fang Gui, Feng Guangyu, Yang Xifu, Pan Siju, Hu Baoquan

=那蘇圖=那蘇圖，戴佳氏，字羲文，滿洲鑲黃旗人。康熙五十年，襲拖沙喇哈番世職，授藍翎侍衛。雍正初，四遷兵部侍郎。四年，出為黑龍江將軍。八年，調奉天將軍。乾隆元年，擢兵部尚書。二年，調刑部，授兩江總督。協辦吏部尚書顧琮請江、浙沿海設塘堡，复衛所，下督撫詳議。三年，那蘇圖奏：「明沿海衛、所武事廢弛，我朝裁衛改營，江南有金山、柘林、青村、南匯、川沙、吳淞、劉河諸營，提督駐松江控制。崇明、狼山二鎮對峙海口，塘汛聲勢連絡，無庸復設衛、所。瀕海砲台，應改建者一，華亭漴缺墩；應增建者二：柘林南門，福山挑山嘴；應移建者一，吳淞王家嘴；應修者一，劉河北七丫口。」並請改舊制，撤牆設垛，置木蓋，留貯藥之屋；並請城茜涇，設兵崇明西南二條監河、顧四房溝、堂沙頭港諸地。下部議行。江南旱，上命撥福建倉穀三十萬石治賑。那蘇圖奏言：「江、廣諸省買米，次第運至，無災州縣，本年漕糧全數截留，兩江不患無米。福建海疆重地，且不產米，請留十萬石分撥災區，以二十萬石運還福建。」上嘉其得封疆大臣之度。四年，詔免兩江地丁錢糧。奏言：「向例蠲免不分貧富，但富戶遇歉，未傷元氣；貧民素乏蓋藏，多免一分，即受一分之惠。請以各州縣實徵冊為據，額根五錢以下者全蠲，五錢以上者酌量蠲免，五兩以上者無庸議蠲。」上諭曰：「卿能如此酌議，如此擔當，誠為可嘉。古人云'有治人無治法'，當訪察胥役，毋令因事擾民，則全美矣。」以憂去。

Na Sutu, of the Daijia clan, courtesy name Xi Wen, was a Manchu of the Bordered Yellow Banner. In the fiftieth year of the Kangxi reign, he inherited the hereditary rank of tosara ha and was appointed a blue-laced imperial bodyguard. Early in the Yongzheng reign, he was promoted four times to vice minister of the Board of War. In the fourth year, he was appointed general of Heilongjiang. In the eighth year, he was transferred to serve as general of Fengtian. In the first year of the Qianlong reign, he was promoted to minister of the Board of War. In the second year, he was transferred to the Board of Punishments and appointed governor-general of the Two Jiangs. Gu Cong, assistant minister of the Board of Civil Appointments, petitioned to establish fortifications along the Jiangsu and Zhejiang coast and to restore the guard posts; the matter was referred to the governors and governor-generals for detailed deliberation. In the third year, Na Sutu memorialized: "Under the Ming, coastal guard posts and garrisons had fallen into decay. Our dynasty abolished those posts and reorganized them into garrisons. In Jiangnan there are garrisons at Jinshan, Zhelin, Qingcun, Nanhui, Chuansha, Wusong, and Liuhe, overseen by the provincial commander stationed at Songjiang. The garrison towns of Chongming and Langshan stand opposite each other at the river mouth, and the coastal patrol stations are linked in strength, so there is no need to reestablish the old guard posts and garrisons. Of the coastal batteries, one should be rebuilt: the Chongque Battery at Huating; two should be newly constructed: the south gate of Zhelin and Tiaoshanzui at Fushan; one should be relocated and rebuilt: Wangjiazui at Wusong; one should be repaired: Qiyakou north of Liuhe." He also requested reforms to the old system: remove the walls and install battlements, add wooden covers, and reserve rooms for storing gunpowder; He further requested that Qianjing be fortified and troops stationed at Ertiao Jianhe, Gusi Fang'gou, and Tangshatougang in southwestern Chongming. The Board deliberated on the proposal and approved its implementation. When Jiangnan suffered drought, the emperor ordered three hundred thousand shi of grain from Fujian granaries to be allocated for relief. Na Sutu memorialized: "Rice purchased by Jiangsu, Guangdong, and other provinces is arriving in succession. In counties and prefectures that have not suffered disaster, this year's grain tribute is being fully retained on site, so the Two Jiangs need not fear a shortage of rice. Fujian is a vital coastal frontier and does not produce rice. I request that one hundred thousand shi be retained and distributed to the disaster areas, and two hundred thousand shi be transported back to Fujian." The emperor praised him for displaying the judgment befitting a frontier grand minister. In the fourth year, an edict exempted land tax and grain tribute throughout the Two Jiangs. He memorialized: "By past practice, tax exemptions made no distinction between rich and poor, yet when wealthy households encounter famine, their resources are not seriously depleted; the poor ordinarily lack reserves, and for each additional portion exempted, they receive a corresponding measure of relief. I request that the actual collection registers of each prefecture and county serve as the basis: amounts of five qian or below should be fully exempted; amounts above five qian should be partially exempted at discretion; and amounts above five taels need not be considered for exemption." The emperor instructed: "You have deliberated and taken responsibility in this way—truly commendable. The ancients said, 'There are people to govern, but no laws to govern with.' You should investigate the clerks and runners and not let them use this as a pretext to harass the people—then the policy will be fully realized." He left office to observe mourning.

五年，授刑部尚書。旋出署湖廣總督。六年，調兩江。七年，調閩浙。疏裁闔省鹽場浮費，場員受年節規禮，以不枉法贓論罪。八年，疏言：「溫、台二洋，漁船汛兵，向有陋規。總督李衛奏改塗稅，稽曾筠又請減半徵收。漁船出洋，海關徵樑頭稅，有司徵漁課，不當復加塗稅。」命永遠革除。九年，疏言：「台灣孤懸海外，漳、泉、潮、惠流民聚居，巡台御史熊學鵬議令開荒。臣思曠土久封，遽行召墾，恐匪徒滋事，已令中止。」報聞。

In the fifth year, he was appointed minister of the Board of Punishments. Soon after he was dispatched to serve as acting governor-general of Huguang. In the sixth year, he was transferred to the Two Jiangs. In the seventh year, he was transferred to Min-Zhe. In a memorial he eliminated superfluous expenses at salt fields throughout the province; salt-field officials who accepted seasonal gifts were punished under the statute on accepting bribes without perverting the law. In the eighth year, he memorialized: "In the waters off Wenzhou and Taizhou, patrol soldiers for fishing boats had long-standing corrupt practices. Governor-General Li Wei memorialized to replace it with a landing tax, and Ji Zengyun further requested that collection be halved. When fishing boats put out to sea, the customs office collects beam-head tax and local officials collect fishing dues; a landing tax should not be added on top. An order permanently abolished the practice. In the ninth year, he memorialized: "Taiwan stands alone beyond the sea, with migrants from Zhangzhou, Quanzhou, Chaozhou, and Huizhou living together in concentration. The Taiwan touring censor Xiong Xuepeng proposed opening wilderness for cultivation. I considered that long-sealed vacant land, if suddenly opened for reclamation, might stir up troublemakers, and have already ordered a halt. The report was noted.

旋調兩廣。十年，條奏：「兩廣鹽政，請以商欠鹽價羨餘分年帶徵。商已承替，令承替者償；官或侵漁，令侵漁者償。埠商佔引地，逋成本，斥逐另募。鹽課外加二五加一，並屬私派，悉行禁革。」又調直隸。十一年，條奏八旗屯田章程。十二年，上東巡，那蘇圖從至通州，賚白金萬。條奏稽察山海關諸事，並如所奏議行。加太子少傅。十三年，加太子太保，授領侍衛內大臣，仍留總督任。那蘇圖請赴金川軍前佐班第治事，上不許。十四年，命暫署河道總督。卒，賜祭葬，諡恪勤。

Soon after he was transferred to the Two Guangs. In the tenth year, he submitted detailed memorials: "For the salt administration of the Two Guangs, I request that surplus from merchants' unpaid salt prices be collected over successive years. If a merchant has been replaced, let the replacement pay; if officials embezzled, let the embezzlers pay. Wharf merchants who occupied salt distribution sites and defaulted on capital should be expelled and replacements recruited. The extra levies of 'two-five' and 'add-one' on top of salt duties were all unauthorized surcharges and were entirely prohibited. He was again transferred to Zhili. In the eleventh year, he submitted detailed memorials on regulations for Eight Banner garrison fields. In the twelfth year, when the emperor toured east, Na Sutu accompanied him to Tongzhou and was granted ten thousand taels of silver. He submitted detailed memorials on inspecting affairs at Shanhaiguan, and all were deliberated upon and enacted as he proposed. He was given the additional title of Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the thirteenth year, he was given the additional title of Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, appointed chief commandant of the guard, and retained his governorship. Na Sutu requested to go to the Jinchuan front to assist Ban Di in managing affairs; the emperor did not permit it. In the fourteenth year, he was ordered to serve temporarily as canal governor. He died and was granted sacrificial rites and burial honors; his posthumous title was Keqin.

=楊超曾=楊超曾，字孟班，湖南武陵人。康熙五十四年進士，改庶吉士，授編修。雍正四年，直南書房。時湖南北甫分闈，命充湖北鄉試考官。旋督陝西學政。再遷左庶子。六年，疏陳：「鎮安、山陽、商南、平利、紫陽、石泉、白河諸縣士風衰落，西安、漢中各屬冒考，號為寄籍，諸弊叢生。請就本籍量取，寧缺無濫。並改寄籍者歸本籍，廩增俱作附生。」議行。調順天學政。遷侍讀學士。九年，擢奉天府尹。疏言：「奉天各屬科派多於正供，造冊有費，考試有費，修廨宇、治保甲有費。長官取之州縣，州縣取之民間，衙蠹裡胥，指一派十，嬰害尤劇。已嚴檄所屬檄鑱石禁。」上韙之，下其奏永為例。十年，疏言：「秋收稍歉，明春米穀勢必騰貴，請停商運。」下部議行。十一年，疏言：「州縣所收加一耗羨，自錦州、寧遠外，俱留充州縣養廉。府尹以下養廉，以中江等稅羨支給。」部議即以是年始，著為令。內務府準御史八十條奏，增錦州莊頭百戶撥民種退圈地畝。超曾奏：「地給民種，立業已久。今增莊頭百戶，戶給六百五十晌，晌六畝，都計三十九萬畝。民間萬戶，無地可耕，一時斷難安輯。且正值春耕，清丈動需時日，舊戶新莊俱不能播種，本年賦必兩懸。請緩俟秋收查丈。」事遂寢。遷倉場侍郎。十二年，擢刑部額外侍郎，仍督倉場如故。旋授刑部侍郎。

Yang Chaoceng, courtesy name Mengban, was a native of Wuling in Hunan. A jinshi in the fifty-fourth year of the Kangxi reign, he became a bachelor of the Hanlin Academy and was appointed compiler. In the fourth year of the Yongzheng reign, he served in the Southern Study. At that time Hunan and Hubei had just been given separate examination halls; he was ordered to serve as examiner for the Hubei provincial examination. Soon after he was appointed educational commissioner of Shaanxi. He was again promoted to left subreader. In the sixth year, he memorialized: "In the counties of Zhen'an, Shanyang, Shangnan, Pingli, Ziyang, Shiquan, and Baihe, scholarly standards have declined. In the jurisdictions of Xi'an and Hanzhong, candidates fraudulently sit for examinations under attached registration, and abuses multiply. I request that quotas be filled from native registration only, preferring vacancies to lax standards. Those with attached registration should be returned to their native registration, and all stipendiary and augmented students should be made supplementary students. The proposal was deliberated upon and enacted. He was transferred to serve as educational commissioner of Shuntian. He was promoted to reader of the Hanlin Academy. In the ninth year, he was promoted to prefect of Fengtian. He memorialized: "In the jurisdictions of Fengtian, unauthorized levies exceed regular tribute. There are fees for compiling registers, fees for examinations, fees for repairing offices, and fees for managing community defense. Superior officials take from prefectures and counties, prefectures and counties take from the people, and yamen parasites and village runners multiply one levy into ten—the harm is especially severe. I have already issued strict orders to subordinates forbidding the carving of such levies on stone. The emperor approved it and issued his memorial as a permanent precedent. In the tenth year, he memorialized: "The autumn harvest was somewhat poor; next spring grain prices will surely rise. I request that merchant transport be suspended. The Board deliberated on the proposal and approved its implementation. In the eleventh year, he memorialized: "The 'add-one' surcharge surplus collected by prefectures and counties, except at Jinzhou and Ningyuan, should all be retained to fund their integrity allowances. Integrity allowances for the prefect and those below should be paid from surpluses such as the Zhongjiang tax. The Board deliberated and ordered that this begin that year and be established as a regulation. The Imperial Household Department, following a memorial of eighty articles by the censor, proposed adding one hundred estate managers at Jinzhou and allocating to them reclaimed garrison land that commoners had been cultivating. Chaoceng memorialized: "The land was given to commoners to cultivate, and they have established livelihoods there for a long time. Now one hundred estate managers are to be added, each given six hundred fifty shang, with six mu per shang, totaling three hundred ninety thousand mu. Ten thousand commoner households would have no land to cultivate, and it would be impossible to settle them all at once. Moreover, it is spring planting season; a survey would take time, and neither old households nor new estates could sow—this year's taxes would be left uncollected on both sides. I request that it be deferred until after the autumn harvest for survey and measurement. The matter was then dropped. He was transferred to vice minister of the granaries. In the twelfth year, he was promoted to extra vice minister of the Board of Punishments while continuing to oversee the granaries as before. Soon after he was appointed vice minister of the Board of Punishments.

乾隆元年，署廣西巡撫，二年，實授。疏請豁除桂林等府縣各墟及賀縣花麻地租雜稅。初，巡撫金鉷奏令廢員官生墾荒報捐，有司因以為利，搜民間有餘熟田，量給工本，即作新墾。雲南布政使陳宏謀疏陳其弊，下總督鄂彌達及超曾覈覆。會疏陳捐墾不實田畝、應減應豁及官生短給工本諸事，上命豁加賦虛田凡數万畝，鉷及布政使張鉞皆奪官。三年，召授兵部尚書。

In the first year of the Qianlong reign, he served as acting governor of Guangxi; in the second year, he received the regular appointment. In a memorial he requested exemption of miscellaneous taxes on market stalls in Guilin and other prefectures and counties, and on hemp-field rents in Hexian. Earlier, Governor Jin Qiong memorialized to allow dismissed officials and student scions to reclaim wilderness and report contributions; local officials treated this as profit, searched out surplus cultivated land among the people, supplied seed capital in measured amounts, and reported it as new reclamation. Yunnan financial commissioner Chen Hongmou memorialized on its abuses; the order was sent down to Governor-General E Mida and Chaoceng for verification. They jointly memorialized on fictitious contributed reclamation, acreage that should be reduced or exempted, and shortchanging of seed capital to student scions. The emperor ordered exemption of tens of thousands of mu of falsely assessed land, and both Qiong and financial commissioner Zhang Yue were dismissed from office. In the third year, he was summoned and appointed minister of the Board of War.

五年夏，署兩江總督。秋，授吏部尚書，仍署總督。疏劾江西巡撫岳濬及知府董文偉、劉永錫徇情納賄，遣侍郎阿里袞會江南河道總督高斌按治，濬等坐譴。六年，疏請裁太通道、揚州鹽務道，以通州隸常鎮道轄，餘如舊，可其奏。兼署安徽巡撫。秋，大風雨，濱江、海諸州縣皆被水。超曾令先以本州縣所存銀米撫卹，並發司庫銀八萬、未被水諸州縣倉米十萬，賑上江各州縣；又發司庫銀十萬、各縣穀百餘萬，賑下江各州縣。疏入，上諭曰：「料理賑恤，頗為得宜。當以至誠惻怛為之，庶可稍救災黎也。」通州鹽河亦以水發輟工，督治水利大理寺卿汪漋、副都御史德爾敏令開唐家閘洩水。民慮淹及麥田，紛集欲罷巿。侍郎楊嗣璟疏劾，命超曾按其事。超曾奏：「民無挾制阻撓情狀，似可無事深究。」上從之。复疏薦江蘇巡撫徐士林處己儉約，安徽巡撫陳大受虛中無滯，江西巡撫包括性情和平，惟吏玩民刁，鮮所整頓。上諭曰：「此至當至公之論，與朕見同也。」尋內召視部事，以父憂歸，籍喪次。病作，七年，卒，賜祭葬，諡文敏。

In the summer of the fifth year, he served as acting governor-general of the Two Jiangs. In autumn, he was appointed minister of the Board of Civil Appointments while still serving as acting governor-general. In a memorial he impeached Jiangxi Governor Yue Jun and prefects Dong Wenwei and Liu Yongxi for favoritism and accepting bribes; Vice Minister A Ligun was dispatched together with Jiangnan canal governor Gao Bin to investigate, and Jun and the others were punished. In the sixth year, he memorialized to abolish the Taotong Circuit and the Yangzhou Salt Administration Circuit, placing Tongzhou under the jurisdiction of the Chang-Zhen Circuit with the rest unchanged; his memorial was approved. He also served as acting governor of Anhui. In autumn, great wind and rain flooded all river and coastal prefectures and counties. Chaoceng ordered that relief first be dispensed from silver and grain stored locally in each prefecture and county, and that eighty thousand taels from the provincial treasury and one hundred thousand shi of grain from granaries in undamaged prefectures and counties be distributed to relieve the upstream prefectures and counties; He also disbursed one hundred thousand taels from the provincial treasury and more than one million shi of grain from the counties to provide relief in the lower Yangtze prefectures and counties. When the memorial arrived, the emperor said: "Your handling of relief and succor is quite well judged. It should be done with the utmost sincerity and heartfelt compassion, so that the afflicted people may be given some measure of relief." At Tongzhou the salt canal project also stopped because of the flood. Wang Yong, minister of the Court of Judicature and Review, and Der Min, censor-in-chief, who were overseeing waterworks, ordered the Tangjia Sluice opened to discharge water. Fearing that their wheat fields would be flooded, the people gathered in large numbers and demanded that the operation be stopped. Vice Minister Yang Sijing submitted an impeachment memorial, and Chaoceng was ordered to look into the affair. Chaoceng reported: "There is no evidence that the people were coercively obstructing the work; it seems unnecessary to pursue the matter further." The emperor agreed. He submitted another memorial praising Jiangsu Governor Xu Shilin for his thrift and restraint, Anhui Governor Chen Dashou for his open-mindedness and freedom from rigidity, and Jiangxi Governor Bao Huo for his even temper, while noting that only in Jiangxi were officials lax and the people troublesome, with little being done to set matters right. The emperor said: "These are entirely fair and judicious remarks, and they accord with my own view." Soon afterward he was called to the capital to handle affairs at the ministry, but returned home upon his father's death and took up residence during the mourning period. He fell ill and, in the seventh year, died. He was granted state sacrifices and burial honors, and his posthumous title was Wenmin.

=徐士林=徐士林，字式儒，山東文登人。父農也，士林幼聞鄰塾讀書聲，慕之，跪母前曰：「原送兒入塾。」乃奮志勵學。康熙五十二年，成進士，授內閣中書。再遷禮部員外郎。雍正五年，授江南安慶知府。十年，擢江蘇按察使。坐在安慶失察私鑄，左遷福建汀漳道。漳州俗好鬥，殺人，捕之，輒聚眾據山拒。或請用兵，士林不可。命壯丁分扼要隘，三日，度其食且盡，遣人深入，好語曰：「垂手出山者免！」如其言，果逐隊出。伏其仇於旁，仇舉為首者，擒以徇，眾驚散。自此捕殺人者，無敢據山拒。

Xu Shilin, courtesy name Shiru, was a native of Wendeng in Shandong. His father was a farmer. As a boy, Shilin heard the sound of reading from a neighboring school and longed to join them. Kneeling before his mother, he said: "Please send me to school." Thereafter he set his mind on study and pursued it with determination. In the fifty-second year of the Kangxi reign he became a jinshi and was appointed a Secretariat drafter. He was subsequently promoted to vice director in the Ministry of Rites. In the fifth year of the Yongzheng reign he was appointed prefect of Anqing in Jiangnan. In the tenth year he was promoted to judicial commissioner of Jiangsu. He was held accountable for failing to detect private coining while serving at Anqing and was demoted to intendant of Tingzhang Circuit in Fujian. The people of Zhangzhou were prone to violence. Whenever a killer was arrested, his followers would gather and seize the hills to resist capture. Some suggested sending troops, but Shilin refused. He posted able-bodied men at the strategic passes. After three days, judging that the fugitives' provisions were nearly gone, he sent men inside with reassuring words: "Whoever comes down the mountain unarmed will go free!" As he had promised, they came down in groups, one band after another. He had their enemies hidden nearby. One enemy identified the ringleader, who was seized and executed as a public warning, whereupon the rest fled in terror. After that, whenever killers were pursued, none dared again to hold the hills in defiance.

乾隆元年，遷河南布政使。以父病乞歸侍，旋居父喪。命署江蘇布政使，士林以母病、父未葬，辭。四年，命以布政使護江蘇巡撫，復奏母病篤不能行。是年夏，詣京師，高宗召對，問：「道所經山東、直隸，麥收若何？」曰：「旱且萎。」問：「得雨如何？」曰：「雖雨無益。」問：「何以用人？」曰：「工獻納者，雖敏非才；昧是非者，雖廉實蠹。」上深然之。真除江蘇布政使。五年，湖廣遣山東流民還裡，道經江南，恃其眾擾民。士林疏言：「真確災民，或有田可耕，或無田而佃，素皆力穡。時值春融，自當資送復業。至若遊惰無業，漂泊日久，彼固非能耕之人，亦不盡被災之民，應請停資送。或謂無籍窮民，恐流而為匪，終年搜查遞送不得休。臣未聞不為匪於本籍，獨為匪於鄰封者；亦未聞真為匪者遞回本籍，即能務本力田而不復潛至鄰封者也。安分則撫之，犯法則懲之，在地方官處置得宜而已。」上是其言，下九卿議行。

In the first year of the Qianlong reign he was transferred to financial commissioner of Henan. He asked to return home to care for his ailing father and soon afterward entered mourning upon his father's death. He was ordered to serve as acting financial commissioner of Jiangsu, but Shilin declined on the grounds that his mother was ill and his father had not yet been buried. In the fourth year he was ordered to serve as financial commissioner while overseeing the Jiangsu governorship, but he again reported that his mother was critically ill and that he could not leave home. That summer he went to the capital, where the Gaozong Emperor received him in audience and asked: "Along the road through Shandong and Zhili, how did the wheat crop fare?" He answered: "There was drought, and the crop withered." The emperor asked: "If rain comes, will that help?" He replied: "Even rain would do no good." The emperor asked: "How should one choose and use officials?" He answered: "Men who are adept at flattery and gift-giving may be quick-witted, but they lack real ability; while those who cannot tell right from wrong, though seemingly honest, are in fact a plague upon government." The emperor was deeply impressed and agreed. He was then formally appointed financial commissioner of Jiangsu. In the fifth year Huguang began sending Shandong refugees home. As they passed through Jiangnan, they took advantage of their numbers to harass the local population. Shilin memorialized: "Those who are truly disaster victims, whether they own land to cultivate or rent fields as tenants, have always been hardworking farmers. Now that spring has arrived, they should naturally be given assistance and sent home to resume farming. As for idle drifters without work who have wandered for a long time, they are neither capable farmers nor necessarily true disaster victims. Assistance for their return should be discontinued. Some argue that homeless poor may turn to banditry, and that officials must therefore search for and escort them without cease all year long. I have never heard of men who refrained from banditry in their home district only to become bandits in a neighboring one; nor have I heard that real bandits, once sent back to their native places, would settle down to honest farming and never again slip into neighboring districts. Those who keep the peace should be treated kindly; those who break the law should be punished. That is all that is required of local officials if they handle matters properly." The emperor approved his proposal and referred it to the Nine Ministers for deliberation and enactment.

秋，授江蘇巡撫。湖北巡撫崔紀以湖廣食淮鹽，自雍正元年定值，遞年加增，為民累，疏請核減，命士林會鹽政準泰核議。士林奏：「鹽為民食所資，貴固累民，賤亦累商。今確核成本，每引賤價以五兩三錢餘為率，貴價以五兩七錢餘為率。商人計子母，若令按本出售，恐商力日絀，轉運不前，民亦所未便。請每引酌給餘息二三錢。」疏下戶部議，成本如所定，至餘息已在成本內，無庸酌給。士林奏：「商人牟利，運鹽不時至，巿值即因之而長。鹽政三保原議每引賤至六兩三錢餘，貴至六兩五錢餘，是實有餘息。今臣所議已將餘息減除，僅加息二三錢。計售於民，每斤增不過以毫計，利已至薄。祗以商本饒裕，常年通算，積少成多。今不給餘息，商情必生退阻。倘漢口運鹽不繼，恐淮商困而楚民亦病也。」上特從之。是歲徐、海水災，士林疏請治賑。六年春，复疏請酌借貧民穀麥。沛縣災最重，請發籓庫餘平銀糴米續賑。別疏言：「江蘇社穀積貯無多，去年秋成，惟徐、海被災，餘俱豐稔。臣飭諸州縣勸捐十餘萬石，仍戒勿強派，勿限數，勿差役滋擾。」上深嘉之。尋以病請告，溫旨慰留，遣醫診視。又疏言：「淮北被水，二麥無收，急宜撫卹。臣不敢泥成例，已先飭發庫帑賑濟，俟察實成災分數具題。」上諭曰：「如此料理，甚副朕視民如傷之念。」

That autumn he was appointed governor of Jiangsu. Hubei Governor Cui Ji reported that because Huguang relied on Huai salt, the price fixed in the first year of the Yongzheng reign had risen year after year and become a burden on the people. He requested a review and reduction, and Shilin was ordered to confer with Salt Controller Zhuntai on the matter. Shilin reported: "Salt is a staple of the people's diet. If the price is too high, the people suffer; if it is too low, the merchants suffer. After a careful review of costs, the low price per license should be set at about five taels and three qian, and the high price at about five taels and seven qian. Merchants must cover both capital and profit. If they are forced to sell at cost alone, their resources will steadily dwindle, transport will falter, and the people will suffer as well. I therefore ask that two or three qian of surplus profit be allowed on each license." The memorial was referred to the Board of Revenue, which accepted the cost figures but ruled that surplus profit was already built into them and need not be granted separately. Shilin replied: "Merchants operate for profit. When salt deliveries are irregular, market prices rise accordingly. Salt Controller Sanbao had originally proposed low and high prices of about six taels and three qian and six taels and five qian per license respectively, which clearly left room for profit. The plan I now propose has already cut back that surplus and allows only two or three qian of additional profit. For consumers, the increase would amount to only a fraction of a qian per jin—the margin is already very slim. Only because merchants have ample capital does a small profit on each sale, spread over the whole year, add up to a meaningful sum. If that surplus is denied, merchants will surely become reluctant and withdraw from the trade. If salt shipments to Hankou falter, Huai merchants will be ruined and the people of Huguang will suffer as well." The emperor made a special exception and agreed. That year Xuzhou and Haizhou were struck by floods, and Shilin memorialized requesting relief measures. In the spring of the sixth year he again asked that grain and wheat be lent as appropriate to the poor. Pei County had suffered the worst damage, and he requested surplus provincial treasury funds to buy rice for continued relief. In a separate memorial he wrote: "Jiangsu's community granaries held little reserve. Last autumn only Xuzhou and Haizhou were hit by disaster; everywhere else the harvest was abundant. I ordered the prefectures and counties to solicit donations of more than one hundred thousand shi, while strictly forbidding forced levies, fixed quotas, and harassment by yamen runners." The emperor was deeply pleased. Soon afterward he asked for sick leave. The emperor responded with a gracious edict urging him to stay on and sent a physician to attend him. He submitted another memorial: "The area north of the Huai has been flooded and the wheat crop has failed. Relief must be provided at once. I did not wait for precedent. I have already ordered treasury funds released for relief and will submit a full report once the extent of the disaster has been verified." The emperor said: "Such handling fully accords with my desire to treat the people as I would treat my own injuries."

及秋，病益甚，疏請乞假，且言：「母年八十三，未能迎養，暌違兩載，寢食靡寧。」上允之。行至淮安，卒。遺疏入，上諭曰：「士林忠孝性成，以母老遠離，不受妻孥之養，鞠躬盡瘁，遂致沈痾。及得假後，力疾旋裡，以圖侍母。臨終無一語及私，勸朕以憂盛危明之心為長治久安之計。此等良臣，方資倚任。乃今溘逝，朕實切切含悲不能自已者也！」命祀京師賢良祠，賜祭葬。遺疏言：「故父之淮，母鞠氏，孝養祖父母，侍病二十餘年，歷久不懈。懇賜表揚。」命予旌如例。

By autumn his illness had worsened, and he asked for leave, writing: "My mother is eighty-three. I have been unable to bring her to live with me. For two years we have been apart, and I have had no peace day or night." The emperor granted his request. He died on the road at Huaian. When his deathbed memorial arrived, the emperor said: "Shilin was loyal and filial by nature. Because his aged mother lived far away, he refused even the comfort of his wife and children, wore himself out in service, and so fell gravely ill. After leave was granted, he forced himself homeward despite his illness in the hope of caring for his mother. At the end he spoke not a word of private concern, but urged me to guard against complacency in prosperity and to remain vigilant in peril, as the path to lasting peace. Such a worthy minister was one on whom I had only just begun to rely. And now he has suddenly died. My grief is deep beyond measure!" He ordered that Shilin be enshrined in the Worthies Shrine in the capital and granted state sacrifices and burial honors. In his final memorial he wrote: "My late father was Zhi Huai and my mother was née Ju. She dutifully cared for my grandparents and nursed them through illness for more than twenty years without ever slackening. I humbly ask that she be publicly commended." The emperor ordered that the usual honors be conferred upon her.

士林善治獄。為巡撫，守令來謁，輒具獄命擬判，每誡之曰：「深文傷和，姑息養奸。夫律例猶本草，其情事萬端，如病者之經絡虛實，不善用藥者殺人，不善用律者亦如之。」凡讞定必先摘大略牌示，始發繕文冊，吏不得因緣為奸。日治官文書，至夜坐白木榻，一燈熒然，手批目覽，雖除夕、元辰弗輟。愛民憂國，惟日不足。江南民尤德之。九年，請祀蘇州名宦祠。鄞縣邵基、臨汾王師與士林先後撫江蘇，有清名。

Shilin was skilled at adjudicating cases. As governor, whenever prefects and magistrates came to see him, he would have cases brought forward and order draft judgments, always warning them: "Harsh interpretation of the law destroys harmony; excessive leniency breeds crime. Statutes and precedents are like medicinal herbs: circumstances vary endlessly, just as a patient's condition may be hollow or full in different meridians. A physician who misuses medicine kills; an official who misuses the law does the same." Whenever a case was decided, he first posted a summary of the ruling before issuing the formal documents, so that clerks could not exploit the process for their own gain. He handled official papers by day, and at night sat on a plain wooden couch beneath a single flickering lamp, reading and annotating documents by hand. He did not rest even on New Year's Eve or New Year's Day. His love for the people and concern for the state left him with never enough hours in the day. The people of Jiangnan were especially grateful to him. In the ninth year the people petitioned to have him enshrined in Suzhou's Shrine of Eminent Officials. Shao Ji of Yin County, Wang Shi of Linfen, and Shilin served successively as governors of Jiangsu and all enjoyed reputations for clean government.

基，字學阯。康熙六十年進士，改庶吉士。雍正三年，授編修。考選福建道御史。巡中城，止司坊官饋遺商巿月椿錢，釐積案，姦宄惕息。巡直隸順德、大名、廣平三府，以廉勤飭使事。遷戶科給事中，命在上書房行走。四遷國子監祭酒，立教術五條，勉生徒以正學。歷右通政、左僉都御史，並仍兼祭酒。十二年，遷右副都御史，擢吏部侍郎。疏言：「強梗屬員，以上官將予參劾，輒先發製人。往往參本未到，揭帖已至。質訊虛誣，按律治罪，上官已被其累。請嗣後上官恃勢，屬員受屈，仍許直揭部科；其有誣揭者，於本罪外加重科斷。」議行。尋兼翰林院掌院學士。

Shao Ji, courtesy name Xuezhi. He passed the jinshi examination in the sixtieth year of the Kangxi reign and became a Hanlin bachelor. In the third year of the Yongzheng reign he was appointed compiler. He was selected by examination and appointed censor of the Fujian Circuit. While patrolling the central city, he put an end to ward officials' bribes and the monthly squeeze levied on merchants, cleared a backlog of cases, and lawbreakers were brought to heel. He inspected Shuntian, Daming, and Guangping prefectures in Zhili, governing envoy affairs with integrity and diligence. He was promoted to supervising secretary of the Household Section and assigned to serve in the Upper Study. Promoted four times, he became Chancellor of the Imperial Academy, drew up five principles of instruction, and urged students to pursue proper scholarship. He served in turn as Right Commissioner of Transmission and Left Vice Censor-in-Chief, retaining the chancellorship in both appointments. In the twelfth year he was made Right Vice Censor-in-Chief and promoted to Vice Minister of Personnel. He submitted a memorial stating: "When obstinate subordinates learn that their superior intends to impeach them, they often strike first to destroy him. Frequently the accusatory petition reaches the court before the formal impeachment memorial itself. If investigation shows the charges to be false and the accuser is punished under the law, the superior has already been dragged down in the process. He asked that in future, when superiors abuse their authority and subordinates are wronged, the latter still be allowed to petition the relevant ministry sections directly; and that anyone who submits a false accusation receive an additional penalty beyond the punishment for the underlying offense." The proposal was approved and put into effect. Shortly thereafter he was also appointed Chancellor of the Hanlin Academy.

乾隆元年，充博學鴻詞閱卷官。出為江蘇巡撫。二年，疏言：「江蘇各屬，江、海交錯，全資水利。運道、官河及湖海鉅工，自當發帑官修。其支河汊港，蓄水灌田，向皆民力疏濬。近悉請官帑，似非執中無弊。請將運河及江、河、湖、海專資通洩之處，仍發庫帑估修；其餘河港圩岸，令有司勸民以時疏濬修築，庶公私兩益。」下部議，從之。時以治賑收捐，基疏爭，略言：「天下傳皇上新政，首罷捐例。今為樂善好施之例，是開捐而巧更其名也。周官荒政十二，未聞乞靈於貲郎。」上命停止，戶部持不可，卒行之。上以基題補按察使戴永椿，知府王喬林、石傑皆同鄉，道員李梅賓、盧見曾皆同年，不知避嫌，嚴旨詰責。基旋卒。子鐸，官檢討，早卒。孫洪，賜舉人，官至禮部侍郎，亦有清名。

In the first year of the Qianlong reign he served as an examiner for the Special Examination for Erudite Scholars. He was appointed Governor of Jiangsu. In the second year he submitted a memorial stating: "Jiangsu's subordinate districts, where rivers and sea meet, depend entirely on water management. Transport routes, official rivers, and major lake and sea projects should naturally be funded from the treasury and repaired by the state. Branch rivers and side channels used to store water and irrigate fields have traditionally been dredged by local communities. Lately every such project has been put forward for state funding, which does not seem consistent with the principle of moderation. He proposed that the Grand Canal and those points on rivers, lakes, and the sea devoted chiefly to drainage continue to be repaired with funds from the treasury; while for other channels and dikes, local officials should encourage the people to dredge and maintain them in season, so that both state and community may benefit." The memorial was referred to the ministry for review, and the recommendation was adopted. At that time relief was being financed through soliciting donations; Shao Ji protested in a memorial, writing in brief: "The whole empire has heard that among the Emperor's new policies, the sale of offices was abolished first. To establish a precedent of charitable giving now is simply to reopen the sale of offices under a different name. The Rites of Zhou sets out twelve measures for famine relief; nowhere does it speak of relying on men who bought their posts." The Emperor ordered it stopped, but the Board of Revenue objected that this could not be done, and in the end the policy went ahead anyway. Because Shao Ji had recommended Surveillance Commissioner Dai Yongchun, Prefects Wang Qiaolin and Shi Jie—all men from his home district—and Circuit Intendants Li Meibin and Lu Jianzeng—all men from his examination year—without observing the rules of recusal, the Emperor issued a stern edict of rebuke. Shao Ji died shortly thereafter. His son Duo served as a reviser but died young. His grandson Hong was granted the status of provincial graduate, rose to Vice Minister of Rites, and likewise enjoyed a reputation for clean government.

師，字貞甫。雍正八年進士，以知縣發直隸。十一年，授元城知縣。王勝甿蕪田數百畝，歲有徵，請除其累。導民樹蓺，沙壤成沃，歲祲不待請而賑。調清苑，遷冀州知州。州民被誣為殺人，已定讞，民所聘女誓同死。廉得實，覆鞫，雪其枉，俾完娶。累遷清河道，從大學士高斌等規畫直隸水利，週曆保定、河間、天津、正定諸地，所擘畫多被採用。擢直隸按察使。乾隆十一年，遷浙江布政使，調江蘇，巡撫安寧劾，解任。又以按察使任內失察邪教，降補天津道。再授浙江布政使。十五年，擢江蘇巡撫，免沛縣昭陽湖淹地老荒麻地徵課。尋卒。子亶望，自有傳。

Wang Shi, courtesy name Zhenfu. He passed the jinshi examination in the eighth year of the Yongzheng reign and was sent to Zhili as a magistrate. In the eleventh year he was appointed magistrate of Yuancheng. Wang Sheng had brought several hundred mu of wasteland under cultivation, yet tax was still collected each year; Wang Shi petitioned to lift this burden. He encouraged the people to plant mulberry and hemp until sandy soil turned fertile, and in famine years he provided relief without waiting to be petitioned. He was transferred to Qingyuan and then promoted to Prefect of Jizhou. A local man had been falsely convicted of murder; the sentence was already fixed, and the woman to whom he was betrothed vowed to die with him. After an honest investigation established the facts, he reopened the case, cleared the man's name, and allowed the marriage to proceed. After successive promotions he became Commissioner of the Qinghe Circuit. Working with Grand Secretary Gao Bin and others to plan water control in Zhili, he toured Baoding, Hejian, Tianjin, Zhengding, and other districts, and many of his proposals were adopted. He was promoted to Surveillance Commissioner of Zhili. In the eleventh year of the Qianlong reign he was made Financial Commissioner of Zhejiang, then transferred to Jiangsu, where Governor An Ning impeached him and he was removed from office. He was further demoted for failing to detect heterodox sects during his tenure as surveillance commissioner and was reassigned to the Tianjin Circuit. He was again made Financial Commissioner of Zhejiang. In the fifteenth year he was promoted to Governor of Jiangsu and exempted long-abandoned hemp fields flooded by Zhaoyang Lake in Pei County from taxation. He died shortly thereafter. His son Danwang has his own biography.

=尹會一=尹會一，字元孚，直隸博野人。雍正二年進士，分工部學習，授主事，遷員外郎。五年，出為襄陽知府。漢水暴漲，壞護城石堤。會一督修建，分植巡功，民忘其勞。創八蜡廟，表諸葛亮所居山，復為茅廬其上。署荊州，石首饑民聚眾，揚言將劫倉穀。會一單騎往諭，係其強悍者，發倉穀次第散予之，眾悅服。九年，調江南揚州知府，濬新舊城巿河通舟楫，濬城西蜀岡下河灌田疇。十一年，遷兩淮鹽運使。新安定書院，士興於學。高宗即位，就加僉都御史銜，擢兩淮鹽政。

Yin Huiyi, courtesy name Yuanfu, was a native of Boye in Zhili. He passed the jinshi examination in the second year of the Yongzheng reign, was assigned to train in the Ministry of Works, appointed secretary, and then promoted to vice director. In the fifth year he was appointed Prefect of Xiangyang. The Han River rose in flood and destroyed the stone embankment protecting the city walls. Yin Huiyi personally supervised the repairs, dividing the labor and inspecting progress, so that the people scarcely felt the burden. He built a temple to the Eight Agricultural Deities, marked the mountain where Zhuge Liang had lived, and restored a thatched hut on the summit. While serving as acting Prefect of Jingzhou, hungry people in Shishou gathered in a mob and threatened to loot the public granary. Yin Huiyi rode out alone to reason with them, detained the ringleaders, opened the granary, and distributed grain in orderly fashion; the crowd submitted willingly. In the ninth year he was appointed Prefect of Yangzhou in Jiangnan, dredged the market canals of the old and new cities to allow passage by boat, and cleared the river below Shugang west of the city to irrigate the farmland. In the eleventh year he was promoted to Salt Transport Commissioner of the Two Huai Circuits. He restored and strengthened the local academy, and scholarly activity flourished. When the Qianlong Emperor acceded to the throne, Yin Huiyi was immediately granted the nominal rank of Vice Censor-in-Chief and promoted to Salt Controller of the Two Huai Circuits.

乾隆二年，入覲，命署廣東巡撫，以母老辭。調署河南巡撫。河南方閔雨，疏請緩徵，並發倉平糶，不拘存七糶三舊例，視緩急為多寡，上從之。尋疏言：「力田貴乘天時。河南民時宜播種，尚未舉耜；時宜耘耔，始行播種。臣擬分析種植先後，刊諭老農，督率勸勉。如工本不敷，許借倉穀，秋後補還。北方地闊，一夫所耕，自七八十畝至百餘畝，力散工薄。臣勸諭田主，授田以三十畝為率。分多種之田給無田之人，則遊民亦少。河南多咸鹼沙地，犁去三尺，則咸少而潤澤。臣責成鄉保就隙地植所宜木，則地無曠土。河南產木棉，而商賈販於江南，民家有機杼者百不得一。擬動公項製造給領。廣勸婦女，互相仿效。」上諭之曰：「酌量而行，不可欲速，不可終怠。若民不樂從，尤不可繩以法也。」旋命實授。三年，上以河南歲稔，敕籌備倉穀。會一疏言：「河南歲豐，直隸、江南歲歉，商販紛集，米價日昂。臣飭有司，本地價高，於鄰縣買補；鄰縣價高，報明不敷銀，在各屬盈餘款內均撥。河南民食麥為上，高粱、蕎麥、豆次之。臣並令參酌糴貯，來春先侭糶借。」上嘉之。

In the second year of the Qianlong reign he came to court, was ordered to serve as acting Governor of Guangdong, but declined because his mother was elderly. He was reassigned to serve as acting Governor of Henan. Henan was then suffering drought; he memorialized requesting deferred tax collection and the release of grain from public granaries at fair prices, not bound by the old rule of keeping seventy percent in store and selling only thirty percent, but adjusting quantities according to need; the Emperor approved. He soon submitted another memorial stating: "Successful farming depends on keeping pace with the seasons. When the season for sowing arrived in Henan, the farmers had not yet begun plowing; when the season for weeding and harrowing came, they were only then sowing their seed. I propose to set out the proper sequence of planting, publish guidance for experienced farmers, and supervise and encourage compliance. If farmers lack sufficient capital for labor, allow them to borrow grain from the public stores and repay it after the autumn harvest. In the north the land is vast; a single farmer may work anywhere from seventy or eighty mu to more than a hundred, spreading his labor too thin. I urge landowners to allot fields at a standard of thirty mu per tenant. If excess holdings are divided among the landless, the number of vagrants will also decline. Henan has much saline, alkaline, sandy soil; plowing away the top three feet reduces the salt content and restores fertility. I would hold village elders and tithing officers responsible for planting suitable trees on unused land, so that no ground goes to waste. Henan produces cotton, yet merchants carry it off to Jiangnan for sale; fewer than one household in a hundred owns a loom. He proposed using public funds to manufacture looms and distribute them to households. He urged women throughout the province to take up weaving and learn from one another." The Emperor replied: "Proceed with discretion. Do not rush, but do not grow slack in the end either. If the people are unwilling to comply, you must above all avoid coercing them by law." Shortly afterward he was formally appointed to the post. In the third year, noting Henan's good harvest, the Emperor ordered preparations to fill the public granaries. Yin Huiyi memorialized: "Henan has had a bumper harvest while Zhili and Jiangnan have suffered poor harvests; merchants have flocked in and grain prices rise daily. I have instructed local officials that where prices are high in one district, grain should be purchased in neighboring counties to make up the deficit; where neighboring counties also have high prices, report the shortfall in funds and allocate the difference evenly from surplus revenues within the province. The people of Henan rely chiefly on wheat, with sorghum, buckwheat, and beans as secondary staples. I have also ordered officials to purchase and store grain as appropriate, so that in the coming spring it may first be sold or lent out as needed." The Emperor praised the proposal.

四年，黃河、沁水共漲，瀕河四十七州縣成災。會一定賑恤規條十六，無食者予一月之糧，無居者予葺屋之資，緩徵減糶，留漕運貸倉米，米不足，移他郡之粟助之，富民周濟；並假餘屋以棲貧窶，建棚舍，安流亡，免米稅，興工代賑，種蔓菁助民食，助耔種，施藥餌，延諸生稽察；又令離鄉求食者，有司隨在廩給，開以作業，俟改歲東作資送還鄉。御史宮煥文劾會一本年報盜百六十餘案，秋審招冊駁改至三十餘案，疲玩貽誤，上以會一忠厚謹慎，非有心誤公，召授左副都御史。疏陳：「人主一言，天下屬耳目。今方甄別年老不勝任之員，而饒州知府張鍾以年老改部屬，旬日間前後頓殊，群下無所法守。」上嘉納之。

In the fourth year the Yellow River and the Qin River flooded together, bringing disaster to forty-seven prefectures and counties along their banks. Yin Huiyi established sixteen rules for relief: the hungry received a month's rations; the homeless received funds to repair their dwellings; tax collection was deferred and grain prices reduced; transport grain was retained and public rice lent out; where supplies ran short, grain was brought in from other prefectures; and the wealthy were urged to contribute; spare buildings were lent to shelter the destitute, sheds were erected for refugees, rice taxes were waived, public works were launched as relief, turnips were planted to supplement food supplies, seed was provided for late planting, medicine was distributed, and scholars were enlisted to supervise relief efforts; he also ordered that refugees seeking food away from home be given rations wherever they were found, offered work, and when the new year came and spring planting began, provided with funds to return home. Censor Gong Huanwen impeached Yin Huiyi for reporting more than one hundred and sixty robbery cases in a single year while the autumn review registers were cut back to little more than thirty, accusing him of negligence and delay; the Emperor, believing Yin Huiyi to be honest and conscientious rather than deliberately remiss, summoned him and appointed him Left Vice Censor-in-Chief. He submitted a memorial stating: "A single word from the sovereign is watched and heard throughout the empire. The court is now screening out officials who are too old to serve effectively, yet Prefect Zhang Zhong of Raozhou was transferred to a ministry post on grounds of age; within ten days the policy reversed itself, leaving officials with no consistent standard to follow." The Emperor commended the memorial and accepted its advice.

會一母年七十餘，疏請終養。上知會一孝母，母李先以節孝旌，有賢名，賜詩褒之。會一在官有善政，必歸美於母。家居設義倉，置義田，興義學，謂皆出母意。母卒，會一年已逾五十，居喪一遵古禮。十一年，服闋，召授工部侍郎，督江蘇學政。

Yin Huiyi's mother was over seventy; he memorialized requesting leave to care for her until her death. Knowing Yin Huiyi to be devoted to his mother—whose surname was Li and who had already been honored for chastity and filial devotion and enjoyed a reputation for virtue—the Emperor bestowed a poem in praise. Whenever Yin Huiyi achieved good results in office, he always credited his mother. At home he established a charity granary, endowed charity fields, and founded a charity school, saying that all of this reflected his mother's wishes. After his mother's death, though Yin Huiyi was already over fifty, he observed mourning in strict accordance with ancient rites. In the eleventh year, when his mourning period ended, he was summoned and appointed Vice Minister of Works and Educational Commissioner of Jiangsu.

十二年，上敕各省學政按試時，以御纂四經取與舊說別異處發問，答不失指者，童入學，生補廩。會一請令生童冊報考試經解，別期發問，不在冊報者，不概補經解。下部議行。會一以江南文勝，風以質行。嘗謁東林道南祠，刻小學頒示士子。處士是鏡廬墓隱舜山，親訪之，薦於朝。侍郎方苞屏居清涼山，徒步造訪，執弟子禮。校文詳慎，士林悅服。十三年，轉吏部，仍留學政任。力疾按試，至松江，卒。遺疏請任賢納諫。巡撫雅爾哈善奏准入名宦祠。

In the twelfth year the Emperor ordered that when provincial educational commissioners held examinations, they question candidates on points where the imperially compiled Four Classics differ from earlier interpretations; those who answer correctly may be enrolled as licentiates or granted stipends as sheng. Yin Huiyi proposed that licentiates and candidates register for examination on classical commentary, with questioning held on a separate occasion; those not on the register should not automatically receive stipends for classical commentary. The proposal was referred to the ministry for review and approved. Yin Huiyi emphasized Jiangnan's strength in letters and set an example of unadorned conduct to reform local mores. He once paid respects at the Donglin shrine to Dao Nan, had the Elementary Learning printed, and distributed it among the literati. The recluse Shi Jing was living in mourning by his father's tomb in seclusion on Shun Mountain; Yin Huiyi visited him in person and recommended him to the throne. Vice Minister Fang Bao was living in seclusion on Qingliang Mountain; Yin Huiyi walked there to visit him and treated him with the deference due a teacher. He examined papers with painstaking care, and men of letters were won over. In the thirteenth year he was transferred to the Board of Personnel while remaining educational commissioner of Jiangsu. Pressing on with the tour of examination despite illness, he died upon reaching Songjiang. In a deathbed memorial he urged the appointment of worthy men and the acceptance of remonstrance. Governor Yarhašan memorialized that he be admitted to the local shrine of eminent officials.

子嘉銓，自舉人授刑部主事，再遷郎中。授山東濟東道，再仙甘肅布政使。改大理寺卿，休致。乾隆四十六年，上巡幸保定，嘉銓遣其子齎奏，為會一乞諡；又請以湯斌、範文程、李光地、顧八代、張伯行及會一從祀孔子廟。上責其謬妄，逮至京師親鞫之，坐極刑，改絞死。上以嘉銓自著年譜，載與刑部簽商緩決，並稱大學士為「相國」，又編本朝名臣言行錄，屢降旨深斥之。

His son Jia Quan entered service as a secretary in the Board of Punishments after receiving his juren degree and was twice promoted to bureau director. He was appointed intendant of Jidong in Shandong and later transferred to serve as provincial treasurer of Gansu. He was transferred to chief judge of the Court of Revision and then retired. In the forty-sixth year of Qianlong, while the Emperor was touring Baoding, Jia Quan sent his son to submit a memorial asking a posthumous title for Yin Huiyi; He also asked that Tang Bin, Fan Wencheng, Li Guangdi, Gu Baidai, Zhang Boxing, and Yin Huiyi be granted posthumous worship in the Confucian temple. The Emperor denounced his presumption, had him brought to the capital for trial in person, sentenced him to death, and then commuted the sentence to strangulation. The Emperor further condemned Jia Quan for having written his own chronological biography, in which he recorded bargaining with the Board of Punishments over a delayed execution, addressed grand secretaries as "prime minister," and compiled a record of famous ministers' words and deeds—issuing repeated edicts to rebuke him sharply.

=王恕=王恕，字中安，四川銅梁人。康熙六十年進士，改庶吉士。雍正元年，吏部以員外郎缺員，請以庶吉士揀補，恕與焉。旋自員外郎遷郎中。考選廣西道御史。轉兵科給事中。出為江南江安糧道，再遷廣東布政使。乾隆五年，署福建巡撫。上諭之曰：「勉力務實，勿粉飾外觀。封疆大吏不可徒自立無過之地，遂謂可保祿全身也。」旋奏：「臣到任數月，官方民俗，積儲兵防，已得其大略。漳、泉素刁悍，已嚴諭有司勤為聽斷，力行整刷。民俗尚華靡，督臣德沛以儉樸化民，臣更當倡導為助。合省常平倉穀，至四年歲終，共存一百三十四萬，又收捐監穀十五萬，委道府切實察覈。」報聞。六年，奏言：「台灣各縣最稱難治。於繁缺知縣內揀選調補，多以處分被駁。請嗣後調台官員，雖有經徵承追各案，准予題調。」上諭曰：「用此定例則不可，隨本奏請則可。」又奏：「各鄉社穀向俱借存寺廟，請於四鄉村鎮適中處分建倉房，工費即以社穀撥充，俟將來續收補項。」又奏免崇安無田浮賦一千二百五十一頃，及閩縣加徵無著學租。又奏：「福建多山田，零星合計成畝。嗣後民間開墾不及一畝，與雖及一畝而地角山頭不相毗連者，免其昇科。」均從之。實授巡撫。

Wang Shu, courtesy name Zhong'an, was a native of Tongliang in Sichuan. He passed the jinshi examination in the sixtieth year of Kangxi and entered the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor. In the first year of Yongzheng, when the Board of Personnel reported a vacancy for bureau vice director and asked that Hanlin bachelors be selected to fill it, Wang Shu was chosen. He was soon promoted from bureau vice director to bureau director. He was selected by examination and appointed censor of the Guangxi circuit. He was transferred to supervising secretary of the Bureau of Military Affairs. He was appointed grain intendant of Jiang'an in Jiangnan and later promoted to provincial treasurer of Guangdong. In the fifth year of Qianlong he served as acting governor of Fujian. The Emperor instructed him: "Work hard at practical results and do not dress up appearances. A frontier governor cannot simply carve out a blameless position for himself and then imagine that he can keep his salary and save his skin." He soon memorialized: "In the few months since I took office I have gained a general understanding of official practice, local custom, stored reserves, and military defense. Zhangzhou and Quanzhou have long been unruly; I have already sternly ordered local officials to hear cases diligently and push hard for reform. Local custom still favors extravagance; Governor-General De Pei is reforming the people through frugality, and I should do all I can to support him. By the end of the fourth year the province's ever-normal granaries held 1.34 million shi in all, with another 150,000 shi collected through purchase-for-supervisor donations; I have entrusted the intendants and prefects to inspect these accounts rigorously." The memorial was noted. In the sixth year he memorialized: "Taiwan's counties are the hardest to govern. When replacements are chosen from magistrates holding difficult posts, many candidates are rejected because of pending disciplinary cases. I ask that hereafter officials transferred to Taiwan may be proposed for appointment even when they have outstanding cases of tax collection or pursuit of arrears." The Emperor replied: "This cannot be made a standing rule, but it may be requested case by case in each memorial." He also memorialized: "Grain from local community societies has always been stored on loan in temples. I ask that granaries be built at suitable central points in townships and market towns, the construction costs to be paid from the society grain and made up from future collections." He also memorialized for exemption of 1,251 qing of tax assessed on nonexistent land in Chong'an and of the additional levy on unassigned school rent in Min County. He also memorialized: "Fujian has much hillside land, with scattered plots totaled together to make full mu. Henceforth newly opened land of less than one mu, or land that reaches one mu but whose corners and hilltops are not contiguous, should be exempt from upgraded taxation." All were approved. He was formally appointed governor.

江蘇布政使安凝條奏賑務，上發各督撫察閱。恕疏言：「救災之法有三：曰賑，曰糶，曰借。此三者，實心辦理則益民，奉行不善則害政。以賑而論，地方有司於倉猝查報時，分極貧、次貧。一有差等，便啟弊端。里甲於此酬恩怨，胥役於此得上下，而民之冀幸而生觖望者，更不待言。蓋貧富易辨，極次難分。如以有田為次貧，無田為極貧，一遇旱澇，顆粒皆無，有田與無田等也。如以有家為次貧，無家為極貧，則無從得食，相忍守飢，完聚與煢獨同也。與其倉猝分別開爭競之門，莫如一視同仁絕覬覦之望。臣愚以為初賑似應一律散給，加賑再行分別，庶杜爭端。以糶而論，定例石減時價一錢，俾小民升斗易求，牙商居奇無望，誠接濟良法。乃有司每多請過減，倘輕聽準行，勢必希圖多糶，規利者云集喧囂。且米價太賤，商販不前。臣請嗣後平糶，仍照定例斟酌辦理，使災民實沾升斗之惠，而棍徒囤戶難行冒濫之姦。以藉而論，動公家之銀，為百姓謀有無、通匱乏，此周官卹貧遺法也。然使辦理未協，則官民交累。假如荒年田土無力耕種，有司借給耔種，猶可穫時即償。若告貸銀米以給口食，則必計其能還而後與之，狡黠之流遂謂官有偏私，不免造謗生事。有司不得已略為變通，而無力還官，差拘徵比，民無安息。是始則藉不能遍，因爭閧而被刑；繼則還不能清，迫追呼而更困。名為利民，實為病民。且年久不清，蒙恩豁免，帑項終歸無著。臣以為與其借而無償，莫如賑而不借。此皆當先事而熟籌者也。」報聞。旋以官按察使時刪改囚供，下吏部，召詣京師。上以恕居官賢否詢閩浙總督策楞，又命新任巡撫劉於義考察。策楞言「恕操守廉潔，老成持重，惟識力不能堅定」；於義亦言「恕廉潔，百姓俱稱安靜和平，絕無擾累。惟不能振作」。上謂兩奏皆至公之論。尋補浙江布政使。旋卒。

An Ning, provincial treasurer of Jiangsu, submitted a detailed memorial on relief work, which the Emperor circulated to all governors-general and governors for review. Wang Shu memorialized: "There are three methods of disaster relief: relief distribution, relief sales, and loans. Handled sincerely, these three benefit the people; handled badly, they harm government. As for relief distribution, when local officials hurriedly investigate and report, they divide the extremely poor from the moderately poor. Once gradations are introduced, abuses follow. Village headmen settle old scores through it, clerks and runners take bribes through it, and the people's hopes and resentments need hardly be mentioned. Wealth and poverty are easy to tell apart, but extreme and moderate poverty are hard to distinguish. If those with land are counted moderately poor and those without land extremely poor, then when drought or flood leaves not a grain behind, landholders and landless are alike. If those with homes are counted moderately poor and the homeless extremely poor, then when people have no food and endure hunger together, families intact and people alone suffer alike. Rather than hurried distinctions that open the door to rivalry, it is better to treat all alike and remove the hope of favoritism. I humbly believe that initial relief should be distributed equally to all, with distinctions made only in supplemental relief, so that disputes may be prevented. As for relief sales, the established rule cuts one cash per shi from the market price so common people can easily buy grain by the measure and brokers cannot hoard in vain hope—it is truly an excellent method of relief. Yet officials often ask for deeper reductions than the rule allows; if these are lightly approved, they will seek to sell more grain for profit, and profiteers will gather in noisy crowds. Moreover, when rice prices fall too low, merchants stop bringing grain to market. I ask that relief sales hereafter continue to follow the established rule with careful discretion, so that disaster victims truly receive grain by the measure while ruffians and hoarders cannot easily commit fraud. As for loans, using public funds to meet the people's needs and relieve shortages follows the ancient method of the Rites of Zhou for aiding the poor. But if the work is not handled well, officials and people burden one another. Suppose that in a famine year people lack the strength to cultivate their fields; if officials lend seed grain, repayment can still be made at harvest. But if people borrow silver and grain for food, officials must consider whether they can repay before lending; crafty persons then accuse the officials of favoritism and inevitably spread slander and stir up trouble. Officials then make slight adjustments as a last resort, but those unable to repay the government are seized and pressed for payment, and the people know no peace. At first loans cannot reach everyone, quarrels break out, and people are punished; then repayment cannot be cleared, collection runners press them, and they are driven into greater hardship. It is called benefiting the people, but in fact it harms them. Moreover, when debts remain unsettled for years and are finally forgiven by imperial grace, the treasury ultimately loses track of the funds. I believe that rather than lend without hope of repayment, it is better to give relief and not lend at all. All of this should be carefully considered beforehand." The memorial was noted. Soon afterward, because while serving as provincial judicial commissioner he had altered prisoners' confessions, the case was sent to the Board of Personnel and he was summoned to the capital. The Emperor asked Fujian-Zhejiang Governor-General Celen whether Wang Shu had served well, and also ordered the newly appointed governor Liu Yuyi to investigate. Celen reported, "Wang Shu is upright and incorrupt, mature and steady, but his judgment lacks firmness"; Liu Yuyi also reported, "Wang Shu is incorrupt; the people all praise him as quiet and peaceful, with no harassment or burden. Only he lacks vigor." The Emperor said that both reports were entirely fair. He was soon appointed provincial treasurer of Zhejiang. He soon died.

恕治事不苟。初授湖北糧道，押運赴淮，以船戶挾私鹽，自請總督糾劾。任江安糧道，整飭漕務尤有聲。充福建鄉試監臨，武生邱鵬飛以五經舉第一，士論不平，奏請覆試。尋察出實使其弟代作，吏議降調，上特寬之。

Wang Shu was never careless in handling affairs. When he was first appointed grain intendant of Hubei and was escorting grain transport to Huai, he asked the governor-general to impeach boatmen who were smuggling private salt. As grain intendant of Jiang'an he reorganized grain transport with particular distinction. While supervising the Fujian provincial examination, he saw military licentiate Qiu Pengfei rank first by passing all five classics; scholarly opinion was outraged, and Wang Shu memorialized for a re-examination. It was soon discovered that Qiu had in fact had his younger brother write the papers for him; the personnel office recommended demotion and transfer, but the Emperor specially pardoned Wang Shu.

子汝璧，字鎮之。乾隆三十一年進士，授吏部主事。累遷郎中。出為直隸順德知府，調保定。因承審建昌盜馬十未親鞫，奪官戍軍台。尋準贖罪，降授同知，署直隸宣化府同知。累擢大名道。嘉慶四年，擢山東按察使。五年，遷江蘇布政使。六年，護理巡撫。旋授安徽巡撫。七年，請增設潁州督捕同知。湖廣總督吳熊光等奏湖廣需兵米，請於安徽糴十萬石。上以安徽方缺雨，令酌量。汝璧奏：「湖廣軍需事要，當如數撥運。請視嘉慶二年例，先運六萬石。」如所請。尋奏太湖續報成災，請緩徵，並劾府縣勘報遲延。上以督撫查辦災賑，於奏報後續行查出災區，往往回護屬吏，將小民疾苦置之不問。汝璧獨據實參奏，因深嘉之。八年，召授內閣學士，擢禮部侍郎。旋复授安徽巡撫。九年，召授兵部侍郎，調刑部。因病，請解任。十一年，卒。

His son Rubi, courtesy name Zhenzhi. He passed the jinshi examination in the thirty-first year of Qianlong and was appointed a secretary in the Board of Personnel. He rose through successive promotions to bureau director. He was appointed prefect of Shunde in Zhili and later transferred to Baoding. Because in presiding over the Jianchang horse-theft case he did not personally try the prisoners, he was stripped of office and sent to serve on the military colony. He was soon allowed to redeem his offense, was demoted to sub-prefect, and served as acting sub-prefect of Xuanhua in Zhili. He was promoted in succession to intendant of Daming. In the fourth year of Jiaqing he was promoted to provincial judicial commissioner of Shandong. In the fifth year he was transferred to provincial treasurer of Jiangsu. In the sixth year he served as acting governor. He was soon appointed governor of Anhui. In the seventh year he requested the creation of a sub-prefect at Yingzhou to supervise bandit suppression. Governor-General Wu Xiongguang and others memorialized that Huguang needed military grain and asked to purchase 100,000 shi from Anhui. The Emperor, noting that Anhui was then suffering from drought, ordered that the amount be weighed carefully. Rubi memorialized: "Huguang's military needs are urgent and the full amount should be allocated and transported. I ask that, following the precedent of the second year of Jiaqing, 60,000 shi be sent first." His request was granted. He soon memorialized that Taihu had again reported disaster, asked for deferred tax collection, and impeached the prefecture and counties for delay in surveying and reporting. The Emperor said that when governors-general and governors investigated disaster relief, they often discovered additional disaster areas only after their initial reports, frequently shielding subordinates while ignoring the hardships of common people. Rubi alone submitted a truthful memorial, and the Emperor greatly praised him for it. In the eighth year he was summoned and appointed a Grand Secretariat academician, then promoted to Vice Minister of Rites. He was soon again appointed governor of Anhui. In the ninth year he was summoned and appointed Vice Minister of War, then transferred to the Board of Punishments. Ill, he asked to be relieved of his post. He died in the eleventh year.

汝璧兄汝嘉，後汝璧六年成進士，官檢討。

Rubi's elder brother Rujia passed the jinshi examination six years after Rubi and served as a Hanlin reviser.

=方顯=方顯，字週謨，湖南巴陵人。自歲貢生授湘鄉教諭，稍遷廣西恭城知縣。雍正四年，詔諸行省舉賢能吏，布政使黃叔琬以顯應，超擢貴州鎮遠知府。值歲饑，捐俸煮粥食饑民，民頌之。總督鄂爾泰議開苗疆，改土歸流，雲南東川、烏蒙、鎮雄諸土府既內屬，貴州苗未服。貴州苗大者，南曰古州、曰八寨，西南曰丹江，東北曰九股、曰清水江。九股、清水江界鎮遠，丹江界凱里，八寨界都勻，古州界黎平，參錯萬山中，地方三千里，眾數十萬，恆出剽掠。鄂爾泰召顯問狀，顯力言宜如雲南例改土歸流。問剿與撫宜孰施，對曰：「二者宜並施。第先撫後剿，既剿則仍歸於撫耳。」因條上十六事，曰：別良頑，審先後，禁騷擾，耐繁難，防邀截，戒姑息，宥脅從，除漢奸，繳軍器，編戶口，輕錢糧，簡條約，設重兵，建城垣，分塘汛，疏河道，各為之說甚備，鄂爾泰韙之。檄按察使張廣泗招撫古州、丹江、八寨諸苗，而以九股、清水江諸苗屬顯。

Fang Xian, courtesy name Zhoumo, was a native of Baling in Hunan. After receiving his senior licentiate degree he was appointed instructor of Xiangxiang and was gradually promoted to magistrate of Gongcheng in Guangxi. In the fourth year of Yongzheng the throne ordered the provinces to recommend capable officials; Provincial Treasurer Huang Shuwan put forward Fang Xian, who was promoted out of turn to prefect of Zhenyuan in Guizhou. When famine struck that year, he donated his salary to provide porridge for the hungry, and the people praised him. Governor-General Ortai proposed opening the Miao frontier and replacing native chieftains with regular administration; after the native prefectures of Dongchuan, Wumeng, and Zhenxiong in Yunnan had been brought under direct rule, the Miao of Guizhou had not yet submitted. The major Miao groups of Guizhou lay to the south at Guzhou and Bazhai, to the southwest at Danjiang, and to the northeast at Jiugu and along the Qingshui River. Jiugu and the Qingshui River bordered Zhenyuan; Danjiang bordered Kaili; Bazhai bordered Duyun; and Guzhou bordered Liping. Scattered through myriad mountains across three thousand li, they numbered several hundred thousand and constantly raided and plundered. Ortai summoned Fang Xian to inquire into conditions, and Fang Xian strongly urged that the Yunnan precedent of replacing native rule with direct administration be followed. When asked whether military suppression or conciliation should be used, he replied: "Both should be used together. But conciliation first and suppression afterward; and once suppression is done, one still returns to conciliation." He then submitted sixteen detailed recommendations: distinguish the compliant from the stubborn, set priorities, forbid harassment, endure complexity, guard against ambush, avoid undue leniency, pardon those coerced to follow, eliminate Han collaborators, collect weapons, register households, lighten taxes and grain levies, simplify regulations, deploy heavy garrisons, build walls, assign patrol posts, and dredge waterways. His explanation of each point was so thorough that Ortai approved them. Surveillance Commissioner Zhang Guangsi was ordered to conciliate the Miao of Guzhou, Danjiang, and Bazhai, while the Miao of Jiugu and the Qingshui River were placed under Fang Xian.

六年，顯自樑上進次挨磨、者磨，再進次柏枝坪，宣諭諸苗，撫定清水江生苗十六寨、九股屬台拱生苗數寨。冬，廣泗已戡定丹江，顯續招清水江生苗七寨、九股屬陶賴生苗十三寨。施秉有盜匿台拱農二寨，副將張尚謨捕不得，欲屠之。苗懼，逃林谷，將為變。顯聞之，曰：「如此則諸苗人人自危。」獨馳入苗寨，寨空無人，顯則宿寨中。翌旦，張蓋出，令從者繞林谷呼苗出，撫諭之曰：「汝曹速歸寨即良民，天子必不殺良民。」苗感泣，相率歸寨。顯益宿寨中三日，苗縛施秉盜以獻。七年三月，廣泗以清水江南岸諸寨尚懷觀望，檄顯與尚謨率兵循北岸徼巡。次柳羅，南岸公鵝、柳利、雞擺尾諸寨苗渡江來攻，顯督兵御之，殺數十人。苗眾師寡，尚謨欲引退，顯不可，固守待援。廣泗師至，圍乃解。廣泗用顯議，散諸寨，專攻公鵝，破之，諸寨皆聽命。鄂爾泰奏置貴東道，即以命顯，仍駐兵清江。顯申軍令，誓將士毋掠，毋淫，毋踐田穀，苗民有來愬者，為處其曲直；乃益築城郭，建官廨，治砲台營房，苗民競來助役。九年，諸工竟。顯巡行視塘汛，黔、楚商船上下相接，苗民皆悅服。事粗定，尋授顯按察使。

In the sixth year Fang Xian advanced from Liangshang to encamp at Aimo and Zhemo, then moved on to Baizhiping; he proclaimed the imperial message to the various Miao and pacified sixteen raw-Miao villages along the Qingshui River and several raw-Miao villages of Jiugu under Taigong. That winter, after Guangsi had subdued Danjiang, Fang Xian continued to enroll seven raw-Miao villages along the Qingshui River and thirteen raw-Miao villages of Taolai under Jiugu. At Shibing, bandits were hiding in two Taigong farming villages; Vice General Zhang Shangmo could not capture them and wanted to massacre the villages. The Miao were terrified, fled into the forests and hills, and were on the verge of revolt. When Fang Xian heard of this, he said: "If this is done, every Miao village will feel itself in danger." He rode alone into the Miao village. It was deserted, yet he spent the night there. The next morning he appeared under an umbrella and had his attendants search the forests and valleys, calling the Miao out; he reassured them, saying: "Return quickly to your villages and you will be loyal subjects, and the Son of Heaven will surely not kill loyal subjects." The Miao wept with gratitude and returned to their villages one after another. Fang Xian stayed in the village three more days, and the Miao bound the Shibing bandits and handed them over. In the third month of the seventh year, because villages on the south bank of the Qingshui River still held back, Guangsi ordered Fang Xian and Shangmo to lead troops on patrol along the north bank. While encamped at Liuluo, Miao from the south-bank villages of Gong'e, Liuli, and Jibaiwei crossed the river to attack; Fang Xian directed the defense and killed several dozen men. The Miao greatly outnumbered the troops; Shangmo wanted to retreat, but Fang Xian refused and held his ground awaiting reinforcements. When Guangsi's troops arrived, the encirclement was broken. Guangsi adopted Fang Xian's plan, dispersed the other villages, and concentrated on Gong'e; once it fell, all the villages submitted. Ortai memorialized to establish the Guidong circuit, and Fang Xian was appointed to it while keeping troops stationed at Qingjiang. Fang Xian issued military orders, binding officers and soldiers not to plunder, not to commit outrages, and not to trample crops; when Miao people came with grievances, he judged their disputes; he then built walls and cities, erected government offices, and constructed batteries and barracks, and Miao people eagerly came to help with the work. In the ninth year all the construction was finished. Fang Xian toured the patrol posts; merchant boats from Guizhou and Huguang passed up and down without interruption, and the Miao were fully won over. Once affairs were roughly settled, he was soon appointed provincial surveillance commissioner.

台拱者，苗中扼要地也，鄂爾泰議置營於此。十年，巡撫張廣泗奏請顯董其事。秋，羊翁、烏羅、桃賴諸寨苗為亂，九股諸苗附之，攻台拱。顯與總兵趙文英嚴為備，擊走之。進破羊翁寨。苗夜至，顯以兵少，令人爇兩炷香手之為火繩狀以怖苗，苗走，退踞排略。排略者台拱隘，我師餉道所必經。台拱師僅二千五百人，苗數万，援兵再敗。自賊始攻，或欲棄之走，顯拒之。及圍久糧盡，宰馬以食，迫冬寒，眾洶洶不自保，議潰圍退保下秉。顯曰：「台拱失，古州、清江諸寨皆煽動。苟免，失臣節；撓敗，損國威。事急，死此耳。」眾感奮，會總兵霍升援至。苗奪我後山，樵路絕，顯夜出兵奪以還。苗攻益急，顯怒馬擊之，眾殊死戰，苗敗走。乘勝拔烏孟、井底二寨，取米穀餉軍。升兵亦克大關入，顯率兵出夾擊，苗大潰。凡堅守六十九日而圍解。提督哈元生師繼至，破蓮花悍苗。九股苗复定。自鄂爾泰議開貴州苗疆，事發於廣泗，而策決於顯，卒終始其事，崎嶇前後七年而事集。

Taigong was a strategic point in Miao territory, and Ortai proposed establishing a garrison there. In the tenth year Governor Zhang Guangsi memorialized asking that Fang Xian direct the project. That autumn the Miao of Yangweng, Wuluo, Taolai, and other villages rebelled; the Jiugu Miao joined them and attacked Taigong. Fang Xian and Regional Commander Zhao Wenying made thorough preparations and drove them off. Pressing forward, they captured Yangweng village. The Miao attacked by night; with too few troops, Fang Xian had men burn two sticks of incense and carry them like slow-match cords to frighten the enemy; the Miao fled and withdrew to hold Pailue. Pailue was a pass at Taigong through which the army's supply route had to pass. The Taigong garrison had only twenty-five hundred men against tens of thousands of Miao, and relief columns were defeated twice. From the first rebel attack some wanted to abandon the post and flee, but Fang Xian refused. As the siege wore on and provisions ran out, they slaughtered horses for food; with winter cold setting in the men grew restless and insecure, and some proposed breaking out and falling back to defend Xiabing. Fang Xian said: "If Taigong falls, the villages of Guzhou, Qingjiang, and the rest will all be stirred up. To seek escape would be to fail in a minister's duty; to yield defeat would damage the state's prestige. When matters are urgent, one dies here—that is all." The men were stirred to fight on; just then relief under Regional Commander Huo Sheng arrived. The Miao seized the rear hill and cut off the firewood route; Fang Xian sent troops out by night and recaptured it. As the Miao pressed their attack, Fang Xian charged them on horseback in fury; his men fought to the death and the Miao were routed. Following up the victory, they took the villages of Wumeng and Jingdi and seized grain to supply the army. Huo Sheng's troops also broke through at Daguan; Fang Xian led his men out in a pincer attack and the Miao were utterly routed. In all they held out for sixty-nine days before the siege was lifted. Regional Commander Ha Yuansheng's troops arrived in succession and defeated the fierce Miao at Lianhua. The Jiugu Miao were pacified once more. From Ortai's proposal to open the Guizhou Miao frontier, the campaign was launched by Guangsi while the strategy was Fang Xian's; in the end he saw the matter through from start to finish, and after seven arduous years the undertaking was completed.

乾隆元年，丁母憂，去官。三年，服除，授四川布政使。四年，署巡撫。大小金川、雜穀、梭磨、沃日、革布什咱諸土司相仇殺，顯遣人諭之，事稍解。議者欲乘此視雲南、貴州例，令改土歸流。顯疏言：「雜穀、梭磨，吐番後裔，其巢穴在唐為維州，戶口十餘萬。金川與接壤，戶口不過數万。雜穀憚金川之強，金川則畏雜穀之眾，彼此箝制，邊境乂安。固不可任其爭競，亦不可強其和協。沿邊生番，留之可為內地捍衛。從前川省調用土兵，亦供徵發。至其同類操戈，原未擾及內地。前經化誨，亦尚凜遵。設欲改土歸流，非惟彈丸土司無裨尺寸，且所給印信號紙，一經追取，即成無統屬之生番。稍有違抗，又費經營。」奏入，上以所見甚是，褒之，寢前議未行。旋與總督鄂彌達、提督鄭文煥疏言小金川與雜穀、梭磨畫界，以所侵必色多六寨歸雜穀、梭磨；又與沃日畫界，以隴堡等三寨隸沃日，美因等二寨隸小金川。大金川與革布什咱二土司構爭，檄建昌道李學裕開諭，革布什咱建轉經樓詛大金川，令即毀除，大金川亦歸所侵蓋古地。邊外諸土司亂悉平。

In the first year of Qianlong, upon his mother's death he left office. In the third year, when his mourning ended, he was appointed provincial treasurer of Sichuan. In the fourth year he served as acting governor. The native chieftains of Greater and Lesser Jinchuan, Zagun, Suomo, Wori, and Gebushizan were feuding and killing one another; Fang Xian sent envoys to instruct them, and the trouble eased somewhat. Some advisers wanted to take the opportunity, following the Yunnan and Guizhou precedents, to replace native rule with direct administration. Fang Xian memorialized, stating: "Zagun and Suomo are descendants of Tibetans; their strongholds were Weizhou under the Tang, with more than one hundred thousand households. Jinchuan borders them, with no more than several tens of thousands of households. Zagun fears Jinchuan's strength while Jinchuan dreads Zagun's numbers; each checks the other, and the frontier remains at peace. Their rivalry cannot be left unchecked, yet they cannot be forced into harmony either. The raw tribes along the frontier, if kept in place, can serve as a bulwark for the interior. In former times when Sichuan mobilized native troops, they also supplied levies for campaigns. When they fought one another, they had not in the first place disturbed the interior. After earlier instruction and admonition, they still observed the rules with due respect. If native rule were replaced with direct administration, not only would these tiny chieftaincies be of no benefit, but once their seals and warrants were withdrawn they would become raw tribes under no authority at all. At the slightest resistance, further effort would again be required." When the memorial reached the throne, the Emperor judged his views very sound, praised him, and shelved the earlier proposal, which was never carried out. Soon, together with Governor-General Ermida and Regional Commander Zheng Wenhuan, he memorialized that boundaries be drawn between Lesser Jinchuan and Zagun and Suomo, returning the six seized villages of Bisaduo to Zagun and Suomo; Boundaries were also drawn with Wori, placing the three villages of Longbao and others under Wori and the two villages of Meiyin and others under Lesser Jinchuan. Greater Jinchuan and the two Gebushizan chieftains were at odds; Jianchang Circuit Intendant Li Xueyu was ordered to instruct them; Gebushizan had built a prayer hall cursing Greater Jinchuan and was ordered to destroy it at once, and Greater Jinchuan also returned the seized territory of Gaigu. The disorders among the frontier native chieftains were all settled.

郭羅克番為亂，走匿色利溝，遣兵圍捕，土酋蒙柯縱使走。顯令總兵潘紹週按治，奏聞，上諭曰：「此等事汝固應就近料理，亦當與總督熟商。」總督，黃廷桂也。四川亂民號侂嚕子，為民害。顯疏言：「四川自明末兵燹，屠戮殆盡。我朝戡定後，各省移民來者多失業之民，姦頑叢集。有所謂侂嚕子，結連黨羽，暗藏刀斧，晝夜盜劫。臣嚴諭捕治，並令編保甲，整塘汛，以清其源。」得旨：「實力奉行，毋視為虛文。」

When the Geluo tribes rebelled and fled to Seligou, troops were sent to surround and capture them, but the native chieftain Meng Ke secretly allowed them to escape. Fang Xian ordered Regional Commander Pan Shaozhou to investigate and punish them; when he memorialized the matter, the Emperor instructed: "In such matters you should indeed handle them locally, yet you should also consult closely with the governor-general." The governor-general was Huang Tinggui. In Sichuan, outlaws calling themselves Tuoluzi were harming the people. Fang Xian memorialized, stating: "Since the wars and devastation of the late Ming, Sichuan was nearly depopulated. After our dynasty pacified the realm, many immigrants from other provinces were unemployed people among whom the wicked and stubborn gathered. There are men called Tuoluzi who band together, conceal axes and knives, and rob day and night. I have strictly ordered their capture and punishment, and have also ordered the organization of baojia and the strengthening of patrol posts to eliminate the problem at its source." The response came: "Carry this out in earnest; do not treat it as empty formality."

五年，授廣西巡撫。時顯方病目，聞命赴新任，上嘉其急公。旋請回籍調理，上慰留之。六年，顯病目未癒，命太醫院選眼科馳往醫治。尋以疾亟，請告回裡。卒。

In the fifth year he was appointed governor of Guangxi. At the time Fang Xian was suffering from eye disease; on receiving the appointment he set out for his new post, and the Emperor commended his devotion to public duty. He soon asked to return home to recuperate, and the Emperor comforted him and kept him in office. In the sixth year, because Fang Xian's eye disease had not healed, an ophthalmologist was selected from the Imperial Medical Academy and sent posthaste to treat him. Soon, as his illness grew critical, he requested leave and returned home. He died.

顯蒞政明而恕。文煥嘗奏顯「爽直坦白，政治勤敏，遇事彼此悉心商榷，推誠共濟」。上嘉文煥論甚正。顯嘗奏薦學裕，因及夔州知府崔景俊「賦性巧滑，以其悛改，姑從寬恕」。上諭曰：「似此考察屬吏，且宥過錄長，得用人之要矣。」

In office Fang Xian was clear-minded and forgiving. Zheng Wenhuan once memorialized that Fang Xian was "frank and open, diligent and alert in administration, meeting affairs with wholehearted consultation, joining in sincere mutual support." The Emperor praised Zheng Wenhuan's assessment as entirely correct. Fang Xian once memorialized recommending Li Xueyu and also mentioned Kuizhou Prefect Cui Jingjun as "crafty and slippery by nature; since he has repented and reformed, let him be forgiven for now." The Emperor instructed: "In evaluating subordinates this way—overlooking faults while noting strengths—you have grasped the essentials of employing men."

桂，顯子，字友蘭。從顯平貴州苗有功，議敘。父喪終，以知縣發廣東，補英德，調潮陽。以善折獄名。舉卓異，擢雲南昆陽知州，署安寧。乾隆二十年，擢臨安知府，署澂江。調東川，丁母憂。服除，授甘肅鞏昌知府。鞏昌及平涼、慶陽三府飢，詔發西安籓庫銀六十萬治賑，大吏檄桂任其事。至平涼，饑民待食急，適部撥城工銀三十萬先至，桂以便宜留治賑，饑民賴以全。三十三年，遷浙江寧紹台道。故事，定海戰艦九歲更造，則移致寧波船廠，取其值輸之官，名曰「折變」。奉檄裁戰艦，桂請視時值倍之，部駁坐短估，戍伊犁。三十七年，放還。卒。

Gui was Fang Xian's son; his courtesy name was Youlan. He followed Fang Xian in pacifying the Miao of Guizhou with merit, and his service was considered for reward. After completing mourning for his father, he was sent to Guangdong as a magistrate, assigned to Yingde and then transferred to Chaoyang. He became known for skill in settling lawsuits. Rated outstanding in performance, he was promoted to prefect of Kunyang in Yunnan and served concurrently at Anning. In the twentieth year of the Qianlong reign he was promoted to prefect of Lin'an and served concurrently at Chengjiang. He was transferred to Dongchuan, then entered mourning for his mother. When mourning ended, he was appointed prefect of Gongchang in Gansu. When Gongchang and the prefectures of Pingliang and Qingyang suffered famine, an edict ordered 600,000 taels from the Xi'an provincial treasury for relief, and the chief officials assigned Gui to handle it. When he reached Pingliang the starving people urgently needed food; just then 300,000 taels allocated from the ministry for city works arrived first, and Gui retained them on his own authority for relief, saving the starving people. In the thirty-third year he was transferred to the Ning-Shao-Tai Circuit of Zhejiang. By precedent, when Dinghai warships were rebuilt every nine years they were transferred to the Ningbo shipyard and their value remitted to the government—a practice called "conversion payment." When ordered to reduce warships, Gui asked that they be valued at double the current price; the ministry rejected this as undervaluation and sentenced him to exile at Yili. In the thirty-seventh year he was released and returned home. He died.

=馮光裕=馮光裕，字叔益，山西代州人。康熙五十年舉人。雍正元年，以薦授雲南大姚知縣。大姚賦少而耗重，積逋數万。光裕不取耗，視負尤多者薄責之，逋賦悉清。民以耗重故，輒寄大戶造偽券佔田，吏毀其籍。光裕檢毀未盡者藏之，按牒辨其偽，歸田故主，民尤頌之。遷貴州銅仁同知，赴闕引見。時古州苗方亂，世宗詢及之，光裕對苗不可盡殺，宜隨機化導，令歸版圖，上韙其言。既行，擢思州知府，未任，改雲南永北。永北介金沙江外，與四川連界，苗、倮窟其中，有事則兩界相諉。總督鄂爾泰命往勘，光裕輕騎往，倮從谷中出，挺刃相向。光裕策馬前，諭以利害，倮羅拜聽命，各散去。鄂爾泰疏請改知麗江，仍兼理永北事。未幾，擢驛鹽道。八年，東川、烏蒙倮叛，鄂爾泰檄光裕會鎮將討平之，擢按察使。烏蒙俘七千人，語不可通，譯者面謾莫能詰。光裕集群譯於使院，分室居之，訊一人，經數譯乃得其情。倮姓名多同，為編次年貌，驗決無誤，省釋者甚眾。廣西州民李天保以邪教聚眾殆千人，檄光裕按治。光裕曰：「愚民茹蔬奉佛，非有異志。」薄其罪，焚籍，置不問。

Feng Guangyu, courtesy name Shuyi, was a native of Daizhou in Shanxi. He became a provincial graduate in the fiftieth year of the Kangxi reign. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign he was recommended and appointed magistrate of Dayao in Yunnan. Dayao had a small tax quota but heavy surcharges, with accumulated arrears of tens of thousands. Feng Guangyu collected no surcharges and imposed lighter demands on those most heavily in arrears; all overdue taxes were cleared. Because surcharges were heavy, people would attach themselves to wealthy households to forge deeds and seize land, and officials destroyed their records. Feng Guangyu collected records not fully destroyed and kept them, verified deeds to expose forgeries, returned land to its original owners, and the people praised him all the more. He was transferred to sub-prefect of Tongren in Guizhou and went to court for an audience. At the time the Guzhou Miao were rebelling; the Yongzheng Emperor inquired about them, and Feng Guangyu replied that the Miao could not all be killed but should be guided and transformed as occasion allowed and brought back under imperial rule; the Emperor approved. After he departed he was promoted to prefect of Sizhou, but before taking office was reassigned to Yongbei in Yunnan. Yongbei lay beyond the Jinsha River bordering Sichuan; Miao and Luo tribes lurked there, and when trouble arose the two jurisdictions blamed each other. Governor-General Ortai ordered him to investigate; Feng Guangyu went with a light escort, and Luo emerged from the valley with blades drawn against him. Feng Guangyu rode forward and explained the stakes; the Luo bowed and obeyed, then dispersed. Ortai memorialized requesting that he be transferred to magistrate of Lijiang while still administering Yongbei affairs. Before long he was promoted to intendant of the Postal and Salt Circuit. In the eighth year the Luo of Dongchuan and Wumeng rebelled; Ortai ordered Feng Guangyu to join the regional commander in suppressing them, after which he was promoted to provincial judicial commissioner. At Wumeng seven thousand captives could not be understood; the interpreters brazenly deceived and none could be interrogated. Feng Guangyu gathered the interpreters at the commissionerate, housed them in separate rooms, and questioned one person through several interpreters before learning the facts. Luo names were largely identical; he compiled records of age and appearance, verified judgments without error, and many were released. Li Tianbao of Guangxi Prefecture gathered nearly a thousand people in a heterodox sect; Feng Guangyu was ordered to investigate and punish. Feng Guangyu said: "These common people eat vegetables and venerate the Buddha; they have no subversive intent." He reduced their sentences, burned the registers, and let the matter drop.

十一年，擢貴州布政使。十三年，古州苗叛，都江、清江、八寨、丹江、台拱諸新附苗皆應。師討之，光裕督餉，令民應役，厚與直，行得持械自衛。募熟苗為助，畀以木符，戒官兵無妄殺，皆踴躍應募。師集十餘萬，皆得宿飽。軍罷，民被兵者無所棲止，給草舍居之，賦以衣食，復業者二十餘萬戶。貴州賦銀八萬八千、米十五萬五千，光裕奏請蠲免。高宗即位，命被兵地停徵三年。又奏：「古州、丹江諸苗剿除殆盡，荒田空寨，遠近相望。當募民居苗寨，墾苗田，設屯置衛，行保甲法，授降苗所納軍器，俾農隙講肄，以壯聲援、省餽餉。」得旨允行。

In the eleventh year he was promoted to provincial treasurer of Guizhou. In the thirteenth year the Guzhou Miao rebelled, and the newly submitted Miao of Dujiang, Qingjiang, Bazhai, Danjiang, Taigong, and others all joined them. The army marched to suppress them; Feng Guangyu supervised supplies, conscripted the people for labor with generous wages, and allowed them to carry weapons for self-defense on the road. He recruited experienced Miao as auxiliaries, gave them wooden tokens, warned the troops not to kill indiscriminately, and all eagerly volunteered. The army gathered over a hundred thousand men, all well fed on the march. When the campaign ended, war-affected people had nowhere to live; he provided grass huts, supplied food and clothing, and over two hundred thousand households returned to their occupations. Guizhou owed 88,000 taels of silver and 155,000 shi of grain in taxes; Feng Guangyu memorialized requesting exemption. When the Qianlong Emperor ascended the throne, he ordered a three-year suspension of taxes in war-affected areas. He further memorialized: "The Miao of Guzhou, Danjiang, and others have been nearly exterminated; abandoned fields and empty stockades stretch as far as the eye can see. Settlers should be recruited to live in Miao stockades, cultivate abandoned Miao fields, establish garrison colonies and military posts, implement the baojia system, distribute weapons surrendered by subdued Miao, and have them drill in idle farming seasons to strengthen local defense and save rations." The request was approved.

乾隆四年，擢湖南巡撫。鎮筸紅苗叛，光裕督兵捕治，不三月而平。疾，乞假，聞城步、綏寧苗复勾結粵瑤為亂，密諮兩廣總督籌協捕。尋卒。遺疏猶言：「二縣困於兵，請免今年租。」上從其請。

In the fourth year of the Qianlong reign he was promoted to governor of Hunan. The Red Miao of Zhenqian rebelled; Feng Guangyu directed troops to suppress them and pacified the region in less than three months. Ill, he requested leave; on hearing that the Miao of Chengbu and Suining were again colluding with Yao rebels from Guangdong, he secretly consulted the Governor-General of Liangguang on joint suppression. He soon died. His deathbed memorial still stated: "The two counties are distressed by war; I request exemption from this year's land tax." His request was granted.

子祁，乾隆二年進士，官編修。孫廷丞，舉人，以廕生授光祿寺署正，官至湖北按察使。

His son Qi passed the jinshi examination in the second year of the Qianlong reign and served as a Hanlin reviser. His grandson Tingcheng, a provincial graduate, entered office through yinsheng privilege as acting director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments and rose to provincial judicial commissioner of Hubei.

=楊錫紱=楊錫紱，字方來，江西清江人。雍正五年進士，授吏部主事。累遷郎中。考選貴州道御史。十年，授廣東肇羅道。肇慶瀕海，藉圍基衛田。歲親蒞修築，終任無水患。乾隆元年，署廣西布政使，尋實授。請禁州縣以土產餽上官。六年，授廣西巡撫。貴州土苗石金元為亂，焚永從縣治。會貴州、湖廣兵剿擒之。既而遷江土苗復為亂，謀犯思恩府。檄兵往捕，得其渠李尚彩及其黨八十餘。七年，奏言：「廣西未行保甲。苗、僮雖殊種，多聚族而居，原有頭人，略諳事體。請因其舊制，寓以稽覈。苗、瑤、伶、僮各就其俗為變通。」詔嘉之。尋又奏言：「設兵以衛民，乃反以累民：城守兵欺凌負販，攫取薪蔬；塘汛兵驅役村莊，恣為飲博。臣於撫標訪察懲治，請敕封疆大臣共相釐剔。」得旨允行。八年，梧州知府戴肇名餽人葠，詭其名曰「長生果」，卻之，具以聞，上諭曰：「汝可謂不愧四知矣。」廣西民有逃入安南者，捕得下諸獄，疏聞，上命重處，錫紱即杖殺之。上諭曰：「朕前批示，令其具讞明正典刑。乃錫紱誤會，即斃杖下。此皆當死罪人，設使不應死者死，則死者不可復生矣。」下部議處。九年，授禮部侍郎。

Yang Xifu, courtesy name Fanglai, was a native of Qingjiang in Jiangxi. After passing the jinshi examination in the fifth year of the Yongzheng reign, he was appointed a principal clerk in the Board of Personnel. He was promoted in succession to department director. He was selected by examination as censor of the Guizhou Circuit. In the tenth year he was appointed intendant of the Zhao-Luo Circuit in Guangdong. Zhaoqing bordered the sea and relied on polder embankment fields for coastal defense. Each year he personally supervised repairs, and throughout his tenure there were no floods. In the first year of the Qianlong reign he served as acting provincial treasurer of Guangxi and was soon formally appointed. He requested a ban on prefectures and counties presenting local products to their superiors. In the sixth year he was appointed governor of Guangxi. The native Miao Shi Jinyuan of Guizhou rebelled and burned the county seat of Yongcong. Guizhou and Huguang troops jointly suppressed the rebellion and captured him. Soon afterward the native Miao of Qianjiang rebelled again and plotted to attack Si'en Prefecture. Troops were dispatched to capture them, seizing the ringleader Li Shangcai and over eighty of his followers. In the seventh year he memorialized: "Guangxi has not yet implemented the baojia system. Miao and Zhuang, though distinct peoples, mostly live in clan communities and already have headmen who understand local affairs. I ask that their existing institutions be adapted to embed supervision and verification. For Miao, Yao, Ling, and Zhuang, let the system be adapted flexibly to each group's customs." The throne commended this. Soon he further memorialized: "Troops are meant to protect the people, yet they burden them instead: garrison soldiers bully petty vendors and seize firewood and vegetables; patrol-post soldiers press villages into corvée and indulge freely in drinking and gambling. I have investigated and punished this through the governor's command and ask that frontier officials be ordered to undertake joint reform." The request was approved. In the eighth year Wuzhou Prefect Dai Zhaoming presented ginseng as a gift, falsely calling it "Longevity Fruit"; Yang Xifu refused it and reported the matter; the Emperor said: "You may truly be said not to disgrace the Four Knowings." Some Guangxi people who had fled to Annam were captured and imprisoned; when he reported this, the Emperor ordered severe punishment, and Yang Xifu immediately had them beaten to death. The Emperor instructed: "My previous order required a full case report and proper legal proceedings. Yet Yang Xifu misunderstood and immediately had them beaten to death. These were all men who deserved death; yet if one who should not have died were killed, the dead cannot be restored to life." The matter was referred to the boards for disciplinary deliberation. In the ninth year he was appointed Vice Minister of Rites.

十年，授湖南巡撫。奏言：「周禮：遂人治野，百里之間，為澮者一，為洫者百，為溝者萬，捐膏腴之地以為溝洫。誠以蓄洩有時，則旱潦不為患，所棄小、所利大也。後世阡陌既開，溝洫雖廢，然陂澤池塘尚與田畝相依，近水則腴，遠水則瘠。湖南濱臨洞庭，愚民昧於遠計，往往廢水利而圖田工。甚至數畝之塘，培土改田；一灣之澗，絕流種蓺。彼徒狃於雨暘時若，以為無害；不知偶值旱澇，得不償失。且溪澗之水，遠近所資，若截墾為田，則上溢下漫，無不受累。官吏以改則昇科為勸墾之功，亦復貪利忘害，溝洫遂致盡廢。臣以為關係水利，當以地予水而後水不為害，田亦受益。請敕各省督撫，凡有池塘陂澤處所，嚴禁改墾。」上以各省米價騰貴，諭各督撫體察陳奏，錫紱疏言：「米貴由於積漸。上諭謂處處積貯，年年採買，民間所出，半入倉庾，此為米貴之一端。臣生長鄉村，世勤耕作，見康熙間石不過二三錢，雍正間需四五錢，今則五六錢。戶口多則需穀多，價亦逐漸加增。國初人經離亂，俗尚樸醇。數十年後，漸習奢靡，揭借為常，力田不給。甫屆冬春，農糴於巿，穀乃愈乏。承平既久，地值日高，貧民賣田。既賣無力复買，田歸富戶十之五六。富戶穀不輕售，巿者多而售者寡，其值安得不增？臣以為生齒滋繁，無可議者。田歸富戶，非均田不可，今難以施行。風俗奢靡，止可徐徐化導，不能遽收其效。至常平積貯，當以足敷賑濟而止，不必過多。目今養民之政，尤宜專意講求水利，使蓄洩有備，偏災不能為患。以期產穀之多，未必非補救米貴之一道也。」疏入，上均嘉納焉。丁父憂，服闋，十五年，授刑部侍郎，仍授湖南巡撫。丁母憂，服闋，十八年，仍授湖南巡撫。擢左都御史。十九年，署吏部尚書。禮部侍郎張泰開保同部侍郎鄒一桂子志伊為國子監學錄，下吏部議處，議未當，責錫紱曲庇，下都察院，議奪官，命留任。二十年，复署湖南巡撫，授禮部尚書。二十一年，署山東巡撫。

In the tenth year he was appointed governor of Hunan. He memorialized: "The Rites of Zhou states that the suiren oversaw the countryside: within a hundred li there was one hui, a hundred xu, and ten thousand gou—fertile land was sacrificed for ditches and canals. For when storage and discharge were timely, drought and flood did not become disasters—the sacrifice was small and the benefit great. In later ages, once field boundaries were opened, ditches and canals fell into disuse, yet ponds and reservoirs still depended on the fields—near water they were fertile, far from water they were poor. Hunan borders Lake Dongting; common people short-sighted in their planning often abandoned water conservancy to pursue field reclamation. Some even filled in ponds of only a few mu to turn them into farmland; a single stream bend was dammed to plant crops. They merely took timely weather for granted and thought it harmless; not knowing that should drought or flood strike, the loss would outweigh the gain. Moreover, stream and brook water serves communities near and far; if dammed and reclaimed as fields, overflow upstream and flooding downstream would afflict everyone. Officials, treating grade upgrades as rewards for reclamation, likewise put profit ahead of safety, and ditches and canals were abandoned entirely. I hold that on matters of water conservancy, land must be reserved for water first—only then will water cease to be harmful and fields also benefit. I ask that governors-general and governors of every province be ordered strictly to forbid converting ponds, reservoirs, and marshes into farmland." Because rice prices in the provinces were rising sharply, the Emperor instructed each governor-general and governor to investigate and report; Yang Xifu memorialized: "The high price of rice stems from long-term trends. The Emperor noted that everywhere grain was stockpiled and purchases were made year after year; half of what the people produced went into granaries—this was one reason rice grew costly. I grew up in the countryside in a farming family; in the Kangxi reign a shi of grain cost no more than two or three cash, in Yongzheng four or five, and now five or six. A larger population requires more grain, and prices rise accordingly. In the dynasty's early years people had endured chaos, and customs still favored plain simplicity. After several decades people gradually turned to luxury; borrowing at interest became routine, and farm work no longer sufficed. As winter turned to spring, farmers bought grain in the market, and supplies grew even tighter. After long peace, land values rose steadily, and the poor sold their fields. Once sold, they could not afford to buy back; five or six tenths of farmland passed to wealthy households. Wealthy households would not sell grain readily; buyers outnumbered sellers—how could prices fail to rise? I believe population growth is beyond dispute. Land passing to the wealthy cannot be remedied except through equal land distribution, which cannot be implemented now. Luxurious customs can only be changed through gradual moral guidance; results cannot come quickly. As for Ever-Normal Granary reserves, they should suffice for relief and no more—there is no need for excess. Among policies for sustaining the people today, water conservancy deserves special attention, so that storage and drainage are assured and localized disasters cannot become calamities. By increasing grain production, this may well be one remedy for costly rice." When the memorial was submitted, the Emperor approved it all with praise. After mourning his father's death, in the fifteenth year he was appointed Vice Minister of Punishments and again assigned as governor of Hunan. After mourning his mother's death, in the eighteenth year he was again appointed governor of Hunan. He was elevated to Left Censor-in-Chief. In the nineteenth year he served as acting Minister of Personnel. Vice Minister of Rites Zhang Taikai recommended fellow Vice Minister Zou Yigui's son Zhiyi for the post of academicien-expositor of the Imperial Academy; the Board of Personnel deliberated on the case and found its recommendation improper; Yang Xifu was blamed for showing favor; the Censorate recommended that he be stripped of rank, but he was ordered to remain in office. In the twentieth year he again served as governor of Hunan and was appointed Minister of Rites. In the twenty-first year he served as acting governor of Shandong.

二十二年，授漕運總督，疏請豁興武、江淮二衛旗丁欠繳漕項，上責其沽名，命以養廉代償。二十三年，疏言：「屯田取贖，宜寬年限。價百金以上，許三年交價，價足田即歸船。旗丁交兌不足，名曰'掛欠'。應由坐糧廳限追懲治，督運官以下有一丁掛欠，即停其議敘，旗丁改僉。新丁但交篷桅槓索價值；舊丁公私欠項，不得勒新丁接受。水次兌漕，令倉役執斛，旗丁執概。江淮、興武二衛運丁運糧，快丁駕船。應循例並僉，不得避運就快。」上諭曰：「此奏確有所見。」下部議，從之。二十五年，疏言：「自開中河，漕艘得避黃河之險。獨江北、長淮等幫，以在徐州交兌，不能避險。請令改泊皁河，弁丁詣徐州受兌。州縣代僱剝船轉運過壩。」上從之。尋以錫紱實心治事，命免以養廉代償漕項。二十六年，疏言：「運薊州糧船自寧河轉入寶坻，由白龍港、劉家莊達薊州。水道淤淺，請責成官為疏濬。」又疏言：「板閘、臨清、天津三關，尚沿明製，漕艘給發限單，應請裁革。州縣收漕如有攙雜潮潤，糧道察出，本管知府視徇庇劣員例議處。軍丁兼充書役，一體句僉。頭舵水手受僱，領費輒复潛逃，請發邊遠充軍。」上諭曰：「所奏俱可行。」從之。加太子少師。二十八年，加太子太保。二十九年，疏言：「軍、民戶籍各分，既隸軍籍，即應聽僉辦運。乃宦家富戶百計圖避，所僉皆無力窮民，情理未得其平。嗣後如僉報後辨訴審虛，參劾治罪。」上諭曰：「錫紱此奏，破瞻徇之習。如所議行。」並下部議敘。又疏言：「糧艘例禁私鹽。道經揚州，總督、鹽政及臣各專委督察。乃又有淮揚道，揚州游擊、守備，江都、甘泉兩縣，各差兵役搜查，糧艘因之羈阻。如江廣幫為通漕殿後，過揚州已在冬令，尤為苦累。臣思事權宜歸於一，請專聽總督、鹽政委員督察，餘悉停止。」上諭曰：「所奏是。」下部議行。三十年，疏言：「駱馬湖蓄水，相傳專濟江廣重運。今歲幫船阻滯，先開柳園堤口，運河水長，江浙幫遂得遄行。次開王家溝口，江廣幫至，湖水未嘗告竭。每歲沂水自湖而下，為海州、沭陽水患。若於四五月間引湖濟運，亦減海州、沭陽水患，一舉兩利。」從之。三十三年，卒，賜祭葬，諡勤愨。

In the twenty-second year he was appointed Director-General of Grain Transport; he memorialized asking remission of transport payments owed by bannermen of the Xingwu and Jianghuai guards; the Emperor rebuked him for grandstanding and ordered that integrity stipends cover the compensation. In the twenty-third year he memorialized: "Redemption of garrison farmland should allow more time. For prices above a hundred taels of silver, payment over three years should be allowed; once the price is paid the field reverts to the transport unit. When bannermen failed to deliver their full quota at exchange, it was called "outstanding arrears." The Zuo Liang Hall should set deadlines for collection and punishment; if even one bannerman under a transport supervisor had outstanding arrears, merit review should be suspended and bannermen reassigned. New recruits need only pay for sails, masts, poles, and rope; old recruits' public and private debts must not be forced on new recruits. At the waterfront exchange point, granary clerks should hold the measuring vessel and bannermen the leveling rod. Transport bannermen of the Jianghuai and Xingwu guards carry the grain; courier bannermen sail the boats. Both should be assigned together as precedent requires; no one may avoid transport duty by taking courier assignments." The Emperor said: "This memorial shows genuine insight." The boards deliberated and approved it. In the twenty-fifth year he memorialized: "Since the Middle Canal was opened, transport vessels have been able to avoid the dangers of the Yellow River. Only the Jiangbei, Changhuai, and other detachments, because they exchanged at Xuzhou, could not avoid those dangers. I ask that they be ordered to moor at the Zao River instead, with officers and bannermen going to Xuzhou to receive the transfer. Prefectures and counties should hire lighter boats to transfer the grain past the lock." The Emperor assented. Soon, because Yang Xifu served conscientiously, he was exempted from covering the transport payments with integrity stipends. In the twenty-sixth year he memorialized: "Grain boats bound for Jizhou turn from Ninghe into Baodi and reach Jizhou via Bailong Harbor and Liujiazhuang. The waterway is silted and shallow; I ask that responsible officials be charged with dredging it." He further memorialized: "The three passes at Banzha, Linqing, and Tianjin still follow Ming practice in issuing transit permits to transport vessels; I ask that this be abolished. If prefectures and counties adulterate collected transport grain with moisture and the grain-route intendant discovers it, the supervising prefect should be punished under the precedent for shielding inferior officials. Military bannermen who also serve as clerks should all be assigned together. Headmen, helmsmen, and sailors who are hired, take their pay, and then abscond should be sent to distant borders as exiled soldiers." The Emperor said: "All of this may be adopted." Approval was granted. He was made Junior Tutor of the Heir Apparent. In the twenty-eighth year he was made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the twenty-ninth year he memorialized: "Military and civilian household registers are separate; once enrolled in the military register, one should accept transport assignment. Yet official families and the wealthy use every scheme to evade it, while those assigned are all poor and powerless—the balance of justice is not achieved. Hereafter if post-assignment appeals prove false upon investigation, the officials involved should be impeached and punished." The Emperor said: "Yang Xifu's memorial breaks the habit of timidity and favoritism. Implement as proposed." It was also referred to the boards for merit review. He further memorialized: "Transport vessels are by regulation forbidden to carry private salt. When passing through Yangzhou, the governor-general, salt commissioner, and I each appointed special inspectors. Yet the Huai-Yang circuit, Yangzhou vice commander and garrison commander, and the counties of Jiangdu and Ganquan each sent troops to search as well—transport vessels were thus detained and delayed. The Jiang-Guang detachment, bringing up the rear of the transport fleet, passes Yangzhou already in winter—making the burden especially heavy. I believe authority should be unified; I ask that inspection be entrusted solely to commissioners appointed by the governor-general and salt commissioner, and all other inspections cease." The Emperor said: "The memorial is correct." The boards deliberated and implemented it. In the thirtieth year he memorialized: "Luoma Lake stores water; tradition says it exists chiefly to assist the heavy Jiang-Guang transport route. This year transport boats were delayed; first the Liuyuan dike opening was opened, the canal water rose, and the Jiang-Zhe detachments were able to proceed swiftly. Next the Wangjiagou opening was opened; when the Jiang-Guang detachment arrived, the lake had not run dry. Every year the Yishui flows down from the lake, flooding Haizhou and Shuyang. If lake water were drawn to aid transport in the fourth and fifth months, flooding in Haizhou and Shuyang would also be reduced—achieving two goals at once." The proposal was approved. In the thirty-third year he died; he was granted imperial rites of sacrifice and burial, with the posthumous name Qinque.

錫紱官漕督十二年，編輯漕運全書，黃登賢代為漕督，表上之。自後任漕政者，上輒命遵錫紱舊章。

Yang Xifu served as grain-transport director for twelve years and compiled the Complete Book of Grain Transport; Huang Dengxian, who succeeded him as transport director, submitted it to the throne. From then on, those placed in charge of transport were always ordered to follow Yang Xifu's earlier regulations.

=潘思榘=潘思榘，字絜方，江南陽湖人。雍正二年進士，改庶吉士。三年，分刑部學習。六年，補主事。累遷郎中。八年，授廣東南雄知府。驟雨水溢，郊野成巨浸，露宿於野。督吏卒治筏拯溺，出金瘞死贍生，活民無算。十三年，遷海南道。濬瓊州西湖。深入五指山，安輯黎眾，劾守將之殘黎民者。調糧驛道。乾隆四年，遷按察使。懲貪鉏猾，理冤獄尤多。民以旱糾眾入巿掠奪，思榘方被疾，強起坐堂皇，立捕數十人杖以徇，事乃定。疏言：「廣東有俍、瑤、黎三種：俍世居茂名，今附民籍，讀書應試如平民。瑤亦輸稅歸誠，設瑤童義學為訓課。惟黎僻處海南，崖、儋、萬、陵水、昌化、感恩、定安七州縣為最多。生黎居深山，熟黎錯居民間相往來，語言相習，請於此七州縣視瑤童例設義學，擇師教誨，能通文義者許應試。」部議從之。

Pan Siju, courtesy name Jiefang, was a native of Yanghu in Jiangnan. A jinshi of the second year of Yongzheng, he was appointed a Hanlin bachelor. In the third year he was assigned to the Board of Punishments for training. In the sixth year he was appointed a chief clerk. He was steadily promoted to director. In the eighth year he was appointed prefect of Nanxiong in Guangdong. Sudden rains caused flooding; suburbs and countryside were submerged; he slept outdoors in the fields. He supervised officials and soldiers in building rafts to rescue the drowning, spent his own funds to bury the dead and sustain the living, and saved countless lives. In the thirteenth year he was transferred to Hainan Circuit. He dredged Qiongzhou's West Lake. He penetrated deep into Wuzhi Mountain, pacified the Li people, and impeached garrison commanders who brutalized them. He was reassigned to the Grain and Courier Circuit. In the fourth year of Qianlong he was promoted to provincial surveillance commissioner. He punished corruption and uprooted scoundrels, and rectified wrongful cases in particular abundance. During a drought people gathered to loot the market; Pan Siju was ill but forced himself to sit up in court, immediately arrested several dozen men and flogged them publicly, and order was restored. He memorialized: "Guangdong has three peoples—the Liang, Yao, and Li: the Liang have long lived in Maoming and now attach to civilian registers, studying and sitting for examinations like commoners. The Yao also pay taxes and submit in loyalty; charity schools for Yao children are established for their instruction. Only the Li live remotely in Hainan; they are most numerous in the seven jurisdictions of Ya, Dan, Wan, Lingshui, Changhua, Gan'en, and Ding'an. Raw Li live in deep mountains while assimilated Li mingle among the people and interact freely; their languages are mutually intelligible; I ask that charity schools be established in these seven jurisdictions following the Yao children's precedent, with teachers chosen to instruct them, and those able to read and write permitted to sit for examinations." The board approved after deliberation.

七年，遷浙江布政使。八年，疏言：「常平倉穀春發秋斂。但收成有遲早，俗所謂青黃不接。有司不揆緩急，甫春開糶，牙行囤積，吏胥侵漁。民未霑實惠，而穀已出逾額，且減價過多。迨秋成買補，非存價觀望，冀省耗折；即抑派爭買，致昂巿價。請定浙東諸府以四月、浙西諸府以六月發糶，價平即止。」上以因時制宜，許之。又疏言：「浙江土狹民稠，全資溪湖容蓄灌溉，乃民間佔墾甚多。如餘杭南湖，會稽鑑湖，上虞夏蓋湖，餘姚汝仇湖，慈谿慈湖，向稱巨浸，今已彌望田疇，殊妨水利。嗣後報墾田地，當責有司親勘，果非官湖，方准昇科；查勘不實，嚴定處分。」下廷臣議行。秋，金、衢、嚴三府被水，旁溢杭、湖、紹三府，漂流人畜無算。思榘出臨江乾，處分賑事。蕭山民洶洶欲渡江，思榘曰：「民飢當哺，閧則亂民耳。」嚴治之，自是無敢譁者。思榘再疏聞，上諭曰：「今歲浙江災，巡撫常安有諱災之意，汝為其難矣。」

In the seventh year he was promoted to provincial treasurer of Zhejiang. In the eighth year he memorialized: "Ever-Normal Granary grain is released in spring and collected in autumn. But harvests come early or late—what people call the lean season between the old and new crops. Officials, failing to weigh urgency, opened granary sales at the very start of spring; broker houses hoarded grain, and clerks and runners skimmed profits. The people had not yet benefited, yet grain had already been released beyond quota at excessively low prices. When autumn came to buy back and replenish stocks, some hoarded grain waiting for prices to rise, hoping to save on spoilage; or compulsory requisitioning drove frantic buying and drove market prices up. I ask that eastern Zhejiang prefectures release granary grain in the fourth month and western Zhejiang in the sixth, stopping once prices stabilize." The Emperor approved it as a timely adaptation. He further memorialized: "Zhejiang's land is narrow and its population dense; it depends entirely on streams and lakes for storage and irrigation, yet much has been illegally reclaimed. Lakes such as Yuhang's South Lake, Kuaiji's Mirror Lake, Shangyu's Xiaga Lake, Yuyao's Ruchou Lake, and Cixi's Ci Lake were once renowned expanses of water; now fields stretch as far as the eye can see, greatly impeding water management. Hereafter, officials should personally inspect reported reclaimed land; tax assessment should be allowed only if the land is truly not an official lake; false inspections should incur strict penalties." The court deliberated and implemented it. That autumn Jinhua, Quzhou, and Yanzhou were flooded; the waters spread to Hangzhou, Huzhou, and Shaoxing, drowning countless people and livestock. Pan Siju went to the riverbank to oversee relief efforts. The people of Xiaoshan clamored to cross the river; Pan Siju said: "Hungry people must be fed; a riot merely makes them unruly mobs." He dealt with them firmly, and thereafter no one dared cause trouble. Pan Siju memorialized again with a report; the Emperor said: "This year's disaster in Zhejiang—the governor Chang An wished to conceal it; you took on a difficult assignment."

十一年，授安徽巡撫。河決鳳陽，潁、泗諸府州災尤重。思榘請加賑，按行督察，犯風渡洪澤，舟幾覆。十二年，疏請調濟災區，略言：「鳳、潁民習惰窳。臣上年遍歷查勘，方冬水落，二麥已播種，而民不知耰鋤培壅。所過村落，林木甚稀，蔬圃亦少。臣令有司審察桑麻、蔬蓏，凡可佐小民日食之用者，隨宜試種。鳳、潁地分三等，岡地最高，湖地稍低，灣地最下。灣地連大河，水發難施人力。湖地則外仰中低，積潦為湖，下流疏泄，即可涸出栽種。岡地水雖不及，而絕少溝池，交秋缺雨，即患又乾。間有傍山麓而為陂塘，如壽州安豐塘、懷遠郭陂塘、鳳陽六塘，均應及時修築。與其因災動帑鉅萬，何如平時酌動數百金陸續培治。民間減荒歉，多收成，朝廷亦省帑金。縱遇偏災，亦可以工代賑。鳳、潁民好轉徙，豐年秋成事畢，二麥已種，輒攜家外出，春熟方歸。遇災留一二人在家領賑，餘又潛往鄰境。俗謂在家領賑為大糧，在外留養為小糧，沿途資送為行糧，至有一家領三糧者。本業拋荒，人無固志。應令有司嚴察，流民過境，實係被災，方准資送；藉端生事者究懲。」奏入，上諭曰：「此乃固本之事，歷來無有言及此者。朕甚嘉悅焉！」

In the eleventh year he was appointed governor of Anhui. The river breached at Fengyang; the Ying and Si prefectures suffered especially severe flooding. Pan Siju requested additional relief and toured to supervise; crossing Hongze Lake in a gale, his boat nearly capsized. In the twelfth year he memorialized requesting relief adjustments for the disaster zone, noting in summary: "The people of Feng and Ying are accustomed to idleness and neglect. Last year I toured the region for inspection; as winter waters receded and winter wheat was sown, the people did not hoe, weed, or mound their fields. In villages I passed through, trees were sparse and vegetable gardens scarce. I ordered officials to assess mulberry, hemp, vegetables, and fruit—anything that could supplement the daily diet of common people—and to encourage experimental planting as appropriate. Land in Feng and Ying falls into three grades: ridge land is highest, lake land somewhat lower, and bay land lowest. Bay land borders major rivers; when floods rise, little can be done by human effort. Lake land rises at the edges and sinks in the center; water accumulates into ponds, but once downstream drainage is cleared, the land can be dried and planted. Ridge land, though not flooded, has almost no ditches or ponds; when autumn brings little rain, drought follows at once. Here and there reservoirs lie at mountain foothills, such as Shouzhou's Anfeng Pool, Huaiyuan's Guo Reservoir, and Fengyang's Six Pools—all should be repaired promptly. Rather than spending tens of thousands from the treasury after disasters strike, it is better to allocate a few hundred taels in normal times for gradual upkeep. The people would suffer fewer bad harvests and enjoy greater yields, and the court would save treasury funds as well. Even when localized disasters occur, labor projects can serve as relief. The people of Feng and Ying are prone to wandering; after a good autumn harvest, once winter wheat is sown, they take their families away and return only when spring crops ripen. During disasters they leave one or two people at home to collect relief while the rest secretly slip into neighboring districts. They call home relief "major grain," support kept elsewhere "minor grain," and travel allowances "travel grain"—some families collect all three. Their fields lie abandoned and the people lack any settled will to remain. Officials should investigate strictly; wandering people should receive travel assistance only if genuinely disaster-stricken; those who exploit the situation should be thoroughly punished." When the memorial was submitted, the Emperor said: "This strengthens the foundation of society—no one has raised this before. I am deeply pleased!"

尋調福建巡撫。未行，疏請安徽學田、囚田、義田三項，視江蘇免學租例，予以蠲免。下軍機大臣察議，以江蘇無免學租例，上責思榘沽名幹譽，博去後之思，命出資修涿州城工示罰。十三年，疏言：「福建自乾隆元年至十一年積欠錢糧，正設法清釐。民間田業授受，往往不及推糧過割。糧從田出，既有賠糧之戶；即有無糧之田，豈可使得業者任其脫漏，無業者代其追比？當飭有司確察，務使糧歸於田。」十四年，复疏言：「臣清察積欠，一在屯田戶名不清，一在寺田租賦不一。自順治間裁併衛所，名雖軍戶，實係民耕，乃糧冊仍列故軍姓名，致難催比，應令覈實更正。寺田始自明季，僧、民相雜，輒稱寺廢僧逃，藉詞逋賦，應令分析寺已廢者，官為經理。」上命實力為之。別疏言：「福州城外西湖為東晉郡守嚴高所開，週二十餘裡，蓄水溉田，年久淤墊。臣勸導疏濬，並築堤建閘。又福清郎官港、法海埔俱有海灘淤地，臣令築堤招墾，得地二千一百餘畝。」上獎諭之。

He was soon transferred to governor of Fujian. Before departing, he memorialized asking that Anhui's school fields, prisoner fields, and charity fields be exempted from rent, following Jiangsu's precedent. The Grand Council investigated; since Jiangsu had no such exemption precedent, the Emperor rebuked Pan Siju for grandstanding and seeking posthumous praise, and ordered him to fund repairs to Zhuozhou's city walls as punishment. In the thirteenth year he memorialized: "Fujian's accumulated tax and grain arrears from Qianlong 1 to 11 are now being cleared. When farmland changes hands among the people, tax reassignment often fails to keep pace. Tax liability follows the land; some households pay compensation for others' taxes; yet some fields carry no tax liability—how can landowners evade payment while landless people are forced to pay on their behalf? Officials should investigate thoroughly and ensure tax liability follows the land." In the fourteenth year he again memorialized: "In clearing accumulated arrears I found two problems: unclear names on garrison-farmland registers, and inconsistent temple-field rents. Since guards and posts were merged in the Shunzhi reign, the so-called military households are in fact civilian farmers, yet tax registers still list old military names, impeding collection—they should be verified and corrected. Temple fields date to the late Ming; monks and laypeople intermingled, often claiming abandoned temples and fleeing monks to evade taxes—defunct temples should be identified and managed by officials." The Emperor ordered that it be vigorously pursued. In a separate memorial he stated: "West Lake outside Fuzhou was excavated by Eastern Jin prefect Yan Gao, with a circumference of over twenty li to store water for irrigation; over time it silted up. I encouraged dredging and also built dikes and sluice gates. At Fuqing's Langguan Harbor and Fahai Shoal I ordered dikes built and reclamation encouraged, gaining over 2,100 mu of land." The Emperor commended him with praise.

思榘蒞政精勤，晝見官屬，夜披案牘。旱潦必撫卹。民獷，以鬥訟相尚，多去為盜，廉得主名，飭有司捕治。又以農隙巡行海防，週閱戰艦。朔望入書院與諸生講說經藝，如是者以為常。積勞疾作不少止。十七年，卒。上命用江蘇巡撫徐士林例，祀京師賢良祠。予卹視一品，賜祭葬，諡敏惠。

Pan Siju governed with tireless diligence, meeting officials by day and reviewing documents by night. In drought or flood he always provided relief. The people were unruly, prone to litigation and banditry; once he learned the ringleaders' names, he ordered officials to arrest them. During farming lulls he toured coastal defenses and inspected warships. On the first and fifteenth of each month he lectured students on the classics at the academy—a routine he never missed. Overwork brought on illness, yet he scarcely rested. In the seventeenth year he died. The Emperor ordered him enshrined in the Capital Shrine of Worthies, following the precedent of Jiangsu Governor Xu Shilin. He was granted first-rank mourning honors, imperial rites of sacrifice and burial, and the posthumous name Minhui.

=胡寶瑔=胡寶瑔，字泰舒，江南歙縣人。父廷對，嘗官婁縣訓導，因居青浦。寶泉，雍正元年舉人。乾隆二年，考授內閣中書，充軍機處章京。六年，大學士查郎阿、侍郎阿里袞清察黑龍江、吉林烏喇開墾地畝，以寶瑔從。八年，遷侍讀，考選福建道御史。是歲直隸旱，上命治賑。寶瑔疏言：「直隸被旱，民多流亡，請敕總督宣示上意，使民靜以待賑。流民原歸耕而無力得歸者，資送還裡，俾及時藝麥，於來歲民食有益。」九年，上命大學士訥親閱河南、山東、江南諸省營伍，寶瑔疏言：「營伍積玩，器械堅脆，糧馬盈虧，各處不一。勢必聞風修整買補，不肖營員或藉端苛派，或坐扣月糧，請敕督撫提鎮嚴飭查察。」十年，山東、江南水災。寶瑔疏言：「方冬水涸，應勸諭農民引流赴壑，俾田不久浸，以便春耕，尤當預防蝻子。」諸疏皆議行。十一年，轉戶科給事中，遷順天府府丞。大學士傅恆視師金川，以寶瑔從。授府尹，歷宗人府丞、左副都御史。擢兵部侍郎，兼府尹如故。河南民傅毓俊告張天重謀逆，遣寶瑔按治，毓俊服誣，論如律。

Hu Baozhan, courtesy name Taishu, was a native of She County in Jiangnan. His father Tingdui had served as instructor of Lou County and settled in Qingpu. Hu Baozhan passed the provincial examination in the first year of Yongzheng. In the second year of Qianlong he was selected by examination as a Secretariat drafter and appointed a Grand Council clerk. In the sixth year Grand Secretary Zhalang'a and Vice Minister Aligun inspected reclaimed land in Heilongjiang and Jilin Wula, with Hu Baozhan accompanying them. In the eighth year he was promoted to reader-in-waiting and selected as censor of the Fujian circuit. That year Zhili suffered drought, and the Emperor ordered relief. Hu Baozhan memorialized: "Zhili has suffered drought and many have fled; I ask that the governor-general proclaim the Emperor's intent so the people remain calm and await relief. Those who wish to return home but cannot afford the journey should be assisted back so they can plant wheat in time, benefiting next year's food supply." In the ninth year the Emperor ordered Grand Secretary Neqin to inspect troops in Henan, Shandong, Jiangnan, and other provinces; Hu Baozhan memorialized: "Troops have grown lax; weapons, rations, and horses vary in condition from place to place. When the inspection is announced they will rush to repair equipment; unscrupulous officers may use the occasion for harsh levies or deduct rations—I ask that governors-general, governors, and military commanders be ordered to investigate strictly." In the tenth year Shandong and Jiangnan were flooded. Hu Baozhan memorialized: "As winter waters recede, farmers should be urged to drain fields into gullies so land is not long submerged and spring plowing can proceed; locust nymphs should be guarded against in particular." All these memorials were approved and implemented. In the eleventh year he was transferred to supervising secretary of the Revenue Section and promoted to vice prefect of Shuntian Prefecture. Grand Secretary Fu Heng commanded troops in Jinchuan, with Hu Baozhan accompanying him. Appointed prefect, he served successively as vice director of the Imperial Clan Court and Left Vice Censor-in-Chief. Promoted to Vice Minister of War, he continued concurrently as prefect. A Henan commoner named Fu Yujun accused Zhang Tianzhong of plotting rebellion; Hu Baozhan was dispatched to investigate; Yujun confessed to false accusation and was sentenced accordingly.

十七年，署山西巡撫，十八年，實授。撫饑民，理冤獄，劾貪吏，整關隘隄防，諸政並舉。尋調湖南。十九年，奏言：「郴、桂二州銅鉛礦委員董理，一年而代。礦為弊藪，代者必數月乃能明察。此數月中，欺矇隱漏，已自不少。請仿台灣、瓊州例，令新舊協辦數月。」得旨允行。

In the seventeenth year he served as acting governor of Shanxi; in the eighteenth year he received substantive appointment. He relieved famine victims, rectified wrongful cases, impeached corrupt officials, and restored passes and dikes—pursuing all these policies at once. He was soon transferred to Hunan. In the nineteenth year he memorialized: "The copper and lead mines of Chen and Gui prefectures are managed by commissioners who serve one year and are replaced. Mines are breeding grounds for corruption; new commissioners need several months before they understand the situation. In those months deception and leakage already cause considerable losses. I ask that we follow the Taiwan and Qiongzhou precedent and have outgoing and incoming commissioners work together for several months." The Emperor approved and it was implemented.

二十年，調江西。二十一年，疏言：「廣信銅塘山勘明無可墾之地，無可用之材，無可煎之礦，請永行封禁。」二十二年，疏言：「豐城堤工最要，石隄官修，土堤民修，向設里夫，行之已久。黠者避役，貧者誤工，復改為折徵。請按田均堤，附漕糧徵收。有田始有糧，有糧始有夫。圩長無從侵冒，工程乃可永固。」均如所請行。

In the twentieth year he was transferred to Jiangxi. In the twenty-first year he memorialized: "Investigation has shown Guangxin's Tongtang Mountain has no reclaimable land, usable timber, or minable ore—I ask that it be permanently closed." In the twenty-second year he memorialized: "Fengcheng's dikes are critically important; stone dikes are repaired by the government and earthen dikes by the people; village corvée labor was long established for this purpose. The shrewd evaded labor, the poor defaulted, and the system was changed to cash commutation. I ask that dike obligations be assessed per field and collected with grain-transport taxes. Fields produce tax obligations, and tax obligations produce labor duties. Polder overseers would have no opportunity to embezzle, and the works would endure." The request was approved and implemented.

復調河南。河屢決，山東、河南、安徽諸州縣多積水。上遣侍郎裘曰修會諸省督撫疏治。寶瑔與曰修會勘，疏言：「河南幹河有四：賈魯、惠濟、渦河、巴溝。巴溝在商丘為豐樂河，在夏邑為響河，在永城為巴河。今擬疏濬加寬深，以最低處為率。惠濟上游在中牟、祥符諸縣，下游在柘城、鹿邑諸縣，今亦擬加寬深，以六七丈為率。賈魯自中牟以下有惠濟分流，自硃仙鎮以下，截沙灣，塞決口，拓舊堤。渦河自通許青岡為燕城河，上游應加寬，下游應加深。鹿邑以下本已寬深，當增築月堤。支河應濬者，商丘北沙、洪溝二河為支中之幹，餘大小支河，分要工、次工、緩工，次第興修。」二十三年，上諭曰：「河南災區積困，寶瑔不辭勞瘁，能體朕意，盡力調劑，以蘇窮民，甚可嘉也！」尋加太子少傅。諸工皆竟，上御制中州治河碑，褒寶瑔、曰修，語並見曰修傳。

He was transferred back to Henan. The river broke repeatedly, and many counties in Shandong, Henan, and Anhui were flooded. The Emperor sent Vice Minister Qiu Yuexiu to work with provincial governors on dredging and drainage. Hu Baozhan joined Qiu Yuexiu in surveying the works and memorialized: "Henan has four trunk channels: the Jia Lu, Huiji, Wo, and Bagou. The Bagou channel is called the Fengle River at Shangqiu, the Xiang River at Xiayi, and the Ba River at Yongcheng. They propose dredging them wider and deeper, using the lowest sections as the benchmark. The upper Huiji runs through Zhongmou, Xiangfu, and neighboring counties and the lower reaches through Zhecheng, Luyi, and others; it too should be widened and deepened to about six or seven zhang. Below Zhongmou the Jia Lu splits into the Huiji; below Zhuxian Town the Shawan cutoff should be completed, the breach sealed, and the old dikes enlarged. The Wo channel from Qinggang in Tongxu forms the Yancheng River; the upper course should be widened and the lower deepened. Below Luyi the channel is already wide and deep; additional crescent dikes should be built. Of the tributaries needing dredging, the Beisha and Honggou at Shangqiu are the chief branches; the rest, large and small, should be ranked as priority, secondary, or deferred projects and repaired in sequence." In the twenty-third year the Emperor said: "Henan's disaster zones have suffered long; Hu Baozhan has spared no effort, has understood My intent, worked tirelessly to provide relief, and revived the poorest people—this is highly commendable!" He was soon made Junior Tutor of the Heir Apparent. When the works were finished, the Emperor personally composed a stele on Central Plains river control, praising Hu Baozhan and Qiu Yuexiu; the inscription appears in Qiu Yuexiu's biography.

二十五年，疏言：「河北諸水，衛河為大。雍正間，河督嵇曾筠於汲、淇、濬、湯陰、內黃諸縣建草壩二十六，今已漸次淤墊。臣相度疏築，俾一律深通。請定為三年一小修、五年一大修。」上可其奏。是冬，調江西。二十六年，河決楊橋。復調還河南。疏言：「賈魯、惠濟二河在中牟境內，逼近楊橋。賈魯受黃水南徙，至祥符時家岡仍入故道，今已成河。當將分者截之使合，淺者疏之使深，兩岸多挑渠港，增築堤堰，自成河道。惠濟自兩閘至岡頭橋已淤斷，而岡頭橋至十里坡賈魯河不過四五里。即於十里坡建滾水壩，導由岡頭橋入惠濟，以分賈魯之勢，而惠濟亦復故道。」上褒為事半功倍。

In the twenty-fifth year he memorialized: "Of the waterways north of the Yellow River, the Wei River is the greatest. During the Yongzheng reign River Director Ji Zengjun built twenty-six brush weirs in Ji, Qi, Jun, Tangyin, Neihuang, and neighboring counties; they have gradually silted over. I have surveyed the channel and propose dredging and building works so it runs uniformly deep and clear. I ask that minor repairs be scheduled every three years and major repairs every five." The Emperor approved the proposal. That winter he was transferred to Jiangxi. In the twenty-sixth year the river broke at Yangqiao. He was transferred back to Henan. He memorialized: "The Jia Lu and Huiji channels run through Zhongmou near Yangqiao. The Jia Lu took Yellow River water flowing south; at Shifu it rejoined its old bed at Shijiagang and has now formed a full channel. Split sections should be cut off and merged, shallow stretches dredged deeper, channel harbors dug on both banks, and dikes and weirs added to form a proper waterway. The Huiji from the two sluice gates to Gangtou Bridge is silted shut, yet Gangtou Bridge is only four or five li from the Jia Lu at Shilipo. A spillway dam should be built at Shilipo to divert water through Gangtou Bridge into the Huiji, easing pressure on the Jia Lu and restoring the Huiji to its old course." The Emperor praised the plan as highly efficient.

二十七年，寶瑔疾作，請解任。上諭曰：「此奏甚非朕之所望，安心靜攝，以慰廑念。」遣醫馳驛診視。疏言：「溝渠與河道相為表裡，臣於二十三年河工告竣，即督令州縣經理溝洫，每一州縣中開溝自十數道至百數十道，長自里許至數十里，寬自數尺至數丈，皆以足資蓄洩為度。驛路通衢，並就道傍開濬，雖道裡綿亙，而分戶承挑，民易為力。自是每歲或春融，或農隙，隨時加濬寬深。」上深嘉之，並令直隸總督方觀承仿行。二十八年，卒，加太子太保、兵部尚書，賜祭葬，諡恪靖。遺疏請入籍青浦，許之。

In the twenty-seventh year Hu Baozhan fell ill and asked to resign. The Emperor said: "This is not what I wished to hear; rest quietly and regain your health to set My mind at ease." He sent a physician by relay post to attend him. He memorialized: "Ditches and rivers work as inner and outer defenses; when the twenty-third-year river works were finished I ordered the prefectures and counties to maintain drainage channels—anywhere from a dozen to more than a hundred per district, from about a li to dozens of li long and from a few chi to several zhang wide, all sized to store or drain water as needed. Along post roads and main highways channels were dug beside the road; though the work stretched for miles, assigning households to sections made the labor manageable. Thereafter each year, at spring thaw or between farming seasons, channels were widened and deepened as timing allowed." The Emperor highly commended the plan and ordered Zhili Governor-General Fang Guancheng to adopt the same approach. In the twenty-eighth year he died and was posthumously made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent and Minister of War, granted state sacrifice and burial, and given the posthumous name Kejing. In his final memorial he asked to be registered at Qingpu; the request was granted.

=【論】=論曰：那蘇圖、士林、恕、思榘皆以清節著，而超曾、寶瑔又濟之以勤敏。恕論救災，寶瑔善行水，皆以民事為急。顯佐定苗疆，有拊循之績。錫紱督漕運，所修舉似若瑣細，然皆當官之急務也。會一澤以道學，但微近名，遂貽後嗣之禍，恫哉！

The commentary says: Na Sutu, Xu Shilin, Wang Shu, and Pan Siju were all known for upright integrity, while Yang Chaoceng and Hu Baozhan added diligence and quick competence. Wang Shu wrote on disaster relief and Hu Baozhan was adept at water control; all put the people's welfare first. Fang Xian helped pacify the Miao frontier and won credit for settling and soothing the people. Yang Xifu oversaw grain transport; his initiatives seemed minor, yet all addressed pressing official responsibilities. Yin Huiyi spread Neo-Confucian learning, but bordered on self-promotion and brought disaster on his descendants—a warning indeed!

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