Volume 309 Biographies 96: Cui Ji, Ka Er Ji Shan, Ding Zhang, E Yunbu, Ya Er Tu, Yan Sisheng, Hu Bao, Wei Zhezhi, Su Chang, He Nian, Wu Dashan, Cui Yingjie, Wang Jian, Wu Shigong

=崔紀=崔紀，初名珺，字南有，山西永濟人。年幼喪母，哀毀如成人。事父及後母孝。康熙五十七年，成進士，改庶吉士，授編修。遷國子監司業，以母憂歸。服闋，補故官。三遷祭酒。乾隆元年，提督順天學政。雍正間，採安徽學政李鳳翥、河南學政習俊、浙江學政王蘭生條議：每歲令諸生五人互結，無抗糧攬訟；諸生有事告州縣，當先以呈詞赴學掛號；為人作證及冒認命盜案，先革後審；諸生毆殺人及代寫詞狀，加常罪一等；已斥諸生不許出境；諸生欠糧，必全完乃收考。紀疏請罷之。又定諸生月課三次不到，詳革，紀請改一年；諸生完糧，上戶限十月，中、下戶限八月，紀請改歲底。下部議行。遷詹事，再遷倉場侍郎，署甘肅巡撫。

Cui Ji, whose original name was Jun and whose courtesy name was Nanyou, was a native of Yongji in Shanxi. He lost his mother while still young and mourned her with a grief and self-restraint worthy of a grown man. He was filial toward both his father and his stepmother. In the fifty-seventh year of the Kangxi reign (1718) he passed the jinshi examination, entered the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor, and was appointed compiler. He was promoted to vice director of the Directorate of Education, then left office to observe mourning for his mother. When his mourning ended, he resumed his former office. After three further promotions he became chancellor of the Directorate of Education. In the first year of the Qianlong reign (1736) he was appointed educational commissioner of Shuntian. During the Yongzheng period the court had adopted proposals from the educational commissioners Li Fengzhu of Anhui, Xi Jun of Henan, and Wang Lansheng of Zhejiang: each year students were to form mutual-guarantee groups of five, barred from resisting tax payments or monopolizing lawsuits. If students wished to lodge complaints with prefectural or county authorities, they had first to register their petitions at the school. Students who testified on others' behalf or falsely claimed robbery with murder were stripped of their status before trial. Students convicted of beating someone to death or of drafting legal documents for others were punished one degree more severely than ordinary offenders. Expelled students were forbidden to leave the jurisdiction. Students who owed grain tax could not sit for examinations until the debt was paid in full. Cui submitted a memorial asking that these rules be repealed. Regulations also provided that students who missed three monthly examinations in a row were to be reported for expulsion; Cui asked that the period be extended to one year. Upper households were required to complete their grain tax by the tenth month and middle and lower households by the eighth; Cui asked that all be allowed until the end of the year. The ministries deliberated and approved his requests. He was promoted to grand tutor, then to vice president of the Granary Administration, and was appointed acting governor of Gansu.

二年，移署陝西巡撫。疏言：「陝屬平原八百餘裡，農率待澤於天，旱則束手。惟鑿井灌田，實可補雨澤之缺。臣居蒲州，習見其利。陝屬延安、榆林、邠、鄜、綏德各府州，地高土厚，不能鑿井。此外西安、同州、鳳翔、漢中四府並渭南九州縣最低，渭北二十餘州縣地較高，掘地一二丈至六七丈，皆可得水。勸諭鑿井，貧民實難勉強。懇準將地丁羨銀借給充費，分三年繳完。民力況瘁，與河泉自然水利不同。請免以水田昇科。」上諭曰：「此極應行之美舉，當徐徐化導，實力奉行，自不能視水田昇科也。」擢吏部侍郎，仍留巡撫，尋實授。紀疏言：「陝西水利，莫如龍洞渠，上承涇水，中受諸泉。自雍正間總督岳鍾琪發帑修濬，涇陽、醴泉、三原、高陵諸縣資以灌溉。惟未定歲修法，涇漲入渠，泥沙淀閼，泉泛出渠，石罅滲漏。擬於龍洞高築石堤，以納眾泉，不使入涇。水磨橋、大王橋諸泉亦筑壩其旁，收入渠內。並額定水工，司啟閉。」均從之。陝西民憚興作，言紀煩擾。上令詳勘地勢，俯順輿情。三年，命與湖北巡撫張楷互調，時報新開井七萬餘，上令楷察勘。楷言民間食其利者三萬二千餘，遇旱，井效乃見。民益私鑿井，歲歲增廣矣。

In the second year of Qianlong he was transferred to serve as acting governor of Shaanxi. He memorialized: "Shaanxi's plains stretch more than eight hundred li, and farmers there generally depend on rainfall; in drought they are helpless. Digging wells to irrigate fields can truly make up for the lack of rain. Having lived in Puzhou, I am well acquainted with the benefits. In the Yan'an, Yulin, Bin, Fu, and Suide prefectures and departments of Shaanxi the land is high and the soil thick, and wells cannot be sunk there. Elsewhere the four prefectures of Xi'an, Tongzhou, Fengxiang, and Hanzhong and the nine counties of Weinan lie lowest; north of the Wei more than twenty prefectures and counties sit somewhat higher, yet water can be reached by digging anywhere from one or two to six or seven zhang. Urging the poor to dig wells is something they can scarcely manage on their own. I beg that surplus land-and-poll tax silver be lent to cover the cost, to be repaid over three years. The people's strength is already exhausted; this is not the same as harnessing natural river and spring water. I ask that fields brought under irrigation be exempted from the higher tax rate applied to irrigated land." The emperor replied: "This is an excellent measure that ought to be carried out; introduce it gradually through persuasion and enforce it in earnest—you certainly cannot treat it like ordinary upgrades to irrigated-land taxation." He was promoted to vice minister of Personnel while remaining governor of Shaanxi, and soon received the substantive appointment. Cui memorialized: "Of Shaanxi's waterworks none equals the Longdong Canal, which draws from the Jing River above and collects numerous springs along its course. Since the Yongzheng period Governor-General Yue Zhongqi had disbursed treasury funds to repair and dredge it, and the counties of Jingyang, Liquan, Sanyuan, and Gaoling depended on it for irrigation. Yet no annual maintenance schedule had been fixed: when the Jing flooded into the canal, silt choked it; springs overflowed the banks; and water leaked through cracks in the stonework. I propose building a high stone embankment at Longdong to collect the springs and keep them from flowing into the Jing. Dams should also be built beside the springs at Shuimo Bridge and Dawang Bridge to channel their water into the canal. Permanent water workers should be appointed to manage the sluices." All his proposals were approved. The people of Shaanxi feared public works and complained that Cui was harassing them. The emperor ordered a thorough survey of the terrain and told him to defer to local opinion. In the third year he was ordered to exchange posts with Zhang Kai, governor of Hubei; reports claimed more than seventy thousand new wells had been dug, and the emperor ordered Zhang Kai to inspect them. Zhang Kai reported that more than thirty-two thousand wells were actually benefiting the people, and that their value became clear only in drought. The people went on digging wells privately, and the number grew year after year.

紀至湖北，自陳不職，部議降調。上諭曰：「紀在陝西鑿井灌田，料理未善，致反貽民累。惟其本意為民，命從寬留任。」五年。總督德沛劾紀以公使錢畀護糧道崔乃鏞，上又聞紀以淮鹽到遲，令民間暫食私鹽，諭紀自列，紀疏辨，下部議，降調。六年，再授祭酒。九年，督江蘇學政。以父憂歸。十四年，起授山東布政使。以東省貧民借官穀累百萬石，請視部定價石六錢，收折色，紓民力。十五年，命以副都御史銜再督江蘇學政，力疾按試。旋卒。

When Cui arrived in Hubei he confessed himself unfit for office, and the ministry recommended demotion. The emperor said: "In Shaanxi Cui promoted well-digging for irrigation; the work was poorly managed and ended up burdening the people. Yet because his original intent was to serve the people, he was allowed to remain in office with leniency." In the fifth year. Governor-General De Pei impeached Cui for giving official mission funds to Grain Transport Intendant Cui Naiyong; the emperor also heard that because Huai salt arrived late Cui had allowed the people to consume private salt temporarily. Cui was told to explain himself, submitted a defense, and after ministry deliberation was demoted. In the sixth year he was again appointed chancellor of the Directorate of Education. In the ninth year he was appointed educational commissioner of Jiangsu. He returned home to mourn his father. In the fourteenth year he was recalled and appointed provincial treasurer of Shandong. Because poor households in Shandong had borrowed more than a million shi of official grain, he asked that repayment be collected at the ministry rate of six cash per shi in commuted silver to ease their burden. In the fifteenth year he was ordered, with the rank of vice censor-in-chief, to resume duty as educational commissioner of Jiangsu and, though ill, pressed on with the examinations. He died soon afterward.

紀潛心理學，上亦聞之，再任祭酒，召見，命作太極圖說。歷官所至，以教養為先。遇事有不可，輒艴然曰：「士君子當引君當道，奈何若是？」

Cui had devoted himself to Neo-Confucian philosophy; the emperor had heard of it, and when Cui was again appointed chancellor he was summoned and ordered to write an exposition of the Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate. In every post he held, he put education and nurturing the people first. When he encountered something he could not accept, he would flush with anger and say: "A gentleman should guide his ruler along the right path—how can matters stand like this?"

=喀爾吉善=喀爾吉善，字澹園，伊爾根覺羅氏，滿洲正黃旗人。先世居瓦爾喀，有赫臣者，當太祖創業時來歸，授牛錄額真。使葉赫，葉赫部長金台石使人戕之。太祖滅葉赫，令其子克宜福手刃其仇以祭。克宜福從軍有功，世職至三等阿達哈哈番。克宜福子喀齊蘭，官至正黃旗副都統；孫凱里布，官至吏部尚書：皆襲世職。

Ka Erjishan, courtesy name Tanyuan, of the Irgen Gioro clan, was a Manchu of the Plain Yellow Banner. His ancestors had lived in Warka. A forebear named He Chen submitted when the Taizu was founding the dynasty and was appointed niru commander. On a mission to Yehe he was murdered by agents of the Yehe chieftain Gintaisi. When the Taizu destroyed Yehe, he had Keyifu, He Chen's son, slay the murderer with his own hand as an offering to his father's spirit. Keyifu served with distinction and the family hereditary rank rose to third-class adahahafan. Keyifu's son Ka Qilan rose to vice commander of the Plain Yellow Banner; his grandson Kai Libu rose to minister of Personnel—all inherited the family rank.

喀爾吉善降襲拜他喇布勒哈番，授上駟院員外郎。歷工部郎中，兼襲世管佐領。雍正六年，命偕通政使留保如廣東按署巡撫阿克敦等被劾狀。八年，擢兵部額外侍郎。九年，授侍郎。十三年，以驗馬不實奪官，令往盛京收糧。乾隆元年，起廢籍，命管圓明園八旗兵丁。復往盛京收糧，奏禁八旗台站官兵與朝鮮貿易。上諭曰：「官兵不暇貿易，亦不諳貿易。當令商民與互巿，務均平交易，毋抑價，毋強索。」三年，擢內閣學士。遷戶部侍郎，協理步軍統領刑名事務。調吏部，四年，命兼管三庫。

Ka Erjishan inherited the family rank at a reduced grade as betalabulehafan and was appointed assistant director of the Imperial Stud. He served as a director in the Ministry of Works while also inheriting the hereditary company command. In the sixth year of Yongzheng he was ordered, together with Censor-in-chief Liu Bao, to go to Guangdong and investigate charges against Acting Governor Akedun and others. In the eighth year he was promoted to extra vice minister of War. In the ninth year he received substantive appointment as vice minister. In the thirteenth year he was dismissed for falsifying horse inspections and ordered to Mukden to collect grain. In the first year of Qianlong he was restored from the dismissed rolls and ordered to manage the Eight Banner garrison at the Yuanming Yuan. Sent again to Mukden to collect grain, he memorialized forbidding Eight Banner courier-station troops to trade with Korea. The emperor said: "Soldiers have no time for trade and are not skilled in it. Let merchants trade with them at the frontier markets on fair and equal terms, without price-fixing or extortion." In the third year he was promoted to grand secretary of the Grand Secretariat. He was transferred to vice minister of Revenue and assisted the Metropolitan Infantry Command in criminal matters. Transferred to the Ministry of Personnel, in the fourth year he was ordered concurrently to manage the three treasuries.

五年，授山西巡撫。上聞山西布政使薩哈諒、學政哈爾欽皆貪婪，詢喀爾吉善。喀爾吉善疏劾，命侍郎楊嗣璟會鞫，論如律。上以喀爾吉善不即劾，下部議，奪官，命寬之。又劾河東鹽政白起圖貪婪，白起圖疏辨，命副都統塞楞額往鞫，論如律。七年，調安徽。

In the fifth year he was appointed governor of Shanxi. The emperor heard that Provincial Treasurer Sahaliang and Educational Commissioner Haerqin of Shanxi were both corrupt and questioned Ka Erjishan. Ka Erjishan memorialized to impeach them; Vice Minister Yang Sijing was ordered to join the investigation, and both were sentenced according to law. Because Ka Erjishan had not impeached them at once, the ministries recommended dismissal, but the emperor ordered leniency. He also impeached Hedong Salt Controller Bai Qitu for corruption; Bai Qitu defended himself in a memorial; Vice Banner Commander Sailenge was sent to try the case, and sentence followed the law. In the seventh year he was transferred to Anhui.

八年，復調山東。疏言：「山東歲饑，民多流亡，而鄰省貧民亦有轉入山東覓食者，請飭官吏勸各回故土以待治賑。」上諭曰：「所見甚得體。各省督撫當於平居無事時委曲開導，使知敦本務實，力田逢年；若輕棄其鄉，本業既荒，無所依倚。即國家收養資送，亦不得已之舉，非可恃為長策也。」又以濟南、武定、東昌三府遇旱，濟南、東昌府倉存穀緩急可相通；武定無倉，請撥登、萊二府倉穀以濟民食。九年，疏言：「方春糧價踴貴，貧民艱食，請酌量減糶。」又言：「山東兵米，本折兼支，春季價昂支折色，秋季價減支本色，請春秋二季本折更換。」又請修德州、海豐、惠民、樂陵城工以代賑。復以濟南、武定諸屬縣麥復不登，令於曹、沂諸府豐收之區採買接濟。上皆允之。直隸藁城知縣高崶請開臨淄、即墨、平陰、泰安、沂、費、滕、嶧諸縣銀、銅、鉛、鐵各礦，事下喀爾吉善勘奏，奏言：「東省拱衛神京，地跨四府八縣，形勢聯屬。礦洞久經封禁，未便開採。利之所在，眾必共趨。恐濟、武災區，沂、曹盜藪，別生事端，應仍封禁。」上亦如其請。

In the eighth year he was transferred back to Shandong. He memorialized: "Shandong suffers recurring famine and many people flee; poor people from neighboring provinces also drift into Shandong seeking food. I ask that officials urge everyone to return to his native place and await proper relief." The emperor replied: "Your view is very sound. Every governor-general and governor should, in peaceful times, patiently instruct the people to honor the fundamentals, work the land diligently, and secure good harvests; if they lightly abandon their home districts, their livelihood is ruined and they have nowhere to turn. even state relief and transport are measures of last resort, not a policy to rely on indefinitely." He also reported drought in the prefectures of Jinan, Wuding, and Dongchang; the granaries of Jinan and Dongchang could supply each other in an emergency; Wuding had no granary, and he asked to draw grain from the granaries of Deng and Lai to feed the people. In the ninth year he memorialized: "At the start of spring grain prices are soaring and the poor are going hungry; I ask that granary sales be reduced in price as appropriate." He also said: "Shandong military rations were originally paid partly in grain and partly in commuted silver; when spring prices were high troops were paid in silver, when autumn prices fell in grain. I ask that grain and commutation be reversed between spring and autumn." He also asked to repair the city walls of Dezhou, Haifeng, Huimin, and Leling as work relief. When wheat failed again in the counties subordinate to Jinan and Wuding, he ordered grain purchased in the abundant districts of Cao and Yi to supply relief. The emperor approved all his requests. Gao Feng, magistrate of Gaocheng in Zhili, asked to open silver, copper, lead, and iron mines in Linzi, Jimo, Pingyin, Tai'an, Yi, Fei, Teng, and Yi counties. The matter was referred to Ka Erjishan for investigation; he memorialized: "Shandong guards the capital, its territory spanning four prefectures and eight counties in a single strategic block. The mine shafts have long been sealed, and it would be inadvisable to reopen them. Where there is profit to be made, crowds will inevitably flock. I fear that in the stricken districts of Ji and Wu and the bandit-haunted regions of Yi and Cao, new troubles would arise; they should remain sealed." The emperor approved his request as well.

十一年，遷閩浙總督。台灣生番為亂，遣兵討之。奏言：「台灣流民日多，匪類肆竊，甚或恣行不法，民間謂為闖棍。請令竊案再犯及闖棍治罪後，並逐回內地。」又請在台人民迎取眷屬，限一年給照過台。浙江處州總兵苗國琮請於官山種樹，儲戰船桅木之用，下喀爾吉善勘奏。奏言：「令有司種樹，須先糜帑，且必百十年後始中繩墨，日久稽察非易。不若許民自種，在官不費經營，而巨材可獲實用。」從之。疏劾浙江巡撫常安貪婪，命大學士訥親往鞫得實，論如律。詔嘉其公直，加太子少保。疏言：「寧海東湖舊與海通，宋後失修，飭府縣察形勢土性，導士民輸資築堤，撥為世業，定限昇科。」上諭曰：「勸課農桑，興修水利，務本之圖也。欣悅覽之！」十五年，加兵部尚書銜。

In the eleventh year he was appointed governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang. When Taiwan's indigenous peoples rebelled, he sent troops to suppress them. He memorialized: "Taiwan's floating population grows daily; ruffians steal freely, and some even break the law outright—locals call them "gate-crashers. I ask that repeat thieves and gate-crashers, once sentenced, be expelled back to the mainland." He also asked that settlers in Taiwan be allowed to bring their families, with a one-year limit and official passes to cross the strait. Miao Guocong, brigade commander of Chuzhou in Zhejiang, proposed planting trees on Guanshan to stock mast timber for warships; the matter was referred to Ka Erjishan for investigation. He memorialized: "If officials were ordered to plant trees, treasury funds would be consumed first, and usable timber would not be ready for a century; long-term oversight would be difficult. It would be better to let the people plant on their own, at no cost to the government, while securing timber of real use." His proposal was approved. He impeached Zhejiang Governor Chang An for corruption; Grand Secretary Neqin was sent to investigate, found the charges true, and sentence followed the law. The emperor praised his impartial integrity and promoted him to Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. He memorialized: "Ninghai's eastern lake once connected to the sea; after the Song it fell into disrepair. I ordered prefectural and county officials to survey the terrain and guide local gentry and commoners to contribute funds for dikes, allotting reclaimed land as hereditary property with fixed tax upgrades." The emperor replied: "Encouraging farming and sericulture and repairing waterworks is the true path of honoring the fundamentals. I read it with delight!" In the fifteenth year he received the rank of minister of War.

十六年，上南巡，蠲江南積逋二百餘萬，浙省無逋賦，亦特蠲本年正賦三十萬，制詩褒之。十七年，以年老乞休，溫詔慰留。疏言：「閩省產米少，本歲豐稔，宜為儲備。請現存倉穀不及半者，令購足數；已及半而本地穀賤，亦以原存糶價買補。」上是之。漳州民蔡榮祖謀亂，事泄，捕獲，寘之法，予議敘。十九年，加太子太保。上以八旗生齒日繁，許在京漢軍改入民籍，推行於各省。喀爾吉善與福州將軍新柱疏言：「漢軍原為民，無問世族、閒散，許入民籍。如別無生計，坐補綠營糧缺。所遺馬、步甲，以滿洲兵坐補。」二十二年秋，病瘍，遣醫偕其子定敏馳視，賜人葠。未幾，卒，賜祭葬，諡莊恪。

In the sixteenth year, during the southern tour, the emperor remitted more than two million taels of Jiangnan arrears; Zhejiang had none, yet its regular tax of three hundred thousand was also remitted, and an imperial poem praised him. In the seventeenth year he asked to retire on account of age; a warm edict comforted him and urged him to stay. He memorialized: "Fujian produces little rice; this year's harvest has been good and reserves should be laid in. I ask that where granary stocks fall below half, purchases be made to fill the quota. Where stocks are already half but local grain is cheap, grain should also be bought at the original sale price to replenish stocks." The emperor approved. Cai Rongzu of Zhangzhou plotted rebellion; when the plot was exposed he was captured, executed according to law, and rewards were granted for the merit of those who exposed him. In the nineteenth year he was promoted to Senior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. As the Eight Banner population in the capital grew daily, the emperor permitted Hanjun in Beijing to enter the commoner registers, extending the policy to every province. Ka Erjishan and Fuzhou General Xin Zhu memorialized: "Hanjun were originally commoners; whether from distinguished families or idle households, all may enter the commoner registers. If they lack other livelihoods, let them fill vacancies in the Green Standard Army rations. The cavalry and infantry posts they vacate shall be filled by Manchu soldiers." In the autumn of the twenty-second year he fell ill with ulcers; physicians were sent with his son Ding Min to attend him, and ginseng was bestowed. He died soon afterward; state sacrifices and burial honors were granted, and the posthumous title Zhuangke was conferred.

定長，喀爾吉善子。初授內閣中書，遷侍讀。擢江南徐州知府。四遷至巡撫，歷安徽、廣西、山西、貴州諸省。乾隆十八年，湖廣總督永常奏請於鄰省會哨，定長奏：「貴州與鄰省聯界，苗、夷環處。遽行會哨，苗性多猜，或滋事變。請停止。」從之。二十年，題請原任黔西知州黃秉忠入祀名宦，上以秉忠為總督廷桂父，瞻徇巿恩，降旨嚴斥。二十二年，上南巡，請入覲，命便道省喀爾吉善，賜詩褒寵。尋命與尚書劉統勳按雲貴總督恆文貪婪狀，即命署雲貴總督。調山西巡撫，未之任，丁父憂。旋授副都統銜，往西路軍營督屯田事。補兵部侍郎，授福建巡撫，遷湖廣總督。三十三年，卒，諭部議卹。尋署總督高晉劾荊州副都統石亮衰庸，上責定長徇庇，罷卹典。

Ding Zhang was the son of Ka Erjishan. He was first appointed secretary of the Grand Secretariat and later promoted to reader. He was promoted to prefect of Xuzhou in Jiangnan. After four promotions he became governor, serving successively in Anhui, Guangxi, Shanxi, and Guizhou. In the eighteenth year of Qianlong, Huguang Governor-General Yong Chang asked for joint patrols with neighboring provinces; Ding Zhang memorialized: "Guizhou borders neighboring provinces, with Miao and Yi peoples all around. If joint patrols were suddenly instituted, the suspicious Miao might provoke incidents. I ask that they be suspended." His request was approved. In the twentieth year he nominated former Qianxi Prefect Huang Bingzhong for the shrine of eminent officials; because Huang was the father of Governor-General Ting Gui, the emperor denounced him for currying favor and sent a stern rebuke. In the twenty-second year, during the southern tour, Ding Zhang asked for an audience; he was told to visit Ka Erjishan by a convenient route and was honored with an imperial poem. Soon he was ordered, together with Minister Liu Tongxun, to investigate Yunnan-Guizhou Governor-General Heng Wen for corruption, and was immediately appointed acting governor-general of Yunnan and Guizhou. He was transferred to governor of Shanxi but had not taken up the post when he returned home to mourn his father. Soon he was given the rank of vice censor-in-chief and sent to the western-route army camps to supervise military colonies. He was appointed vice minister of War, then governor of Fujian, and later governor-general of Huguang. In the thirty-third year he died; the ministries were ordered to deliberate on condolence grants. Soon Acting Governor-General Gao Jin impeached Jingzhou Vice Banner Commander Shi Liang as incompetent; the emperor blamed Ding Zhang for shielding him and canceled the condolence honors.

鄂雲布，喀爾吉善孫。初授筆帖式。三遷工科給事中。嘉慶元年，授陝西漢中知府。上以鄂雲布喀爾吉善孫，家風具在，即擢甘肅西寧道。再遷江蘇布政使，護安徽巡撫。旋以秋審諸案原擬緩決，刑部多改情實，責鄂雲布寬縱，下吏部議降調，命留任。尋遷貴州巡撫，年老召還，鄂雲布聞命即行。上聞之，不懌，下吏部議，奪官，授筆帖式，賞藍翎侍衛，充葉爾羌辦事大臣。旋卒。

E Yunbu was the grandson of Ka Erjishan. He was first appointed a clerk. After three promotions he became a supervising censor of the Ministry of Works. In the first year of Jiaqing he was appointed prefect of Hanzhong in Shaanxi. Because E Yunbu was Ka Erjishan's grandson and the family tradition of integrity remained, he was immediately promoted to intendant of Xining in Gansu. He was again promoted to provincial treasurer of Jiangsu and served as acting governor of Anhui. Soon, because in autumn review cases originally proposed for suspended execution the Ministry of Punishments had mostly changed them to cases warranting execution, E Yunbu was blamed for leniency; the Ministry of Personnel recommended demotion, but he was ordered to remain in office. Soon he was transferred to governor of Guizhou; when recall on account of age was ordered, E Yunbu set out immediately upon hearing the news. When the emperor heard this he was displeased; the Ministry of Personnel recommended dismissal; he was stripped of office, appointed a clerk, granted the rank of blue-button imperial bodyguard, and sent as commissioner to Yarkand. He died soon afterward.

=雅爾圖=雅爾圖，蒙古鑲黃旗人。雍正四年，自筆帖式入貲授主事，分工部。再遷郎中。十三年，授鑲藍旗滿洲副都統。乾隆元年，疏言：「京員無養廉，請將戶部餘平銀給部院辦事官。八旗參佐等員視步軍營例，予空糧。」如所議。師徵準噶爾，授參贊大臣。三年，命暫管定邊副將軍印。四年，召授左副都御史，遷兵部侍郎。

Ya Er Tu, a Mongol of the Bordered Yellow Banner. In the fourth year of Yongzheng he rose from clerk by purchase to director in the Ministry of Works. He was promoted again to director. In the thirteenth year he was appointed vice commander of the Bordered Blue Banner Manchus. In the first year of Qianlong he memorialized: "Capital officials receive no integrity-nourishment allowances; I ask that the Ministry of Revenue's surplus ping silver be distributed to officials in the ministries and courts. Eight Banner adjutants and similar officers should, following the Metropolitan Infantry precedent, receive empty-ration allowances." His proposals were adopted. When the army campaigned against the Zunghars, he was appointed assisting commander. In the third year he was ordered temporarily to hold the seal of the Pacification Frontier deputy general. In the fourth year he was summoned, appointed left vice censor-in-chief, and transferred to vice minister of War.

河南新鄉民及伊陽教匪為亂，命往按治，就授河南巡撫。疏言：「河南多盜，不逞之民陰為之主，俗謂'窩家'。保甲、甲長等畏窩家甚於官法。大河以南，深山邃谷。民以防鳥獸為名，皆有刀械。惑於邪教，懷私角斗，何所不為。如梁朝鳳、梁週、張位等輩，黨類甚多，愚民易遭煽惑。與其發覺後儘置諸法，何如於未發覺前設法銷散。文武會遣兵役搜查，仍令自首免罪。」又言：「各省提鎮以下官皆有伴擋兵丁及各色工匠，一營有數名虛糧，即少數名額兵。請照官級核定數目，不得虛佔兵額。」俱下部議行。

When the people of Xinxiang in Henan and the religious rebels of Yiyang rose in revolt, he was sent to investigate and pacify them and was appointed governor of Henan on the spot. He memorialized: "Henan has many bandits; unruly men secretly shelter them, in what is called a "nest household. Community heads and tithing chiefs fear nest households more than they fear the law. South of the Yellow River lie deep mountains and remote valleys. People there, claiming to guard against birds and beasts, all keep blades and weapons. Led astray by heterodox cults and nursing private grudges, they duel without restraint—what will they not do? Men such as Liang Chaofeng, Liang Zhou, and Zhang Wei have large followings, and simple people are easily incited. Rather than punish them all after discovery, how much better to disperse them before trouble breaks out? Civil and military officials should jointly send troops to search, while still offering amnesty to those who surrender." He also said: "Below the provincial commanders-in-chief, officials keep attendant soldiers and craftsmen of every kind; several empty rations in one camp mean several fewer soldiers on the rolls. I ask that numbers be fixed according to official rank and that troop quotas not be falsely occupied." All were referred to the ministries for deliberation and implementation.

五年，奏報捕得女教匪首一枝花，命議敘。尋諭河南止設河北、南陽二鎮，與巡撫不相統屬，視山西例兼提督銜。疏陳整飭營務：足兵額，勤差操，明賞罰，練技藝，整軍械，重兵食，驗馬匹，謹守望，嚴約束；並請以州縣民壯之半交駐防汛弁操練；並戒兵民和衷，不得偏袒，平時試習騎射，期於嫺熟：俱如所請行。三月，疏言：「河南上年霪雨，省城多積水。臣令淺處濬深，窄處開寬。為合城受水之區通溝建閘，時其蓄洩。養魚植木，以利民用。」又言：「河南上年被水，奉命濬省城乾河涯及淮、潁、汝、蔡各水。目前二麥成熟，農務正殷，餘請概停開浚。」上從之。又奏言：「現獲盜百餘，多系鄰省人，臣迭飭員弁分路訪緝。出省捕盜，例須赴地方官掛號，盜聞而潛逃，請得迳行往捕。」上命勉為之。

In the fifth year he reported the capture of the female cult leader Yizhihua; rewards for merit were ordered. Soon he was instructed that Henan should have only the Hebei and Nanyang garrisons, independent of the governor, and that following the Shanxi precedent he should also hold the rank of provincial commander-in-chief. He memorialized on rectifying military affairs: filling troop quotas, diligent drill and duty, clear rewards and punishments, practiced skills, maintained arms, adequate rations, inspected horses, strict watches, and tight discipline. He also asked that half the local militia of prefectures and counties be assigned to flood-defense garrison officers for training. He also urged soldiers and civilians to cooperate without favoritism and to practice mounted archery in peacetime until skilled: all as he requested. In the third month he memorialized: "Last year prolonged rain left much standing water in the provincial capital. I ordered shallow sections dredged deeper and narrow sections widened. For the city's catchment I opened connecting ditches and built sluice gates to regulate storage and release. Fish were raised and trees planted for public benefit." He also said: "Last year's flooding in Henan led to orders to dredge the dry river banks of the capital and the Huai, Ying, Ru, and Cai waterways. The second wheat crop is now ripe and farm work is pressing; the remaining dredging should be suspended." The emperor approved. He also memorialized: "Of more than a hundred bandits now captured, most are from neighboring provinces; I have repeatedly ordered officers to search along separate routes. When pursuing bandits outside the province, officers must register with local officials by rule, giving bandits time to flee; I ask permission to pursue and capture directly." The emperor told him to do his best.

六年，又奏言：「河南界連五省，西南伏牛、嵩山、桐柏等山，支干交錯，地多林木，易於藏盜。請每歲秋冬，與聯界各省文武訂期巡察。」上命如所請行。七年，奏言開、歸等處積水，無妨田畝，上責其掩飾。尋又奏：「河南地平土鬆，水利誠不如東南之通達。開、歸等處地當下游，夏秋大雨，澗水匯注。積水未消，多系鄰近黃河州縣。歷來豁免錢糧，於民生並無妨礙。且土性咸鹵，難以種植。未便一律疏泄，以損田廬。」上諭曰：「實難宣洩，朕不怪汝。若避而為飾辭則不可。」八年，自陳「戇直致被人言。」上諭曰：「汝必欲以豐年為政效，水旱漠不關心。此奏殊屬客氣。」命來京，改授鑲藍旗滿洲副都統。授刑部侍郎，調吏部。

In the sixth year he again memorialized: "Henan borders five provinces; in the southwest the Funiu, Song, and Tongbai ranges and their branches interweave; the wooded terrain easily hides bandits. I ask that each autumn and winter civil and military officials of bordering provinces fix dates for joint patrols." The emperor ordered implementation as requested. In the seventh year he reported that standing water in Kaifeng, Guide, and other places did not harm the fields; the emperor accused him of concealment. Soon he again memorialized: "Henan has level land and loose soil; its waterworks are truly less interconnected than in the southeast. Kaifeng, Guide, and other places lie downstream, where heavy summer and autumn rains send converging streams pouring into them. The standing water has not yet drained away, and much of the area lies in prefectures and counties near the Yellow River. Tax and grain remissions have been granted there for generations without harm to the people's livelihood. Moreover the soil is saline and alkaline and difficult to farm. Uniform drainage would not be advisable, for it would damage fields and homesteads." The emperor said: "It is indeed difficult to drain the water—I do not blame you for it. But evasive polished words will not be tolerated." In the eighth year he submitted that his blunt honesty had brought criticism upon him." The emperor replied: "You wish to take good harvests alone as proof of achievement and show no concern for flood or drought. This memorial is quite disingenuous." He was summoned to the capital and reassigned as vice lieutenant-general of the Bordered Blue Banner Manchus. He was appointed vice minister of Punishments and then transferred to the Ministry of Personnel.

十二年，命往山西按治安邑、万泉民亂，中途稱病，上責其逗遛，命解任。尋起授內閣侍讀學士，复擢兵部侍郎。十三年，調倉場侍郎，兼正紅旗滿洲副都統。迭署戶部侍郎、步軍統領。十八年，因疾解任。三十二年，卒。

In the twelfth year he was ordered to Shanxi to pacify disturbances in Anyi and Wanquan; midway he pleaded illness, and the emperor, blaming his delay, ordered his dismissal. He was soon restored to office as a reader of the Grand Secretariat and promoted again to vice minister of War. In the thirteenth year he was transferred to grain storehouse vice minister while also serving as vice lieutenant-general of the Plain Red Banner Manchus. He served repeatedly as acting vice minister of Revenue and commander of the metropolitan garrison. In the eighteenth year he retired from office due to illness. He died in the thirty-second year.

=晏斯盛=晏斯盛，字虞際，江西新喻人。康熙五十九年，舉鄉試第一。六十年，成進士，改庶吉士。雍正元年，授檢討。五年，考選山西道御史。鑲紅旗巡役，以斯盛從騎驚突，拘辱之。斯盛以聞，命治罪。疏言：「各州縣立社倉，原以通濟豐歉。貧民借穀，石收息十升。如遇歉，當不取其息。」從之。九年，督貴州學政。遷鴻臚寺少卿。乾隆元年，擢安徽布政使。奏言：「各省水旱災，督撫題報，應即遴員發倉穀治賑，仍於四十五日限內題明應否加賑。其當免錢糧，將丁銀統入地糧覈算，限兩月題報。或分年帶徵，或按分蠲免，請旨遵行。」三年，疏言：「安徽被災州縣，倉儲不敷賑糶，請留未被災州縣漕米備賑。」四年，奏言：「江北向多遊食之人，每遇歉歲，輕去其鄉。惟寓賑於工，人必爭趨。鳳陽、潁州以睢水為經，廬州以巢湖為緯，六安、滁、泗舊有堤堰，請援淮、揚水利例，動帑修濬。」皆從之。

Yan Sisheng, courtesy name Yuji, was a native of Xinyu in Jiangxi. In the fifty-ninth year of the Kangxi reign (1720) he placed first in the provincial examination. The following year (1721) he passed the jinshi examination and entered the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign (1723) he was appointed reviser. In the fifth year (1727) he was selected by examination as censor of the Shanxi circuit. A patrolman of the Bordered Red Banner seized and humiliated Sisheng when his attendant riders startled and rushed forward. Sisheng reported the matter, and the offender was ordered punished. He memorialized: "Community granaries in prefectures and counties were originally meant to aid people through times of plenty and scarcity. When the poor borrow grain, interest of ten sheng per shi is charged. In times of scarcity, no interest should be collected." The court approved. In the ninth year he served as educational commissioner of Guizhou. He was promoted to vice director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments. In the first year of the Qianlong reign (1736) he was promoted to financial commissioner of Anhui. He memorialized: "When provinces suffer flood or drought, governors should immediately dispatch officials to distribute granary grain for relief upon reporting the disaster, and within forty-five days indicate whether additional relief is warranted. Tax and grain remissions should be calculated by combining poll tax into land tax assessments, with memorials due within two months. Whether arrears are collected over several years or remitted by proportional shares, memorials should request the throne's decision for implementation." In the third year he memorialized that disaster-stricken counties in Anhui lacked sufficient granary reserves for relief sales and asked to retain tribute grain from unaffected counties for emergency relief." In the fourth year he reported that north of the Yangzi had long had many migrant laborers who readily left their homes in lean years. Only by combining relief with public works will people flock to stay. Fengyang and Yingzhou should be governed along the Sui River, Luzhou along Chaohu Lake; Lu'an, Chu, and Si had old dikes and sluices, and he asked to follow the Huai-Yangzhou waterworks model and allocate funds for repairs and dredging." The court approved all of them.

七年，擢山東巡撫。山東有老瓜賊，巡撫硃定元令汛兵巡大道。斯盛疏言：「賊情狡獪，大道巡嚴，必潛移僻路；或假僧道技流，伏匿村落。應令州縣督佐雜分地巡察。」又奏：「邪教惑民，莫如創立教會，陽修善事。此倡彼和，日傳日廣，大為風教之害。盡法深求，株連蔓延，恐生事端。請將創教授徒為首者如法捕治，被誘者薄懲，出首者免究。」上從其請。尋以萊州被水，請暫禁米出海。上諭曰：「此不過屬吏為一郡一邑之說，汝等封疆大吏，不可存遏糶之心。若無米可販，百姓自不運，何待汝等禁乎？」又言兗、沂等府州被水，而江南饑民復至，疏請無災州縣留養限五百人，有災州縣限二三百人，上命實力料理。八年，調湖北巡撫。九年，遷戶部侍郎，仍留任。

In the seventh year (1742) he was appointed governor of Shandong. Shandong had a band of Old Melon bandits; Governor Zhu Dingyuan ordered patrol troops to guard the main roads. Sisheng memorialized: "The bandits are cunning; strict patrols on the main roads will only drive them onto back paths; or they may pose as monks, Daoists, or itinerant performers and hide in villages. Prefectures and counties should divide the territory among supervisors, aides, and clerks for patrol duty." He also memorialized: "Heretical sects deceive the people most effectively by founding congregations while outwardly doing good works. One voice leads and others follow; the movement spreads daily and greatly harms public morals. Pursuing every case to the full extent of the law with deep investigations and spreading imputations may provoke unrest. He asked that founders and teachers be arrested and punished according to law, the misled lightly punished, and those who come forward exempted from prosecution." The emperor granted his request. Soon afterward, because Laizhou had suffered flooding, he asked temporarily to forbid rice exports by sea. The emperor said: "That is merely what subordinates say on behalf of one commandery or one county; you territorial grand officers must not harbor any wish to block grain sales. If there is no rice to sell, the people will not transport it on their own—why should you need to forbid it?" He also reported flooding in Yanzhou, Yizhou, and other prefectures while famine refugees from Jiangnan arrived again; he memorialized asking disaster-free prefectures and counties to limit relief to five hundred persons and disaster-stricken ones to two or three hundred; the emperor ordered them handled diligently. In the eighth year (1743) he was transferred to governor of Hubei. In the ninth year he was promoted to vice minister of Revenue while retaining his governorship.

斯盛究心民事，屢陳救濟民食諸疏，以社倉保甲相為經緯，因言：「周禮族師、遂人之法，稽其實則井田為之經。蓋就相生相養之地，而行政教法令於其中。是以習其事而不覺，久於其道而不變。週衰，管子作軌裡連鄉，小治而未大效。秦、漢、隋、唐，龐雜無紀。宋熙寧中，編閭里之戶為保甲，事本近古，然亦第相保相受，而未得其相生相養之經。臣前奏推廣社倉之法，請按堡設倉，使人有所恃，安土重遷，保甲聯比，相為經緯。顧欲各堡一倉，倉積穀三千，一時既有難行；而入穀之數，則變通於額賦之中，別分本折，稍覺紛更。雖然，社倉保甲，原有相通之理，亦有兼及之勢。求備誠難，試行或易。加意倉儲，既慮貴糶妨民，停止採買，又慮積貯無資。詳加酌劑，擬請停戶部捐銀之例，令各省捐監於本地交納本色，以本地之穀實本地之倉，備本地之用。不採買而倉儲自充，誠為兼濟之道。竊謂常平之積便於城，未甚便於鄉。城積多，則責之也專，而無能之吏或以為累；鄉積多，則守之者眾，而當社之民可以分勞。且社倉未有實際，以倉費無所出也。名有社倉，而倉不在社，社實無倉，往往然矣。今捐穀多在於鄉，而例又議有倉費。擬請將此項捐納移入社倉，捐多則倉亦多。取鄉保穀數而約舉之，大州縣八十堡，四堡一倉，倉一千二百五十石，總二萬五千石，中小州縣，以此類推。儲蓄之方，莫便於此。方今治平日久，一甲中不少良善，四堡之倉，輪推甲長遞管，互相稽覈，年清年款。則社長累弊自除，而官考其成，隱然有上下相維之勢矣。」奏入，上嘉納之。

Sisheng devoted himself to the people's welfare and repeatedly submitted memorials on relieving food shortages, treating community granaries and baojia as mutually reinforcing institutions; he argued: "The Rites of Zhou methods of clan masters and district officers, when examined in substance, took the well-field system as their foundation. Government, teaching, and law were administered within lands where people mutually produced and supported one another. People practiced these affairs without noticing it and grew long accustomed to the way without change. When Zhou declined, Guan Zhong established the linked-township grain-control system, which brought minor order but no great effect. Under Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang the systems grew sprawling and lacked coherent order. In the Xining era of Song, village and neighborhood households were organized as baojia, which in principle looked back to antiquity, yet amounted only to mutual guarantee and mutual liability without attaining the foundation of mutual production and mutual support. Your subject previously memorialized to extend the community granary system by establishing granaries in each fort, so that people would have something to rely on, cling to their land and hesitate to move away, and baojia units would be linked as mutually reinforcing institutions. Yet establishing one granary in every fort, each storing three thousand shi of grain, would be hard to carry out all at once; and adjusting the amount of grain contributed within the quota tax by separately dividing grain and cash payments would feel somewhat disruptive. Even so, community granaries and baojia originally share a principle of interconnection and a tendency toward mutual reinforcement. Seeking a perfect system is truly difficult; a trial implementation may be easier. In strengthening storehouse reserves, one fears that selling grain at high prices harms the people if state purchases are stopped, yet also fears having no funds for accumulation. After careful deliberation, he proposed ending the Ministry of Revenue silver-donation precedent and requiring purchase-degree donors in each province to pay grain in kind locally, so that local grain would fill local granaries for local use. Without state purchases, granary reserves would fill themselves—a truly balanced approach. I would observe that ever-normal granary stocks are convenient in cities but less so in villages. When city stocks are large, responsibility falls on a few officials, and incompetent ones may treat it as a burden; When village stocks are large, there are many custodians, and the people of each community can share the labor. Moreover community granaries have never worked in practice because there is no source of funds for their upkeep. Community granaries exist in name only—the granary is not in the community, and the community in truth has no granary; this is often the case. Donated grain is now mostly in villages, and regulations also provide for granary expenses. He proposed redirecting these donations into community granaries; the more donated, the more granaries there would be. Rounding up village baojia grain quotas: a large prefecture or county with eighty forts would have one granary per four forts, each holding one thousand two hundred fifty shi, for a total of twenty-five thousand shi; medium and small prefectures and counties would follow the same ratio. No method of storage would be more convenient than this. In this long era of peace, every jia has no shortage of upright men; granaries covering four forts could rotate stewardship among jia heads in turn, with mutual audits and annual settlement of accounts. The accumulated abuses of community heads would then disappear of themselves, and when officials review their performance there would tacitly be a structure of mutual support between upper and lower levels." When the memorial reached the throne, the emperor praised and adopted it.

十年，進喜雨詩四章，用其韻賜答。京師錢貴，上令廷臣議平巿值，下各督撫仿行。斯盛疏請視京師例，禁民間銅鋪毀錢；又令州縣每歲秋以平糶錢巿穀。時設局令商民以銀平易，又疏請捕私錢，並禁民私剪錢緣，兼限民間用銀二三兩以上、糶米二三石以上，皆不得以錢準銀，下廷臣議行。尋以母老請終養回籍。十七年，卒。

In the tenth year he presented four poems celebrating rain; the emperor replied in matching rhyme. Copper cash had become expensive in the capital; the emperor ordered court ministers to discuss stabilizing market prices and sent the plan down to governors for implementation. Sisheng memorialized asking to follow the capital precedent and forbid private copper shops from melting down coins; He also ordered prefectures and counties each autumn to use ever-normal funds to purchase grain on the market. Bureaus were then set up requiring merchants and commoners to exchange silver at fair rates; he also memorialized asking to seize illicit coin, forbid private clipping of coin edges, and require that transactions involving two or three taels of silver or more, or sales of two or three shi of rice or more, not be settled in cash at silver-equivalent rates; the proposal was sent to court ministers for deliberation and implementation. Soon afterward, because his mother was elderly, he asked to return home for full filial retirement. He died in the seventeenth year.

斯盛著楚蒙山房易經解，唐鑑稱其「不廢像數而無技術曲說，不廢義理而無心性空談，在近日易家猶為篤實近理」雲。

Sisheng authored the Chumeng Shanfang Commentary on the Book of Changes; Tang Jian praised it as "not discarding image-number methods yet free of technical forced interpretations; not discarding moral principle yet free of empty talk about mind-nature; among recent Yi scholars it remains solid and close to reason."

=瑚寶=瑚寶，伊爾庫勒氏，滿洲鑲白旗人。雍正五年武進士，授三等侍衛。補陝西永興堡守備。八年，準噶爾二萬餘犯科甚圖卡倫，從總兵樊廷進剿，遇於尖山，獲駝九十。又進敗之於北山，又遇於烏素達阪，擊之退。翌日，分七隊迎戰，瑚寶督兵奮擊，自辰至申，至科甚圖，殪敵無算。敵圍峨崙磯，瑚寶赴援，乘夜來襲，領先鋒轉戰雪中七晝夜，奪波羅磚並白墩、紅山、鏡兒泉諸地，得其渠六，敵潰遁。九年，準噶爾复犯吐魯番，瑚寶從廷進剿，以勞賜白金三百。累遷肅州鎮右營游擊。

Hu Bao, of the Irkule clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered White Banner. In the fifth year of the Yongzheng reign (1727) he passed the military jinshi examination and was appointed a third-rank imperial bodyguard. He was assigned as commandant of Yongxing Fort in Shaanxi. In the eighth year more than twenty thousand Dzungars raided the Keshengtu kalawen; he joined Regional Commander Fan Ting in pursuit, met them at Jianshan, and captured ninety camels. Advancing further he defeated them at Beishan; meeting them again at Wusudaban Pass, he attacked and drove them back. The next day he divided his forces into seven columns to meet the enemy; Hu Bao led the troops in fierce attack from morning until mid-afternoon, reaching Keshengtu and killing countless enemies. When the enemy besieged E'kunji, Hu Bao went to the rescue and attacked by night; leading the vanguard he fought in snow for seven days and nights, seizing Boluozhuan along with Baidun, Hongshan, Jing'erquan, and other places, capturing six of their chiefs before the enemy broke and fled. In the ninth year the Dzungars again raided Turfan; Hu Bao joined Fan Ting in pursuit and was rewarded with three hundred taels of silver for his service. He was promoted repeatedly to mobile brigade commander of the Right Battalion of Suzhou Garrison.

高宗即位，复累遷山西大同總兵，賜孔雀翎。乾隆十二年，遷固原提督。上諭之曰：「固原兵驕縱，犯上不法。瑚寶當加意整飭，使兵知畏法，漸次轉移。」又諭之曰：「固原城內外兵多民少，回民過半，私立掌教等名。應時時體訪，期杜釁端。回人充標兵，應留意分別：豪悍者懲黜，怯弱者淘汰，使營伍肅清。」旋疏請營兵具互結，以弓箭、鳥槍、技藝三項輪操；冬季借支春餉，次年四季扣除。下部議行。師徵金川，調固原步兵二千。瑚寶請馱載軍裝，以二騾代三馬，可省費三分一，從之。

When Emperor Gaozong ascended the throne, he was promoted again to regional commander of Datong in Shanxi and granted a peacock feather. In the twelfth year of the Qianlong reign, he was appointed regional commander of Guyuan. The emperor told him: "The troops at Guyuan have grown proud and insubordinate; they defy their superiors and break the law. Hu Bao must take pains to tighten discipline so the soldiers learn to respect the law and their conduct gradually improves. He added: "Within and around Guyuan, soldiers outnumber civilians; Hui people make up more than half the population, and unauthorized titles such as teaching chief have been established in private. You must investigate this regularly to prevent trouble before it starts. Among the Hui serving as garrison soldiers, take care to sort them out: punish and remove the bold and violent, weed out the timid and weak, and clear the ranks. Soon after, he submitted a memorial asking that garrison troops form mutual-guarantee groups and rotate training in archery, firearms, and martial skills; with spring rations advanced in winter and repaid in four installments over the following year. The ministries approved it for implementation. For the campaign against Jinchuan, two thousand infantry from Guyuan were called up. Hu Bao proposed carrying army gear on pack animals, using two mules instead of three horses to cut costs by a third; the court agreed.

十三年，署甘肅巡撫，兼辦總督。奏言：「陝西歉收，師行採買草料為難。將甘肅倉貯豆石撥用，俟兵過照買還倉。」上以通融協濟，有益軍需，溫諭嘉勉。召授兵部尚書。尋署陝甘總督，調湖廣。又改授漕運總督。坐失察盧魯生偽造奏稿事，奪官，仍留任。尋卒，諡恭恪。

In the thirteenth year he served as acting governor of Gansu while also handling the governor-general's affairs. He reported: "Shaanxi's harvest fell short, making it hard for marching troops to buy forage. He proposed drawing on Gansu's stored grain and beans and replacing the stock once the army had passed through. The emperor praised this flexible arrangement as a help to the army's supply needs and sent him warm words of encouragement. He was summoned to court and appointed Minister of War. He soon served as acting governor-general of Shaanxi-Gansu, then was transferred to Huguang. He was later appointed Grain Transport Governor-General instead. He lost his rank for failing to detect Lu Lusheng's forged memorial draft but was allowed to remain in his post. He died not long after and was posthumously honored with the title Gongke ("Respectful and Diligent").

=衛哲治=衛哲治，字我愚，河南濟源人。雍正七年，以拔貢生廷試優等，發江南委用。初署贛榆知縣，調鹽城。值蝗災，設六條拊循：優禮德望，饋餉高年，旌獎孝義，經理煢獨，譏警遊惰，約束過犯。縣北有司河，匯上游七縣水入海。夏旱水弱，海潮至，咸苦不可食，甚乃浸溢民田；秋水盛，又患河寬流緩，入海不速。哲治建閘立斗門，蓄洩有備。斥鹵化膏腴，歲有涸出地，給無業民承耕。田沉沒而糧未除者，悉請豁免。循海築土墩九十餘，潮大，漁者得就墩逃溺，號「救命墩」。乾隆二年，補長洲，兼攝吳縣。請豁坍荒逋賦十餘萬。八年，遷海州知州。歲歉治賑，全活二十萬人，流民有自山東就食者。擢淮安知府。十年，河決陳家堡，漂溺男女、田廬無算。哲治遣小舟載餅餌救之，躬涉風濤，往來存問。山東复災，流民南下。哲治捐俸，益以勸募，葺草屋，自清江浦屬魚溝以北，銜接二百餘裡，所在給粥糜、衣、藥。十三年，山東又災，兩江總督尹繼善令哲治運賑米至台莊。上聞哲治善治賑，調山東登萊青道。居數月，擢布政使。

Wei Zhezhi, courtesy name Woyu, was a native of Jiyuan in Henan. In the seventh year of the Yongzheng reign, having ranked among the top tribute students in the palace examination, he was sent to Jiangnan for official service. He began as acting magistrate of Ganyu before being transferred to Yancheng. When locusts devastated the county, he instituted six relief measures: honoring men of local standing, feeding the aged, rewarding the filial and righteous, tending the orphaned and destitute, reproving idlers, and restraining wrongdoers. North of the county ran the Si River, channeling water from seven upstream counties out to sea. In summer drought the river ran low; when the tide came in the water turned brackish and undrinkable, and in the worst cases flooded the farmland; in autumn, when the water ran high, the wide sluggish channel could not carry it quickly to the sea. Zhezhi built locks and sluice gates so water could be stored and released as needed. Saline ground was reclaimed into rich farmland, and each year newly dried land was allotted to landless peasants to farm. He petitioned for full remission of grain tax on fields that had been flooded but were still on the tax rolls. He built more than ninety earthen mounds along the coast; when tides surged, fishermen could climb them to escape drowning—they came to be called "life-saving mounds." In the second year of Qianlong he was appointed magistrate of Changzhou and also took charge of Wuxian. He secured remission of more than one hundred thousand taels in unpaid taxes on collapsed and abandoned land. In the eighth year he was promoted to prefect of Haizhou. During a famine year he organized relief that saved two hundred thousand lives, including refugees from Shandong who had come seeking food. He was promoted to prefect of Huai'an. In the tenth year the Yellow River breached at Chenjiabao, drowning countless people and sweeping away farms and homes. Zhezhi sent small boats loaded with food to the rescue and waded through the surging floodwaters himself, going back and forth to comfort survivors. Shandong was stricken again, and refugees moved southward. Zhezhi donated his salary, raised more by public appeal, and built thatched shelters; for more than two hundred li north from Qingjiangpu through Yugou, he provided gruel, clothing, and medicine at stations along the route. In the thirteenth year, when Shandong was hit again, Liangjiang governor-general Yin Jishan ordered Zhezhi to ship relief grain to Taizhuang. When the emperor heard of Zhezhi's skill at famine relief, he transferred him to the Deng-Lai-Qing circuit in Shandong. Within a few months he was promoted to provincial treasurer.

十四年，授安徽巡撫。奏言：「歙縣馬田地在休寧，請折徵充餉。」又言：「廣德催糧，每圖有單頭，數圖有經催。前巡撫潘思榘改行順莊，轉有未便，請得仍舊。」皆下部議行。旋召詣京師。十五年，令回任，上諭之曰：「汝不滿朕意。以一時無人，故仍留汝。宜奮勉改過。」調廣西。入覲，哲治具言親老不便迎養，命仍留安徽。尋丁憂。十八年，服闋，署兵部侍郎，暫管戶部事。复授安徽巡撫。疏建歙縣惠濟倉。再調廣西。二十年，內擢工部尚書。因病乞回籍。二十一年，卒。

In the fourteenth year he was appointed governor of Anhui. He reported: "She County's horse-land tax plots lie in Xiuning; I request they be converted to cash levies for military provisioning. He added: "In Guangde's grain collection, each tu had a lead collector and several tu shared a supervising collector. Former governor Pan Simo had switched to the shun zhuang method, which proved impractical; I ask that the former practice be restored. Both proposals were approved by the ministries. He was soon summoned to the capital. In the fifteenth year he was sent back to his post; the emperor told him: "You have disappointed me. For lack of anyone else at the moment, I am keeping you on. You should apply yourself and mend your ways. He was transferred to Guangxi. At audience, Zhezhi explained that his aged parents made it hard for him to move; he was ordered to stay in Anhui. He soon went into mourning for a parent. In the eighteenth year, after mourning, he served as acting vice minister of war and temporarily managed revenue affairs. He was again appointed governor of Anhui. He memorialized for the construction of the Huiji relief granary in She County. He was transferred to Guangxi again. In the twentieth year he was promoted to Minister of Works. Ill health led him to request retirement to his home province. He died in the twenty-first year.

=蘇昌=蘇昌，伊爾根覺羅氏，滿洲正藍旗人，滿丕孫。康熙五十九年，自監生考取內閣中書，遷侍讀。考選浙江道御史。乾隆元年，命巡察吉林。奏言：「船廠、寧古塔、三姓、白都訥、阿爾楚喀等處滿官不知律例，訟案稽延累民，請自京師遣官往理。」三年，轉禮科給事中。屢擢至奉天府尹。十一年，奉天被水，蘇昌請設廠四鄉，增辦賑官吏公費；又請禁止遊民往來奉天等處。

Su Chang, of the Irgen Gioro clan, was a Manchu of the Plain Blue Banner and grandson of Manpi. In the fifty-ninth year of Kangxi, having entered through the purchased-student route, he passed the examination for Grand Secretariat secretary and was promoted to reader. He was selected censor of the Zhejiang circuit. In the first year of Qianlong he was assigned to inspect Jilin. He reported: "At Shipyard, Ningguta, Sanxing, Baidun, A'erchuka, and other posts, Manchu officials are unfamiliar with law; lawsuits linger and burden the people—I request sending officials from the capital to adjudicate. In the third year he was made supervising secretary of the Rites Section. Through repeated promotions he rose to prefect of Fengtian. In the eleventh year, when floods struck Fengtian, Su Chang proposed relief stations in the four rural districts and increased allowances for relief officials; he also asked that itinerants be barred from moving freely into Fengtian and neighboring areas.

十四年，擢廣東巡撫。十六年，署兩廣總督。廣西巡撫舒輅請於思陵土州沿邊種竻竹，杜私越；土目因以侵夷地致釁。蘇昌奏：「鎮安、太平、南寧等沿邊二千餘裡，無論種竹難遍。料理稍疏，事端轉啟，請更正。」上責舒輅輕率，寢其事。蘇昌奏：「瓊州海外瘠區，貧民生計艱難，有可墾荒地二百五十餘頃，請招民開墾，免其昇科。」從之。召來京。十九年，授吏部侍郎。

In the fourteenth year he was promoted to governor of Guangdong. In the sixteenth year he served as acting governor-general of the Two Guangs. Guangxi governor Shu Ge proposed planting rattan bamboo along the Siling Tuzhou frontier to stop illegal crossings; but native headmen used the scheme to encroach on tribal lands and provoke conflict. Su Chang argued: "Along more than two thousand li of frontier in Zhen'an, Taiping, Nanning, and elsewhere, bamboo cannot be planted everywhere in any case. Any slack enforcement will only stir up trouble; I ask that the policy be reversed. The emperor rebuked Shu Ge for recklessness and dropped the proposal. Su Chang reported: "Qiongzhou is a poor outlying region where peasants scrape to live; more than 250 qing of wasteland could be reclaimed—I ask that settlers be recruited and the land exempted from upgraded taxation. The court approved. He was summoned to Beijing. In the nineteenth year he was appointed vice minister of personnel.

二十四年，署工部尚書，授湖廣總督。在籍御史孫紹基稱與按察使沈作朋舊為同官，因以取賕。蘇昌劾奏抵罪，並請定回籍之員與有司交結處分。蘇昌劾湖北巡撫週琬乖張掩飾，上調蘇昌兩廣，命繼任總督愛必達察琬。愛必達發琬匿災徇劣吏狀，奪官，戍巴里坤。蘇昌至廣東，又劾碣石總兵王陳榮貪黷，奪官，論如律。加蘇昌太子太保。二十九年，奏言：「廣東產米不敷民食，宜多貯社穀，以補常平不足。請嗣後息穀統存州縣備賑，免其變價。」從之。

In the twenty-fourth year he served briefly as Minister of Works before being appointed governor-general of Huguang. Censor Sun Shaoji, on leave in his home province, admitted he had taken bribes from provincial judicial commissioner Shen Zuopeng, with whom he had once served. Su Chang impeached both men and called for fixed penalties against officials on home leave who collude with local magistrates. Su Chang impeached Huguang governor Zhou Wan for stubborn obstruction and concealment; the emperor moved Su Chang to the Two Guangs and ordered his successor Aibida to investigate Zhou. Aibida uncovered Zhou's concealment of famine and favoritism toward corrupt subordinates; Zhou was dismissed and exiled to Barkol. Reaching Guangdong, Su Chang also impeached Jieshi regional commander Wang Chenrong for corruption; Wang was stripped of rank and sentenced under law. Su Chang was made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the twenty-ninth year he reported: "Guangdong does not grow enough rice to feed its people; more community grain should be stored to supplement the regular granaries. He proposed keeping all granary interest grain in county stores for famine relief instead of selling it. The court approved.

調閩浙總督。在兩廣薦鹽運使王概，概以贓敗，下吏議。御史羅暹春因劾蘇昌瞻徇糊塗，不堪節制海疆。上曰：「蘇昌不能辭失察之咎。節制海疆，乃朕所簡用，非御史所宜言。」蘇昌別疏劾知縣劉紹汜，下刑部。上以暹春與紹汜同為江西人，疑暹春劾蘇昌為紹汜地，詰責暹春，改主事；命蘇昌留任。三十年，台灣淡水生番為亂，焚鱟殼莊，民死者五十餘。蘇昌檄按察使余文儀會台灣總兵督兵討平之。三十三年，入覲。卒，諡恪勤。子富綱，官雲貴總督。

He was transferred to governor-general of Fujian-Zhejiang. In the Two Guangs he had recommended salt transport commissioner Wang Gai, who was later caught for corruption and referred for prosecution. Censor Luo Xianchun then impeached Su Chang for favoritism and incompetence, declaring him unfit to govern the coastal provinces. The emperor said: "Su Chang cannot escape censure for lack of oversight. Governing the coast is my appointee's charge—not something a censor may second-guess. Su Chang separately impeached magistrate Liu Shaoxu, and the case went to the Ministry of Punishments. The emperor noted that Luo and Liu were both Jiangxi natives and suspected Luo had attacked Su to shield Liu; he rebuked Luo and demoted him to secretary; Su Chang was ordered to remain in his post. In the thirtieth year, unpacified aborigines in Tamsui, Taiwan, rebelled, burned Houshell Village, and killed more than fifty common people. Su Chang ordered Provincial Judicial Commissioner Yu Wenyi to join the Taiwan regional commander in raising troops to crush the rebellion. In the thirty-third year, he traveled to court for an audience with the emperor. He died and was given the posthumous name Keqin, "Respectful and Diligent." His son Fugang rose to governor-general of Yunnan and Guizhou.

蘇昌在兩廣，有巨室橫斃人母，誣其子，獄久具，勾決本已下。蘇昌疑其冤，親鞫之，得實，疏自劾，上獎諭之，寘知縣於法，時論稱焉。

During Su Chang's tenure in the Two Guangs, a powerful family had murdered a man's mother but framed the son; the case had long since been decided, and the execution order was already on its way down. Su Chang suspected wrongful conviction, tried the case himself, and uncovered the truth. He memorialized to impeach himself; the emperor commended him, the magistrate was punished by law, and contemporaries praised his integrity.

=鶴年=鶴年，字芝仙，伊爾根覺羅氏，滿洲鑲藍旗人。父春山，康熙五十一年進士，選庶吉士，官至盛京兵部侍郎。

He Nian, of the Irgen Gioro clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Blue Banner; his courtesy name was Zhixian. His father Chunshan earned jinshi in the fifty-first year of Kangxi, entered the Hanlin as a bachelor, and eventually became vice minister of the Board of War at Mukden.

鶴年，乾隆元年進士，選庶吉士，授檢討，兼公中佐領。三遷內閣學士。十五年，擢倉場侍郎。以京師米貴，疏請京、通俸餉米先半月支放。十八年，劾坐糧廳郎中綽克托剛愎自用，遲延徇縱，綽克托坐奪官。又奏：「通州南倉建自明天順間，後併入中倉。雍正間，復分為二，與西倉分貯漕白米。臣見中西倉足敷收貯，請裁南倉歸併中西倉。」從之。

He Nian took jinshi in the first year of Qianlong, joined the Hanlin as a bachelor, was made a reviser, and also held a company command in the garrison banner. After three promotions, he became a Grand Secretariat scholar. In the fifteenth year, he was promoted to vice minister of the imperial granaries. With grain prices soaring in the capital, he asked that salary rice for Beijing and Tongzhou be paid out half a month ahead of schedule. In the eighteenth year, he impeached Chuoketuo, director at the grain transport bureau, for obstinacy and lax supervision; Chuoketuo was dismissed from office. He also reported: "Tongzhou's South Granary was built during the Ming Tianshun reign and later merged into the Central Granary. Under Yongzheng it was split in two again, sharing storage of white tribute rice with the West Granary. I find the Central and West Granaries adequate for storage and ask that the South Granary be abolished and folded into them. His proposal was approved.

十九年，授廣東巡撫。奏陳平米價，嚴保甲，緝竊盜案，禁私鑄、私雕諸事。上諭曰：「諸凡行之以實，持之以久。勉之！」尋复疏請以化州石城官租穀碾給海安營兵米。又奏海陽蔡家園土堤改築灰牆，出俸倡修。二十一年，奏言：「番禺、花、陽春諸縣徵收兵米，有所謂廚房米、官眷米，相傳起於明代籓府。後為旗營武職俸米，凡萬二千餘石，必細長潔白，產少價昂，甚為民累，應請禁革。」上嘉之。

In the nineteenth year, he was made governor of Guangdong. He reported on fixed land-tax rates, tightened the mutual-responsibility system, cracked down on theft, and banned illegal minting and engraving. The emperor replied: "Put all of this into practice in earnest, and keep at it without slackening. Press on! Soon after, he asked that official rent grain from Shicheng in Huazhou be milled and issued as rations to the Haian garrison. He also proposed rebuilding the earthen embankment at Caijiayuan in Haiyang as a lime wall, donating his own salary to start the work. In the twenty-first year, he reported that Panyu, Hua, Yangchun, and other counties were levying troops' rice—including "kitchen rice" and "dependents' rice"—traditions said to date from Ming princely establishments. They had become salary rice for banner officers—more than 12,000 shi in all—and had to be slender, long, clean, and white; scarce and costly, they weighed heavily on the people and ought to be abolished. The emperor commended the proposal.

調山東巡撫。奏言濟寧、魚台、金鄉、滕、嶧諸州縣積水為災，上命加意賑恤。二十二年，上南巡，迎蹕。奏言：「海豐地處海濱，東北鄉尤低下，易罹水患。積年逋賦請豁免，乾隆十一年至二十年舊欠並改用下則。」復奏濟寧等五州縣積水尚未盡涸。上以江南宿虹、靈壁，河南永城、夏邑，皆有積水，命侍郎裘曰修會諸督撫籌度疏消。

He was transferred to governor of Shandong. Reporting floods in Jining, Yutai, Jinxiang, Teng, Yi, and other districts, he received orders to give the affected areas exceptional relief. In the twenty-second year, he welcomed the emperor's procession during the southern tour. He reported that Haifeng stood on the coast, its northeastern districts especially low and flood-prone. He asked that arrears be forgiven and old debts from Qianlong 11–20 reassessed at the lower tax rate. He added that standing water still had not fully receded in Jining and four other districts. Noting standing water as well in Su and Hong in Jiangnan, Lingbi, and Yongcheng and Xiayi in Henan, the emperor sent Vice Minister Qiu Yuexiu to work with the provincial governors on drainage plans.

七月，擢兩廣總督。奏：「東省水患頻仍，正與裘曰修商度，擬濬伊家河，洩微山湖水。河自韓莊迤西至江南梁旺城入運河，計程七十里，需銀十三四萬，一切正須經理。又與河臣張師載商濬運河，並及建堤。事不容已，懇留任督辦。」上諭曰：「覽奏，具見良心。然朕以無人，不得不用汝。汝仍遵前命。」

In the seventh month, he was promoted to governor-general of the Two Guangs. He reported: "Floods have struck Shandong again and again; I am working with Qiu Yuexiu to dredge the Yijia River and drain Weishan Lake. The channel would run seventy li from Han Village west to Liangwangcheng in Jiangnan, where it joins the Grand Canal—costing 130,000–140,000 taels—and everything must be overseen at once. He was also planning with Canal Director Zhang Shizai to dredge the Grand Canal and build embankments. The work could not wait, and he begged to stay on and supervise it. The emperor replied: "Your memorial shows genuine conscientiousness. But I have no one else for the post, so I must still use you. You must still proceed as originally ordered."

十月，復命以總督銜管山東巡撫事，綜理工程。奏言：「濬運河必先濬伊家河以洩積水，使久淹地畝漸次涸出，然後履勘估修，庶工實費省。請俟春暖鳩工，不致有誤新運。」又偕師載疏言：「運河淤墊日甚，尋常修濬，非經久之策。應自濟寧石佛閘起北至臨清閘，逐一探底，以深八尺為度，俾河身一體平坦。」上韙其言。十二月，伊家河工竟。又奏言：「運河淤淺處分段築壩，測量纖路，多民居。草土屋原售，給價拆除；瓦屋不原售，量將纖路加寬。被水民田速為疏消，俾為種麥；應修橋樑，察有解江餘石應用，不使估報買採。」上以「實心經理，不負任使」嘉之。尋卒，贈太子太保、兵部尚書銜，祀賢良祠，賜祭葬，諡文勤。子桂林，自有傳。

In the tenth month, he was reassigned to handle the governor's duties in Shandong under governor-general rank and to oversee the works as a whole. He argued: "The Grand Canal can be dredged only after the Yijia River is opened to drain the standing water, letting long-submerged fields dry out step by step; repairs should then be surveyed and estimated on the ground, saving labor and cost. He asked to wait until warm weather in spring to start work, so the new transport season would not be disrupted. He and Zhang Shizai added: "The Grand Canal is silting up faster every day; routine dredging is no long-term solution. From Shifo Sluice at Jining north to Linqing Sluice, the bed should be sounded section by section to a uniform depth of eight chi, making the channel level throughout. The emperor endorsed the plan. In the twelfth month, work on the Yijia River was finished. He further reported: "Where the canal had shoaled, dams were to be built in sections and the towpath surveyed—areas thick with homes. Owners willing to sell thatched or mud houses were paid and the buildings removed; where tile-roofed houses could not be bought, the towpath was widened as needed instead. flooded farmland was to be drained quickly so peasants could sow wheat; for bridges under repair, leftover stone from the Jie River works should be used where possible, with no padded purchase estimates. The emperor commended him for "managing affairs with genuine dedication and living up to the trust placed in him." He died soon after and was posthumously made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent with minister-of-war rank, entered in the Temple of Worthies, granted state funeral honors, and given the posthumous name Wenqin, "Cultivated and Diligent." His son Guilin is treated in a separate biography.

=吳達善=吳達善，字雨民，瓜爾佳氏，滿洲正紅旗人，陝西駐防。乾隆元年進士，授戶部主事。累擢至工部侍郎、鑲紅旗滿洲副都統。二十年，授甘肅巡撫。赴巴里坤督理軍需，以勞賜孔雀翎。二十二年，疏言：「軍糧自肅州運哈密至軍，石需費十二、三兩。凱旋官兵糶口糧製衣履，請改二成本色，八成折價。既得隨時支用，亦可稍省運費。」從之。加太子少保。

Wu Dashan, of the Guwalgiya clan, was a Manchu of the Plain Red Banner garrisoned in Shaanxi; his courtesy name was Yumin. He earned jinshi in the first year of Qianlong and was appointed a principal clerk in the Board of Revenue. He rose through repeated promotions to vice minister of the Board of Works and vice commander of the Manchu Bordered Red Banner. In the twentieth year, he was made governor of Gansu. Sent to Barkol to oversee military supplies, he was rewarded with a peacock feather for his exertions. In the twenty-second year, he reported: "Moving army grain from Suzhou to Hami and on to the front costs twelve or thirteen taels per shi. Victorious officers and soldiers were selling their rations to buy clothes and shoes; he asked that twenty percent be paid in kind and eighty percent in cash instead. That would let them draw funds when needed and also save something on transport. The proposal was approved. He was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent.

二十四年，代黃廷桂為陝甘總督，尋復以命楊應琚，改總督銜管巡撫事。奏言：「寧夏橫城堡河漲城圮。相度水勢，分別添築草壩，俾大溜北注，化險為平。」旋以總督銜調河南巡撫。奏改延津、封丘、胙城、滎澤、盧氏、靈寶諸縣營製，議行。

In the twenty-fourth year he briefly replaced Huang Tinggui as governor-general of Shaanxi-Gansu, but the post soon went to Yang Yingju; he kept governor-general rank while handling the governor's duties. He reported: "At Hengcheng fort in Ningxia, floodwaters breached the walls. After gauging the current, he had earthen dams built in stages to turn the main flow northward and turn danger into safety. He was soon transferred to governor of Henan, retaining governor-general rank. He proposed reorganizing the garrisons in Yanjin, Fengqiu, Zuocheng, Xingze, Lushi, Lingbao, and other counties, and the plan was adopted.

授雲貴總督。二十七年，奏言：「雲南、貴州各鎮協營每兵千設藤牌兵百，少不適用。請以七成改習鳥槍，三成改習弓箭。」從之。尋兼署雲南巡撫。二十九年，奏改都勻、銅仁二協營製。調湖廣總督，兼署湖北巡撫。巴陵民熊正朝偽稱縣人巡撫方顯子，居省城與紳士交結，乘間盜竊，捕得寘諸法。

He was appointed governor-general of Yunnan and Guizhou. In the twenty-seventh year, he reported that in Yunnan and Guizhou each thousand-man garrison had only a hundred rattan-shield troops—too few to be effective. He asked that seventy percent train with muskets and thirty percent with bow and arrow instead. The change was approved. He soon added acting governor of Yunnan to his duties. In the twenty-ninth year, he reorganized the auxiliary garrisons at Duyun and Tongren. He was transferred to governor-general of Huguang and also served as acting governor of Hubei. Xiong Zhengchao, a commoner from Baling, passed himself off in the provincial capital as the son of Governor Fang Xian, mingled with local gentry, and stole whenever he saw a chance; once caught, he was punished by law.

三十一年，調陝甘總督，奏言：「木壘地廣土沃。請將招集戶民編里分甲，裡選里長，百戶選渠長，鄉約保正。訟獄，守備審理；命盜案，守備驗訊。巴里坤同知審解。」從之。三十三年，復調湖廣總督，兼署荊州將軍。命赴貴州，偕內閣學士富察善、侍郎錢維城按巡撫良卿、按察使高積營私骫法，論如律。三十五年，兼署湖南巡撫。

In the thirty-first year, transferred to governor-general of Shaanxi-Gansu, he reported: "Mulei has wide lands and rich soil. He asked that recruited settlers be organized into li and jia, with li heads chosen within each li, canal chiefs among every hundred households, and local wardens and baojia chiefs appointed. Civil suits would be heard by the garrison commandant; robbery and homicide cases would be investigated by the garrison commandant. The Barkol subprefect would review and remand the cases. The plan was approved. In the thirty-third year, he returned to governor-general of Huguang and also served as acting Jingzhou general. He was sent to Guizhou with Grand Secretariat Chancellor Fuca Shan and Vice Minister Qian Weicheng to investigate Governor Liang Qing and Provincial Judicial Commissioner Gao Ji for corruption and abuse of law; both were sentenced as the law required. In the thirty-fifth year, he also served as acting governor of Hunan.

三十六年，復調陝甘總督，值土爾扈特部內附，上命分賚羊及皮衣。吳達善料理週妥，上嘉其能。以病乞解任。尋卒，贈太子太保，祀賢良祠，賜祭葬，諡勤毅。

In the thirty-sixth year, back as governor-general of Shaanxi-Gansu, he took charge when the Torghuts submitted; the emperor ordered distribution of sheep and fur coats. Wu Dashan managed the distribution smoothly, and the emperor commended his competence. Illness forced him to ask to be relieved of duty. He died soon after and was posthumously made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, entered in the Temple of Worthies, granted state funeral honors, and given the posthumous name Qinyi, "Diligent and Resolute."

=崔應階=崔應階，字吉升，湖北江夏人。父相國，官浙江處州鎮總兵。應階，廕生。初授順天府通判，遷西路同知。雍正中，擢山西汾州知府。乾隆十五年，授河南驛鹽道。擢安徽按察使。丁母憂，服闋，補貴州按察使。二十一年，擢湖南布政使，署巡撫。總督碩色劾應階子甘肅東樂知縣琇附驛寄家書，應階不檢舉，上特命降調。二十二年，補江南常鎮揚道。再遷山東布政使。

Cui Yingjie, a native of Jiangxia in Hubei, bore the courtesy name Jisheng. His father Xiangguo was regional commander of the Chuzhou garrison in Zhejiang. Yingjie entered official life through hereditary privilege. He was first made assistant prefect of Shuntian and later transferred to subprefect of the Western Circuit. Under Yongzheng he was promoted to prefect of Fenzhou in Shanxi. In the fifteenth year of Qianlong, he was appointed intendant of postal stations and salt for Henan. He was promoted to judicial commissioner of Anhui. After mourning his mother and completing the mourning period, he was appointed judicial commissioner of Guizhou. In the twenty-first year he was made financial commissioner of Hunan and served as acting governor. Governor-General Suose impeached Yingjie's son Xi, magistrate of Dongle in Gansu, for sending family letters through the courier service, and charged Yingjie with failing to report it; the emperor specially ordered him demoted and transferred. In the twenty-second year he was appointed intendant of the Chang-Zhen-Yang Circuit in Jiangnan. He was again transferred to financial commissioner of Shandong.

二十八年，遷貴州巡撫，調山東。疏請濬荊山橋舊河，洩積水。二十九年，疏言：「武城運河東岸牛蹄窩、祝官屯，西岸蔡河陂水匯注，俱為堤隔，浸灌民田，請各建閘啟閉。」均如所議。三十一年，疏言：「各州縣民壯有名無實，飭屬汰老弱，選精壯，改習鳥槍，與營伍無二。不增糧餉，省得精壯三千三百餘名。」得旨嘉獎。三十二年，疏言：「武定濱海，屢有水患：一在徒駭尾閭不暢，一在鉤盤淤塞未開。徒駭上游寬百餘丈，至霑化入海處僅十餘丈，紆回曲折，歸海遲延。徒駭舊有漫口，徑二十五里，寬至四五十丈，水漲賴以宣洩。若就此開濬，庶歸海得以迅速。又有八方泊為眾水所匯，伏秋霖雨，下游阻滯，淹及民田。泊東北為古鉤盤河，經一百三十餘裡，久成湮廢。若就此開濬，引水入海，則上游不致停蓄，積水亦可順流而下。」皆如所請。

In the twenty-eighth year he was made governor of Guizhou, then transferred to Shandong. He memorialized asking that the old channel at Jingshan Bridge be dredged to drain off standing water. In the twenty-ninth year he memorialized: "At Niuqiwo and Zhuguantun on the east bank of the Wucheng Canal, and at Caihepo on the west bank, waters converge but are blocked by dikes and flood the fields. I ask that sluice gates be built at each site so they may be opened and closed as needed." The court approved all of it as proposed. In the thirty-first year he memorialized: "District and county militia exist only on paper. I have ordered my subordinates to weed out the old and weak, select able-bodied men, and train them in muskets so they are indistinguishable from regular troops. Without adding to grain allowances, he saved more than 3,300 able-bodied men." The emperor issued a decree commending him. In the thirty-second year he memorialized: "Wuding lies on the coast and has suffered repeated floods: one problem is that the lower outlet of the Tuhe River does not flow freely; another is that the Goupan River is silted up and has not been reopened. The upper Tuhe is more than a hundred zhang across, yet at Zhanhua, where it reaches the sea, it narrows to little more than ten zhang; twisting and turning, it reaches the sea only slowly. The Tuhe once had overflow channels twenty-five li long and forty to fifty zhang wide, which served to release floodwater when the river rose. If dredged at this point, the river could reach the sea much more quickly. There is also Bafang Marsh, where many streams converge; when the autumn rains come, the lower course backs up and floods the fields. Northeast of the marsh runs the ancient Goupan River, more than a hundred and thirty li in length, long since silted up and abandoned. If dredged here and the water directed to the sea, the upper course would no longer hold back water, and standing floodwater could run off downstream." Everything was approved as he had asked.

調福建，三十三年，擢閩浙總督，加太子太保。三十四年，劾興泉永道蔡琛貪鄙，論如律。調漕運總督，奏糧道專司漕務，無地方之責，令親押赴淮，不得轉委丞倅。召授刑部尚書，調左都御史。四十五年，以原品休致。尋卒。

He was transferred to Fujian, and in the thirty-third year was promoted to governor-general of Min-Zhe and given the title Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the thirty-fourth year he impeached Cai Chen, intendant of the Xing-Quan-Yong Circuit, for greed and corruption, and Cai was punished according to law. Transferred to grain transport governor-general, he memorialized that the grain circuit commissioner should handle transport duties only, without local administrative responsibilities, and must personally escort grain to the Huai rather than delegate the task to deputies. He was summoned to the capital, appointed minister of punishments, and then transferred to left censor-in-chief. In the forty-fifth year he retired at his original rank. He died soon after.

=王檢=王檢，字思及，山東福山人。父趯，官太常寺卿。檢，雍正十一年進士，改庶吉士。乾隆元年，授編修。大考四等，休致。十三年，上幸闕里，召試，复授編修。十四年，授直隸河間知府，遷甘肅涼莊道。以官河間有政聲，即調直隸霸昌道。累擢安徽按察使。奏：「外任官員眷屬外，定例州縣家人二十名，府道以上遞加十名，違者降級。定額本寬，近則州縣一署幾至百人，毋論招搖滋弊，即養廉亦不足供，請申明定例，違數詳參。」又奏：「皖城濱臨大江，歲多劫案，請加重沿江乘危搶奪舊例，邊海有犯視此。」均得旨允行。調直隸，又調山西。二十八年，遷廣西布政使，調甘肅。奏：「各省大計舉劾，例由籓司主稿。請嗣後籓司新任，得援督撫例展限三月，以重考核。」

Wang Jian, a native of Fushan in Shandong, bore the courtesy name Siji. His father Yue was minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. Jian became a jinshi in the eleventh year of Yongzheng and was appointed a Hanlin bachelor. In the first year of Qianlong he was appointed a compiler in the Hanlin Academy. Rated fourth class in the grand evaluation, he retired from office. In the thirteenth year, when the emperor visited Qufu, he was summoned for an examination and reappointed compiler. In the fourteenth year he was made prefect of Hejian in Zhili, then transferred to intendant of the Liang-Zhuang Circuit in Gansu. On account of his good reputation at Hejian, he was promptly transferred to intendant of the Ba-Chang Circuit in Zhili. He rose in stages to judicial commissioner of Anhui. He memorialized: "For officials in the provinces, apart from family members, the regulation sets twenty household servants for district and county magistrates, with ten more added at each level from prefecture and circuit upward; violators are to be demoted. The quota is already generous, yet lately a single county or district office may employ nearly a hundred servants; quite apart from the corruption this invites, even the integrity stipend cannot cover the cost. I ask that the regulation be reaffirmed and that excess numbers be reported for formal impeachment." He also memorialized: "Wancheng stands on the Yangtze and suffers many robberies each year. I ask that the old penalties for seizing goods from vessels in distress along the river be increased, and that coastal offenders be punished by the same standard." The emperor approved all of it for implementation. He was transferred to Zhili and then to Shanxi. In the twenty-eighth year he was made financial commissioner of Guangxi, then transferred to Gansu. He memorialized: "In each province's triennial evaluation and impeachment, the provincial treasurer normally drafts the report by regulation. I ask that newly appointed provincial treasurers hereafter be granted a three-month extension, following the precedent set for governors and governors-general, so that the evaluation may be conducted more thoroughly."

二十九年，擢湖北巡撫，署湖廣總督。以前巡撫愛必達請於沔陽新堤設文泉縣治，地處低窪，城倉庫獄俱未興工，且於民情未便，奏請裁撤，移沔陽州同駐新堤，下部議行。

In the twenty-ninth year he was made governor of Hubei and served as acting governor-general of Huguang. The previous governor Aibida had proposed establishing Wenquan County at Xindi in Mianyang, but the site was low and marshy, the city wall, granary, and jail had never been built, and it was ill suited to local conditions. Jian memorialized asking that the county be abolished and the Mianyang subprefect moved to Xindi; the ministry approved and carried it out.

調廣東巡撫。秋審，刑部進湖廣招冊，檢所定擬，多自緩決改情實，或改可矜。上覈刑部九卿所改皆允，諭檢「秋讞大典，宜詳慎持平，失出失入，厥過維均」，傳旨申飭。三十一年，奏：「凡盜出洋肆劫，夥黨、器械，招買皆自內地。如果保甲嚴查，豈能藏匿？請嗣後洋盜案發，詢明由某地出口，將專管及兼轄、統轄各員，照保甲不實力例議處。」從之。廣東有名竹洲艇者，其制上寬下銳，行駛極速。海盜用以行劫，追捕為難。檢令凡船皆改平底。瓊州地懸海外，黎人那隆等劫商骫法，為諸盜最。檢親督剿捕，決遣如律。又以民多聚族而居，置祭田名曰「嘗租」，租穀饒裕，每用以糾眾械鬥。奏請「嘗租自百畝以上者，留供每年祭祀，餘田歸本人。其以租利所置，按支均派，俾貧民有田以資生，兇徒無財以滋事」。上諭曰：「所奏意在懲兇息訟，惟恐有司奉行不善，族戶賢否不齊，難免侵漁攘奪。嗣後因恃祠產豐厚，糾眾械鬥，按律懲治。即以祠田如檢所請分給族人，俾兇徒知所警懼，而守分善良仍得保其世業。」三十二年，因病請假，有詔慰問。旋卒。

He was transferred to governor of Guangdong. At the autumn assize, the Ministry of Punishments submitted the Huguang case register; of the sentences Jian had fixed, many were changed from deferred execution to capital punishment, or to cases deserving leniency. The emperor reviewed the Ministry of Punishments and the Nine Ministers' revisions and approved them all, then told Jian: "The canon of the autumn assize demands careful, even-handed judgment; excessive leniency and excessive severity are equally wrong," and sent an imperial rebuke. In the thirty-first year he memorialized: "Whenever pirates put out to sea to rob, their accomplices, weapons, and recruits all come from the interior. If the baojia system were strictly enforced, how could they remain hidden? I ask that hereafter, when a pirate case occurs, once the port of departure is established, every official directly in charge or with concurrent or overall jurisdiction be punished under the regulation for lax enforcement of the baojia system." The emperor approved. In Guangdong there were boats known as bamboo-islet craft, built wide at the top and sharp at the bottom, and extremely fast. Pirates used them for raids, making pursuit difficult. Jian ordered that all such boats be rebuilt with flat bottoms. Qiongzhou stands beyond the sea, and the Li chieftain Na Long and his followers robbed merchants and flouted the law, making them the worst of the pirates. Jian personally directed the campaign against them, and the culprits were sentenced and executed according to law. He also found that many people lived in clan settlements and maintained sacrificial fields called changzu; the rents were ample and were often used to muster armed clans for feuds. He memorialized asking that "for changzu of a hundred mu or more, only enough land to support the annual sacrifices be retained and the rest returned to the owners. Land bought with rental profits should be divided equally among the branches, so that poor clansmen have fields to live on and violent men have no money to stir up trouble." The emperor replied: "Your proposal aims to punish the violent and reduce litigation, but I fear that if officials carry it out poorly, and clans are uneven in character, encroachment and seizure will be hard to prevent. Henceforth, anyone who relies on rich shrine property to muster armed clans for feuds shall be punished according to law. The shrine lands shall then be divided among the clansmen as Jian proposed, so that violent men are warned, while the law-abiding may still keep their hereditary holdings." In the thirty-second year he asked for sick leave, and the emperor sent an edict of inquiry. He died soon after.

子啟緒，自編修官河南開歸陳許道；燕緒，自編修官侍講；孫慶長，內閣中書，官福建按察使。

His son Qixu rose from compiler to intendant of the Kai-Gui-Chen-Xu Circuit in Henan; Yanxu rose from compiler to lecturer in the Hanlin Academy; His grandson Qingchang, a secretary in the Grand Secretariat, became judicial commissioner of Fujian.

=吳士功=吳士功，字惟亮，河南光州人。雍正十一年進士，選庶吉士，改吏部主事。累遷郎中，考選御史。奏言：「部院大臣簡用督撫，調所屬司員以道府題補，恐滋偏聽、交結諸弊，請照雍正舊例停止。」從之。御史仲永檀言密奏留中，近多洩漏。敕王大臣詰問，舉士功劾尚書史貽直疏以對。上出士功疏，戒以不悛改，當重譴。乾隆七年，授山東濟東泰武道，丁憂，服闋，調直隸大名道。改山東兗沂曹道，屬縣飢，上南巡，迎駕，召對，以聞。為截留糧米六十萬石賑之，命士功董其事。旱蝗為災，督吏捕治，晝夜巡閱，未及旬，蝗盡。調湖南糧道，巡撫阿克敦疏留，調山東糧道。再遷湖北按察使。二十二年，護巡撫。河南飢，敕湖北發毗連州縣倉米運河南，即留本年應運漕糧歸倉。士功奏湖北地卑濕，米難久貯，請以一米改收二穀還倉，報聞。

Wu Shigong, a native of Guangzhou in Henan, bore the courtesy name Weiliang. A jinshi of the eleventh year of Yongzheng, he was selected as a Hanlin bachelor and then transferred to the Ministry of Personnel as a principal clerk. He rose through the ranks to department director and was selected by examination as a censor. He memorialized: "When high ministers appoint governors and governors-general, they often transfer their own subordinates and nominate them for circuit and prefectural posts, which invites favoritism and collusion. I ask that this practice be stopped, following the Yongzheng precedent." The emperor approved. Censor Zhong Yongtan reported that confidential memorials kept at court had been leaking frequently of late. The emperor ordered princes and ministers to question him; he answered by citing Shigong's memorial impeaching Minister Shi Yizhi. The emperor produced Shigong's memorial and warned that if he did not mend his ways, he would face severe punishment. In the seventh year of Qianlong he was appointed intendant of the Ji-Dong-Tai-Wu Circuit in Shandong; after mourning a parent and completing the mourning period, he was transferred to the Daming Circuit in Zhili. Transferred to the Yan-Yi-Cao Circuit in Shandong, he found his counties suffering famine. When the emperor toured the south, Shigong met the imperial procession, was summoned for audience, and reported the situation. Six hundred thousand shi of grain were set aside for relief, and Shigong was ordered to oversee the distribution. When drought and locusts struck, he supervised officials in exterminating them, inspecting day and night; in less than ten days the locusts were gone. He was transferred to the grain circuit of Hunan, but Governor Akedun memorialized to keep him; he was then transferred to the grain circuit of Shandong. He was again transferred, becoming judicial commissioner of Hubei. In the twenty-second year he served as acting governor. When Henan suffered famine, an edict ordered Hubei to release grain from granaries in adjoining districts and counties for shipment to Henan, and to keep that year's allotted tribute grain in store. Shigong memorialized that Hubei's low, damp terrain made rice hard to store for long, and asked that for each shi of rice released, two shi of grain be collected back into the granaries. The court took note.

遷陝西布政使，護巡撫。疏言：「宜君、榆林、葭州、懷遠、府谷、神木、靖邊、寧遠諸州縣先旱後潦。撥寧夏米麥五萬石分賑懷遠、靖邊諸縣，中阻黃河，河冰即難挽運，臣飭先期速運；撥綏德等四州縣米二萬石協濟榆林、葭州，山路崎嶇，臣飭添僱騾駝速運，俾民早霑實惠。」諭令竭力妥為之。調直隸，奏請：「撫籓離任，將庫項有無虧空奏明。新任撫籓亦於交代限內另摺奏聞，仍照例出結保題，以除挪借積弊。」上以所奏簡而易行，命著為例。二十三年，復調陝西，護巡撫。疏言：「延安府兵米，各縣運府倉。弁兵赴府支領，路遠費倍，耗損過半。請甘泉、宜川、延川、延長四縣本縣徵收支給。」又奏：「隴州汧陽縣跬步皆山，歲徵屯豆，請改折色解司充餉。」俱從之。

He was transferred to financial commissioner of Shaanxi and served as acting governor. He memorialized: "The districts and counties of Yijun, Yulin, Jiazhou, Huaiyuan, Fugu, Shenmu, Jingbian, and Ningyuan were stricken first by drought and then by flood. I have allocated fifty thousand shi of rice and wheat from Ningxia for relief to Huaiyuan, Jingbian, and other counties; the Yellow River lies between, and once it freezes transport becomes difficult, so I have ordered shipment to begin at once; I have allocated twenty thousand shi of rice from Suide and four other districts and counties to assist Yulin and Jiazhou; the mountain roads are rugged, so I have ordered extra mules and camels hired for rapid transport, so the people may receive relief without delay." The emperor ordered that every effort be made to carry it out properly. Transferred to Zhili, he memorialized asking that "when the governor and provincial treasurer leave office, they report clearly whether the treasury shows any deficit. The newly appointed governor and provincial treasurer should also submit a separate memorial within the handover period and still furnish the usual bond and recommendation, so as to eliminate the longstanding abuse of unauthorized borrowing." The emperor found the proposal simple and practical and ordered it made permanent regulation. In the twenty-third year he was transferred back to Shaanxi and again served as acting governor. He memorialized: "In Yan'an prefecture, each county transports military grain to the prefectural granary. Officers and soldiers must travel to the prefectural seat to draw rations; the distances are great, costs double, and more than half is lost in transport. I ask that in Ganquan, Yichuan, Yanchuan, and Yanchang, grain be collected and issued within each county." He also memorialized: "Qianyang County in Longzhou is mountainous throughout; for the annual levy of garrison beans, I ask that it be converted to a monetary payment submitted to the provincial treasury for rations." All were approved.

擢福建巡撫。二十四年，奏請捕私鑄，按錢數多寡治罪。又奏獲南洲盜八十餘人，與總督楊廷璋疏請改定南洲塘汛。又奏：「福建九府二州，常平缺額穀三十一萬石有奇；台灣積年平糶未買穀十五萬石有奇：皆令補足。浙西歉收，請撥台灣穀十萬石聽浙商販運。風汛不便，先發內地沿海府縣倉穀撥給，俟台灣穀運到還倉。一轉移間，無妨於閩，有益於浙。」上嘉之。二十五年，奏：「寄居台灣皆閩、粵濱海之民，乾隆十二年復禁止移眷，民多冒險偷渡，內外人民皆朝廷赤子。向之在台灣為匪者，均隻身無賴。若既報墾立業，必顧惜身家，各思保聚。有的屬在內地者，請許報官給照，遷徙完聚。」又條奏稽查濱海漁船，令取船主、澳甲保結；出口逾期不還，責成澳甲、船主查報；稽察攜帶多貨，帆檣編字號，書姓名，免匪舟溷跡：均從之。尋以福建民多械鬥，由大族欺凌小族，疏請大戶恃強糾眾擬情實，小戶被欺抵禦擬緩決。刑部擬駁，上諭曰：「福建械鬥最為惡俗。士功乃欲以族大族小分立科條，是使械鬥者得以趨避其詞，司讞者因而高下其手。士功夙習沽名，宜刻自提撕，勿自貽伊戚！」

He was promoted to governor of Fujian. In the twenty-fourth year he memorialized asking that private coiners be arrested and punished according to the amount of cash they had minted. He also reported the capture of more than eighty Nanzhou pirates and, together with Governor-General Yang Tingzhang, memorialized for a reorganized coastal defense at Nanzhou. He also reported: "Fujian's nine prefectures and two departments are short more than 310,000 shi in the Ever-Normal granaries; on Taiwan, grain sold from the granaries at fair price over many years and never bought back comes to more than 150,000 shi—all of it is to be replenished. With western Zhejiang suffering poor harvests, he asked that 100,000 shi of Taiwan grain be allocated for Zhejiang merchants to transport and sell. Because seasonal winds and tides made transport inconvenient, he proposed first drawing on coastal granaries on the mainland, then replenishing them when the Taiwan grain arrived. In a single transfer of stores, Fujian would lose nothing and Zhejiang would gain. The emperor commended the proposal. In the twenty-fifth year he reported: "Those who settle in Taiwan are coastal folk from Fujian and Guangdong. After the twelfth year of Qianlong brought back the ban on bringing families, people often risked illegal crossings—yet subjects on both shores of the strait are all the emperor's own people. Those who had turned to banditry in Taiwan were all rootless ruffians acting alone. Once they register reclaimed land and settle into lawful livelihoods, they will cherish their lives and property and seek to keep their families together. For those with kin still on the mainland, he asked that they be allowed to report to officials, receive permits, and migrate to reunite their households." He also submitted detailed regulations for inspecting coastal fishing boats, requiring guarantor bonds from boat owners and harbor headmen; if a boat cleared port and failed to return on time, the harbor headman and owner would be held responsible to investigate and report; cargo loads would be inspected, sails marked with registration numbers and owners' names written on them, so pirate craft could not blend in—all were approved. Soon, noting how common armed brawls were in Fujian and that large clans often oppressed smaller ones, he proposed that powerful lineages found guilty of mustering crowds by force be sentenced to death, while smaller households bullied into fighting back be given deferred sentences. The Ministry of Justice recommended rejection. The emperor instructed: "Armed brawls in Fujian are among the worst local customs. Shigong would divide the law between large and small clans, giving brawlers room to evade conviction and letting judges manipulate verdicts at will. Shigong has long courted a reputation for benevolence; he should pull himself up sharply and not bring trouble on himself!"

二十六年，廷璋劾提督馬龍圖挪用存營公項，命士功嚴讞。會奏龍圖借用公項，已於盤查時歸補，援自首例減等擬徒。上以龍圖敗露後始行歸補，且將登記數簿焚毀，又增舞文之罪，不得以自首論，因究詰出何人意，尋覆奏士功主政。上奪士功官，發巴里坤效力自贖。二十七年，廷璋奏閩縣民楊魁等假造敕書承襲世職，投撫標效力。上命巴里坤辦事大臣詰責士功，並令自揣應得處分，贖罪自效。士功輸銀贖罪，命釋回。旋卒。

In the twenty-sixth year Yang Tingzhang impeached Regional Commander Ma Longtu for misappropriating stored camp funds, and Shigong was ordered to try the case rigorously. In a joint memorial they reported that Longtu had borrowed public funds but restored them during an audit, and on the self-confession precedent proposed reducing his sentence by one degree to exile. The emperor ruled that Longtu had restored the funds only after exposure and had burned the ledger of accounts—adding a charge of falsifying records—so self-confession did not apply. He demanded to know whose idea this had been, and a reply soon named Shigong as the one who had controlled the case. The emperor stripped Shigong of rank and sent him to Barkul to labor in redemption of his offense. In the twenty-seventh year Yang Tingzhang reported that Yang Kui and others of Min County had forged imperial patents to claim hereditary posts and joined the provincial garrison. The emperor ordered the Barkul commissioner to rebuke Shigong and told him to propose what punishment he deserved and redeem his guilt through service. Shigong paid a fine to redeem his offense and was ordered released. He died soon after.

子玉綸，二十六年進士，自檢討累遷兵部侍郎，督福建學政，复降授檢討。

His son Yulun, who passed the jinshi examination in the twenty-sixth year, rose from compiler to vice minister of War and served as Fujian education commissioner before being demoted again to compiler.

=【論】=論曰：疆政首重宜民。紀督鑿井，反貽怨讟。喀爾吉善遂阻開礦、種樹之議，興利誠不易言也。雅爾圖、應階治水，斯盛治社倉，哲治治賑，才有洪纖，效有鉅細，要皆有益於民。蘇昌劾大吏，頗見風力，瑚寶等亦各有建樹。自古未有不盡心民事而可以稱善治者也。

The commentator says: In frontier administration, the first priority is the welfare of the people. Governor Cui's well-digging projects, intended to help, only brought resentment and censure. Ka Erjishan in turn blocked plans to open mines and plant trees; promoting the public welfare is easier said than done. Whether Ya Ertu and Yingjie regulating rivers, Sisheng managing community granaries, or Zhezhi organizing relief—talents differ in scale and achievements in size, but all served the people. Su Chang's impeachments of senior officials showed real moral courage, and Hu Bao and the others each had achievements of their own. Never, in any age, has sound governance been achieved without wholehearted devotion to the people's affairs.

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