Volume 310 Biographies 97: Qi Sulei, Ji Ceng Yun, Ji Huang, Gao Bin, Gao Jin, Wanyan Wei, Gu Cong, Bai Zhongshan

列傳九十七

Biographies 97

齊蘇勒嵇曾筠子璜高斌從子高晉完顏偉顧琮白鍾山

Qi Sulei; Ji Cengyun; Ji Huang (son of Ji Cengyun); Gao Bin; Gao Jin (Gao Bin's nephew); Wanyan Wei; Gu Cong; Bai Zhongshan

齊蘇勒，字篤之，納喇氏，滿洲正白旗人。自官學選天文生為欽天監博士，遷靈臺郎。擢內務府主事，授永定河分司。康熙四十二年，聖祖南巡閱河，齊蘇勒扈蹕。至淮安，上諭黃河險要處應下挑水埽壩，命往煙墩、九里岡、龍窩修築。齊蘇勒於回鑾前畢工，上嘉之。洊擢翰林院侍講、國子監祭酒，仍領永定河分司事。河決武陟，奉命同副都御史牛鈕監修堤工。疏言：「自沁河堤頭至滎澤大堤十八里，擇平衍處築遙堤。使河水趨一道，專力刷深，不致旁溢。」六十一年，世宗即位，擢山東按察使，兼理運河事。命先往河南籌辦黃河堤工。時河南巡撫楊宗義請於馬營口南舊有河形處濬引河。齊蘇勒同河道總督陳鵬年疏言：「河不兩行，此洩則彼淤。馬營口堤甫成，若開引河，慮旁洩侵堤。」事乃寢。

Qi Sulei, whose style was Duzhi, belonged to the Nara clan and came from the Manchu Plain White Banner. Chosen from the official school as a student of astronomy, he became a doctor at the Directorate of Astronomy and was later promoted to clerk of the Astronomical Terrace. He rose to secretary in the Imperial Household Department and was given charge of the Yongding River sub-office. In Kangxi year 42, the Kangxi Emperor toured south to inspect the waterways, and Qi Sulei accompanied the imperial procession. At Huai'an the emperor directed that fascine works be placed at the Yellow River's most dangerous stretches, and sent Qi Sulei to build them at Yandun, Jiuligang, and Longwo. Qi Sulei finished the project before the emperor's return journey, and the throne praised his performance. He was promoted in turn to Hanlin expositor and chancellor of the Imperial Academy, yet continued to oversee the Yongding River sub-office as before. After a breach at Wuzhi, he was ordered to supervise dike repairs jointly with Vice Censor-in-Chief Niu Niu. He memorialized: "Along the eighteen li from the Qin River dike head to the great Xingze embankment, distant dikes should be raised on the flattest ground available. That would confine the current to one course, concentrate its scouring power to deepen the bed, and keep it from spilling sideways." In year 61 the Yongzheng Emperor took the throne and promoted him to Shandong surveillance commissioner, with concurrent responsibility for the Grand Canal. He was sent ahead to Henan to organize Yellow River dike projects. The Henan governor Yang Zongyi then proposed dredging a diversion channel south of Mayingkou along an old river trace. Qi Sulei and Canal director-general Chen Pengnian replied in a joint memorial: "The river cannot be split in two—divert flow here and the main channel silts up there. The Mayingkou dike has only just been finished; opening a diversion now risks side leakage that would eat into the embankment." The proposal was shelved.

雍正元年，授河道總督。既上官，疏言：「治河之道，若瀕危而後圖之，則一丈之險頓成百丈，千金之費糜至萬金。惟先時豫防，庶力省而功易就。」又言：「各堤壩歲久多傾圮，弊在河員廢弛，冒銷帑金。宜嚴立定章示懲勸。」並允行。乃週曆黃河、運河，凡堤形高卑闊狹，水勢淺深緩急，皆計裡測量。總河私費，舊取給屬官，歲一萬三千餘金，及年節餽遺，行部供張，齊蘇勒裁革殆盡。舉劾必當其能否，人皆懍懍奉法。

In Yongzheng year 1 he was appointed director-general of waterways. On assuming office he wrote: "River control fails when you wait until crisis strikes—a one-zhang hazard becomes a hundred-zhang catastrophe, and a thousand-tael repair balloons into ten thousand. Prevention in advance alone saves labor and makes success far easier." He added: "Dikes and dams everywhere have crumbled with age because river officials grew slack and padded expenses from the treasury. Strict standing regulations should be set to reward diligence and punish abuse." The court approved and carried out his proposals. He then toured the Yellow River and Grand Canal line by line, surveying every embankment's height and width and every reach of current in measured li. The canal chief's personal costs had once been levied on subordinates—over thirteen thousand taels a year, plus holiday gifts and tour provisions—but Qi Sulei abolished nearly all of them. Promotions and dismissals matched real ability, and his staff obeyed the regulations with genuine fear.

陽武、祥符、商丘三縣界黃河，北岸有支流三，逼堤繞行五十餘裡；南岸青佛寺有支流一，逼堤繞行四十餘裡。齊蘇勒慮刷損大堤，令築壩堵禦，並接築子堤九千二百八十八丈，隔堤七百八十丈。又以洪澤湖水弱，慮黃水倒灌，奏築清口兩岸大壩，中留水門，束高清水以抵黃流。及淮水暢下，壩在波濤中，又慮壩為水蝕，遣員弁駐工，湖漲下埽防壩，黃漲則用混江龍、鐵篦子諸器，駕小舟往來疏濬，不使沙停，水患始緩。詔豫籌山東諸湖蓄洩以利漕運，疏言：「兗州、濟寧境內，如南旺、馬蹋、蜀山、安山、馬場、昭陽、獨山、微山、稀山等湖，皆運道資以蓄洩，昔人謂之'水櫃'。民乘涸佔種，湖身漸狹。宜乘水落，除已墾熟田，丈量立界，禁侵越。謹渟蓄：當運河盛漲，引水使與湖平，即築堰截堵；如遇水淺，則引之從高下注諸湖。或宜堤，或宜樹，或宜建閘啟閉，令諸州縣量事程功，則湖水深廣，漕艘無阻矣。」

Along the Yellow River where Yangwu, Xiangfu, and Shangqiu meet, three north-bank branches hugged the dike in a fifty-li loop; and on the south bank at Qingfosi a single branch wound against the embankment for more than forty li. Fearing the main dike would be scoured away, Qi Sulei had blocking dams raised and added 9,288 zhang of subsidiary embankments plus 780 zhang of partition dikes. Hongze's level was low and he feared Yellow River backflow, so he proposed great dams on both sides of Qingkou with a central sluice to pin the clear lake water against the muddy river. Once the Huai ran freely the dams stood in heavy surf; he stationed officers on site—laying fascines when the lake rose, and when the Yellow swelled deploying dredgers and iron rakes from small boats to keep sand from settling—until the crisis eased. Ordered to plan how Shandong's lakes could store and release water for the grain route, he wrote: "Lakes from Nanwang to Weishan across Yanzhou and Jining are the canal's reservoirs—what older engineers called 'water cabinets. Farmers have planted on exposed lakebed whenever water fell, steadily shrinking the lakes. At low water we should survey boundaries—except for long-cultivated plots—and forbid further encroachment. For storage: when the canal is high, channel water until it levels with the lakes, then seal it with weirs; when water is low, lead it downhill into the lakes. Some sites need dikes, others trees, others sluice gates—let each county plan accordingly, and the lakes will hold enough water for grain transport without obstruction."

二年，廣西巡撫李紱入對，上諭及淮、揚運河淤墊年久，水高於城，危險可慮。紱請於運河西別濬新河，以其土築西堤；而以舊河身作東堤，東岸當不至潰決。上命與齊蘇勒商度，齊蘇勒奏言：「淮河上接洪澤，下通江口。西岸臨白馬、寶應、界首諸湖，水勢汪洋無際。若別挑新河，築西堤於湖水中，不惟糜費巨金，抑且大工難就。」上是其言。是秋颶風作，海潮騰踴丈餘。黃河入海之路，二水沖激，曆三晝夜，而濱海堤岸屹然。上嘉其修築堅固，賜孔雀翎，並予拜他喇布勒哈番世職。

In year 2, when Guangxi governor Li Fu was received in audience, the emperor noted that the Huai-Yang canal had silted for years until the water stood above the city walls—a grave danger. Li Fu proposed dredging a new channel west of the canal and using the spoil to build a western embankment; with the old channel serving as the eastern dike so the east bank would not fail. The emperor told him to consult Qi Sulei, who replied: "The Huai joins Hongze above and the Yangtze mouth below. Its west bank faces Baima, Baoying, Jieshou, and other lakes whose waters spread without limit. Dredging a new channel and building a western dike out in open lake would waste enormous funds and still be nearly impossible to finish." The emperor accepted his view. That autumn a typhoon struck and the sea tide leaped more than ten feet. Where the Yellow River meets the sea the two waters hammered each other for three days and nights, yet the coastal dikes held firm. The emperor praised his solid work, gave him a peacock feather, and granted an hereditary Baitalabuleha fan rank.

三年，副總河嵇曾筠奏於祥符縣回回寨濬引河，事將竣，齊蘇勒奉命偕總督田文鏡察視。齊蘇勒奏言：「濬引河必上口正對頂沖，而下口有建瓴之勢，乃能吸大溜入新河，藉其水力滌刷寬深。今所濬引河，與現在水向不甚相對。當移上三十餘丈，對沖迎溜。复於對岸建挑水壩，挑溜順行，以對引河之口。俟水漲時相機開放，庶河流東注，而南岸堤根可保無虞。」上命內閣學士何國宗等以儀器測量，命齊蘇勒會勘。齊蘇勒奏：「儀器測度地勢，於河工高下之宜甚有準則。今洪澤湖滾水壩舊立門檻太高，不便於洩水。請敕諸臣繞至湖口，用儀器測定，將門檻改低，庶宣防有賴。」又奏言：「治河物料用葦、柳，而柳尤適宜。今飭屬於空閒地種柳，沮洳地種葦。應請凡種柳八千株、葦二頃者，予紀錄一次，著為例。」均稱旨。尋又奏言：「供應節禮，並已裁革。河標四營舊有坐糧，歲千餘金，以之修造墩台，制換衣甲、器械；鹽商陋規歲二千金，為出操驗兵賞功犒勞之用。每年往來勘估，伏秋兩汛，出駐工次，車馬舟楫，日用所需，拮据實甚。河庫道收額解錢糧，向有隨平餘銀五千餘，除道署日用工食，請恩准支銷。」上允之。四年，以堵築睢寧硃家口決口，加兵部尚書、太子太傅。五年，疏言：「黃河鬥岸常患衝激，應改斜坡，俾水隨坡溜，坡上懸密柳抵之。既久溜入中泓，柳枝霑泥，並成沙灘，則易險為平。」從其請。是年，齊蘇勒有疾，上遣醫往視。尋入覲，命歲支養廉萬金。

In year 3, vice canal chief Ji Cengyun reported dredging a diversion at Huihuizhai in Xiangfu; near completion, Qi Sulei was sent with Governor Tian Wenjing to inspect. Qi Sulei argued: "A diversion's upper mouth must meet the main current head-on and its lower mouth must drop like a pouring eave—only then will the main stream be sucked in and scour the new channel wide and deep. The channel now dug does not line up well with the current's direction. It should be moved upstream more than thirty zhang to meet the flow directly. A deflection dam should also be built on the far bank to steer the current squarely toward the diversion mouth. When the river rises it can be opened at the right moment so the current runs east and the south-bank dike foot stays safe." The emperor ordered Academician He Guozong and others to take instrument readings and told Qi Sulei to join the survey. Qi Sulei wrote: "Survey instruments give reliable standards for the proper levels in river works. The old overflow dam on Hongze Lake has a sill set too high to release water effectively. Please send the officials to the lake mouth to remeasure and lower the sill so flood control can be dependable." He also proposed: "River works rely on reeds and willows, willows especially. He ordered subordinates to plant willows on open ground and reeds in marsh. He asked that planting eight thousand willows or two qing of reeds earn one merit record, fixed as precedent." All won imperial approval. He soon added: "Festival gifts and entertainments have already been abolished. The four river-banner camps once had standing grain allowances of over a thousand taels a year for beacon towers, armor, and weapons; and a salt-merchant custom of two thousand taels yearly paid for drills, inspections, rewards, and troop comforts. Annual inspections and summer and autumn flood duty on site—with horses, boats, and daily expenses—are genuinely costly. The river treasury circuit's scale surplus—over five thousand taels beyond daily office costs—he asked leave to spend." The emperor approved. In year 4, for closing the breach at Zhujiakou in Suining, he was made Minister of War and Grand Tutor of the Heir Apparent. In year 5 he proposed: "Steep Yellow River banks are constantly hammered; make them slopes so water runs off, with dense willows on the face to break the force. In time the current enters the main channel, willows silt up into sandbars, and what was perilous becomes level ground." The court agreed. That year Qi Sulei fell ill and the emperor sent a doctor to see him. He soon came to court and was granted ten thousand taels yearly as an integrity allowance.

六年，兩江總督範時繹、江蘇巡撫陳時夏濬吳淞江，上命齊蘇勒料理。築壩陳家渡，松江知府周中鋐、千總陸章乘舟督工下埽，潮回壩陷，溺焉。齊蘇勒往視察，下為土埂，中有停沙，因督令疏濬，壩工乃竟。复偕曾筠會勘河南雷家寺支河，是秋事畢。於是黃河自碭山至海口，運河自邳州至江口，縱橫綿亙三千餘裡，兩岸堤防崇廣若一，河工益完整。

In year 6, Liangjiang governor Fan Shiyi and Jiangsu governor Chen Shixia dredged the Wusong River, and the emperor put Qi Sulei in charge. At Chenjiadu a dam was under construction when Songjiang prefect Zhou Zhongqian and commander Lu Zhang, supervising fascine work from boats, were drowned as the returning tide collapsed the dam. Qi Sulei inspected the site, found an earthen ridge with trapped sand below, ordered dredging, and the dam was finally finished. He then joined Ji Cengyun to survey the Leijia Temple branch channel in Henan, finishing that autumn. By then the Yellow River from Dangshan to the sea and the Grand Canal from Pizhou to the Yangtze mouth—more than three thousand li in all—had uniform, towering embankments on both banks, and the whole system was sounder than ever.

七年春，疾甚，上復遣醫往視。尋卒，賜銀三千兩為歸櫬資，進世職三等阿達哈哈番，賜祭葬，諡勤恪。上又以靳輔、齊蘇勒實能為國宣勞，有功民社，命尹繼善等擇地，令有司春秋致祭。

In spring of year 7 his illness worsened and the emperor again sent a physician. He soon died. The court gave three thousand taels for his funeral transport, advanced his hereditary rank to third-class Adahahan, granted state rites and burial honors, and posthumously titled him Qinke (Diligent and Respectful). The emperor also judged that Jin Fu and Qi Sulei had truly served the state and the people, and ordered Yin Jishan and others to choose a site for spring and autumn sacrifices by local officials.

齊蘇勒久任河督，世宗深器之，嘗諭曰：「爾清勤不待言，而獨立不倚，從未聞夤緣結交，尤屬可嘉。」又曰：「隆科多、年羹堯作威福，攬權勢。隆科多於朕前謂爾操守難信，年羹堯前歲數詆爾不學無術，朕以此知爾獨立也。」又曰：「齊蘇勒歷練老成，清慎勤三字均屬無媿。」八年，京師賢良祠成，復命與靳輔同入祀。

Qi Sulei had long been river commissioner and Yongzheng held him in high regard, once telling him: "Your integrity and diligence go without saying; what I especially admire is that you stand alone and have never been known to court favor or form factions." He also said: "Longkodo and Nian Gengyao threw their weight about and hoarded power. Longkodo told me your integrity was doubtful, and Nian Gengyao kept calling you ignorant and incompetent—that is how I know you stand apart." He also said: "Qi Sulei is seasoned and steady; he has nothing to be ashamed of in the words clear, cautious, and diligent." In year 8, when the Worthy Officials Shrine in the capital was completed, he was again ordered enshrined alongside Jin Fu.

嵇曾筠，字松友，江南長洲人。父永仁，諸生，從福建總督范承謨死事；母楊守節，撫曾筠成立：事分見忠義、列女傳中。

Ji Cengyun, styled Songyou, came from Changzhou in Jiangnan. His father Yongren, a licentiate, died in Fan Chengmo's service when the Fujian governor-general was killed; his mother Yang kept her widowhood and raised Cengyun to manhood—their stories appear in the Loyalty and Exemplary Women sections.

曾筠，康熙四十五年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。累遷侍講。雍正元年，直南書房，兼上書房。擢左僉都御史，署河南巡撫，即充鄉試考官。遷兵部侍郎。河決中牟劉家莊、十里店諸地。詔往督築，逾數月，工竟。二年春，奏言：「黃、沁並漲，漫溢銚期營、秦家廠、馬營口諸堤。循流審視，窮致患之由。見北岸長沙灘，逼水南趨，至倉頭口，繞廣武山根，逶迤屈曲而下。官莊峪又有山嘴外伸，河流由西南直注東北，秦家廠諸地頂沖受險。請於倉頭口對面橫灘開引河，俾水勢由西北而東南，毋令激射東北；並培釘船幫大壩，更於上下增築減水壩，秦家廠諸地險勢可減。」又與河督齊蘇勒會奏培兩岸堤，北起滎澤，至山東曹縣；南亦起滎澤，至江南碭山：都計十二萬三千餘丈。皆從之。

Cengyun took his jinshi in Kangxi year 45, entered the Hanlin as a bachelor, and became a compiler. He rose in turn to Hanlin expositor. In Yongzheng year 1 he served in the Southern Study and also in the Heir Apparent's study. He was made Left Vice Censor-in-Chief, acted as Henan governor, and immediately served as provincial examination examiner. He was then moved to the post of Vice Minister of War. The river breached at Liujiazhuang in Zhongmou, Shilidian, and other sites. He was ordered to supervise repairs, and within months the work was done. In spring of year 2 he reported: "The Yellow and Qin rivers rose together and overflowed the dikes at Yaoqiying, Qinjiachang, Mayingkou, and elsewhere. He followed the current upstream and traced the disaster to its source. On the northern bank he found the Changsha shoal driving the current south; at Cangtou Mouth the river curved around the base of Guangwu Mountain in a long, winding descent. At Guanzhuangyu another spur jutted into the channel, so the current ran straight from southwest to northeast and struck Qinjiachang and neighboring areas head-on. He proposed cutting a diversion through the shoal opposite Cangtou Mouth to turn the flow from northwest to southeast and keep it from slamming northeastward. He also called for reinforcing the major nailed-ship revetment dam and building additional flood-relief dams upstream and downstream, which would ease the peril at Qinjiachang and nearby." He also joined River Governor Qisuole in memorializing to strengthen both banks of the dikes, from Xingze northward to Caoxian in Shandong; On the south bank the stretch also ran from Xingze to Dangshan in Jiangnan, totaling more than 123,000 zhang. The court approved all of it.

授河南副總河，駐武陟。疏言：「鄭州大堤石家橋迤東大溜南趨，應下埽簽椿，复於埽灣建磯嘴壩一。中牟拉牌寨黃流逼射，應下埽護岸，建磯嘴挑水壩二。穆家樓堤工坐衝，亦應下埽加鑲。陽武北岸祥符珠水、牛趙二處堤工，近因中牟迤下，新長淤灘，大溜北趨成衝，應順埽加鑲。」又言：「小丹河自辛句口至河內清化鎮水口二千餘裡。昔人建閘開渠，定三日放水濟漕，一日塞口灌田。日久閘夫賣水阻運，請嚴飭。仍用官三民一之法，違治其罪。」又言祥符南岸回回寨對面淤灘直出河心，致河勢南趨逼省城。請於北岸舊河身濬引河，導水直行。上諮齊蘇勒用曾筠議。四年，奏衛河水盛，請於汲、湯陰、內黃、大名諸縣築草壩二十七。又請培鄭州薛家集諸處埽壩。

He was made Vice Director-General of Henan river works and posted at Wuzhi. He reported: "East of Shijia Bridge on the Zhengzhou main dike the chief current was pushing south; he recommended sinking revetments and piles and building one spur dam at the bend. At Lapai Zhai in Zhongmou the Yellow River current was battering the bank; he called for shore-protecting revetments and two spur dams to deflect the water. The Mujialou dike section took the full force of the current and likewise needed revetments with extra reinforcement. On Yangwu's north bank, at Zhu River and Niuzhao in Xiangfu, a newly formed silt bar below Zhongmou had lately turned the main current north into a direct hit; he proposed aligned revetments with extra cladding." He added: "The Xiao Dan River stretches over two thousand li from Xingoukou to the Qinghua Town outlet in Henei. Earlier administrators had built sluices and canals, allotting three days to release water for the grain boats and one day to close the gate and irrigate the fields. Over time the gatekeepers had sold water and blocked the canal traffic; he asked that they be strictly disciplined. He proposed restoring the three-official-days, one-civilian-day rule and punishing violations." He also reported that on Xiangfu's south bank, a silt bar opposite Huihuizhai jutted straight into mid-channel, forcing the river south toward the provincial capital. He proposed dredging a diversion in the old channel on the north bank to straighten the flow. The emperor consulted Qisuole and accepted Zeng Jun's plan. In year 4 he reported that the Wei River was running high and asked to build twenty-seven grass dams across Ji, Tangyin, Neihuang, Daming, and other counties. He also sought repairs to the revetment dams at Xuejiaji in Zhengzhou and elsewhere.

五年，命兼管山東黃河堤工。尋轉吏部侍郎，仍留副總河任。六年，疏言：「儀封北岸因水勢衝急，雷家寺上首灘崖刷成支河。請將舊堤加幫，接築土壩，跨斷支河，以防掣溜侵堤。青龍岡水勢縈紆，將上灣淘作深兜，與下灣相對。請乘勢開引河，導水東行。」尋擢兵部尚書，調吏部，仍管副總河事。奏請培蘭陽耿家寨北堤，下埽簽椿築壩。

In year 5 he was put in charge of Shandong Yellow River dikes as well. He was soon made Vice Minister of Personnel while remaining in his river post. In year 6 he reported: "On Yifeng's north bank the fierce current had scoured the cliff above Leisi Temple into a branch channel. He proposed bolstering the old dike, linking an earthen dam across the branch, and sealing it off to keep diverted current from undermining the main embankment. At Qinglong Ridge the current looped back on itself; the upper bend had been scoured into a deep pool opposite the lower bend. He proposed opening a diversion channel there to turn the flow eastward." Soon afterward he was promoted to Minister of War, moved to the Ministry of Personnel, and kept charge of river work as Vice Director-General. He asked to strengthen the north dike at Gengjiazhai in Lanyang with revetments, piles, and dams.

七年，授河南山東河道總督，疏請開荊隆口引河。八年，署江南河道總督，疏言：「山水異漲，匯歸駱馬湖，溢運浮黃，河、湖合一。請於山盱周橋以南開壩洩水，並啟高、寶諸堰，分水入江海。高堰山盱石工察有椿腐石欹，順砌卑矮者，應築月壩，加高培實。其年久傾圮者，全行改築。興工之際，築壩攔水，留舊石工為障。俟新基築定，再除舊石，仍留舊底二層，以御風浪。」又奏：「禹王台壩工為江南下游保障。沭水源長性猛，壩工受衝。請於現有竹絡壩二十七丈外，依頂沖形勢，建石工六百餘丈。接連岡阜，仍築土堤，並濬沭河口門，使循故道直趨入海。」十年，奏揚州芒稻河閘商工草率，改歸官轄，並增設閘官。十二月，加太子太保。十一年四月，授文華殿大學士，兼吏部尚書，仍總督江南河道，予一品封典。十二月，丁母憂，命在任守制。曾筠奏懇回籍終制，溫詔許之。以高斌暫署，仍諭曾筠本籍距淮安不遠，明歲工程，就近協同經理。十二年四月，同高斌奏增築海口辛家蕩堤閘。同副總河白鍾山奏修清江龍王閘，濬通鳳陽廠引河。十三年，諭曾筠葬母事畢赴工。高宗御極，命總理浙江海塘工程。

In year 7 he became Governor-General of Henan and Shandong rivers and proposed opening a diversion at Jinglong Mouth. In year 8, acting as Jiangnan river governor, he reported: "Separate surges of mountain water poured into Luoma Lake, flooding the canal and mingling Yellow River water with the lake. He proposed opening spill dams south of Zhouqiao in Shanxu and opening the Gaoyan, Bao'ying, and other barrages to divert water toward the rivers and sea. Inspection of the Gaoyan stonework at Shanxu found rotted piles, tilted blocks, and low sections of facing; he called for crescent dams and raised, solid reinforcement. Sections that had stood for years in ruin should be rebuilt entirely. During construction, temporary dams would hold back the water while the old stonework served as a shield. After the new foundation was set, the old facing would come out, but two layers of the original base would remain to resist wind and wave." He also reported: "The Yu Wang Platform dam protects lower Jiangnan. The Shu River has a long reach and a fierce current, and the dam takes the brunt of it. Beyond the existing twenty-seven zhang of bamboo-mat revetment he proposed six hundred more zhang of stonework aligned to the direction of the main impact. The stonework would tie into the hills, with earthen dikes alongside, and the Shu River mouth would be dredged so the river could run its old channel straight to the sea." In year 10 he reported that the merchant-built Mangdao River sluice at Yangzhou was poorly done; he had it placed under official control and added sluice officers. In the twelfth month he was made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In April of year 11 he became Grand Secretary of the Wenhua Hall and Minister of Personnel, kept charge of Jiangnan rivers, and received first-rank enfeoffment honors. In December he began mourning for his mother and was told to remain in office while observing the rites. Zeng Jun begged leave to go home and finish mourning properly; the emperor graciously consented. Gao Bin was named acting governor, but the emperor told Zeng Jun that since his home was near Huai'an he should still help manage the coming year's works from nearby. In April of year 12 he and Gao Bin proposed enlarging the Xinjia Dang dike and sluice at the estuary. With Vice Director-General Bai Zhongshan he reported plans to repair the Qingjiang Dragon King Sluice and dredge the Fengyangchang diversion channel. In year 13 the emperor ordered Zeng Jun back to duty after his mother's funeral. When the Qianlong Emperor took the throne, he was put in charge of Zhejiang's seawall projects.

乾隆元年，兼浙江巡撫。尋命改為總督，兼管鹽政。曾筠條奏鹽政，請改商捕為官役，嚴緝私販，定緝私賞罰。地方有搶鹽奸徒，官吏用盜案例參處。又疏請於海寧築尖山壩，建魚鱗石塘七千四百餘丈。入覲，加太子太傅。二年，疏請築淳安淳河石磡。三年，疏請修樂清濱海堤；又疏請發省城義倉運溫、台諸縣平糶：並從之。尋召入閣治事，以疾請回籍調治。上令其子璜歸省，又遣醫診視。卒，贈少保，賜祭葬，諡文敏，祀浙江賢良祠。又命視靳輔、齊蘇勒例，一體祠祀。

In Qianlong year 1 he also served as governor of Zhejiang. He was soon made governor-general with oversight of the salt monopoly as well. Zeng Jun laid out salt reforms: replace merchant patrols with official agents, crack down on smuggling, and set clear rewards and penalties for seizures. Officials were to prosecute local salt thieves under the banditry statutes. He also proposed the Jianshan dam at Haining and more than 7,400 zhang of fish-scale stone seawall. During an audience at court he was made Grand Tutor of the Heir Apparent. In year 2 he proposed a stone embankment on the Chun River at Chun'an. In year 3 he asked to repair the Yueqing coastal dike; he also proposed sending grain from the provincial charity granary for fair-price sale in Wenzhou, Taizhou, and other counties; the court approved both requests. He was soon called into the Grand Council, but illness led him to ask for leave to recuperate at home. The emperor sent his son Huang home to visit and dispatched physicians to attend him. He died and was posthumously made Junior Guardian with state funeral honors, given the posthumous name Wenmin, and enshrined in Zhejiang's hall of worthy ministers. He was also ordered worshipped alongside Jin Fu and Qisuole in the same rites.

曾筠在官，視國事如家事。知人善任，恭慎廉明，治河尤著績。用引河殺險法，前後省庫帑甚鉅。第三子璜，亦由治河有功，官大學士，繼其武。

In office Zeng Jun handled state business as though it were his own family's concern. He knew talent and used it well, conducted himself with dignity and integrity, and won his greatest renown in river work. His diversion-channel method for easing hazards saved the treasury enormous sums over the years. His third son Huang also distinguished himself in river work, rose to Grand Secretary, and followed in his footsteps.

璜，字尚佐。幼讀禹貢，曰：「禹治水皆自下而上。蓋下游宣通，水自順流而下。」長老咸驚異。雍正七年，賜舉人。八年，成進士，選庶吉士，年裁二十。授編修，再遷諭德。乾隆元年，命直南書房。三年，丁父憂，服闋，擢庶子。兩歲四遷左僉都御史。九年，奏：「督撫閱兵，祗就趨走應對定將弁能否。請近省命大臣，邊省命將軍、副都統，簡閱行伍。」是歲令大學士訥親閱河南、山東、江南三省行伍，璜此奏發之也。

Huang, courtesy name Shangzuo. As a boy reading the Canon of Yu, he remarked: "Yu tamed the floods by working from downstream upward. Once the lower course is open, the water will flow down on its own." The elders were all amazed. In Yongzheng year 7 he received the rank of presented scholar. In year 8 he passed the jinshi examination, entered the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor, and was only twenty. He was made a compiler and soon rose twice to tutor of the heir apparent. In Qianlong year 1 he was assigned to the Southern Study. In year 3 he mourned his father; when the mourning period ended he was made vice director of the Heir Apparent's study. Within two years he was promoted four times, reaching Left Vice Censor-in-Chief. In year 9 he reported: "When governors inspect troops they judge officers only by drill performance and how they answer questions. He proposed that near provinces send senior ministers and frontier provinces send generals or vice commanders to conduct proper reviews of the ranks." That year Grand Secretary Neqin was sent to inspect troop quality in Henan, Shandong, and Jiangnan—Huang's memorial had set this in motion.

璜侍曾筠行河，習工事。奏河工疏築諸事：請浚毛城鋪壩下引河，並於順河集諸地開河引溜，修築黃河岸，留新黃河、韓家堂諸地舊口，洩盛漲，議行。授大理寺卿。累遷戶部侍郎。十八年十月，黃、淮並漲。璜疏請濬銅山以下、清口以上河身，並仿明劉天和製平底方船，用鐵耙疏沙，修補高堰石工、歸仁堤閘，酌复江南境內減水閘壩。尚書舒赫德等被命視河，奏請派熟諳工程大員董理堤防，因令璜偕工部侍郎德爾敏督修。璜奏：「高堰工程有磚石之殊，年分有新舊之異。今當修砌石工，堤外築攔水壩，並將舊有磚工盡改石工。石較磚重，椿木應培增。舊修石堤用石二進，石後用磚二進，磚與土不相融結，久經風浪，根空基圮，令於磚石後加築灰土三尺，以御沖刷。」又奏：「串場河為諸水總匯。請自石閘南更建閘二，並就舊河道疏濬，直達海口。」十九年，奏：「高堰、高澖、龍門、古溝四處深塘兜灣，請修復草壩。」皆從之。是年堤工竟，議敘，轉吏部。二十年，以母病，乞假歸。

Huang accompanied Zeng Jun on river inspection tours and learned the craft of waterworks. He reported on dredging and construction projects: dredge the diversion below Maochengpu dam, cut channels at Shunheji and elsewhere to divert current, repair the Yellow River bank, and keep the old outlets at Xin Huang River and Hanjiatang to spill flood surges; the proposals were approved. He was appointed chief judge of the Court of Judicial Review. He rose in turn to Vice Minister of Revenue. In the tenth month of year 18 the Yellow and Huai both flooded. Huang proposed dredging the channel from Tongshan to Qingkou, building flat-bottom square boats like those of the Ming engineer Liu Tianhe fitted with iron rakes to scrape silt, repairing Gaoyan stonework and the Guiren dike gate, and restoring selected flood-relief works in Jiangnan. Minister Shuhede and others were sent to inspect the rivers and recommended veteran engineers to oversee the dikes; Huang was paired with Vice Minister of Works De'ermin to supervise repairs. Huang reported: "Gaoyan has a mix of brick and stone construction and sections of different ages. He proposed rebuilding in stone, erecting water-blocking dams outside the dike, and converting all existing brickwork to stone. Stone weighs more than brick, so the pilings would need bolstering. The old design used two layers of stone faced with two layers of brick behind; brick and earth never bonded well, and years of wind and wave had hollowed the base. He ordered three chi of lime-soil packing behind the brick and stone to resist scour." He also reported: "The Chuanchang River is where all the waters meet. He proposed two new sluices south of the existing stone gate and dredging the old channel straight to the estuary." In year 19 he asked to restore grass dams at the deep pool bends at Gaoyan, Gaoxian, Longmen, and Gugou." The court approved all of these proposals. When the dike work finished that year he was rewarded for merit and moved to the Ministry of Personnel. In year 20 he took leave to go home when his mother fell ill.

二十二年春，上以璜母病癒，授南河副總河，並諭曰：「璜侍父曾筠久任河工，見聞所及，諳練非難。母雖年近八十，常、淮帶水，侭可輕舟迎養，固無異在家侍奉也。」四月，上南巡，臨視高堰、清口及徐州諸工。以伏汛將至，近河諸地歲頻歉，貧民甚多，諭疏築諸工同時並舉，以工代賑。因璜前奏請於昭關增滾壩、濬支河，南關舊壩改建滾水石壩，即命璜董其事。璜奏：「運河東堤減水入下河，經劉莊、伍祐、新興諸場，分注鬥龍、新洋二港歸海。但劉莊大團閘至新興石閘相距較遠，請於伍祐沿窪口、蔡家港各增建石閘，引水出新洋港。並疏射陽湖港口，使之徑直。濬串場河以西孔家溝、岡溝河、皮家河支流凡三。此皆下河歸海之路也。湖河諸水，歸海紆回，歸江迳直。多一分入江，即少一分入海。應挑河築壩，使湖河水勢相平，乃將各壩開放。則湖水既減，可為容納來水地。伏秋水盛，洩高郵湖引入運河，出車邏、南關二壩，則歸海水少，下河田廬可無慮矣。」上諭曰：「璜此奏分別緩急，因勢利導，會全局而熟籌之。改紆為直，移遠為近，濬淺為深，具有條理。即令尹繼善、白鍾山等會璜次第興舉。」十一月，高郵運河東堤新建石壩工成，奏請酌定水則，車邏、南關二壩過水至三尺五寸，開五里中閘；至五尺，開新建石壩。又奏：「車邏、南關壩脊高於高郵湖面二尺七寸。芒稻閘為湖水歸江第一尾閭，請常年啟放，俾江、湖脈絡貫通。」上深嘉之，從所請，並降旨命勒石閘畔。

In spring of year 22, with his mother's health restored, Huang was made Vice Director-General of Southern Rivers. The emperor told him: "You served long at your father Zeng Jun's side on river work; what you observed there should make you more than able. Though your mother is nearly eighty, the Changzhou and Huai'an region is crisscrossed by waterways; you can easily bring her by boat to live with you—it is little different from caring for her at home." In April the emperor toured the south and personally inspected the works at Gaoyan, Qingkou, and Xuzhou. With the summer floods imminent and repeated crop failures afflicting riparian districts, the poor were numerous; the Emperor ordered all dredging and construction works launched at once as work-for-relief. Acting on Huang's earlier proposal to add overflow dams at Zhaoguan, dredge branch channels, and replace the old Nanguan dam with a stone overflow weir, the Emperor put Huang in charge of the work. Huang reported: "Floodwater discharged from the Grand Canal's eastern levee flows into the lower river course, runs through the Liu Zhuang, Wuyou, and Xinxing salt fields, and is split between the Doulong and Xinyang outlets before reaching the sea. However, the stretch from Liu Zhuang's Great Tuan Sluice to Xinxing's stone sluice was too long; he asked that stone gates be built at Yanwakou and Caijiagang in Wuyou to channel water out via Xinyang Harbor. He also proposed dredging the outlet of Sheyang Lake to straighten its course. Three branch streams west of the Chuanchang River—the Kongjiagou, Ganggou, and Pijia rivers—should also be dredged. All of these were channels by which the lower river discharged into the sea. Lake and river waters took circuitous paths to the sea but straighter routes to the Yangtze. Every extra share diverted into the Yangtze meant one less share reaching the sea. He recommended digging channels and building dams to balance lake and river levels before opening the various spillways. That would lower the lake level and leave capacity to hold incoming floodwater. During the heavy autumn floods, releasing Gaoyou Lake into the canal through the Che'er and Nanguan dams would reduce seaward discharge and spare the farms and homes of the lower river region." The Emperor said: "Huang's memorial weighs priorities wisely, adapts to the terrain, and shows careful planning for the whole system. Straightening what was crooked, shortening what was distant, deepening what was shallow—it is orderly and well reasoned. He ordered Yin Jishan, Bai Zhongshan, and others to assist Huang in implementing the plans step by step." In the eleventh month, the new stone weir on the Gaoyou Canal's eastern levee was finished. Huang asked that operating levels be set: when flow over the Che'er and Nanguan dams reached three feet five inches, the Zhong Sluice five li downstream should open; At five feet, the new stone weir should open. He further reported: "The Che'er and Nanguan weirs stand two feet seven inches above Gaoyou Lake. As the primary outlet through which lake water returns to the Yangtze, the Mangdao Sluice should remain open year-round to keep river and lake connected." The Emperor warmly approved, granted the request, and ordered the policy carved in stone beside the sluice.

二十三年正月，擢工部尚書。五月，上下江諸工皆竟。九月，調禮部。二十四年四月，請在籍終養。二十五年，詣京師祝上壽。歸至清江浦，奏言：「歸江之路，尚有應籌。請於金灣壩下開引河，並濬董家溝。又以廖家溝、石羊溝、董家溝三壩改低三尺，使與芒稻閘相準。」上命交尹繼善等勘議。二十九年，丁母憂。三十二年，服闋，署禮部尚書，旋實授。七月，授河東河道總督，奏：「楊橋大壩為河南第一要工，雖已堵閉，時輒滲漏。而北岸河灘順直，既不能挑引河分溜，大壩迤東又遍地飛沙，不能建越堤。請將壩身裹戧培厚，用資完固。」璜每巡河，不避艱險，身先屬吏。一夕聞虞城工險，馳往。天甫曉，雨雹交下，下埽岌岌欲崩，從者失色，勸璜姑退。璜立堤上叱曰：「埽去我與俱去！」雨雹息，堤卒無恙。

In the first month of year twenty-three, he was promoted to Minister of Works. By the fifth month, all upper- and lower-river works were finished. In the ninth month, he was moved to the Ministry of Rites. In the fourth month of year twenty-four, he asked to return home and observe filial mourning there. In year twenty-five, he traveled to the capital for the Emperor's birthday celebration. On his way back through Qingjiangpu, he reported: "More planning is still needed for the Yangtze discharge route. He proposed opening a channel below the Jinwan Dam and dredging Dongjiagou. He also suggested lowering the weirs at Liaojiagou, Shiyanggou, and Dongjiagou by three feet to match the Mangdao Sluice level." The Emperor referred the proposal to Yin Jishan and others for investigation. In year twenty-nine, he began mourning for his mother. When mourning ended in year thirty-two, he served as acting Minister of Rites and was soon confirmed in the post. In the seventh month he became Governor-General of Eastern River Works and reported: "The Yangqiao dam is Henan's most critical project; though sealed, it still leaks intermittently. The north bank was too straight for a diversion channel, and shifting sand east of the dam made an emergency levee impossible. He asked that the dam be buttressed and thickened to secure it." On river inspections Huang never shrank from danger and always led his staff from the front. One night, hearing that the Yucheng site was in danger, he rode there at once. At daybreak, rain and hail struck; the lower revetment was about to fail. His attendants paled and begged him to retreat. Huang stood on the levee and cried: "If the revetment goes, I go with it!" When the storm passed, the dyke held.

三十三年九月，召授工部尚書，罷直南書房。尋以在河督任未甄別佐雜，左遷左副都御史。三十六年，遷工部侍郎。三十八年，擢尚書，調兵部。四十年，復調工部。四十四年，調吏部，協辦大學士。初，璜議挽黃河北流仍歸山東故道，入對嘗及之。是歲河決青龍岡，大學士阿桂視工。上以璜議諮阿桂及河督李奉翰，僉謂地北高南低，水性就下；欲導河北注，揣時度勢，斷不能行。上復命廷臣集議，仍謂黃河南徙已久，不可輕議改道，寢其事。

In the ninth month of year thirty-three, he was recalled as Minister of Works and relieved of Southern Studio duty. Soon he was demoted to Left Vice Censor-in-Chief for failing to vet subordinate staff during his river-governorship. In year thirty-six he was made Vice Minister of Works. In year thirty-eight he was promoted to minister and transferred to the Ministry of War. In year forty he returned to the Ministry of Works. In year forty-four he moved to the Ministry of Personnel as Associate Grand Secretary. Huang had long advocated restoring the Yellow River's northward course to its old Shandong channel and had raised the idea in imperial audiences. That year the river broke at Qinglonggang, and Grand Secretary Agui inspected the site. The Emperor asked Agui and River Governor Li Fenghan about Huang's plan; all agreed the terrain sloped north to south and water naturally seeks the lowest level; Forcing the Yellow River northward was, given circumstances and terrain, utterly impracticable. The Emperor convened the court again, but ministers held that the river's southward shift was too entrenched to reconsider; the proposal was dropped.

四十七年，加太子太保，在上書房總師傅上行走。並以璜年老，諭冬令日出後入朝，賜玄狐端罩。五十年正月，與千叟宴，為漢大臣領班。五十一年，以老乞休，賜詩慰留。上幸避暑山莊，命留京辦事。五十五年四月，以璜成進士逾六十年，重與恩榮宴。璜年八十，與高宗同歲生，生日在六月，奏改萬壽節後。上嘉其知禮，代定八月十九日，賜詩及聯榜、上方珍玩寵之。五十六年，复賜肩輿入直。五十九年七月，卒，年八十有四，命皇八子奠醊，贈太子太師，賜祭葬，諡文恭。

In year forty-seven he was made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent with senior status in the Upper Studio. Given his age, Huang was excused from winter court until after sunrise and granted a black-fox formal surcoat. At the first-month Feast of a Thousand Elders in year fifty, he headed the Han Chinese ministers. In year fifty-one he asked to retire on account of age; the Emperor answered with a consoling poem and kept him in office. When the Emperor traveled to the Summer Mountain Resort, Huang was ordered to remain in Beijing to handle affairs. In the fourth month of year fifty-five, sixty years after his jinshi degree, Huang was honored again at the Enrong Feast. At eighty, Huang shared the Emperor's birth year; since his birthday fell in the sixth month, he asked to celebrate it after the imperial birthday. The Emperor admired his tact, set the date as the nineteenth of the eighth month, and honored him with an imperial poem, paired couplets, and rare treasures. In year fifty-six he was again allowed a palanquin for palace duty. He died in the seventh month of year fifty-nine at eighty-four. The Eighth Prince was sent to offer funeral libations; he was posthumously named Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent, granted state funeral honors, and given the posthumous title Wengong.

子八，長承謙，進士，官至侍讀，先璜卒。族子承恩，舉人，累官至河東河道總督。

He had eight sons. The eldest, Cheng Qian, a jinshi who reached Reader-in-Waiting, predeceased him. His clansman Cheng En, a provincial graduate, rose to Governor-General of Eastern River Works.

高斌，字右文，高佳氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人，初隸內務府。雍正元年，授內務府主事。再遷郎中，管蘇州織造。六年，授廣東布政使，調浙江、江蘇、河南諸省。九年，遷河東副總河。十年，調兩淮鹽政，兼署江寧織造。十一年，署江南河道總督。十二年，回鹽政任。复署河道總督，培范公堤六萬四千餘丈。十三年，回鹽政任。旋授江南河道總督。

Gao Bin, courtesy name Youwen, of the Gao clan, a Manchu of the Bordered Yellow Banner, began in the Imperial Household Department. In Yongzheng 1 he was made a secretary in the Imperial Household Department. He was soon promoted to director and put in charge of Suzhou imperial weaving. In year six he became Guangdong financial commissioner and served in turn in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Henan. In year nine he was made Vice Director-General of Eastern River Works. In year ten he became Two Huai salt controller and acted concurrently as Jiangning weaving supervisor. In year eleven he served as acting Jiangnan river governor-general. In year twelve he returned to his salt post. He again acted as river governor-general and reinforced the Fan Gong Dike for over sixty-four thousand zhang. In year thirteen he returned again to salt administration. He was then appointed Jiangnan river governor-general.

乾隆元年，疏請河工搶修工段需用土方，令河兵挑運十之四，用民工十之六。又請葦蕩營採柴均歸廠運。又請各州縣河工外解各項悉歸河庫道。河南永城、江南蕭縣頻年被河患，上命高斌會兩江總督趙弘恩、河南巡撫富德籌疏通之策。高斌等奏：「黃河南岸碭山毛城鋪向有減水石壩一，蕭縣王家山有天然減水石閘一，睢寧縣峰山有減水閘四，建自康熙間，誠分黃導淮以水治水之善策。年久淤淺，水發為患。毛城鋪舊有洪溝、巴河二河，為減洩黃水故道。閘下地勢，東北偏高，水向南行，漫入祝家口。請俟水涸疏濬二河，並於二河上游開蔣溝河，築祝家口、潘家口二壩。漳水南流，使盡入蔣溝、洪溝、巴河分流下注，永城、碭山諸縣當無水患。王家山天然閘減水會入徐溪口，舊有引河，間有淤淺；峰山減水四閘，歷年既久，引河亦有淤淺：均應疏濬。」又奏：「淮揚運河自清口至瓜洲三百餘裡，其源為分洪澤湖水入天妃閘，建瓴而下，經淮安、寶應、高郵、揚州以達於江，惟借東西漕堤為障。請於天妃、正越兩閘之下，相距百餘丈，各建草壩三。壩下建正石閘二，越河石閘二。又於所建二閘尾各建草壩三。重重關鎖，層層收蓄，則水平溜緩，可禦洪澤湖異漲，亦可減運河水勢。湖水三分入運，七分會黃。山盱尾閭天然南北二壩，非洪澤湖異漲不可輕開，使清水全力禦黃；而高、寶諸湖所受之水，循軌入口，不至泛溢下河。則高、寶、興、鹽諸縣民田可免洪湖洩水之患。」疏入，均議行。

In Qianlong 1 he proposed that emergency earthworks be carried out with forty percent soldier labor and sixty percent civilian labor. He also asked that reed-camp fuel collection be handled through centralized depot transport. He further proposed that all supplemental river funds remitted from local counties go to the river treasury circuit. After repeated flooding in Yongcheng, Henan, and Xiaoxian, Jiangnan, the Emperor ordered Gao Bin to work with Governor-General Zhao Hong'en and Henan Governor Fude on relief plans. Gao Bin and colleagues reported: "Since Kangxi, flood works on the Yellow River's south bank—including the Maochengpu stone spillway in Dangshan, Wangjiashan's natural sluice in Xiaoxian, and four sluices at Fengshan in Suining—embodied the sound policy of splitting Yellow River flow to the Huai and fighting water with water. After years of silting, they caused flooding when waters rose. Maochengpu once had the Honggou and Bahe channels, former routes for Yellow River spill. Below the sluice the ground rose to the northeast, so water flowed south and flooded Zhujiakou. He proposed dredging both channels when waters receded, opening the Jianggou River upstream, and building dams at Zhujiakou and Panjiakou. Southward flow through Jianggou, Honggou, and Bahe would divert the Zhang water and protect Yongcheng, Dangshan, and neighboring counties from flooding. Wangjiashan's natural sluice discharged into Xuxikou via an old channel that had partly silted up; And Fengshan's four spillway sluices also needed dredging after years of silting." He also reported: "The Huai-Yang Canal runs over three hundred li from Qingkou to Guazhou, fed by Hongze Lake through the Tianfei Sluice. The current races downhill through Huai'an, Baoying, Gaoyou, and Yangzhou to the Yangtze, bounded only by the east and west transport levees. He proposed building three rush weirs below each of the Tianfei and Zhengyue sluices, spaced about a hundred zhang apart. Below the weirs he planned two main stone sluices and two bypass stone sluices. Three more rush weirs would be added below each pair of stone sluices. Multiple tiers of controls would slow and store the flow, buffering Hongze Lake surges and easing pressure on the canal. Three-tenths of the lake water would enter the canal and seven-tenths join the Yellow River. The natural north and south weirs at the Shanyu outlet should open only in extreme Hongze Lake floods, keeping clear water focused against the Yellow River; While water entering the Gaoyou and Baoying lakes would follow fixed channels instead of flooding the lower river region. That would protect farmland in Gaoyou, Baoying, Xinghua, Yancheng, and neighboring counties from Hongze Lake spill." The memorial was approved and all proposals adopted.

御史夏之芳等疏言：「毛城鋪引河一開，則高堰危，淮、揚運道民生可慮。」命高斌會大學士嵇曾筠、副總河劉永澄等詳度。安徽布政使晏斯盛、廣東學政王安國復請濬海口，又命高斌與宏恩及江蘇巡撫邵基會勘。二年三月，高斌請入覲。趙弘恩內擢戶部尚書，亦詣京師。上命王大臣集議，並召之芳等皆與。高斌言：「毛城鋪減水壩康熙十七年靳輔所建，減水歸洪澤湖，助清刷黃。六十年來，河道民生，均受其益。現濬毛城鋪，乃因壩下舊河量加挑濬，使水有所歸，並非開壩。況減下之水，紆回曲折六百餘裡，經徐、蕭、睢、宿、靈、虹諸州縣，有楊甿等五湖為之渟蓄。入湖時即已澄清，無挾沙入湖之患，亦無湖不能容之慮。」之芳等仍執所見，議未決，御史甄之璜奏：「毛城鋪開河，淮、揚百萬之眾，憂慮惶恐。」鍾衡條奏亦及之。上卒用高斌議，斥之璜、衡、之芳等。

Censor Xia Zhifang and others warned: "Opening the Maochengpu diversion would endanger the high weir and threaten transport and livelihoods across Huai-Yang." The Emperor ordered Gao Bin to consult Grand Secretary Ji Cengyun, Vice Director-General Liu Yongcheng, and others for a thorough review. When Anhui commissioner Yan Sisheng and Guangdong education intendant Wang Anguo also urged dredging the estuary, the Emperor sent Gao Bin with Hong'en and Jiangsu Governor Shao Ji to inspect. In the third month of year two, Gao Bin asked to attend court in the capital. Zhao Hong'en, promoted to Minister of Revenue, also traveled to the capital. The Emperor ordered princes and ministers to confer and had Zhifang and the others summoned to join them. Gao Bin argued: "The Maochengpu spillway Jin Fu built in Kangxi 17 directs overflow into Hongze Lake to help clear water scour the Yellow River. For sixty years it had served both the channel and the people who depended on it. The current work at Maochengpu merely deepens the old channel below the dam so water has somewhere to go—it is not opening the spillway. Moreover, discharged water would travel more than six hundred li of winding course through Xu, Xiao, Sui, Su, Ling, and Hong, with lakes such as Yangmeng's five basins to hold it. By the time it reached the lake the water would already be clear—no risk of silt entering the lake, and no fear the lake could not absorb it." Zhifang and his allies held to their view and the debate remained deadlocked. Censor Zhen Zhihuang memorialized: "Opening the Maochengpu channel has left millions across Huai-Yang anxious and afraid." Zhong Heng raised the same issue in a detailed memorial. The Emperor ultimately sided with Gao Bin and reprimanded Zhihuang, Heng, Zhifang, and their allies.

高斌復請別開新運口，堵塞舊運口，以避黃河倒灌。三年正月，淮、揚運河工竟，有旨嘉獎。四年，上聞時論議高斌所改新運口離黃稍遠，而上游水勢遇黃河異漲，仍不見倒灌，命大學士鄂爾泰乘驛往勘。鄂爾泰仍主開新運口，如高斌議。八月，高斌入覲，命便道與直隸總督孫嘉淦、總河顧琮會勘直隸河道。六年，奏言：「黃河自宿遷下至清河，河流湍急，內逼運河，脣齒相依。請培運河南岸縷堤，作為黃河北岸遙堤。」又言：「江都瓜河地勢卑下，請量改口門，別濬越河，以減淮水入瓜河分數。」又言鎮江南岸埽工宜改磚工。均下部議行。

Gao Bin then proposed opening a new canal mouth and closing the old one to keep Yellow River backflow out. In the first month of year three the Huai-Yang canal works were finished and the court issued commendations. In year four the Emperor heard officials note that Gao Bin's new canal mouth, though set farther from the Yellow River, still showed no backflow even when upstream flows met exceptional Yellow River surges. He sent Grand Secretary Ortai post-haste to inspect. Ortai still favored opening the new mouth, agreeing with Gao Bin. In the eighth month Gao Bin attended court and was ordered to inspect Zhili river works en route with Governor-General Sun Jiagan and Director-General Gu Cong. In year six he memorialized: "From Suqian down to Qinghe the Yellow River runs fast and presses against the Grand Canal—they stand or fall together like lips and teeth. He asked to raise the continuous levee on the canal's south bank to serve as a distant levee on the Yellow River's north bank." He also urged altering the Jiangdu Guan River sluice and dredging a separate overflow channel to reduce how much Huai water entered Guan River." He further recommended replacing Zhenjiang's south-bank fascine revetments with brickwork. All proposals were referred to the ministries and approved.

調直隸總督，兼管總河。奏言：「永定河惟在尾閭通暢，請於三角淀旁開引河，下接大清河老河頭，上接鄭家樓水口。挑去積土，即於北岸圈築坡埝，以防北軼。南岸亦量為接築，以遏南溜。下口河脣，隨時疏通。至上游應籌分洩，請於南岸雙營，北岸胡林店、小惠家莊各增建三合土滾壩一；並減堤高，使卑於壩。南岸郭家堤舊草壩應一律修築如式。」七年，淮、揚水災，上命高斌及侍郎週學健會總督德沛等治賑。事畢，還直隸，復奏言：「永定河上游為桑乾河，自山西大同至直隸西寧，兩岸可各開渠灌田。自西寧石閘村入山，經宣化黑龍灣、懷來和合堡、宛平沿河口，兩山夾峙，一線中趨。若於山口取巨石錯落堆疊，仿竹絡壩之意，為玲瓏水壩，以殺其洶湧，則下游河患可減。」疏上，均議行。十年三月，加太子太保。五月，授吏部尚書，仍管直隸水利、河道工程。十二月，命協辦大學士、軍機處行走。

He was transferred to governor-general of Zhili while retaining charge of the canal administration. He reported that the Yongding depended on an unobstructed outlet and proposed a diversion channel beside Sanjiao Marsh, tying the Daqing River's old head downstream to the Zhengjialou intake upstream. Dredged spoil would be removed and slope embankments built on the north bank to block northern overflow. Similar works on the south bank would check the southern current. The lower outlet would be kept dredged as needed. Upstream he proposed adding tricomposite rolling spillways at Shuangying on the south bank and at Hulindian and Xiaohuijiazhuang on the north. Levee heights would be lowered so they stood below the spillways. The old grass dam at Guojia Embankment on the south bank would be rebuilt to the same standard." In year seven floods struck Huai-Yang, and the Emperor sent Gao Bin and Vice Minister Zhou Xuejian with Governor-General De Pei to organize relief. After relief work he returned to Zhili and reported that the Yongding's upper stream, the Sanggan, could be ditched on both banks from Datong in Shanxi to Xining in Zhili for irrigation. From Shizha Village at Xining the river enters the mountains through Heilongwan in Xuanhua, Hehe Fort in Huailai, and the Yanping gorge, where two ranges squeeze it into a single thread. He suggested stacking boulders at the gorge in the manner of bamboo-cage weirs to form an openwork dam that would break the torrent and ease flooding downstream." The memorial was approved and all proposals adopted. In the third month of year ten he was made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the fifth month he became Minister of Personnel while retaining charge of Zhili waterworks and river projects. In the twelfth month he was assigned to assist as Grand Secretary and serve in the Grand Council.

十一年，御史楊開鼎劾南河河道總督白鍾山河決匿災不報，命高斌往江南會總督尹繼善按治，白鍾山坐奪官。疏言：「淮、黃二瀆，每年伏秋水漲，以老壩口水志為準則。乾隆七年最大，水志連底水一丈四尺七寸，當以此較量每年水勢。各處閘壩開閉，應以就近石工水漲尺寸為度。」運河水漲，又命高斌往勘。疏陳培六塘河謝家莊、龍溝口諸處堤堰，濬中墩河、項家衝東門河；又疏請豁免海州、沭陽、贛榆諸縣逋賦，及板浦、徐瀆、中正、莞瀆、臨洪、興莊諸場折價帶徵銀：並從之。高斌嘗謂黃水宜合不宜分，清水宜蓄不宜洩，惟規度湖河水勢，視其縮盈以定蓄洩，方不至泛溢阻礙為民害。諸所籌畫，皆可循守。十二年三月，授文淵閣大學士。四月，命往江南同河道總督週學健督理防汛。五月，直隸水利工竟。

In year eleven Censor Yang Kaiding accused Southern Canal director Bai Zhongshan of hiding a breach. Gao Bin was sent to Jiangnan with Governor-General Yin Jishan to investigate, and Bai was dismissed. He reported that summer-autumn floods on the Huai and Yellow should be measured against the water gauge at Laoba Mouth. The Qianlong 7 peak—one zhang, four chi, and seven cun including bottom water—should serve as the benchmark for each year's flows. Sluices and dams should open and close according to the nearest stone gauge readings." When the canal flooded again, Gao Bin was sent to inspect. He proposed strengthening levees at Xiejiazhuang and Longgoukou on the Liutang River and dredging the Zhongdun and Xiangjiachong East Gate channels; He also asked to remit arrears in Haizhou, Shuyang, Ganyu, and neighboring counties and to adjust supplementary salt-field levies at Banpu, Xuxu, Zhongzheng, Guanxu, Linhong, and Xingzhuang—all approved. Gao Bin held that Yellow River water should be kept unified rather than split, and clear water stored rather than released freely—only by reading lake and river levels and adjusting storage and discharge could flooding and blockage be prevented. His designs were sound enough to endure. In the third month of year twelve he was made Grand Secretary of the Hall of Literary Sources. In the fourth month he was sent to Jiangnan with Canal Director-General Zhou Xuejian to oversee flood defense. In the fifth month the Zhili water projects were finished.

十三年，命偕左都御史劉統勳如山東治賑。又命偕總督顧琮如浙江按巡撫常安婪賄狀，高斌等頗不欲窮治。上又遣大學士訥親往按，責高斌模棱，下吏議，奪官，命留任。閏七月，週學健得罪，命兼管江南河道總督。尋以籍學健家產徇私瞻顧，奪大學士，仍留河道總督。十六年三月，上南巡，命仍以大學士銜管河道總督事。閏五月，暫管兩江總督。八月，盱南陽武漫工未合龍，詔往相度修築，命未下，高斌奏請馳赴協辦。上獎其急公任事，得大臣體。十一月，工竟，命同侍郎汪由敦勘天津諸處河工。十七年，年七十，賜詩。

In year thirteen he was sent to Shandong with Left Censor-in-Chief Liu Tongxun to organize famine relief. He was also sent with Governor-General Gu Cong to Zhejiang to investigate Governor Chang An for graft, though Gao Bin and the others were reluctant to press the case. The Emperor then sent Grand Secretary Neqin, faulted Gao Bin for hedging, had him tried, stripped of rank, but left him in office. In the intercalary seventh month Zhou Xuejian fell from favor and Gao Bin was given concurrent charge of the southern canal administration. Soon he lost his Grand Secretary title for having inventoried Zhou Xuejian's estate in a show of favoritism, though he kept the canal post. During the Emperor's southern tour in the third month of year sixteen, Gao Bin was restored to Grand Secretary rank while directing the canal administration. In the intercalary fifth month he temporarily took charge of the Two Jiangs governor-generalship. In the eighth month the Xuyang and Wuzi overflow works remained unclosed. Before orders reached him, Gao Bin volunteered to ride there at once. The Emperor praised his readiness to serve and called it worthy of a senior minister. In the eleventh month, when the project was finished, he was sent with Vice Minister Wang Youdun to inspect Tianjin river works. In year seventeen, on his seventieth birthday, the Emperor granted him a poem.

十八年，洪澤湖溢，邵伯運河二閘衝決，高郵、寶應諸縣被水，下部嚴議。學習河務布政使富勒赫奏劾南河虧帑，命署尚書策楞、尚書劉統勳往按。策楞等疏發外河同知陳克濟、海防同知王德宣虧帑狀；並及洪澤湖水溢，通判週冕未為備，水至不能禦，不即奏劾狀。上責高斌徇縱，與協辦河務張師載並奪官，留工效力贖罪。九月，黃河決銅山張家路，南注靈、虹諸縣，歸洪澤湖，奪淮而下。上以秋汛已過，何至衝漫河堤，責高斌命往銅山勒限堵塞。策楞尋奏同知李敦、守備張賓侵帑誤工狀，上命斬燉、賓，縶高斌、張師載使視行刑，仍傳旨釋之。二十年三月，卒於工次。予內大臣銜，發內庫銀一千治喪。

In year eighteen Hongze Lake overflowed, two Shaobo Canal sluices broke, and Gaoyou and Baoying were flooded—triggering a harsh ministerial review. Fulehe, a financial commissioner learning river affairs, accused the southern canal administration of treasury shortfalls, and Acting Minister Celeng and Minister Liu Tongxun were sent to investigate. Celeng and his team exposed treasury embezzlement by Outer River sub-prefect Chen Keji and coastal sub-prefect Wang Dexuan; They also reported that when Hongze Lake overflowed, Assistant Prefect Zhou Mian had failed to prepare, could not hold the flood, and did not report promptly. The Emperor blamed Gao Bin for lax supervision and, with co-director Zhang Shizai, stripped both of rank while keeping them on the works to atone. In the ninth month the Yellow River broke at Zhangjialu in Tongshan, surged south through Ling and Hong counties into Hongze Lake, and captured the Huai channel downstream. Noting the autumn flood had passed, the Emperor asked how the levee could have failed, blamed Gao Bin, and ordered him to Tongshan to seal the breach by deadline. Celeng then reported sub-prefect Li Dun and garrison commander Zhang Bin for embezzlement and negligence. The Emperor ordered their execution, had Gao Bin and Zhang Shizai bound to watch, then sent word to release them. In the third month of year twenty he died on the construction site. He was posthumously given Inner Minister rank and one thousand taels from the inner treasury for his funeral.

二十二年，上南巡，諭曰：「原任大學士、內大臣高斌，任河道總督時頗著勞績。即如毛城鋪所以分洩黃流，高斌設立徐州水志，至七尺方開。後人不用其法，遂致黃弱沙淤，隱貽河患。其於黃河兩岸汕刷支河，每歲冬季必率廳汛填築。近年工員疏忽，因有孫家集奪溜之事。至三滾壩洩洪湖盛漲，高斌堅持堵閉，下游州縣屢獲豐收。功在民生，自不可沒。癸酉張家路及運河河閘之決，則其果於自信，抑且年邁自滿之失。在本朝河臣中，即不能如靳輔，較齊蘇勒、嵇曾筠有過無不及。可與靳輔、齊蘇勒、嵇曾筠同祀，使後之司河務者知所激勸。」二十三年，賜諡文定。御製懷舊詩，列五督臣中。命祀賢良祠。

During the southern tour in year twenty-two the Emperor said: "Former Grand Secretary and Inner Minister Gao Bin served notably as canal director-general. Maochengpu, for example, was meant to spill Yellow River flow, and Gao Bin set the Xuzhou gauge to open only at seven chi. Later officials ignored his methods, weakening the Yellow River with silt and storing up future trouble. Each winter he led local flood-defense offices in rebuilding scoured branch channels along both Yellow River banks. Recent neglect by engineers led to the Sunjiaji channel capture. When the Three Rolling Dams threatened to spill Hongze Lake's peak floods, Gao Bin insisted on keeping them closed, and downstream counties reaped repeated harvests. His service to the people could not be denied. The Zhangjialu and canal sluice failures in guiyou year sprang from overconfidence and the complacency of old age. Among Qing canal ministers he fell short of Jin Fu, yet stood no lower than Qi Sulei or Ji Cengyun. He deserved to be enshrined with Jin Fu, Qi Sulei, and Ji Cengyun as an example for future canal officials." In year twenty-three he received the posthumous name Wending. An imperial poem in his memory ranked him among five great canal governors. He was enshrined in the Temple of Worthies.

子高恆，高恆子高樸，皆坐事獲譴，自有傳。上復錄高斌孫高杞授內務府郎中。從子高晉。

His son Gao Heng and grandson Gao Pu were both punished for misconduct and have separate biographies. The Emperor later restored Gao Bin's grandson Gao Qi as a director in the Imperial Household Department. His nephew was Gao Jin.

高晉，字昭德。父述明，涼州總兵。高晉初授山東泗水知縣，累遷安徽布政使，兼江寧織造。乾隆二十年，擢安徽巡撫。二十二年，上南巡視河，命高晉協辦徐州黃河兩岸堤工。高晉奏言：「鳳、潁災區諸工並舉，米價日昂，動工程銀三萬兩購米，尚慮不敷。上念淮徐海道諸工，截漕二十萬石平糶。請分五萬濟上江各工。」從之。工竟，加太子少傅。

Gao Jin, whose style was Zhaode. His father Shuming commanded at Liangzhou. Gao Jin began as magistrate of Sishui in Shandong, rose to Anhui financial commissioner, and concurrently oversaw Jiangning imperial weaving. In Qianlong 20 he became governor of Anhui. During the southern tour in year twenty-two the Emperor put Gao Jin in charge of levee work on both banks of the Xuzhou Yellow River. Gao Jin reported: "With disaster relief and construction underway together in Feng and Ying, rice prices were climbing daily; even thirty thousand taels for grain might not suffice. Mindful of works along the Huai, Xu, and coastal routes, the Emperor diverted two hundred thousand shi of tribute grain for sale at fair prices. Gao Jin asked that fifty thousand shi be allocated to projects in upper Jiang." The request was approved. When the work was finished he was made Junior Mentor of the Heir Apparent.

二十六年，遷江南河道總督。奏言：「高、寶、興、泰積年被水，上命封南關、車邏等壩，於金灣壩下濬引河，洩水歸江，使洪澤湖、運河之水不致漫壩東注。下河各縣支河汊港及田間積水，均匯入串場河，北至鹽城石、天妃等閘，出新洋港。又自興化白駒、青龍、八社、大團等閘出鬥龍港，分二道歸海。惟下河形如釜底，積澇驟難消涸。請浚興化迤南丁溪、小梅二閘引河使出王家港，興化迤北上岡、北草堰、陳家衝三閘引河，使匯射陽湖，增二道歸海，俾數州縣積水節節流通，沮洳漸成沃壤。」從之。二十七年，授內大臣，奏言：「運河歸江，邵伯以下舊設六閘。自鹽河分流下注，請將六閘金門量為展寬。又鹽河舊設中、南、北各二閘，應留北二閘以濟鹽、運。南、中二閘過水遲滯，應添建石壩，接長土堤，酌挑引河，俾高、寶湖水歸江益暢。」二十八年，加太子太傅。二十九年，奏言：「清口以上桃、宿等廳，專受黃水；清口東壩以下，淮、黃合流，至雲梯關迤東歸海。北岸五套、南岸陳家浦頂沖入溜，議培築舊堤。臣以雲梯關外近海，與其築堤束水，不若於舊堤上首作斜長子堰，使水匯正河入海。」上均是之。

In year twenty-six he became southern canal director-general. He reported that Gaoyou, Baoying, Xinghua, and Taizhou had flooded repeatedly. The Emperor ordered the Nanguan and Cheluo dams sealed and a diversion channel dredged below Jinwan Dam to send water back to the river and keep Hongze Lake and canal flows from spilling east over the levees. Branch streams, inlets, and field water from lower-river counties were channeled into the Chuanchang River, north through Yancheng's Shicheng and Tianfei sluices to Xinyang Harbor. Water also left Xinghua through the Baiju, Qinglong, Bashe, and Datuan sluices into Doulong Harbor and then split into two sea routes. But the lower river lay like the bottom of a pot, and standing floodwater drained slowly. He asked to dredge diversion channels at Dingxi and Xiaomei south of Xinghua to Wangjia Harbor, and at Shanggang, Beicaoyan, and Chenjiachong north of Xinghua into Sheyang Lake, adding two sea outlets so floodwater across several counties could drain step by step and waterlogged land gradually turn fertile. The Emperor approved. In year 27 he was made an inner court minister and memorialized: "Where the Grand Canal joins the Yangtze, six sluices had long stood below Shaobo. With the Salt River now sending a divided flow downstream, he asked that the sluice gates be widened as needed. The Salt River had also had two sluices each on its middle, southern, and northern reaches; he proposed keeping the northern pair to serve both salt and grain transport. Water backed up at the southern and middle sluices, so he called for stone dams, extended levees, and selected dredging of diversion channels to speed Gaoyou and Baoying lake water back to the river." In year 28 he was made Grand Tutor of the Heir Apparent. In year 29 he reported: "Above Qingkou, the Taoyuan and Suxian offices take only Yellow River water; Below Qingkou's eastern dam the Huai and Yellow merge and run east through Yunti Pass to the sea. At Wutao on the north bank and Chenjiapu on the south, the main current drove straight in, and officials proposed reinforcing the old levees. He argued that near the coast beyond Yunti Pass, rather than penning the water with new levees, an angled subsidiary weir at the head of the old dyke would concentrate flow in the main channel to the sea." The Emperor endorsed the whole proposal.

三十年，遷兩江總督，仍統理南河事務。三十一年，按蘇州同知段成功縱僕擾民，高晉以成功方病，擬寬之，上責其袒庇。三十三年，署湖廣總督，兼攝荊州將軍事。三十四年，回任，兼署江蘇巡撫。上命採洋銅鑄錢，高晉請收小錢，並運雲南銅供鑄，費省於洋銅，上用其議。三十六年，兼署漕運總督，授文華殿大學士，兼禮部尚書，仍任總督如故。尋命同侍郎裘曰修、總督楊廷璋籌勘永定河工。事竟，還江南。

In year 30 he became Governor-General of the Two Jiangs while continuing to direct Southern River works. In year 31 Suzhou sub-prefect Duan Chenggong's servants harassed the people with his tacit consent. Gao Jin wanted leniency because Chenggong was ill; the Emperor condemned this as shielding a subordinate. In year 33 he acted as Governor-General of Huguang and also handled the duties of the Jingzhou garrison commander. In year 34 he resumed his original post and also served as acting Jiangsu governor. When the Emperor ordered foreign copper for coinage, Gao Jin proposed accepting small coins and shipping Yunnan copper to the mints—a plan cheaper than relying on foreign metal, and the throne accepted it. In year 36 he also acted as grain transport governor-general, was made Grand Secretary of the Hall of Literary Glory and Minister of Rites, and kept his governorship unchanged. He was soon sent with Vice Minister Qiu Yuexiu and Governor-General Yang Tingzhang to inspect Yongding River works. When the work was done, he returned south.

四十年，河東河道總督姚立德奏請以蜀山湖收蓄伏秋汛水，工部以舊例蜀山湖於十月後收蓄汶河清水議駁，上命高晉會勘。尋奏：「蜀山湖周六十五里，在汶河南、運河東，為第一水櫃。向定蓄水限九尺七八寸，請改以一丈一尺為率，兼蓄伏秋汛水。」從之。四十一年，河督吳嗣爵奏黃河淤高，命高晉與總督薩載籌議。請浚清口以內引河停淤，使清水暢出，與黃河匯流東注，並力剔沙，則黃河不濬自深，海口不疏自治。」上諭曰：「此奏甚合機宜形勢，為治淮、黃一大關鍵。屆時妥為之。」是冬，入覲，上以高晉年七十，書榜以賜。

In year 40 Eastern River director Yao Lide asked to use Shushan Lake for summer-autumn flood storage. The Board of Works objected that by old rule the lake held Wen River clear water only after the tenth month. The Emperor sent Gao Jin to investigate jointly. He soon reported: "Shushan Lake, sixty-five li around, lies south of the Wen and east of the canal—the chief flood basin. The storage limit had been set at nine chi seven or eight cun; he asked to raise it to eleven chi and hold summer-autumn floodwater too. The throne approved. In year 41 River Director Wu Sijue reported that the Yellow River bed had risen with silt. Gao Jin was told to confer with Governor-General Sa Zai. They proposed dredging silted channels inside Qingkou so clear water could run freely and join the Yellow River eastward—combined scour would deepen the river and clear the mouth without separate dredging campaigns." The Emperor said: "This fits the times and terrain—it is the key to managing the Huai and Yellow rivers. See that it is done well when the time comes." That winter he came to court. Learning that Gao Jin had turned seventy, the Emperor gave him an inscribed plaque.

四十三年，命赴浙江會巡撫王亶望相度海塘，又命赴河南堵築儀封漫口。秋，河決時和驛，高晉請議處，命寬之。冬，時和驛工竟。儀封新修埽工蟄陷，部議奪官，仍命留任。十二月，卒，賜祭葬，諡文端。懷舊詩並列五督臣中。子書麟、廣興，自有傳。

In year 43 he was sent to Zhejiang with Governor Wang Tanwang to survey seawalls, and to Henan to close the Yifeng breach. That autumn the river broke at Shihe Post. Gao Jin asked to be punished; the Emperor declined to be harsh. By winter the Shihe Post repair was finished. Fresh revetments at Yifeng collapsed. The ministry recommended dismissal, but he was kept in post. He died in the twelfth month. The court granted funeral honors and gave him the posthumous name Wenduan. An imperial nostalgic poem grouped him among five great governors. His sons Shulin and Guangxing are treated in separate biographies.

完顏偉，完顏即其氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人。雍正間，自內務府筆帖式累遷戶部員外郎。命往江南學習河務。乾隆二年，授浙江海防道。調江南河務道，尋擢浙江按察使。方建尖山壩工，巡撫盧焯奏以偉督工，歲賚銀五百。六年，命為江南副總河，就擢河道總督。高郵南關、五里、車邏三壩，值河、湖盛漲，洩水輒浸下河州縣民田。上命閉洪澤湖天然壩及三壩，不使水入下河。知州沈光曾以上河濱湖灘地被水，議以濟運餘水由三壩減洩，並易芒稻河閘為壩，疏寶應、高郵、甘泉諸湖南注之路。偉劾其擾亂河工，光曾坐奪官。

Wanyan Wei belonged to the Wanyan clan and came from the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner. Under Yongzheng he rose from an Imperial Household clerk to vice director in the Board of Revenue. He was sent to Jiangnan to learn river management. In Qianlong 2 he became Zhejiang's coastal defense intendant. He moved to Jiangnan's river conservancy post and was soon promoted to Zhejiang judicial commissioner. During construction of Jianshan Dam, Governor Lu Chao had Wei oversee the work and granted him five hundred taels a year. In year 6 he became Jiangnan's deputy river director and was immediately promoted to river director-general. At Gaoyou's Nanguan, Wuli, and Cheluo dams, high river and lake levels meant any discharge flooded lower-river farmland. The Emperor ordered Hongze Lake's natural dam and the three sluice dams sealed so water would not spill into the lower river. Prefect Shen Guangceng, citing flooded lakeside flats upstream, proposed controlled release of surplus transport water through the three dams, converting the Mangdao sluice to a dam, and opening southern outflow routes from Baoying, Gaoyou, and Ganquan lakes. Wei impeached him for meddling with river works, and Shen lost his post.

初，上以黃河大溜逼清口，命循康熙舊跡，開陶莊引河，導使北注。大學士鄂爾泰與河道總督高斌合勘，甫定議，會暴汛積淤，工遂停。高斌亦去任，復命偉相度。偉議自清口迤西黃河南岸設木龍挑溜，使漸趨而北。七年，疏言：「淮源上游雨多水發，賈魯河盛漲，由渦達淮，匯於洪澤湖。三石滾壩減歸高、寶、邵伯等湖，而古溝、東壩漫刷過水又自白馬湖來會，水勢益大。臣督築子堰捍禦，並開高郵老土壩及南關等三壩，水勢始定。」上嘉之。

Earlier, with the Yellow River's main current pressing on Qingkou, the Emperor had ordered a Taozhuang diversion opened along Kangxi's old line to turn the flow north. Grand Secretary Ortai and River Director Gao Bin had just agreed on a plan when a flash flood deposited silt and the project stopped. Gao Bin then left office, and Wei was again told to reassess the site. Wei proposed wooden training dikes west of Qingkou on the Yellow River's south bank to nudge the current gradually north. In year 7 he reported: "Heavy rains upstream flooded the Huai headwaters. The Jialu River rose sharply, reached the Huai through Wo County, and poured into Hongze Lake. The Three-Stone Rolling Dam sent water back toward Gaoyou, Baoying, and Shaobo lakes, while overflow at Gugou and Dongba joined flows from Baima Lake, swelling the flood still further. He oversaw subsidiary weirs for defense and opened Gaoyou's old earthen dam and the three Nanguan dams; only then did the waters settle." The Emperor commended him.

是歲黃河亦盛漲，石林口減水過多，沛縣及山東魚台、滕、嶧諸縣皆被水。偉具疏請罪。御史吳煒劾偉用人不得當，偉疏辨，上不深責，調河東河道總督。九年，奏言：「山東歷年被水，由於上游散漫，下游梗阻。運河東接汶、泗、沂、濟諸水，洩入微山、蜀山、南旺、馬踏諸湖；北接漳、衛二水，洩入鹽河、徒駭、馬頰、鉤盤諸河。遇伏秋異漲，宣洩不及，應於運河內增閘壩以分其勢，疏下河以暢其流。其經由各州縣，凡溝渠淤狹者濬之，堤堰殘缺者修之。」報可。十年，以母老乞回京，有旨慰留。十三年，授左副都御史。旋卒。

That year the Yellow River also surged. Excessive discharge at Shilinkou flooded Pei County and Yutai, Teng, and Yi in Shandong. Wei submitted a full memorial accepting blame. Censor Wu Wei charged him with poor personnel choices. Wei rebutted the charge; the Emperor did not press the matter and moved him to Eastern River director-general. In year 9 he reported: "Shandong floods yearly because upstream waters spread unchecked while downstream channels choke. Eastward the canal takes the Wen, Si, Yi, and Ji rivers into Weishan, Shushan, Nanwang, and Mata lakes; Northward it connects the Zhang and Wei rivers to the Salt River, Tuhai, Majia, and Gouspan channels. In peak summer-autumn floods, outlets could not keep pace—he proposed more sluices and dams on the canal to split the force and dredging lower reaches to speed drainage. Along every affected county he wanted silted channels dredged and broken levees repaired." The proposal was approved. In year 10 he asked to return to Beijing because his mother was aged; an edict urged him to remain. In year 13 he was made Left Vice Censor-in-Chief. He died soon afterward.

顧琮，字用方，伊爾根覺羅氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人，尚書顧八代孫。父顧儼，歷官副都統。顧琮，以監生錄入算學館，修算法諸書，書成議敘。康熙六十一年，授吏部員外郎。雍正三年，授戶部郎中，遷御史。四年，巡視長蘆鹽政。八年，遷太僕寺卿。九年，授霸州營田使。十一年，協理直隸總河，遷太常寺卿，署直隸總督。尋授直隸河道總督。十二年，奏報：「永定河口深通，上流始得暢注入淀。近因淤，議濬引河，自然開刷，不勞民力，號為天賜引河。」上令報祀。疏請更定管河廳汛，增設員缺，下部議行。

Gu Cong, styled Yongfang, was an Irgen Gioro of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner and a grandson of Minister Gu Badai. His father Gu Yan had risen to vice commander-in-chief. Admitted to the School of Mathematics as a purchased-degree student, he helped compile mathematical treatises and was considered for promotion when the project was complete. In Kangxi 61 he became a vice director in the Board of Civil Office. In Yongzheng 3 he became a bureau director in Revenue, then a censor. In year 4 he inspected the Changlu salt administration. In year 8 he became Minister of the Court of the Imperial Stud. In year 9 he was named Baozhou agricultural colonization commissioner. In year 11 he assisted Zhili's chief river officer, became Minister of Imperial Sacrifices, and acted as Zhili governor-general. He was soon made Zhili river director-general. In year 12 he reported: "The Yongding mouth runs deep and clear, so upstream water can pour freely into the lakes. Recent silt had choked the mouth, but a planned diversion scoured itself open without forced labor—they called it the Heaven-sent channel." The Emperor ordered rites of thanksgiving reported. He asked to reorganize river offices and flood posts and add staff; the ministry approved and carried it out.

乾隆元年，署江蘇巡撫。丁父憂回旗。二年，命協辦吏部尚書事。永定河決，命偕總督李衛督修。旋署河道總督。三年正月，改授硃藻，命協同辦理。奏畿輔西南諸水匯於東西兩淀，淤墊漫溢為患。請設垡船撈泥，以三角淀通判、清河同知司其事。藻罷去，复授河道總督。五年，濬青縣興濟、滄州捷地兩減河，疏陳善後諸事，請疏海口，築遙堤，多設涵洞。六年，請改定子牙河管河官制。尋以裁缺回京。是年，授漕運總督。七年，奏言：「清江以上，運河兩岸，向來只知束水濟運，未知藉水灌田，坐聽萬頃源泉，未收涓滴之利。同此田畝，淮南、淮北，腴瘠相懸。或疑運河洩水，於濟運有妨。不知漕艘道經淮、徐，五月上旬即可過竣。稻田須水，正在夏秋間。若屆時始行宣導，是祗借閉蓄之水為灌溉之資，於漕運初無所妨。況清江左右所建涵洞，成效彰彰。推此仿行，萬無疑慮。請特遣大臣總理相度，會同督、撫、河臣詳酌興工。」議未及行。八年，以督運詣京師。入對，請行限田，上斥其擾民。

In Qianlong 1 he acted as Jiangsu governor. He returned to his banner to mourn his father. In year 2 he was told to assist the Minister of Civil Office. When the Yongding breached, he was sent with Governor-General Li Wei to oversee repairs. He soon acted as river director-general. In the first month of year 3 Zhu Zao took the post and Gu was told to assist him. He reported that southwestern capital-region waters pooling in the eastern and western marshes caused chronic silt and overflow. He proposed dredging boats under the Sanjiao Marsh and Qinghe sub-prefects to scoop silt. When Zhu Zao was removed, Gu was again made river director-general. In year 5 he dredged relief channels at Xingji in Qing County and Jiedi in Cangzhou, outlined follow-up measures, and asked to open the estuary, build distant levees, and add culverts. In year 6 he asked to reorganize Ziya River administration. When his post was abolished he returned to Beijing. That year he became grain transport governor-general. In year 7 he argued that above Qingjiang the canal banks had served transport alone—no one had tapped the water for irrigation while vast springs went unused. Fields on the same scale were lush south of the Huai and poor north of it. Some feared that releasing canal water would harm transport. Yet grain fleets passed Huai and Xu by early fifth month. Rice fields needed water in summer and autumn—the very season when transport was done. Timed release would use stored water for irrigation without touching transport flows. And the culverts already built around Qingjiang had proved their worth. Applied elsewhere in the same way, he argued, there was no reason to hesitate. He asked that a senior minister oversee the survey and, with the governor-general, provincial governor, and river commissioner, work out how to begin the work." The plan was never carried out. In year 8 he came to Beijing as grain transport supervisor. At audience he proposed land-limit reforms; the emperor rebuked him for harassing the populace.

十年六月，疏請於馬莊集、曹家店各建石閘，束上游之水，並將駱馬湖入運處改在皁河以上車頭，建閘挑渠，引水濟運。十字河竹絡壩開放後，黃水湍激，橫截運河，糧艘提溜為難。當於竹谿壩下束黃壩迤東接堤堵截，別於蘇家閘南濬河越黃入運，從之。十一年，署江南河道總督。十二年，命偕大學士高斌按浙江巡撫常安貪婪狀。坐未窮治，奪官，命留任。尋調河東河道總督。十七年，疏言：「運河堤未設堡房。請視黃河例，每二里建堡房，都計四百餘座。」十九年，坐江南總河任內浮費工銀，奪官。旋卒。

In the sixth month of year 10 he proposed stone sluices at Mazhuangji and Caojiadian to hold back upstream water, and relocating the Luoma Lake intake above Zao River at Chetou, with new sluices and channels to feed the canal. Once the Zhuhua bamboo dam at Shizi River was opened, the Yellow River current surged across the canal and made upstream towing nearly impossible for grain barges. The court agreed to block the flow below Zhuxi Dam with levees extending east from the yellow dam, and to dredge a channel south of Sujia Sluice to carry Yellow River water across into the canal. In year 11 he acted as Jiangnan river works governor-general. In year 12 he was sent with Grand Secretary Gao Bin to investigate corruption charges against Zhejiang Governor Chang An. Found lax in the investigation, he was stripped of rank but told to keep his post. He was soon made Hedong river works governor-general. In year 17 he noted that the canal levees still lacked guard posts. Following Yellow River practice, he proposed guard posts every two li—more than four hundred in all." In year 19 he was dismissed for reckless spending on public works during his Jiangnan river commissionership. He died soon afterward.

顧琮內行嚴正，嘗入對，值旱多風，世宗以為憂。顧琮引洪範謂「蒙恆風若，慮臣或蔽君」，上為之動容。世宗崩，顧琮方喪偶，逾三年乃續娶。方苞以為合禮。

Gu Cong was known for private rectitude. At one audience during drought and strong winds, the Yongzheng Emperor voiced his anxiety. Gu Cong quoted the Hong Fan—"When wind persists, fear that ministers may obscure the ruler"—and the emperor was visibly stirred. After Yongzheng's death Gu Cong was mourning his wife; he did not remarry until more than three years had passed. Fang Bao judged this proper by ritual standards.

白鍾山，字毓秀，漢軍正藍旗人。雍正初，自戶部筆帖式遷江南山清里河同知。累擢江蘇布政使。奏：「狼山、蘇松二鎮駐地距蘇州俱遠，軍糈輓運維艱，請就所駐及附近州縣配給。崇明孤懸海外，地不產米，請由江、廣採運，撥萬石貯崇明倉，備平糶。海濱漲出沙洲，民人佔居，當築土墩以避潮患。」從之。十二年，授南河副總河，旋擢河東河道總督。

Bai Zhongshan, styled Yuxiu, was a Han Bannerman of the Plain Blue Banner. Early in Yongzheng he rose from a Revenue clerk to assistant prefect in charge of the Shanqingli River in Jiangnan. He rose step by step to Jiangsu financial commissioner. He argued that the Langshan and Susong garrisons were too far from Suzhou for grain cartage and asked that rations be supplied locally. Chongming, isolated offshore, grew no rice; he asked for grain shipped from Jiangxi and Guangdong, ten thousand shi held in reserve for famine relief sale. Where coastal sandbars had been settled, he wanted earthen mounds built against tidal flooding." The proposals were approved. In year 12 he became deputy southern river commissioner, then Hedong river works governor-general.

乾隆元年，奏：「河標兵駐濟寧，無倉儲，每稱貸貴糴。請以生息銀二千七百有奇買穀四千石，設倉存貯，春借秋收。」又奏：「豫東河防，水落時，當堵塞支河。伏秋水漲，購料募夫，每慮不及。請發河南、山東司庫銀分存鄭州及武陟、封丘、曹、單諸縣，永遠貯備。」皆從之。四年，疏言：「漳水舊自直隸入海，康熙四十五年，引漳入衛濟運，故道漸淤，全歸衛河，勢難容受。嗣於德州哨馬營建滾水壩，開引河洩衛水，由鉤盤河達老黃河入海。然漳、衛二水隨時淤塞，虛糜帑金。漳水舊有正河、支河，應擇易浚者復其故道。於館陶建閘，衛水大，聽漳入海以防漲；衛水小，分漳入衛以濟運。」奏入，命大學士鄂爾泰詳議，議在丘縣東和爾寨村承漳河北折之勢，接開十餘裡，至漳洞村入舊河；因於新河東流入衛處建閘，以時啟閉，上從之。時漕運總督補熙請造十丈大船，運河當以水深四尺為則。白鍾山謂：「徬河無源之水，雨至而後泉旺，泉旺而後河盈。上徬閉、下徬啟，則下徬倍深，上徬倍淺。各徬相距遠近不均，水近者深，則遠者必淺。以人役水，以水送舟，必不能均深四尺。」侍郎趙殿最又請於館陶、臨清各立衛河水則，白鍾山謂：「尺寸不足，將衛輝民田渠徬盡閉，致妨灌溉，事既難行，尺寸既足，將官渠官徬盡閉，來源頓息。下流已逝，運河之水亦立見消涸。二者均屬非計。」議並寢。

In Qianlong 1 he reported that river troops at Jining had no granaries and had to buy grain on credit at steep prices. He proposed using accumulated interest—some 2,700 taels—to buy 4,000 shi of grain for a revolving spring-loan, autumn-repayment granary." He also asked that eastern Henan branch streams be blocked when the water subsided. When summer floods came, there was never enough time to buy materials and hire labor. He wanted Henan and Shandong treasury funds set aside permanently at Zhengzhou and counties including Wuzhi, Fengqiu, Cao, and Shan." All were approved. In year 4 he explained that the Zhang River once reached the sea through Zhili; since Kangxi 45 it had been sent into the Wei for transport, silting its old bed until the Wei could barely hold the flow. A spillway was later built at Dezhou's Shaomaying with a diversion channel sending excess Wei water through the Gopan River to the old Yellow River and the sea. But both rivers kept silting and wasting public funds on constant dredging. He proposed restoring whichever of the Zhang's main or branch channels could be dredged most easily. A sluice at Guantao would, when the Wei ran high, release the Zhang to the sea against flooding; when the Wei ran low, send part of the Zhang into it for transport." Ortai was charged with review. The plan called for cutting more than ten li east of He'ercun in Qiu County along the Zhang's northward bend to rejoin the old channel at Zhangdong Village; a sluice would regulate the new channel where it entered the Wei—the emperor approved. Grain transport chief Bu Xi then proposed hundred-foot barges and a uniform four-chi depth on the canal. Bai Zhongshan objected that branch streams were fed only by rain—springs rose after rain, and only then did the rivers fill. Close the upper sluice and open the lower, and the lower reach doubles in depth while the upper grows shallower. Sluices were unevenly spaced—nearby stretches ran deep while distant ones inevitably ran shallow. Human effort cannot wring a uniform four-chi depth from such a system." Vice Minister Zhao Dianzui wanted Wei water gauges at Guantao and Linqing. Bai Zhongshan countered that too low a gauge would shut every farmer's sluice at Weihui and ruin irrigation, while too high a gauge would shut official channels and choke the source. Downstream flow would vanish and the canal would dry up at once. Either way the scheme was unworkable." Both plans were dropped.

八年，調江南河道總督，疏言：「石林口堵築堅固，大溜直趨下流。黃村、韓家塘等處新築子堰，恐不足抵禦，於對岸濬引河，導溜南注，並加厚子堰，派兵駐防。」又奏言：「葦蕩左右兩營，歲輸柴二百二十五萬束。積久生弊，輪運不齊。請禁兵民雜採，定採葦期限，濬運柴溝渠，編柴船幫號。」皆允行。

In year 8, transferred to Jiangnan river works, he reported that the Shilinkou closure was holding and the main current drove straight downstream. New subsidiary dikes at Huangcun and Hanjiatang might not hold; he proposed opposite-bank diversion channels to steer the current south, thicker subsidiary dikes, and garrison troops." He also noted that the two reed-marsh camps supplied 2.25 million bundles of firewood each year. Longstanding abuses had made deliveries erratic. He wanted mixed civilian-military harvesting banned, fixed cutting seasons, dredged firewood channels, and numbered boat convoys." All was approved.

十一年，御史楊開鼎劾：「白鍾山出納慳吝，任情駁減，用損工偷，縱僕役婪索。陳家浦決七百餘丈，止稱二十餘丈。興築延緩，阜寧、鹽城二縣受其害。」命高斌會尹繼善按治，以開鼎從。尋覆奏駁減、婪索無實據，惟陳家浦漫口沖刷，貽害累民。上召白鍾山詣京師，奪官，效力河工。總河顧琮复論白鍾山措處失當，上命籍其貲逾十萬以償。

In year 11 Censor Yang Kaiding charged Bai with stinting on accounts, arbitrary cuts to estimates, shoddy work, and extortion by his servants. A seven-hundred-zhang breach at Chenjiapu he had reported as twenty-odd zhang. Delayed repairs had harmed Funing and Yancheng." Gao Bin and Yin Jishan were ordered to investigate, with Kaiding along. Their report cleared him of shortchanging and extortion but confirmed that the Chenjiapu breach had scour damage that hurt local people. The emperor summoned Bai to Beijing, stripped his rank, and set him to river labor. Gu Cong added that Bai's handling had been wrong; the emperor ordered more than 100,000 taels of his property seized in restitution.

十五年，授永定河道。十八年，河決張家路，命從尚書舒赫德往勘。旋命以按察使銜協辦南河事。十九年，复授河東河道總督。二十年，署山東巡撫。請罷孔氏世襲曲阜知縣，上命改授世襲六品官。尋奏濟寧以南積水未消，請緩開汶河大壩，疏濬下游河道。上命白鍾山往勘南河，文武各官聽調遣。

In year 15 he was made Yongding River commissioner. In year 18, after a breach at Zhangjialu, he was sent with Minister Suhede to inspect. He was soon given surveillance-commissioner rank to help manage southern river works. In year 19 he was again made Hedong river works governor-general. In year 20 he acted as Shandong governor. He asked to end the Kong family's hereditary Qufu magistracy; the emperor replaced it with a hereditary sixth-rank post. He then reported standing water south of Jining and asked to delay opening the Wen River main dam while dredging downstream. The emperor sent Bai to inspect the southern river with authority over all local officials.

二十二年，調江南河道總督，疏言：「自河決張家路，沙停河淤，下流不暢，南高北洼。迨孫家集復決，河底益高。黃河受病，率由水勢側注北岸，沖刷溝槽。惟有南北分籌，南宜疏，北宜築。築則支河不致奪溜，疏則稍分有餘之水勢，庶徐州得以少安。臣與河臣張師載商榷，以為南岸長灘較北岸更險，必於橫亙處濬引河，導溜歸中，岸堤益加高厚。北岸無堤，漫水如梁家馬路、徐家莊等處支河數十道，及黃家莊、郭家堂等處漫槽矮灘，宜築土壩。水平則收束以刷正河，水漲則平漫平消，不至衝槽奪溜。並於孫家集培堤增壩，以為重障。駱馬湖北受蒙陰山水，西受微山湖水，其尾閭在六塘河。上游湖堤在在殘缺，亟應修補捍防。」皆從之。

In year 22, made Jiangnan river commissioner, he wrote that since Zhangjialu the river had silted, the lower reach blocked, high in the south and low in the north. After Sunjiaji breached again the riverbed rose further. The river's trouble came mainly from current shearing onto the north bank and gouging gullies. North and south needed different remedies: dredging in the south, building in the north. Building would keep branch streams from stealing the main current; dredging would bleed off excess force—Xuzhou might breathe easier. He and river commissioner Zhang Shizai agreed the south bank's long shoal was more dangerous than the north's; they wanted diversion cuts at the bar to center the current and higher, thicker levees. The north bank had no levees; overflow at Liangjia Malu, Xujiazhuang, and elsewhere fed dozens of branch streams, with shallow troughs at Huangjiazhuang and Guojiatang—all needed earthen dams. At normal levels the dams would concentrate flow to scour the main channel; at flood they would spread and dissipate it rather than gouge new courses. At Sunjiaji they would raise levees and add dams as a second line of defense. Luoma Lake took Mengyin mountain runoff from the north and Weishan Lake water from the west, draining through Liutang River. Upstream lake levees were broken in many places and needed urgent repair." All was approved.

荊山橋工竟，議敘。奏言：「寧夏上游河水陡漲，急報下游防範。正陽關為淮水上下關鍵，應仿寧夏水報法，派員專司其事。」又奏：「上江諸水皆歸安河以達洪澤湖。安河間段淤淺，連年水患由此。宜多募漁船，伐蘆撈泥，俾尾閭一通，上游皆有去路。又歸仁堤下舊有涵洞，穿鮑家河以達安河，久經湮塞。擬開浚分林子河一支，則安河進水之地亦有所分，患可漸減。」報聞。二十三年，加太子少保。二十六年，卒，贈太子太保，賜祭葬，諡莊恪。

When the Jingshan Bridge work was done, he was considered for promotion. He proposed urgent notice downstream when Ningxia's upper river surged. Zhengyang Pass was the Huai's vital hinge; he wanted a Ningxia-style water-report system with dedicated officers." He also noted that upper-river waters all drained to Hongze Lake through the An River. Silted stretches of the An River had caused floods year after year. He wanted fishing boats hired to cut reeds and dredge mud so the outlet could open and upstream waters find an exit. Culverts under Guijen Levee once linked the Baojia River to the An River but had long been blocked. Opening a branch of the Fenzilin River would split inflow to the An River and gradually ease the flooding." The court took note. In year 23 he was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. He died in year 26 and was posthumously made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, with state funeral honors and the posthumous name Zhuangke ("Steadfast and Respectful").

論曰：自靳輔治河、淮，繼其後者，疏濬修築，守成法惟謹。世宗朝，齊蘇勒最著，嵇曾筠、高斌皆仍世繼業，與靳輔同祠河上，有功德於民，克應祭法。完顏偉、顧琮、白鍾山隨事補苴，不負當官之責。高斌任事二十年，疏毛家鋪引河，排眾議行之，民蒙其利。奪淮之役，縛赴工次待決。雷霆不測之威，赫矣哉！

Commentary: After Jin Fu's governance of the Yellow and Huai, his successors dredged and built on, holding to established methods with scrupulous care. Under Yongzheng, Qi Sulei stood foremost; Ji Cengyun and Gao Bin carried on family river-work traditions and shared temples with Jin Fu—men whose public service merited state sacrifice. Wanyan Wei, Gu Cong, and Bai Zhongshan improvised repairs as crises arose and did not neglect their duties. Gao Bin served twenty years, opened the Maojiapu diversion against opposition, and the people profited. In the Huai-seizure affair he was bound and sent to the work camp to await sentence. How awe-inspiring is the unpredictable majesty of thunder!

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