Volume 323 Biographies 110: Huang Tinggui, E Mida, Yang Tingzhang, Zhuang Yougong, Li Shiyao, Li Fengyao, Wu Mitai, Guan Bao

=黃廷桂=黃廷桂，字丹崖，漢軍鑲紅旗人。父秉中，官福建巡撫。廷桂，初襲曾祖憲章拖沙喇哈番世職。康熙五十二年，授三等侍衛，遷參領。聖祖幸熱河，屢扈從。世宗在潛邸，知其才，雍正三年，授直隸宣化總兵。五年，擢四川提督。疏言：「四川三面環夷。軍械多敝缺，現飭修補。川馬本不高大，又日系槽，多羸斃。令在豐樂場後荒山督牧。士卒驕奢，飭服用毋僭官制。歲十月，番入內地傭工，名曰'下壩'，次年夏初始歸，以禁攜婦女，致成群肆惡，飭攜家屬方許就僱。成都屬德陽、仁壽二縣，南北距數百里，駐一把總；永寧協駐貴州永寧城，中隔河，東隸黔，西隸蜀，兵民歧視，應更定汛守。」命會總督岳鍾琪議行。又奏請嚴捕竊賊及博奕之具，上諭曰：「禁令弗行，咎在不公不明，不在不嚴。法猶藥也，取攻疾而已。過峻厲則傷元氣，徒猛不足貴也。」又奏嚴治建昌降番劫掠，又奏省城設防火堆棚，營置救火兵二十，上並嘉之。六年，請於提標及城守等營各設義塾，上諭曰：「文武不可偏重。少年聰穎，稍通文墨，勢必流為怯懦，不原為兵。則營伍所餘，皆魯鈍一流。是非興文，實乃廢武。邀虛名而無實益，將焉用之？」

Huang Tinggui, whose style was Danya, belonged to the Han military contingent of the Bordered Red Banner. His father Bingzhong had been Fujian provincial governor. Tinggui first succeeded to the hereditary tošanlahafan rank held by his great-grandfather Xianzhang. In Kangxi 52 he received appointment as a third-class imperial guardsman and was later made a company commander. He often attended the Kangxi emperor on his visits to Rehe. The future Yongzheng emperor had already noted his talent while still heir apparent; in Yongzheng 3 he was made Xuanhua regional commander in Zhili. In the fifth year he was elevated to provincial military commander of Sichuan. He memorialized: "Sichuan is ringed on three sides by non-Han peoples. Much of the ordnance is worn out; I have already ordered repairs. Sichuan horses are naturally small, and because they are stabled every day many become emaciated and perish. He has ordered them grazed under supervision on the wild hills behind Fengle Pasture. The troops have grown arrogant and extravagant; he has ordered that their dress must not exceed official regulations. Each year in the tenth month tribesmen come into the interior to work as hired labor in what is called 'going down to the dam,' and do not return until early the following summer; forbidding them to bring their wives had led them to band together and run riot, so he ruled that only men who brought their families might be employed. Chengdu prefecture includes Deyang and Renshou, hundreds of li apart north and south, yet only a platoon commander is posted there; The Yongning brigade is stationed at Yongning in Guizhou, with a river between jurisdictions so that the east belongs to Guizhou and the west to Sichuan, breeding mutual distrust between soldiers and civilians; the garrison dispositions should be revised." The court ordered him to consult Governor-General Yue Zhongqi and implement the measures. He also asked for vigorous arrests of thieves and seizure of gambling equipment; the emperor replied: "When a ban fails, the blame is unfair or unclear enforcement, not insufficient severity. Law is like medicine—it is meant only to cure the ailment. Excessive harshness damages the body politic; brute force alone is nothing to admire." He also reported strict measures against looting by surrendered tribesmen in Jianchang, and proposed fire-watch sheds in the provincial capital with twenty fire-fighting troops; the emperor approved both. In the sixth year he asked that charity schools be set up in the provincial commander's camp and the city-garrison camps; the emperor replied: "Civil and military training must not be lopsided. Bright young men who pick up a little literacy will inevitably turn soft and refuse soldiering. What is left in the ranks will be the slow and dull-witted. That is not promoting literacy but effectively dismantling the army. It courts empty praise with no real gain—what is the point?"

烏蒙米貼苗婦陸氏為亂，發永寧、遵義兵援剿。四川雷波土司楊明義陰助陸氏，誘附近結覺、阿路、阿照、平底諸苗劫糧。陸氏既擒，請剿明義，令廷桂率總兵張耀祖率兵往。軍至拉密，擒明義，並獲造謀人卑租及結覺酋雙尺、阿路酋魯佩及阿不羅酋覺逼，斬馘近萬。上諭曰：「覽奏，斬馘何啻獵人弋獸！儻兵退仍復如故，豈有盡行殺戮之理？當詳思善於措置之道。」師復進攻確裡密、阿都、阿驢諸苗，砲殪確裡密酋利耶。阿都苗擒其酋阿必以獻，阿驢苗降。七年，奏軍事竟，上以效忠奮勇嘉之。尋疏陳苗疆地方諸事，上命籌善後。復奏湖北容美土司田雯如在四川界徵花絲銀，諮湖北察究。上諭曰：「楚、蜀諸土司容美最富強，越分僭禮。應曉以大義，漸令革除。」又奏籌剿瞻對土司，上諭曰：「瞻對雖微，亦不可輕視。凡事概以敬慎出之。」奏請開採黃螂等處銅鉛，以資鼓鑄。上諭曰：「黃螂、雷波與新撫涼山諸夷錯壤，第宜示以靜鎮，胡可興起利端？若聽民開採，流亡無藉之徒必群相趨赴，釀生事故。速會同巡撫憲德將金竹坪、白蠟山諸地銅鉛礦廠概行封禁。脫至紛紜，黃廷桂、憲德之身家性命不足贖其辜也！」廷桂奏引罪，復以詳慎申戒之。

Lu, a Miao woman of Mitie in Wumeng, rebelled, and troops from Yongning and Zunyi were sent to help suppress her. Yang Mingyi, the Leibo native chieftain in Sichuan, secretly backed Lu and stirred up neighboring Jiejue, Alu, Azhao, and Pingdi tribesmen to raid grain convoys. Once Lu was taken, he asked to campaign against Mingyi and was told to lead Regional Commander Zhang Yaozu and the army there. At Lami the army seized Mingyi along with the ringleader Beizu and chiefs Shuangchi of Jiejue, Lupei of Alu, and Juebi of Aboluo; nearly ten thousand heads were taken. The emperor wrote back: "Your report reads as though you were hunting game—nearly ten thousand heads! If everything reverts once the army leaves, what sense is there in exterminating them all? Think hard about a lasting settlement." The force pressed on against Quelimi, Adu, and Alü; cannon fire killed Liye, chief of Quelimi. The Adu people handed over their chief Abi; the Alü tribes surrendered. In the seventh year he reported the campaign finished; the emperor praised his loyalty and valor. He soon submitted a detailed account of frontier affairs; the emperor told him to work out a lasting settlement. He also reported that Tian Wenru, the Rongmei chieftain in Hubei, was collecting "flowered-silk silver" inside the Sichuan border and asked Hubei to look into it. The emperor replied: "Of the Hubei and Sichuan chieftains, Rongmei is the richest and most powerful, and has long overstepped its station. Enlighten them with reason and phase such abuses out gradually." He also outlined plans against the Drayap chieftain; the emperor warned: "Drayap may be small, but do not underestimate it. Handle everything with respect and care." He asked permission to mine copper and lead at Huanglang and elsewhere to feed the mints. The emperor objected: "Huanglang and Leibo border the newly pacified Liangshan tribes; the right policy is quiet restraint—why invite trouble for profit? If private mining is allowed, rootless drifters will swarm in and incidents will follow. At once, with Governor Xian De, seal every copper and lead works at Jinzhuping, Baimoshan, and the rest. If trouble breaks out, neither Huang Tinggui nor Xian De could pay for it with their lives!" Tinggui submitted a confession; the emperor again urged him to be thorough and careful.

尋奏捕得妖言罪人楊大銘等，言其渠楊七匿酉陽土司所，已檄令擒獻。上諭曰：「此事尤宜詳慎！朕料酉陽土司未必為此事。」八年，奏於楊隘嘴獲楊七，非酉陽境內。上諭曰：「朕非有過人技，但較汝等克誠克公耳。人有利害是非之心，遇事接物，非過即不及。惟公與誠為對證之藥。」十二月，奏倮亂，發兵攻克金鎖關、黑鐵關、黃草坪諸地，恢復永善。得旨獎許。上嘗諭憲德，令密陳廷桂為人，奏稱「多疑偏聽，好勝矜人，是其病痛」。上終以實心任事嘉之。

He soon reported the arrest of Yang Daming and other sedition suspects, saying ringleader Yang Qi was hiding with the Youyang chieftain and that he had ordered him seized and sent in. The emperor warned: "This case above all demands care! I doubt the Youyang chieftain had anything to do with it." In the eighth year he reported Yang Qi taken at Yangyanzui, outside Youyang. The emperor said: "I am not wiser than you—only more consistent in sincerity and fairness. Men let private interest sway them and, in handling affairs, either overshoot or fall short. Fairness and sincerity are the only antidote." In the twelfth month he reported a Yi uprising; troops retook Jinsuo Pass, Heitie Pass, Huangcaoping, and other posts and restored Yongshan. The court praised him in an edict. The emperor once told Xian De to report privately on Tinggui's character; he wrote that "he is suspicious and hears only one side, loves to win and looks down on others—that is his weakness." The emperor still valued him for serving wholeheartedly.

九年，師討噶爾丹策零，分設四川總督，即以命廷桂，仍兼領提督。奏請將四川常平倉捐穀改銀，上諭曰：「四川本產米地，積貯尚易。遽請開捐，誤矣。且欲改穀作銀，又將銀買穀，更轉展滋弊，當另議增貯。」十年六月，奏建昌鎮轄竹核，當涼山之中，為苗疆腹心要地，請於附近各險隘增兵設鎮，上命大學士鄂爾泰詳議。尋議兵力宜合不宜分，蠻巢宜遠不宜近，但使我勢聯絡，不必隨處設防。請於竹核設兵三千，分駐吽姑、格落、魚紅、大赤口、阿都、沙馬、普雄諸地。敕下廷桂行之。

In the ninth year, while troops campaigned against Galdan Tsering, a separate Sichuan governor-generalship was created and given to Tinggui, who retained the provincial military command as well. He asked to convert grain contributions to Sichuan's ever-normal granaries into silver; the emperor replied: "Sichuan is a rice country—stockpiling grain is still straightforward. To rush to sell offices for grain is a mistake. Converting grain to silver only to buy grain back with silver invites fresh abuses; find another way to enlarge the reserves." In the sixth month of the tenth year he argued that Zhuhe, under Jianchang, sits in the heart of Liangshan and is the strategic core of the Miao frontier, and asked for more troops and posts at nearby passes; the emperor told Grand Secretary Ortai to review the plan. The review held that forces should be concentrated, not scattered, and tribal strongholds kept at arm's length; linked strength mattered more than posts everywhere. Three thousand men were to be based at Zhuhe and posted to Honggu, Geluo, Yuhong, Dachikou, Adu, Shama, Puxiong, and other points. The emperor ordered Tinggui to implement the plan.

八月，兒斯番為亂，奏遣總兵趙儒剿捕，上責廷桂從前未料理妥協。十月，廷桂奏言：「雍正五年兒斯番為亂，臣檄副將王剛按治。時臣甫到川，地利夷情尚未諳習。今兇鋒既肆，由臣撫馭無方，已遵旨密諭趙儒凜遵料理。」十二月，擒兒斯酋，並剿定河東各寨勾結諸番。復奏言：「王剛前所懲創，不過兒斯一堡。今仰蒙指示，趙儒督勵將士，一切險巢重地，深林石穴，悉行蕩平。」上深獎之。

In the eighth month the Ersi tribes rose; he sent Regional Commander Zhao Ru to suppress them, and the emperor blamed Tinggui for not having handled the matter properly earlier. In the tenth month Tinggui wrote: "When the Ersi tribes rebelled in Yongzheng 5, I ordered Deputy Commander Wang Gang to pacify them. I had only just reached Sichuan and did not yet know the ground or the tribes. Now that violence has flared again, the fault is mine for poor governance; I have secretly ordered Zhao Ru, as instructed, to handle the matter with utmost care." In the twelfth month the Ersi chief was taken and the eastern-bank stockades that had joined the rebels were pacified. He added: "Wang Gang's earlier punishment had reached only one Ersi fort. Under your guidance Zhao Ru has driven the troops through every stronghold, forest, and cave until all were cleared." The emperor warmly praised him.

十三年，奏：「貴州古州苗亂，四川建昌、永寧俱與連界，已飭將吏加意撫輯。」上諭以「不動聲色，靜鎮慎密」。乾隆元年，裁總督缺，廷桂仍為提督。十二月，召詣京師。二年，授鑾儀使。尋授天津總兵。五年，遷古北口提督。六年，上幸熱河，道古北口，閱兵，營伍整肅，賜廷桂馬，並上用緞。尋授甘肅巡撫。十二年，署陝甘總督。

In the thirteenth year he reported: "Guzhou Miao in Guizhou have risen; Jianchang and Yongning in Sichuan border the region, and I have told local officers to pacify the frontier with extra care." The emperor told him to "keep quiet, hold the line calmly, and act with discretion." In Qianlong 1 the governor-generalship was cut, and Tinggui stayed on as provincial military commander. In the twelfth month he was called to Beijing. In the second year he was made director of the imperial equipage. He was soon made regional commander at Tianjin. In the fifth year he was transferred to Gubeikou as provincial military commander. In the sixth year, on the emperor's journey to Rehe via Gubeikou, he inspected the troops and found the camps in excellent order; he gave Tinggui a horse and imperial satin for his own use. He was soon appointed governor of Gansu. In the twelfth year he acted as governor-general of Shaanxi-Gansu.

十三年，授兩江總督。疏言：「江西俗悍，有司因循姑息，動輒喧閧，飭嚴捕究治。」又言：「南方晴少雨多，各營操練閒曠，令於陰雨時擇公所或寬敞寺宇操練。」上諭曰：「汝至江南，整飭振作，但不可欲速，要之以久可也。」十五年，太子少保。疏劾「江蘇巡撫雅爾哈善以奏銷錢糧，奉旨訓飭；知縣許惟枚等經徵未完，不及一分，例止罰俸。忽奏請奪官。人必以為出自上意，居心巧詐」。雅爾哈善下吏議。

In the thirteenth year he was made governor-general of the Two Jiangs. He memorialized: "Jiangxi folk are unruly; officials have been too indulgent, and riots break out constantly—I have ordered vigorous arrests and prosecutions." He also noted that in the south rain keeps troops from drilling outdoors and ordered rainy-day drill in public halls or large temples." The emperor told him: "When you reach the south, set things right and revive discipline, but do not hurry—steady work over time is what counts." In the fifteenth year he received the title Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. He impeached Jiangsu governor Yeerhashan, writing that after Yeerhashan reported on tax-grain accounts the emperor had rebuked him; yet magistrates such as Xu Weimei were short by less than one percent on collection, which by regulation merits only a fine in salary. Suddenly he asked that their offices be stripped. People will assume the emperor ordered it—his conduct is devious." Yeerhashan was referred to the judicial authorities for investigation.

十六年，調陝甘總督。時四川復分設總督，十八年，仍以命廷桂。奏四川歲豐穀賤，上命轉輸二十萬石賑淮、揚被水州縣，御製詩紀其事。進吏部尚書，留總督任。四川濱江諸縣引江水溉田。餘多山田，每苦旱。廷桂奏飭通省勘修塘堰，新都、蘆山等十州縣及青神蓮花壩、樂山平江鄉、三台南明鎮次第修舉，悉成腴壤。二十年，奏請增爐鑄錢，為通省修城。上諭曰：「有益地方之事，詳妥為之。」授武英殿大學士，仍領總督事。打箭爐徼外孔撒、麻書兩土司構釁，金川、綽斯甲布袒麻書，革布什咱、德爾格忒袒孔撒，互攻殺。廷桂偕提督岳鍾琪飭諭解散。

In the sixteenth year he was transferred to Shaanxi-Gansu as governor-general. Sichuan again received its own governor-general, and in the eighteenth year Tinggui was appointed to it once more. He reported a bumper harvest and cheap grain in Sichuan; the emperor ordered two hundred thousand piculs sent to flood-hit Huai-Yang districts and wrote a poem to commemorate the relief effort. He was promoted to Minister of Personnel but kept his governor-general post. Riverine counties in Sichuan irrigate their fields from the Yangzi and its tributaries. Most of the remainder is upland fields, which often suffer drought. Tinggui ordered a province-wide survey and repair of ponds and dikes; in Xindu, Lushan, and ten other counties, and at sites such as Lianhuaba, Pingjiang, and Nanming, works proceeded in turn until the land became richly productive. In the twentieth year he asked to add mint furnaces to fund wall repairs across the province. The emperor replied: "If it helps the province, plan it carefully and carry it through properly." He was made a Grand Secretary of the Hall of Military Glory but kept his governor-general duties. Beyond Dartsedo the Kongsa and Mashu chieftains quarreled; Jinchuan and Chosichab backed Mashu while Gebushizan and Dege backed Kongsa, and they raided one another. Tinggui and Provincial Commander Yue Zhongqi ordered them to stand down.

六月，復調陝甘總督。師討阿睦爾撒納，陝、甘當轉輸孔道。廷桂途次以軍中調取營馬，並令州縣采買馬駝，即飭各驛馬十調五六，得馬數千匹佐軍。尋奏軍中文報，責成沿邊提鎮料理，詔如所請。二十一年四月，命駐肅州督辦軍需。奏言：「各處調解軍馬，口外嚴寒，自安西至哈密，經戈壁十餘站，飼飲不時，每致疲斃。現派專官分站料理，將積貯草豆、經過匹數、住歇時刻、行走臕分，按日呈報。」又奏：「山西解駝，先留安西牧放。陝西解馬，亦先調甘肅飼養。陸續前運，以濟實用。」先後送軍前駝馬七萬餘。又言：「西北兩路軍營向通商販，後因撤兵禁止。巴里坤軍營應用牛羊諸物，專自肅州販往，路遠價昂，難資接濟，請照舊通商。」上命籌濟庫車、阿克蘇糧運。廷桂奏：「夾山一路，可自哈密直趨闢展、吐魯番，其間騾駝通行，水草饒裕，較繞行巴里坤為近。擬即運糧貯吐魯番，轉運軍營，往返更加迅速。」又發銀二十萬，解阿克蘇買回城米，運糧十萬儲巴里坤。凡所經畫，屢合上指。十二月，上諭曰：「廷桂於西陲用兵，雖未身歷行陣，而籌辦軍需，每有朕旨未到，旋即奏至，與所規畫不約而同。體國奉公，精詳妥協，而又毫不累民，內地若無兵事，其功最大。」積功自太子太保進少保，自騎都尉進三等忠勤伯，先後賜雙眼孔雀翎、紅寶石帽頂、四團龍補服、白金二萬。二十四年正月，駐涼州，以病劇聞。命額駙福隆安率御醫診視，甫行，廷桂卒。上即命福隆安奠醊，御製詩輓之，賜祭葬，諡文襄。喪還，上复親臨奠醊。二十五年，凱宴成功將士，追念廷桂，复賦詩惜之。尋命圖形紫光閣，御製懷舊詩，列廷桂五督臣首。

In the sixth month he was transferred back to Shaanxi-Gansu as governor-general. While troops campaigned against Amursana, Shaanxi and Gansu became the main supply corridor. On the road he requisitioned camp horses and ordered local governments to buy horses and camels; he took five or six horses from every ten at each post and mustered several thousand for the army. He soon reported on military dispatches and put frontier commanders in charge; the court agreed. In the fourth month of the twenty-first year he was stationed at Suzhou to oversee military supplies. He wrote: "Horses and camels sent from all directions cross the bitter cold beyond the passes; from Anxi to Hami they pass more than ten Gobi stations without timely fodder and water and often die on the road. I have assigned officers at each station to manage fodder stores, counts of animals passing through, rest times, and daily stages, with daily reports." He added: "Camels from Shanxi are pastured first at Anxi. Horses from Shaanxi are fed first in Gansu. They are then sent forward in stages as needed." In all he forwarded more than seventy thousand camels and horses to the army. He also noted that the northwestern camps had once allowed trade, but the ban remained after troops were withdrawn. The Barkol camp relies on cattle and sheep brought only from Suzhou; the route is long and costly, so he asked that trade be reopened as before." The emperor ordered him to organize grain shipments to Kucha and Aksu. Tinggui proposed the mountain route from Hami straight to Karashahr and Turfan, where pack animals could travel with ample water and fodder—a shorter line than via Barkol. Grain would be stored at Turfan and forwarded to the camps, shortening the round trip." He also sent two hundred thousand taels to Aksu to buy grain from the returning Muslims and stored one hundred thousand piculs at Barkol. His plans repeatedly matched what the emperor had in mind. In the twelfth month the emperor said: "In the western war Tinggui never took the field, yet in supply his memorials often reached me before my orders were drafted, matching my own plans uncannily. He served the state with care and precision yet never burdened the people; inland it was as if there were no war—that was his greatest achievement." For his service he rose from Junior to full Guardian of the Heir Apparent and from Commandant of Cavalry to third-class Baron of Loyal Diligence, and received double-eyed peacock feathers, a ruby hat knob, a four-dragon surcoat, and twenty thousand taels of silver. In the first month of the twenty-fourth year, stationed at Liangzhou, he was reported gravely ill. The emperor sent Imperial Son-in-law Fu Longan with court physicians, but Tinggui died before they arrived. The emperor at once ordered Fu Longan to offer libations, wrote an elegy, granted state funeral honors, and gave him the posthumous name Wenxiang. When the coffin returned home, the emperor again offered libations in person. In the twenty-fifth year, at the victory banquet for the successful generals, he remembered Tinggui and wrote another poem in mourning. He soon had Tinggui's portrait placed in the Hall of Purple Splendor, wrote a poem of remembrance, and ranked him first among five governor-generals.

孫檢，官副都統。乾隆四十九年，以刻廷桂奏疏，載兩朝批答，被嚴旨申飭。曾孫文煜，自侍衛累擢副都統，調馬蘭鎮總兵。

His grandson Jian rose to vice commander-in-chief. In Qianlong 49 he was sharply rebuked for publishing Tinggui's memorials together with imperial responses from two reigns. His great-grandson Wenyu rose from bodyguard to vice commander-in-chief and was made regional commander at Malan.

=鄂彌達=鄂彌達，鄂濟氏，滿洲正白旗人。初授戶部筆帖式。雍正元年，授吏部主事。累遷郎中。五年，命同廣東巡撫楊文乾等如福建察倉庫。六年，擢貴州布政使。八年，遷廣東巡撫。疏言：「鳥槍例有禁，瓊州民恃槍禦盜，請戶得藏一，多者罪之。」梧州民陳美倫等謀亂，捕治如法。十年，署廣東總督。疏言：「總督舊駐肇慶，所以控制兩粵。今專督廣東，應請移駐廣州。」饒平武舉餘猊等謀亂，捕治如法。尋實授總督。安南民鄧文武等遇風入銅鼓角海面，鄂彌達畀以資，送歸國，國王以伽南、沉香諸物為謝，卻之，疏聞，上獎其得體。先後疏請移設將吏。又疏請於三水西南鎮建倉貯穀，並以米貴，會城設局平糶。又請升程鄉縣為直隸州，名曰嘉應。皆報可。十三年，命兼轄廣西，仍駐肇慶。貴州台拱苗亂，鄂彌達發兵令左江總兵王無黨率以赴援，復發兵駐黔、粵界，上諭獎之。

E Mida, of the Eje clan, was a Manchu bannerman of the Plain White Banner. He began as a clerical secretary in the Ministry of Revenue. In Yongzheng 1 he became a secretary in the Ministry of Personnel. He rose through the ranks to director. In the fifth year he was sent with Guangdong governor Yang Wenqian and others to inspect Fujian granaries. In the sixth year he was made Guizhou administration commissioner. In the eighth year he became governor of Guangdong. He memorialized: "Firearms are banned by law, but Qiongzhou people depend on them against bandits; allow one per household and punish excess." Chen Meilun and other Wuzhou plotters were arrested and punished by law. In the tenth year he acted as governor-general of Guangdong. He argued that the governor-general had once resided at Zhaoqing to oversee both Guangdong and Guangxi. Now that the post oversees Guangdong alone, he asked to move the seat to Guangzhou." Yu Ni and other Raoping military licentiates who plotted rebellion were arrested and punished. He was soon confirmed as governor-general. When Annamese including Deng Wenwu were blown by storm into waters off Tonggujiao, E Mida supplied them and sent them home; the king offered agarwood and eaglewood in thanks, which he refused and reported; the emperor praised his tact. He repeatedly asked to reposition military and civil officials. He also asked for a granary at Xinanzhen in Sanshui and, because rice was dear, a relief-sale office in the provincial capital. He also asked that Chengxiang county be raised to a directly administered prefecture named Jiaying. All were approved. In the thirteenth year he was given Guangxi as well and remained at Zhaoqing. When Taigong Miao in Guizhou rebelled, E Mida sent troops under Zuojiang commander Wang Wudang to assist and posted troops on the Guizhou-Guangdong border; the emperor praised him.

乾隆元年，高宗命近鹽場貧民販鹽毋禁。鄂彌達疏言：「廣東按察使白映棠未遵旨分別，老幼男婦發票，稱四十斤以下不許緝捕，致奸徒藉口，成群販私。」上獎鄂彌達洞悉政體，解映棠任。尋奏：「廣東鹽由埸配運省河及潮州廣濟橋轉兌各埠，請令到埠先完餉銀，開倉後繳鹽價。」下部議行。御史薛馧條奏廣西團練鄉勇，並設瑤童義學，下鄂彌達議。二年，奏言：「團練鄉勇，不若訓練土司兵，於邊疆有益。瑤童義學，韶、連等屬已有成效，應如馧所奏。」尋又疏言：「惠、潮、嘉應三府州民多請州縣給票，移家入川。臣飭州縣不得濫給，並遣吏於界上察驗。」又疏言：「貴州新闢苗疆，總督張廣泗奏設屯軍墾田。臣以今苗畏威安貼，將來生齒漸繁，地少人多，必致生怨。又恐屯軍虐苗激變，請撤屯軍於附近防守，其田仍給苗民。」上諭曰：「所見甚正。廣泗首尾承辦此事，持之甚力，朕則以為終非長策也。」

In Qianlong 1 the Qianlong emperor ordered that poor people near salt works be allowed to sell salt. E Mida reported that Guangdong surveillance commissioner Bai Yingtang had ignored the edict's distinctions, issued permits to everyone including women and children, and forbade seizure of loads under forty jin, giving smugglers a pretext to operate in gangs." The emperor praised E Mida's grasp of policy and removed Bai Yingtang from office. He soon proposed that Guangdong salt, shipped from salterns via the provincial river and exchanged at depots through Chaozhou's Guangji Bridge, be taxed at the depot before warehouse release and the salt price paid only afterward." The ministries approved and implemented it. Censor Xue Yun proposed Guangxi militia training and charity schools for Yao children; the court referred the matter to E Mida. In the second year he argued that training native-chieftain troops would serve the frontier better than village militia. Charity schools for Yao children in Shaozhou and Lianzhou were already working and should follow Xue Yun's proposal." He soon reported that many people in Huizhou, Chaozhou, and Jiaying were asking local officials for permits to move their families to Sichuan. I have forbidden indiscriminate issuance and sent officers to inspect at the border." He also objected to Governor-General Zhang Guangsi's plan to station colonist troops on newly opened Miao lands in Guizhou. The Miao are quiet now, but as their numbers grow on limited land, resentment will follow. I also fear colonist troops will mistreat the Miao and provoke revolt; withdraw them to nearby garrisons and leave the land to the Miao." The emperor replied: "Your judgment is sound. Guangsi has pushed this hard from beginning to end, but I do not think it will work in the long run."

四年，調川陝總督。疏言：「榆林邊民歲往鄂爾多斯種地，牛具、籽種、日用皆貸於鄂爾多斯。秋收餘糧，易牛羊皮入內地變價，重息還債。請於出口時視種地多寡，藉以官銀，秋收以糧抵，俾免借貸折耗之苦，倉儲亦可漸充。」上從之。又請發司庫銀十萬買穀分貯沿邊，又請修寧夏渠道，並加築沿河長堤。又奏：「安西鎮遠兵駐防哈密，承種屯田，在城兵僅數百。年來商民日增，請視涼州柳林湖例，募流民及營兵子弟墾田，撤兵回城差操。」均如議行。

In the fourth year he was transferred to Sichuan-Shaanxi as governor-general. He reported that Yulin frontier farmers yearly planted in Ordos and borrowed oxen, seed, and supplies from the Mongols there. After harvest they traded surplus grain for livestock and hides sold inland at profit to repay loans at usurious rates. He asked that official silver be lent at departure according to acreage and repaid in grain at harvest, sparing farmers usurious loans while gradually filling granaries." The emperor agreed. He also asked for one hundred thousand taels to buy frontier grain reserves, repairs to Ningxia's irrigation channels, and reinforcement of river dikes. He also reported that Anxi Zhenyuan troops garrisoned Hami on military colonies while only a few hundred soldiers remained in the city. As merchants and settlers increased, he proposed following the Liulinhu precedent in Liangzhou: recruit refugees and soldiers' sons to farm and pull troops back to the city for rotation." All were approved and implemented.

五年，兩廣總督馬爾泰劾知府袁安煜放債病民，並及鄂彌達縱僕佔煤山事。上解鄂彌達任，召詣京師。尋授兵部侍郎。六年，授寧古塔將軍，調荊州。九年，授湖廣總督。疏言：「武、漢濱江城郭民田，賴有堤以障。請於武昌蕎麥灣增築大堤，安陸沙洋大堤增築月堤，襄陽老龍石堤加備歲修銀。」十一年，上以鄂彌達不稱封疆，召詣京師。十五年，授吏部侍郎。十六年，授鑲藍旗漢軍都統。二十年，授刑部尚書，署直隸總督。二十一年，兼管吏部尚書、協辦大學士。二十二年，加太子太保。二十六年，卒，予白金二千治喪，賜祭葬，諡文恭。

In the fifth year Two Guangs governor-general Maertai impeached prefect Yuan Anyu for usurious lending and also accused E Mida of letting servants seize coal hills. The emperor removed E Mida from office and summoned him to Beijing. He was soon made vice minister of war. In the sixth year he was made general of Ningguta and transferred to Jingzhou. In the ninth year he was made governor-general of Huguang. He memorialized that Wuhan's cities and farmland along the rivers depended on dikes for protection. He asked for a major dike at Qiaomaiwan in Wuchang, moon dikes at Shayang in Anlu, and added annual repair funds for Laolongshi dike in Xiangyang." In the eleventh year the emperor found him unfit for frontier duty and recalled him to Beijing. In the fifteenth year he was made vice minister of personnel. In the sixteenth year he was made commander-in-chief of the Han military Bordered Blue Banner. In the twentieth year he was made Minister of Justice and acting governor-general of Zhili. In the twenty-first year he also headed the Ministry of Personnel and served as associate grand secretary. In the twenty-second year he received the title Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the twenty-sixth year he died; the court granted two thousand taels for his funeral, state honors, and the posthumous name Wengong.

=楊廷璋=楊廷璋，字奉峨，漢軍鑲黃旗人。世襲佐領。雍正七年，自筆帖式授工部主事。再遷郎中。授廣西桂林知府。乾隆二年，擢左江道。十五年，擢按察使。二十年，遷湖南布政使。二十一年，授浙江巡撫。上南巡，諭曰：「西湖水民間藉以溉田。今聞沿湖多佔墾，湖身漸壅，田畝虞涸竭。已開墾成熟者，免其清出，不許再侵占。」廷璋因奏：「此類田地多礙水道，請概令開濬歸湖。沿岸栽柳，俾根株盤結，亦可固堤。」又請帑疏濬湖州七十二漊，洩水入太湖，免田地被淹。又奏：「仁和、錢塘、蕭山三縣江塘視海塘例，以二十丈為準，按段編號立石。仁、錢二縣江塘民房，堤岸外餘二十餘裡，視海塘例，每裡設堡夫一，建堡分防。」均從之。又請開台州黃岩場沿海地，近場歸灶，近縣歸民。戶以百畝為率，分限起科，得腴產十萬畝。奏入，嘉許。

Yang Tingzhang, whose style was Fenge, belonged to the Han military contingent of the Bordered Yellow Banner. He held an hereditary company command. In Yongzheng 7 he rose from clerical secretary to secretary in the Ministry of Works. He was promoted again, this time to director in the ministry. He received appointment as prefect of Guilin, Guangxi. In Qianlong 2 he was elevated to intendant of the Zuojiang Circuit. In the fifteenth year he rose to provincial judicial commissioner. In the twentieth year he moved to the post of Hunan provincial treasurer. In the twenty-first year he became Zhejiang provincial governor. On a southern tour the emperor directed: "Common folk depend on West Lake water to irrigate their fields. I hear that extensive encroachment and reclamation along the shore is gradually choking the lake, threatening fields with drought. Land already brought under cultivation may remain, but no further encroachment will be allowed." In reply Tingzhang memorialized: "Most of this land blocks the water channels and should all be dredged back into the lake. Plant willows along the banks—their interwoven roots will help stabilize the dikes." He also asked for state funds to dredge Huzhou's seventy-two lou channels and channel overflow into Lake Tai, protecting farmland from inundation. He further proposed that river embankments in Renhe, Qiantang, and Xiaoshan counties follow sea-dike standards—twenty zhang as the benchmark, with numbered stone markers set at each section. Along more than twenty li of riverside dwellings beyond the Renhe and Qiantang dikes, he proposed sea-dike-style fort stations—one garrison soldier per li, with forts built for sectional defense." The court approved all these proposals. He also sought to open coastal land at Taizhou's Huangyan saltern: parcels near the field would go to the salterns, those nearer the counties to private cultivators. Taxation was to be introduced in stages at one hundred mu per household, opening up one hundred thousand mu of rich land. The memorial was submitted and approved with praise.

二十四年，授閩浙總督。請改設螺洲、大頭崎、烏龍江諸地塘汛。又奏內地商舶出洋，覈給船照。又奏台灣穀賤，內地歉收，民每偷渡就食。請酌寬米禁，往來台、廈橫洋船準運米二百石，塘船六十石。自鹿耳門出至廈門入，皆給照察驗。台灣與生番接壤，前總督楊應琚飭屬勘界，挑溝築土牛以杜私墾。至是，廷璋議彰化、淡水與生番接壤，依山傍溪，挑溝築土牛為界；並於沿邊設隘寮，分兵駐守。二十六年，同福建巡撫吳士功奏劾提督馬龍圖借用公使錢，並以龍圖已歸款，請用自首例減等。上責其錯謬，下吏議奪官，士功戍巴里坤，廷璋留任。二十八年，加太子太保。旋授體仁閣大學士，留總督任。二十九年，廷璋入覲。福建水師提督黃仕簡奏廈門商舶出入，官署受陋規。上命尚書舒赫德、待郎裘曰修往按。具得廷璋令歷任廈門同知代市人葠、珊瑚、珍珠未發價狀，命解任。下吏議奪官，上以廷璋平時尚能任事，授散秩大臣。未幾，授正紅旗漢軍都統、工部尚書。

In the twenty-fourth year he became governor-general of Fujian-Zhejiang. He asked to reorganize garrison posts at Luozhou, Datouqi, Wulongjiang, and other sites. He also proposed that merchant ships leaving the coast receive verified sailing permits. He reported that while Taiwan had cheap grain the mainland had suffered poor harvests, leading people to cross illegally in search of food. He asked for a measured easing of rice restrictions: ocean-going vessels between Taiwan and Xiamen might carry two hundred shi, coastal craft sixty shi. Ships leaving Luermen and entering Xiamen would all receive permits and be inspected. Taiwan bordered unsubjugated aboriginal territory; former governor-general Yang Yingju had ordered a boundary survey with ditches and earthen barriers to halt illegal land reclamation. Now Tingzhang proposed marking Zhanghua and Danshui boundaries with aboriginal lands by digging ditches and erecting earthen barriers along mountain streams; and establishing border guard posts with troops stationed at intervals. In the twenty-sixth year he joined Fujian governor Wu Shigong in impeaching Regional Commander Ma Longtu for misusing diplomatic funds; since Longtu had already repaid the sum, they asked that the self-confession statute apply to reduce his sentence. The emperor upbraided them for the mistake; officials recommended stripping both of rank; Wu Shigong was exiled to Barkul but Tingzhang kept his office. In the twenty-eighth year he received the honorific Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. Soon after he was made a Grand Secretary of the Hall of Preserving Harmony while remaining in his governorship. In the twenty-ninth year Tingzhang traveled to the capital for an audience. Fujian naval commander Huang Shijian reported that Xiamen officials were taking illicit customary fees from merchant ships entering and leaving port. The emperor dispatched Minister Shu Hede and Vice Minister Qiu Yixiu to investigate. The investigation found that Tingzhang had had successive Xiamen sub-prefects buy ginseng, coral, and pearls for local merchants without paying for them; he was ordered to step down. Officials recommended stripping him of rank, but the emperor, noting Tingzhang had generally performed competently, appointed him a minister-at-large without portfolio. Before long he was made banner commander of the Plain Red Han military banner and Minister of Works.

三十年，命署兩廣總督。三十一年，安南捕盜，竄入小鎮安土司怕懷隘，官兵捕得。廷璋照會安南遣頭人視行誅。安南复報其國隘口盜發，請遣兵堵截。廷璋遣兵守隘。事上聞，具言防邊宜鎮靜。上戒以「邊地夷情，當審度事理，因時制宜。若專務持重，養癰貽害，弊不可勝言也。」夏，崖州安岐黎為亂，擾客民，廷璋檄鎮道捕治。並奏：「客民編保甲，禁放債。黎民市易設墟場，熟黎令薙發。民出入黎峒必譏，以杜後患。」上從之。又奏：「小鎮安改設通判。南界接安南，於那波、者賴、者欣三村，建卡設兵。怕懷隘為小鎮安門戶，設兵巡緝。打麵樑與雲南接界，建卡防守。」下部議行。師徵緬甸，雲貴總督楊應琚以疾聞，上令廷璋赴永昌佐應琚治軍。三十二年，疏報應琚病癒，仍回廣東任。尋召授刑部尚書。

In the thirtieth year he was named acting governor-general of the Two Guangs. In the thirty-first year, pursuing bandits, Annam drove them into the Xiaozhen'an native chieftain territory at Pahuai Pass, where Qing troops captured them. Tingzhang notified Annam and sent a local headman to witness the execution. Annam reported further bandit activity at a border pass and asked that troops be sent to cut them off. Tingzhang sent troops to hold the pass. Reporting to the throne, he argued that border defense called for restraint and calm. The emperor cautioned him: "At the border you must read barbarian temperaments carefully, weigh each case on its merits, and adapt policy to circumstances. Excessive caution alone will let sores fester until the damage is incalculable." That summer the Anqi Li of Yazhou rose in revolt and harassed settler communities; Tingzhang ordered the regional officials to hunt them down. He also proposed organizing settler communities into baojia units and banning usurious lending. Li people were to trade at designated market fairs; acculturated Li would be required to adopt the queue. All travel in and out of Li territory would be monitored to prevent future trouble." The emperor agreed. He further proposed replacing Xiaozhen'an's administration with an intendant sub-prefect. Along the southern border with Annam, at Nabo, Zhelai, and Zhexin villages, he proposed guard posts and garrison troops. At Pahuai Pass, the gateway to Xiaozhen'an, troops would patrol and intercept fugitives. At Damianliang, where the border meets Yunnan, he proposed guard posts for defense." The ministries were instructed to deliberate and carry out the plan. During the Burma campaign, when Yunnan-Guizhou governor-general Yang Yingju fell ill, the emperor sent Tingzhang to Yongchang to assist with military affairs. In the thirty-second year he reported Yingju's recovery and returned to his post in Guangdong. He was soon recalled and appointed Minister of Punishments.

三十三年，授直隸總督，加太子少保。秋，滹沱水盛漲。廷璋請於正定西南築堤，藁城西北築埽，並以護城。又奏勘任丘濱淀諸地，以楊各莊諸地最低，請改種稻田；文安窪修築堤埝，並於龍潭灣諸地開堤洩水，並從之。三十四年，請撥通倉米十二萬運各災區平糶。又奏：「乾隆二十四年滹沱南徙，舊河淤墊。上年大漲，河行故道。束鹿木丘、傾井諸村遂成巨浸。請裁灣取直，並修築護城堤埝。」報聞。三十六年，復召授刑部尚書。預香山九老會。十二月，卒，年八十四，贈太子太保，賜祭葬，諡勤愨。

In the thirty-third year he became governor-general of Zhili and received the honorific Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. That autumn the Hutuo River swelled to flood stage. Tingzhang proposed dikes southwest of Zhengding and revetments northwest of Gaocheng to shield the cities. He also reported on surveying marshlands near Renqiu; since Yanggezhuang and surrounding areas were lowest, he proposed converting them to rice paddies; dikes would be built at low-lying Wen'an, overflow channels opened at Longtanwan, and all these measures were approved. In the thirty-fourth year he asked to draw one hundred twenty thousand shi from the Tongzhou granary for relief sale in stricken districts. He further reported: "After the Hutuo shifted south in Qianlong 24, the old riverbed silted over. Last year's flood sent the river back through its former channel. Villages including Muqiu and Qingjing in Shulu were submerged under vast lakes. He proposed cutting meanders to straighten the channel and building protective dikes around the towns." The memorial was acknowledged. In the thirty-sixth year he was recalled once more and made Minister of Punishments. He took part in the gathering of the Nine Elders at Xiangshan. He died in the twelfth month at eighty-four; the court posthumously honored him as Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, granted state funeral rites, and bestowed the posthumous name Qinque.

=莊有恭=莊有恭，字容可，廣東番禺人。乾隆四年一甲一名進士，授修撰，直上書房。後三年，弟有信成進士，引見，有恭以起居注侍直，上問及之，有信選庶吉士。兄弟同請告省親。有恭累遷侍講學士，擢光祿寺卿。以父憂歸，服除，擢內閣學士。遷戶部侍郎。督江蘇學政。充江南鄉試考官，复督江蘇學政。十六年，授江蘇巡撫。十七年，署兩江總督。疏言：「太倉、鎮洋沿海田廬，賴海塘保障。前巡撫高其倬議自寶山湖口港至昭文福山港築土塘三萬四千七百餘丈，僅築湖口港至劉河南岸土、石塘。今年秋令風潮，劉河南賴以無恙。其北頗致損傷，士民自請挑築。惟恐一時難集，工不速竟。應築土塘九千丈有奇，請借庫銀一萬六千兩，令自募夫役，於伏汛前畢工。按畝扣輸，二年清款。」如所請行。有恭督學政時，浙人丁文彬獻所著文武記、太公望傳等。有恭以為病狂，置不問。至是，文彬以書上衍聖公孔昭煥，昭煥告巡撫楊應琚以聞。有恭疏請罪，坐罰學政養廉銀十倍。

Zhuang Yougong, whose style was Rongke, came from Panyu in Guangdong. In Qianlong 4 he took first place among jinshi graduates and was made a compiler, entering the Imperial Library directly. Three years later his brother Youxin passed the jinshi examination; when Youxin was presented at court, Yougong was on duty as imperial diarist, the emperor asked after him, and Youxin was selected for the Hanlin Academy. Both brothers requested leave together to visit their parents. Yougong rose through the ranks to expositor-in-waiting and then director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments. He went into mourning for his father's death; when the mourning period ended he was promoted to Grand Secretariat academician. He moved to the post of vice minister of Revenue. He was appointed educational commissioner of Jiangsu. He served as chief examiner for the Jiangnan provincial exams, then resumed duties as Jiangsu educational commissioner. In the sixteenth year he became Jiangsu provincial governor. In the seventeenth year he was named acting governor-general of the Two Jiangs. He reported: "Coastal fields and homes in Taicang and Zhenyang depend on sea dikes for protection. Former governor Gao Qiong had proposed thirty-four thousand seven hundred-odd zhang of earthen dikes from Baoshan Hukou Harbor to Zhaowen Fushan Harbor, but only the section from Hukou Harbor to the south bank of the Liu River had been completed in earth and stone. This autumn's storms left the south bank of the Liu River unscathed thanks to that work. The northern section suffered considerable damage, and local gentry and commoners volunteered to repair it. He worried they could not muster enough labor quickly and the work would not finish in time. Nine thousand-odd zhang of earthen dike remained to be built; he asked to borrow sixteen thousand taels from the treasury for local labor recruitment, with completion before the summer low-water season. Costs would be recovered through per-mu assessments over two years." The court approved as he had proposed. While serving as educational commissioner, a Zhejiang scholar named Ding Wenbin submitted his own works, including Military and Civil Records and Biography of Taigong Wang. Yougong dismissed him as mad and ignored the submission. Now Wenbin sent his book to Duke Yansheng Kong Zhaohuan, who alerted governor Yang Yingju, who reported the matter to the throne. Yougong submitted a self-accusation and was fined ten times his educational commissioner's supplemental salary.

十九年，御史楊開鼎條奏江南收漕諸弊，敕有恭覆奏。尋疏言：「江南收漕諸弊，以蘇、常、松、鎮、太五屬為尤甚。已酌定條例，勒石漕倉，遇收漕，飭糧道以下官週巡察訪。開鼎言需索不遂，藉詞米不如式，勒令曬晾篩颺。漕糧上供天庾，自應乾圓潔淨。儻不如式，不堪久貯，必致貽誤倉儲。糧戶良頑不等，每次青腰、白臍、潮嫩、雜碎諸米強交；如令更易，即造作浮言挾制。自應分別察究，不得但責官吏，取悅刁民。」上獎其言公正。

In the nineteenth year censor Yang Kaiding memorialized item by item on grain-collection abuses in Jiangnan, and the court ordered Yougong to respond. He soon reported: "Of grain-collection abuses in Jiangnan, those in Suzhou, Changzhou, Songjiang, Zhenjiang, and Taicang are worst. He had drafted regulations engraved at grain warehouses, requiring the grain intendant and subordinates to conduct regular inspections during collection. Kaiding had reported that when bribes were refused, collectors claimed grain failed to meet standards and forced farmers to dry and winnow it repeatedly. Tribute grain for the imperial granaries should naturally be dry, clean, and well formed. Grain that fails to meet standards cannot be stored for long and will inevitably compromise the granaries. Delivering households differ widely in compliance, yet each year they force submission of greenish, cracked, damp, and broken rice mixed together; and if officials demand replacement, they spread rumors to intimidate them. The matter should be examined case by case, not resolved by blaming officials simply to appease troublemakers." The emperor commended his reply as impartial.

二十一年，丁母憂，命予假百日回籍治喪，於伏汛前至淮安，署江南河道總督。泰興縣有硃者，坐主使殺人罪至絞，乞贖罪，有恭許之，臨行疏聞。上責其專擅，令家居待罪。總督尹繼善又言有恭監臨鄉試，察出有賄謀聯號者，復有以鬥蟋蟀致訟者，皆令罰鍰，未奏聞。上命奪有恭官，逮詣京師，下大學士九卿論罪，當絞。上以贓不入己，貰之，令護母喪回籍後赴軍台效力。方詣謫所，命戴罪署湖北巡撫。

In the twenty-first year, while mourning his mother, he was granted a hundred days' leave to return home for the funeral; he reached Huai'an before the summer flood season and took up acting duties as governor-general of Jiangnan River Conservancy. In Taixing County a man surnamed Zhu had been sentenced to death by strangulation for instigating murder; he petitioned to redeem his offense, and Yougong granted it, reporting the matter in a memorial as he was leaving office. The emperor censured him for overstepping his authority and ordered him to remain at home pending judgment. Governor-General Yin Jishan further reported that while supervising the provincial exams, Yougong had uncovered candidates who bribed to coordinate examination numbers, as well as lawsuits arising from cricket fights—all punished with fines, none of which had been reported to the throne. The emperor stripped Yougong of office, had him brought to the capital, and referred the case to the grand secretaries and Nine Chief Offices, who fixed the penalty as death by strangulation. Because the bribes had not enriched him personally, the emperor commuted the sentence and ordered him to complete his mother's funeral at home before reporting to a military outpost for penal service. While he was still on his way to exile, he was appointed acting governor of Hubei, permitted to serve despite his guilt.

二十四年，調浙江。二十五年，劾杭州將軍伊領阿、副都統劉揚達違例乘轎。上奪伊領阿等官，獎有恭，命議敘。三月，疏言：「紹興南塘、嘉興乍浦塘並屬要工。臣赴山陰勘得宋家樓為三江、曹娥二水交會，又適當潮汐之衝，為南塘首險，已改建石塘鞏固。復至蕭山龕、長等山，越南大亹至海寧中小亹、登文堂、葛嶴諸山，勘海寧南門外，西過戴家石橋，東至陳文港，工長五千丈有奇，根址堅實，不須重建。其必當修築者千六百餘丈，內七百七十餘丈殘缺過甚，作為要工，餘次第興修。自陳文港東至尖山，下有韓家池柴塘四百丈有奇，亦應重築。复循海而北，自海鹽至平湖，遍歷乍浦塘。海鹽東臨大海，南有台駐，北有乍浦諸山，山趾角張。縣城以一面當潮汐，城外石塘，最為險要，間有衝損，已令隨時修補。」六月，又疏言：「西塘、胡家兜至海寧南門外，潮退沙漲，長十八里。前請辦戴家石橋要工，既有新沙外護，應先就迤東工段趲辦。再審量沙勢，分別緩急。」九月，又疏言：「緩修各工，陳文港十丈，令用魚鱗式逐層整砌。圓通菴前十丈，仍如式堅築。廿里亭西二十五丈，修整坦面，加用排椿，令緊貼塘身。」二十六年十二月，又奏言：「海寧西塘、老鹽倉諸地，經黴、伏兩汛，老沙汕刷，宜先事預防，先後拆鑲二百丈。自霜降後，臣往來察勘，見柴、石兩塘交接處水已臨塘，自此迤西，老沙仍多坍卸。請將接連前工七十丈，從速鑲辦。」均從之。

In the twenty-fourth year he was transferred to Zhejiang. In the twenty-fifth year he impeached Hangzhou general Yiling'a and vice commander Liu Yangda for riding in sedan chairs in violation of regulations. The emperor dismissed Yiling'a and the others, praised Yougong, and ordered him considered for honors. In the third month he reported: "The southern dike at Shaoxing and the Zhapu dike at Jiaxing are both critical projects. I inspected Shanyin and found that Songjialou lies where the Three Rivers and the Cao'e meet and directly in the path of the tides—it is the most dangerous point on the southern dike, and I have rebuilt it as a stone embankment to strengthen it. I also surveyed K'an, Chang, and other hills in Xiaoshan, proceeding south from Da Wei through Xiaowei, Dengwentang, Ge'ao, and other heights in Haining; outside Haining's south gate, from Daijia Stone Bridge west to Chenwengang east, the dike runs more than five thousand zhang with foundations still solid enough that rebuilding is unnecessary. About sixteen hundred zhang must be repaired; of these, more than seven hundred seventy zhang are so badly damaged as to count as urgent work, with the rest to be rebuilt in order. From Chenwengang east to Jianshan, the Hanjiachi reed dike of more than four hundred zhang below also requires major rebuilding. He then followed the coast north from Haiyan to Pinghu, surveying the entire Zhapu dike. Haiyan looks out on the open sea to the east, with Taizhu to the south and the Zhapu hills to the north, their foothills spreading outward like horns. The county seat faces the tides on one side; the stone dike outside the walls is the most critical stretch, and where storm damage occurs I have ordered repairs as needed." In the sixth month he reported again: "From Xitang and Hujiadou to outside Haining's south gate, sand has built up over eighteen li as the tide recedes. The urgent work at Daijia Stone Bridge that I requested earlier is now shielded by new sandbanks, so the eastern sections should be pushed forward first. Once the sand conditions are reassessed, work can be prioritized accordingly." In the ninth month he reported again: "For deferred repairs, the ten zhang at Chenwengang should be rebuilt in fish-scale masonry, course by course. The ten zhang before Yuantong Nunnery should likewise be solidly built to standard. Twenty-five zhang west of Nianli Pavilion requires slope repair and additional rows of piles set flush against the dike." In the twelfth month of the twenty-sixth year he reported again: "At Haining's Xitang, Laoyancang, and nearby stretches, the plum-rain and summer floods had scoured away old sandbanks; to guard against this, two hundred zhang were dismantled and rebuilt in stages. Since Frost Descent I have inspected repeatedly and found water already lapping the junction of the reed and stone dikes; westward from there, old sandbanks continue to collapse. I ask that the seventy zhang adjoining the earlier work be rebuilt without delay." The court approved all of it.

二十七年，上南巡，臨視老鹽倉、尖山諸地，令修築柴塘，並設竹簍、坦水諸工。九月，疏報海寧塘工竟，上嘉有恭能盡心，命議敘。是秋多雨水漲，有恭以嘉、湖兩府水歸太湖，河道多淤，下流尤壅閼；因請浚烏程、長興境內七十二漊，並遣吏至江南按行三江故道。十月，調江蘇巡撫。上命浙江海塘工程仍責成有恭專司其事，並免學政任內應罰銀。二十九年，擢刑部尚書，留巡撫任。

In the twenty-seventh year, on his southern tour, the emperor inspected Laoyancang, Jianshan, and nearby sites, ordering reed-dike repairs and the installation of bamboo revetments and slope works. In the ninth month he reported the Haining dike project complete; the emperor praised Yougong's dedication and ordered him considered for honors. That autumn brought heavy rains and flooding; Yougong observed that waters from Jiaxing and Huzhou drain into Lake Tai, that channels were heavily silted, and that the lower reaches were especially choked; he therefore requested dredging of the seventy-two creeks in Wucheng and Changxing and sent officials to Jiangnan to survey the old courses of the Three Rivers. In the tenth month he was transferred to governor of Jiangsu. The emperor directed that Zhejiang's sea-dike work remain Yougong's responsibility and waived the fine owed from his term as educational commissioner. In the twenty-ninth year he was promoted to minister of Justice while remaining in his governorship.

有恭疏請大修三江水利，略言：「太湖北受荊溪百瀆，南受天目諸山之水，為吳中巨浸，而分疏之大幹，以三江為要。三江者，吳淞江、婁江、東江也。東江自宋已湮，明永樂間，別開黃浦，寬廣足當三江之一，今亦謂之東江。三江分流，經吳江、震澤、吳、元和、崑山、新陽、青浦、華亭、上海、太倉、鎮洋、嘉定十二州縣境，其間港浦縱橫，湖蕩參錯。大概觀之，無處不可分洩。然百節之通，不敵一節之塞。太湖出水口，不特寶帶橋一處，如吳江十八港、十七橋，吳縣鮎魚口、大缺口，為湖水穿運河入江要道，今不無淺阻。又如入吳淞之龐山湖、大斜港、九里湖、淀山湖、溆浦，向來寬深，近以小民貪利，遍植茭蘆，圈築魚盪，亦多侵占。劉河，古婁江也。今河形大非昔比，舟楫來往，必艤舟待潮。崑山外濠為婁江正道，淺狹特甚。蘇州婁門外江面僅寬四五丈，偶遇秋霖，眾水匯集。江身淺窄，先為潦水所佔，俟其稍退，然後湖水得出，為之傳送，而上游已漫淹矣。東南財賦重地，水利民生大計，若及早為之，事半功倍。今籌治法，當於運河西凡太湖出水之口，皆為清釐佔塞，俾分流無阻。其運河東三江故道，惟黃浦現在深通，但於泖口挑去新漲蘆墩，足資宣洩。吳淞江自龐山湖以下，婁江自婁門以下，凡有淺狹阻滯之處，宜濬治寬深，令上流所洩之數，足相容納。其江身所有植蘆插籪及冒占之區，盡數剷除，嗣後仍嚴為之禁。則水之停蓄有所，傳送以時，並即以挑河之土加培圩岸。現在徬座去海太近，難於啟閉者，酌量改移，庶渾潮不入，清水盛強，而海口之淤，亦將不挑而自去。總計所需雖覺浩繁，然散在十二州縣，通力合作，實亦無多。民間聞有此舉，咸樂趨事，原以民力為之。但分段督修，仍須官董其成；且工費繁多，若待鳩財而後興工，稍稽時日。懇發帑興工，仍於各州縣分年按畝徵還，則民力既紓，工可速集。」奏入，報可。於是選紳耆，賦工役，先疏橋港，次及河身。茭蘆魚蕩之圈佔者，除之；城市民居之不可毀者，別開月河以導之。工始於二十八年十二月，至二十九年三月告竟，用公帑二十二萬有奇。

Yougong memorialized for a major overhaul of the Three Rivers waterworks, summarizing: "Lake Tai, fed north by the hundred streams of Jingxi and south by the Tianmu ranges, is the great lake of Wu; and its chief outlets for drainage are the Three Rivers. The Three Rivers are the Wusong, Lou, and Dong rivers. The original Dong River had silted shut by Song times; in Ming Yongle the Huangpu was cut as a new channel, broad enough to count as one of the Three Rivers, and it too is now called the Dong River. The Three Rivers branch across twelve prefectures and counties—Wujiang, Zhenze, Wu, Yuanhe, Kunshan, Xinyang, Qingpu, Huating, Shanghai, Taicang, Zhenyang, and Jiading—a region laced with channels and interwoven lakes and marshes. Taken as a whole, water could theoretically be discharged in countless places. Yet a hundred open passages cannot compensate for one blocked choke point. Lake Tai has more outlets than Baodai Bridge alone—Wujiang's eighteen harbors and seventeen bridges, Wuxian's Nianyukou and Daquekou, all key paths for lake water to reach the Grand Canal and the Yangtze—and many are now shoaled or blocked. Likewise Pangshan Lake, Daxiegang, Jiuli Lake, Dianshan Lake, and Xupu, which feed the Wusong and were once broad and deep, have been narrowed as locals plant reeds and water caltrop for profit, ring off fish ponds, and encroach on the channels. The Liu River is the old Lou River channel. Today it is nothing like its former self; boats must anchor and wait for the tide. Kunshan's outer moat, the main Lou River channel, is especially shallow and narrow. Outside Suzhou's Lou Gate the channel is only four or five zhang wide; in an autumn downpour, waters converge there at once. The channel is so shallow and narrow that floodwaters fill it first; only after they subside can lake water pass through, by which time the upper country is already flooded. In this revenue-rich southeast, water control is vital to people's livelihoods; acting early would achieve twice the result for half the effort. My plan is to clear every Lake Tai outlet west of the Grand Canal of encroachment and blockage so that divided flows run freely. East of the canal, of the Three Rivers' old courses only the Huangpu remains deep and open; dredging the new reed shoals at its mouth would be enough to improve discharge. From Pangshan Lake downstream on the Wusong, and from Lou Gate downstream on the Lou, every shallow or choked stretch should be dredged wide and deep enough to carry the full volume from upstream. Reed beds, brush weirs, and illegal encroachments within the channels should all be cleared, with strict prohibition thereafter. Water would then have room to pond and pass in good time, and dredged earth could at once be used to raise the levees. Sluice gates now too close to the sea to operate properly should be relocated where feasible, keeping muddy tides out, strengthening the clear-water flow, and letting the river mouth scour itself without dredging. The total cost may seem enormous, but spread across twelve prefectures and counties working together, the burden is not so great. The people, hearing of the project, are eager to take part; the work was originally intended to rely on local labor. But section-by-section repairs still require official supervision; and costs are heavy; waiting to raise funds before starting would lose valuable time. I therefore ask that the treasury advance the funds, to be repaid over successive years by per-mu assessment in each county; this would ease the people's burden and allow work to begin at once." The memorial was approved. Gentry elders were chosen to organize labor, dredging bridges and harbors first and then the main channels. Illegal reed beds and fish ponds were cleared away; where city dwellings could not be demolished, crescent canals were cut to route water around them. Work began in the twelfth month of the twenty-eighth year and was finished by the third month of the twenty-ninth, at a cost of more than two hundred twenty thousand taels from the public purse.

三十年正月，命協辦大學士，仍暫留巡撫任。南巡，复賜詩褒勉。八月，召詣京師。有恭劾蘇州同知段成功縱役累民，奪官，讞未定。巡撫明德察成功實受賕，詐稱病；按察使硃奎揚、知府孔傳鶺皆知之，不以言。上命奪奎揚等官，逮訊。三十一年正月，罷有恭協辦大學士。又遣侍郎四達按治，得有恭授意奎揚等有意從寬狀，並奪有恭官，下刑部獄。軍機大臣會鞫，並追繳學政任內應罰銀。二月，軍機大臣等讞上，有恭罪應斬，諭改監候。八月，命原之。授福建巡撫。三十二年，卒。仍免追繳學政任內應罰銀。

In the first month of the thirtieth year he was named assisting grand secretary while temporarily remaining in his governorship. On the southern tour the emperor again bestowed a poem in praise and encouragement. In the eighth month he was summoned to the capital. Yougong had impeached Suzhou sub-prefect Duan Chenggong for letting yamen runners abuse the people, stripped him of office, but the case remained undecided. Governor Mingde found that Chenggong had in fact taken bribes and feigned illness; provincial judicial commissioner Zhu Kuiyang and prefect Kong Chuanji had known but said nothing. The emperor stripped Kuiyang and the others of office and had them arrested for questioning. In the first month of the thirty-first year Yougong was removed from his post as assisting grand secretary. Vice Minister Sida was sent to investigate and found that Yougong had prompted Kuiyang and others to treat the case leniently; Yougong too was dismissed and imprisoned in the Ministry of Justice. The Grand Council jointly tried the case and also demanded repayment of the fine owed from his term as educational commissioner. In the second month the Grand Council submitted its verdict: Yougong's offense warranted decapitation, but an edict commuted it to imprisonment awaiting execution. In the eighth month he was pardoned. He was appointed governor of Fujian. In the thirty-second year he died. The fine owed from his term as educational commissioner was again waived.

=李侍堯=李侍堯，字欽齋，漢軍鑲黃旗人，二等伯李永芳四世孫也。父元亮，官戶部尚書，諡勤恪。侍堯，乾隆初以廕生授印務章京，見知高宗。累遷至正藍旗漢軍副都統。十七年，調熱河副都統。二十年，擢工部侍郎，調戶部。署廣州將軍。劾前將軍錫特庫廢弛馬政，錫特庫下吏議。奏定廣州滿洲、漢軍駐防官制兵額。二十一年，署兩廣總督。奏：「廣東各屬買補倉穀，兼雜上、中、下三等，而報以上價。應碾米，用上穀；應藉糶，用中、下穀。」上諭以所言洞悉情弊，諭各省督撫嚴飭州縣買補當碾試，務得上穀。又請禁廣東制錢攙和古錢，並吳三桂偽號錢事。上諭以「前代錢仍聽行用。吳三桂利用偽號錢，令民間檢出，官為收換，供鼓鑄之用」。又奏廣州駐防出旗漢軍官兵曠米，平糶便民，上從之。二十三年，守備張彬佐禁村民演劇被毆，奏請飭讞。上謂：「未得懲創惡習之意。應先治刁民，後議劣弁，庶刁悍之徒知畏懼。」

Li Shiyao, whose style was Qinzhai, was a Han bannerman of the Bordered Yellow Banner and a fourth-generation descendant of the second-class marquis Li Yongfang. His father Yuanliang had served as minister of Revenue and was posthumously titled Qinke, "Diligent and Respectful." Shiyao entered service in early Qianlong through hereditary privilege as a seal-affairs clerk and won the favor of the emperor. He rose through successive promotions to vice commander of the Han Plain Blue Banner. In the seventeenth year he was transferred to vice commander at Rehe. In the twentieth year he was promoted to vice minister of Works and then transferred to Revenue. He was named acting general of Guangzhou. He impeached former general Xiteku for neglect of the horse administration, and Xiteku was referred to the courts for judgment. He memorialized to establish the official ranks and troop quotas for the Manchu and Han garrisons at Guangzhou. In the twenty-first year he served as acting governor-general of the Two Guangs. He reported: "Throughout Guangdong, when counties buy grain to replenish granaries, they mix upper, middle, and lower grades but report the purchase at upper-grade prices. Grain destined for milling should be upper grade; grain for official release should be middle or lower grade." The emperor praised his grasp of the abuses and ordered every governor to instruct counties that replenishment purchases must be trial-milled to ensure upper-grade grain. He also asked to ban in Guangdong the debasement of current coin with old currency and coins bearing Wu Sangui's rebel reign title. The emperor ruled that currency from earlier dynasties could continue in circulation. Wu Sangui's rebel coins were to be gathered from the public, redeemed by the state, and melted down for recoinage." He also proposed selling surplus grain held by the Guangzhou Han Banner garrison at fair prices to relieve the populace, and the emperor approved. In Qianlong 23, Garrison Commandant Zhang Binzuo was beaten after trying to stop villagers from putting on plays; Shiyao memorialized asking that the case be thoroughly investigated. The emperor replied: "That misses the point of curbing a vicious local habit. Deal with the unruly villagers first and the incompetent officer second—only then will the lawless learn to tremble."

二十四年，實授總督。奏：「廣東各國商舶所集，請飭銷貨後依期回國，不得住冬；商館毋許私行交易；毋許貸與內地行商貲本；毋許僱內地廝役。」二十五年，又奏：「粵海關各國商舶出入，例於正稅船鈔外有各種規禮，應請刪除名色，並為歸公銀若干。各口僕役飯食、舟車諸費，於此覈銷。」並下部議行。廣西巡撫鄂寶以貴縣僮民韋志剛不法，知縣石崇光察報，避重就輕，請奪官。上以事由崇光察報，命毋奪官；侍堯奏先經面諭崇光體勘，始行察報，上令逮崇光按鞫。又奏志剛實無不法事，崇光猜疑妄報，仍奪崇光官。上以侍堯與鄂寶各懷意見，飭以「秉虛公，除習氣」。

In Qianlong 24 he received formal appointment as Governor-General. He memorialized that foreign merchant vessels congregated at Guangdong and asked that they be required to sell their cargoes and sail home on schedule, without overwintering; private trading at the foreign factories must be forbidden; lending capital to inland merchants must be prohibited; nor may they employ laborers from the interior." In Qianlong 25 he proposed reforming Yuehai Customs, abolishing miscellaneous fees levied on foreign vessels beyond standard duties and consolidating them into a fixed public revenue payment. Port laborers' meals, travel costs, and related expenses would be charged against that consolidated fund. The memorial was referred to the ministries for approval and implementation. Guangxi Governor E Bao sought to dismiss Magistrate Shi Chongguang for soft-pedaling his report on the Zhuang outlaw Wei Zhigang of Gui County. The emperor held that the case stemmed from Chongguang's report and refused to dismiss him; Shiyao explained that he had personally directed Chongguang's on-site investigation before the report was filed; the emperor ordered Chongguang taken into custody for examination. He then reported that Zhigang was innocent and that Chongguang had filed a reckless charge born of suspicion—and again insisted on Chongguang's dismissal. Finding that Shiyao and E Bao were at cross purposes, the emperor ordered them to "set aside personal bias and shed bad habits."

二十六年，召授戶部尚書、正紅旗漢軍都統，襲勳舊佐領。二十八年，授湖廣總督。奏：「湖廣行銷淮鹽，抬價病民，請酌中定價。」命兩淮鹽政高恆赴湖廣會議，奏請按淮商成本，酌加餘息，明定限制，從之。加太子太保。

In Qianlong 26 he was recalled to serve as Minister of Revenue and Han Military commandant of the Plain Red Banner, succeeding to a hereditary adjutant post tied to an earlier award of merit. In Qianlong 28 he was made Governor-General of Huguang. He reported that Huai salt sold in Huguang was priced so high as to burden the populace and asked that a fair standard price be set. Gao Heng was sent to Huguang to negotiate; the resulting memorial proposed capping prices based on Huai merchants' costs plus a reasonable margin, and the emperor assented. He was promoted to Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent.

二十九年，調兩廣總督。右江鎮總兵李星垣坐婪賄得罪，命侍堯按鞫，擬絞。上以侍堯嘗薦星垣，今擬罪輕縱，責侍堯回護，坐降調。以憂還京師。署工部尚書。三十一年，調署刑部。三十二年，回兩廣總督任。襲二等昭信伯。三十四年，師徵緬甸，命侍堯傳檄暹羅。時暹羅方為甘恩敕所據，侍堯以為不宜傳檄；以己意宣諭暹羅各夷目，密偵緬甸，苟入境，令擒以獻，上韙之。豐順民硃阿姜謀為亂，督吏捕治。

In Qianlong 29 he was transferred to the Liangguang post. Li Xingyuan, garrison commander at Youjiang, was convicted of graft; Shiyao was ordered to investigate and recommended strangulation. The emperor charged that Shiyao, having once recommended Li, was now covering for him with a lenient sentence, and demoted him. He went back to Beijing to observe mourning. He was appointed acting Minister of Works. In Qianlong 31 he was shifted to acting head of the Ministry of Punishments. In Qianlong 32 he resumed the Liangguang governorship. He inherited the hereditary title of second-class Earl Zhaoxin. In Qianlong 34, during the Burma campaign, he was instructed to dispatch a proclamation to Siam. Siam was then in the hands of Gan Enchi; Shiyao judged that a formal proclamation would be ill-advised; On his own initiative he instructed Siam's local chiefs to keep watch on Burma and seize any Burmese who crossed the border; the emperor praised his judgment. When Zhu Ajiang of Fengshun plotted revolt, provincial officers seized and punished him.

三十八年，授武英殿大學士，仍留總督任。安南內亂，令廣西鎮、道嚴防。入覲，賜黑狐端罩。四十年，兵部以廣東民糾黨結盟，不數月至五起，當追論武職弛縱罪。侍堯奏言：「武職既協緝，复追論弛縱罪，則規免處分，必致暗為消弭，兇徒轉得漏網，請寬之。」上從其請，並諭曰：「侍堯此奏，意在挽回積習。然亦惟侍堯向不姑息屬僚，朕所深信，始可為此言。若他人，未可輕為仿效也。」

In Qianlong 38 he was made a Grand Secretary of the Wuying Hall but kept his provincial post. During Annam's civil war he ordered Guangxi's military and civil authorities to tighten border security. At audience he received the honor of a black-fox surcoat. In Qianlong 40 the Ministry of War called for punishing Guangdong's military officers after five factional outbreaks in as many months. Shiyao argued that punishing officers who were actively helping to crack down would only encourage them to hush cases and let ringleaders escape, and he asked for leniency." The emperor agreed and observed that Shiyao's memorial sought to uproot a longstanding practice. Only because Shiyao has never coddled his staff—a quality I trust completely—can he say such a thing. Others should not imitate it lightly."

四十二年，雲貴總督圖思德奏緬甸投誠，籥請納貢。上命大學士阿桂往蒞其事，並調侍堯雲貴總督。緬甸頭人孟幹謁侍堯，請緩貢。侍堯偕阿桂奏：「孟幹等語反覆，遵旨斷接濟，絕偵探，示以威德，不予遷就。」上召阿桂還。緬甸歸所留守備蘇爾相，侍堯遣詣京師。緬甸乞遣孟幹等還，侍堯諭令歸所留按察使銜楊重英，上嘉其合機宜。四十三年，奏獲緬甸遣騰越州民入關為諜，送京師。尋奏：「永昌、普洱界連緬甸，擬每歲派兵五千五百，在張鳳街、三台山、九龍口諸地防守。」上諭以「揆度邊情，不值如此辦理」。侍堯復請於杉木隴設大汛，撥騰越兵五百；千崖設小汛，撥南甸兵二百，輪駐巡防；並分守虎踞、銅壁等關。從之。四十五年，雲南糧儲道海寧訴侍堯貪縱營私狀，命尚書和珅、侍郎喀寧阿按治。侍堯自承得道府以下餽賂，不諱，上震怒，諭曰：「侍堯身為大學士，歷任總督，負恩婪索，朕夢想所不到！」奪官，逮詣京師。和珅等奏擬斬監候，奪爵以授其弟奉堯。又下大學士九卿議，改斬決，上心欲寬之，復下各直省督撫議。各督撫多請照初議定罪，獨江蘇巡撫閔鶚元迎上意，奏：「侍堯歷任封疆，幹力有為。請用議勤議能之例，寬其一線。」上乃下詔，謂：「罪疑惟輕，朕不為已甚。」改斬監候。

In Qianlong 42 Governor-General Tu Side reported Burma's submission and its request to resume tribute. The emperor sent Grand Secretary Agui to supervise and transferred Shiyao to Yunnan-Guizhou. The Burmese leader Meng Gan petitioned Shiyao to delay the tribute mission. Shiyao and Agui reported Meng Gan's evasions and recommended strict compliance with imperial orders: cut off aid, block intelligence, display firmness without yielding. The emperor then recalled Agui to court. When Burma released the detained garrison commander Su Erxiang, Shiyao sent him to Beijing. When Burma requested Meng Gan's repatriation, Shiyao ordered Yang Chongying, detained with vice censor rank, sent home as well—an exchange the emperor applauded as shrewd. In Qianlong 43 he reported the capture of Burmese spies from Tengyue and their dispatch to Beijing. He then proposed garrisoning the Burma-facing border at Yongchang and Pu'er with 5,500 troops annually, posted at Zhangfeng Street, Mount Santai, Jiulong Pass, and similar stations. The emperor replied that the border did not warrant such a deployment. Shiyao scaled back, proposing a major post at Shanmulong with five hundred Tengyue troops; a smaller post at Qianya with two hundred Nandian troops on rotation; and detachments to hold Huju, Tongbi, and other passes. The emperor approved. In Qianlong 45 Circuit Intendant Hai Ning denounced Shiyao for graft; Heshen and Kening'a were sent to conduct the inquiry. Shiyao freely admitted taking bribes from prefectural officials downward. The enraged emperor exclaimed: "A Grand Secretary and former governor-general, ingrate that he is, extorting bribes—I never dreamed of it! He was dismissed and brought to Beijing in custody. Heshen's board recommended execution deferred to imprisonment and transfer of the earldom to his brother Fengyao. The Grand Secretariat and Nine Ministers upgraded the sentence to immediate execution; seeking mercy, the emperor sent the case to every provincial governor for review. Most governors upheld the original verdict; only Jiangsu's Min E'yuan, sensing the emperor's wish, argued that Shiyao's frontier service proved his energy and competence. He asked that the precedent for honoring diligence and merit be applied to grant the narrowest reprieve. The emperor proclaimed: "In doubtful cases the lighter penalty applies—I will not be excessive. The sentence was commuted to deferred execution.

四十六年，甘肅撒拉爾回蘇四十三為亂，上遣大學士阿桂視師。特旨予侍堯三品頂戴、孔雀翎，赴甘肅治軍事。甘肅冒賑事發，總督勒爾謹得罪，命侍堯領總督事，會阿桂按治。勒爾謹及前布政使王亶望、布政使王廷贊、蘭州知府蔣全迪皆坐斬。上命諸州縣侵冒二萬以上擬斬決，一萬以下斬候，於是皋蘭知縣程棟等二十人皆坐斬。四十七年，奏：「皋蘭等三十四廳、州、縣虧庫帑八十八萬有奇、倉糧七十四萬有奇，請於現任總督以下各官養廉扣抵歸補。」上命寬免。又請豁免節年民欠三十萬兩。旋命予現任品級頂帶，加太子太保。四十九年，廣東鹽商譚達元訴侍堯任兩廣時，總商沈冀州斂派公費餽送，上命尚書福康安按鞫，請罪侍堯。上責侍堯償繳公費，免其罪。

In Qianlong 46 the Salar leader Su Forty-three rebelled in Gansu, and Agui was sent to command. By special order Shiyao received third-rank insignia and a peacock feather and was dispatched to Gansu to handle military affairs. When Gansu's relief fraud came to light and Governor Le'erjin fell, Shiyao took charge of the province and assisted Agui's inquiry. Le'erjin, former treasurer Wang Tanwang, treasurer Wang Tingzan, and Lanzhou prefect Jiang Quandi were all executed. Officials who embezzled twenty thousand taels or more were to be executed outright, those under ten thousand deferred—and twenty county magistrates including Cheng Dong of Gaolan were condemned. In Qianlong 47 he reported deficits of more than 880,000 taels and 740,000 shi of grain across thirty-four jurisdictions and proposed covering them from officials' integrity stipends down to the governor. The emperor waived the recovery. He also sought remission of three hundred thousand taels in accumulated peasant tax debts. Shortly afterward his rank insignia was restored and he was again made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In Qianlong 49 salt merchant Tan Dayuan charged that Shiyao had accepted gifts funded by levies the chief merchant Shen Jizhou collected while he governed Liangguang; Fukang'an was ordered to investigate. The emperor required restitution of the public funds but dropped the criminal charges.

蘇四十三亂既定，上屢諭侍堯密察新教回民。至是，鹽茶廳回田五等復為亂，侍堯會固原提督剛塔捕田五。田五自戕，得其孥誅之。無何，田五之徒復攻靖遠。侍堯駐靖遠，令剛塔督兵往，亂久未定。上命大學士阿桂、尚書福康安視師。渭城陷，西安副都統明善戰死，賊據石峰堡。上責侍堯玩延怯懦，奪官，仍在軍效力督餉。侍堯旋督兵赴伏羌。福康安至軍，發侍堯玩愒貽誤諸罪狀。逮熱河行在，王大臣按鞫，擬斬決。上仍令從寬改監候。五十年，諭釋之。署正黃旗漢軍都統。署戶部尚書。

After Su Forty-three's revolt was crushed, the emperor repeatedly instructed Shiyao to keep close surveillance on New Teaching Muslims. Then Tian Wu and fellow Muslims at Yancha Department rebelled again; Shiyao and Regional Commander Gangta of Guyuan moved to capture him. Tian Wu took his own life; his family was captured and put to death. Soon Tian Wu's partisans struck Jingyuan again. Shiyao held at Jingyuan and sent Gangta against the rebels, but the uprising dragged on. The emperor sent Agui and Fukang'an to take command. Weicheng fell, Deputy Commander Mingshan of Xi'an was killed in action, and the rebels held Shifeng Fort. The emperor censured Shiyao for dilatoriness and timidity, dismissed him, but kept him with the army supervising grain transport. Shiyao then marched troops to Fuxiang. Fukang'an arrived at the front and impeached Shiyao for slackness and dereliction. He was brought to the emperor at Rehe, tried by princes and senior officials, and sentenced to death. The emperor again showed mercy, commuting the sentence to imprisonment awaiting execution. In Qianlong 50 he was pardoned and released. He was appointed acting commandant of the Han Plain Yellow Banner. He also served as acting Minister of Revenue.

湖北江陵民訴知縣孔毓檀侵賑，命侍堯往按。奏言毓檀未侵賑，但治賑遲緩，坐奪官。命署湖廣總督。奏上年孝感被災饑民劉金立等掠穀，生員梅調元糾眾毆殺金立，並生瘞二十三人。上逮前總督特成額及知縣秦樸等治其罪。未幾，實授。

When Jiangling commoners accused Magistrate Kong Yutan of diverting relief grain, Shiyao was sent to investigate. He found no embezzlement but faulted Yutan's slow relief work and had him dismissed. He was appointed acting Governor-General of Huguang. He reported that during last year's famine in Xiaogan, Liu Jinli and other starving villagers had looted grain; licentiate Mei Tiaoyuan rallied a mob that beat Jinli to death and buried twenty-three people alive. The emperor had former Governor-General Te Cheng'e, Magistrate Qin Pu, and others arrested and punished. Shortly afterward, he was confirmed in the post.

五十二年，入覲。台灣民林爽文為亂，調侍堯閩浙總督，駐蚶江。時前總督常青督兵渡台灣，侍堯以兵力不足，調廣東、浙江兵濟師。又慮賊據笨港劫糧械，撥繪船分防鹿耳門、鹿仔港。上獎以籌濟有方。亂久未定，上以常青非將才，命福康安為將軍督師；並寄諭常青全師以歸，待福康安至，再籌進取。侍堯恐常青宣露上旨，人心惶惑，節錄發寄，並具疏請罪。上大悅，獎以「深合機宜，得大臣體」。賜雙眼孔雀翎。福康安劾提督柴大紀，上責侍堯徇隱。五十三年，侍堯亦奏大紀貪劣諸狀，自請治罪，上寬之。台灣平，命仍襲伯爵。建福康安等生祠於台灣，命侍堯居福康安、海蘭察之次。復命圖形紫光閣，列前二十功臣。

In the fifty-second year, he went to the capital for audience. When Taiwan commoner Lin Shuangwen rebelled, Shiyao was transferred to Governor-General of Fujian-Zhejiang and posted at Hanzhen River. Former Governor-General Changqing was then leading troops across to Taiwan; finding the force insufficient, Shiyao drew reinforcements from Guangdong and Zhejiang. Fearing rebels might seize Bengang and raid supplies, he deployed patrol boats to guard Lu'ermen and Luzai Harbor. The emperor commended his well-organized provisioning. As the rebellion dragged on, the emperor judged Changqing no commander and sent Fuk'anggan as general to take charge; He also instructed Changqing in a sealed message to withdraw the entire force and await Fuk'anggan's arrival before planning further operations. Shiyao feared that revealing the imperial directive would unsettle the troops; he therefore sent only an excerpt and submitted a memorial asking to be punished. The emperor was greatly pleased and praised him: "Deeply appropriate to the moment—true ministerial conduct." He was granted a double-eyed peacock feather. Fuk'anggan impeached Regional Commander Chai Daji, and the emperor faulted Shiyao for shielding him. In the fifty-third year Shiyao too memorialized Chai Daji's corruption and asked that he himself be punished; the emperor showed lenience. When Taiwan was pacified, he was allowed to retain his earldom. Life temples to Fuk'anggan and others were built in Taiwan, with Shiyao ranked next after Fuk'anggan and Hailancha. He was again ordered depicted in the Hall of Purple Splendor among the twenty foremost contributors.

侍堯短小精敏，過目成誦。見屬僚，數語即辨其才否。擁幾高坐，語所治肥瘠利害，或及其陰事，若親見。人皆悚懼。屢以貪黷坐法，上終憐其才，為之曲赦。十月，疾聞，命其子侍衛毓秀往省。旋卒，諡恭毅。

Shiyao was short but quick-witted, with a memory that retained whatever he read at a glance. After a few words with his subordinates, he could tell whether they were capable. Seated at his desk, he would speak of what thrived or languished under each man's administration—and sometimes of their private scandals—as though he had witnessed them himself. All were terrified. Though repeatedly convicted of graft, the emperor still valued his talent and repeatedly bent the law in his favor. When news of his illness came in the tenth month, the emperor sent his son, Imperial Bodyguard Yu Xiu, to visit him. He soon died and was given the posthumous title Gongyi.

弟奉堯，自官學生襲勳舊佐領，授藍翎侍衛。累遷江南提督。四十五年，襲伯爵。四十六年，調福建陸路提督。以漳、泉累有械鬥，左授馬蘭鎮總兵。五十二年，署直隸提督。山東學政劉權之移家，舟經靜海被盜，下吏議。上以署事未久，且隨扈熱河，寬之。五十三年，侍堯還襲伯爵，加奉堯提督銜。五十四年，卒，諡慎簡。子毓文，乾隆六十年，侍堯督雲、貴與局員通同偷減錢法事發，奪毓秀伯爵，命毓文承襲。

His younger brother Fengyao inherited an old hereditary assistant commandant's post from the Imperial Academy and was appointed a Blue Plume Bodyguard. He rose in time to Regional Commander of Jiangnan. In the forty-fifth year he inherited the earldom. In the forty-sixth year he was transferred to Regional Commander of Fujian infantry. After repeated armed brawls in Zhangzhou and Quanzhou, he was relegated to commander of the Malan garrison. In the fifty-second year he served as acting Regional Commander of Zhili. When Shandong Education Commissioner Liu Quanzhi moved his household, his boat was robbed in Jinghai and the case was sent for prosecution. The emperor showed lenience, noting that Fengyao had held the acting post only briefly and was then accompanying the court at Rehe. In the fifty-third year Shiyao resumed the earldom and Fengyao was granted the rank of regional commander. He died in the fifty-fourth year and was given the posthumous title Shengjian. His son Yuwen: in the sixtieth year of Qianlong, when the scandal of Shiyao's collusion with mint officials in Yunnan-Guizhou to secretly reduce coin standards came to light, Yu Xiu's earldom was revoked and Yuwen was ordered to inherit.

=伍彌泰=伍彌泰，伍彌氏，蒙古正黃旗人，副將軍三等伯阿喇納子。伍彌泰以雍正二年襲爵。授公中佐領，擢散秩大臣，遷鑲白旗蒙古副都統。乾隆十五年，賜伯號曰誠毅。二十年，授涼州將軍。旋命以將軍銜駐西藏辦事，二十四年，代還，授正藍旗蒙古都統。出為江寧將軍。二十七年，上以伍彌泰不勝任，召還，仍為散秩大臣。命協辦伊犁事務。哈薩克越境游牧，師逐之出塞。上以伍彌泰不諳軍務，令隨行學習。二十八年，命往烏魯木齊辦事。築精河屯堡，上賜名曰綏來。三十一年，代還，署鑲黃蒙古、正白漢軍兩旗都統。授內大臣。三十五年，命往西寧辦事。郭羅剋土番劫洞庫爾種人行李，伍彌泰遣兵逐捕，得行李以還。奏聞，上以未痛剿，責伍彌泰怠忽。三十八年，改駐西藏辦事。四十一年，代還，擢理籓院尚書，兼鑲白旗漢軍都統。出為綏遠城將軍，調西安。四十三年，伊犁將軍伊勒圖請以屯田無眷屬之兵次第撤回，下伍彌泰議。選陝、甘綠營兵三千攜眷屬以往。四十五年，班禪額爾德尼詣京師，命伍彌泰護行，仍還西安。

Wu Mitai was a Mongol of the Plain Yellow Banner, of the Wu Mi clan, and the son of Deputy General and third-class count Alana. Wu Mitai inherited his title in the second year of Yongzheng. He was appointed a company commander, promoted to minister without portfolio, and transferred to vice commander-in-chief of the Bordered White Mongol Banner. In the fifteenth year of Qianlong he was granted the count's style name Chengyi ("Sincere and Resolute"). In the twentieth year he was appointed General of Liangzhou. He was soon sent to Tibet as resident commissioner with the rank of general; returning in the twenty-fourth year, he was made commander-in-chief of the Plain Blue Mongol Banner. He was appointed General of Jiangning. In the twenty-seventh year the emperor judged Wu Mitai unequal to the post and recalled him, retaining him as a minister without portfolio. He was ordered to assist in Ili affairs. When Kazakhs crossed the border to graze, troops drove them beyond the frontier. Finding Wu Mitai unversed in military affairs, the emperor had him accompany the campaign to learn. In the twenty-eighth year he was sent to Urumchi as resident commissioner. He built a fortified settlement at Jinghe, which the emperor named Suilai. Returning in the thirty-first year, he served concurrently as acting commander-in-chief of the Bordered Yellow Mongol and Plain White Han Chinese Banners. He was appointed a Grand Minister of the Household. In the thirty-fifth year he was sent to Xining as resident commissioner. When Guoluo Tibetans robbed the Dongkur tribesmen's baggage, Wu Mitai sent troops in pursuit and recovered the goods. When he reported this, the emperor faulted him for not crushing the raiders thoroughly, charging negligence. In the thirty-eighth year he was reassigned as resident commissioner in Tibet. Returning in the forty-first year, he was promoted to Minister of the Court of Colonial Affairs and made concurrent commander-in-chief of the Bordered White Han Chinese Banner. He was appointed General of Suiyuan and then transferred to Xi'an. In the forty-third year General Yiletui of Ili proposed gradually withdrawing garrison-farming troops without families; the matter was referred to Wu Mitai. He selected three thousand Green Standard troops from Shaanxi and Gansu, with their families, to go. In the forty-fifth year, when the Panchen Lama came to the capital, Wu Mitai was ordered to escort him and then return to Xi'an.

四十六年，撒拉爾回蘇四十三等為亂，陷河州。上命伍彌泰選兵千人備徵發。伍彌泰奏提督馬彪已率兵赴河州，擬選滿洲兵千繼往。上以所奏與諭旨合，深嘉之。上命大學士阿桂視師，督軍攻華林山梁，命伍彌泰駐龍尾山為聲援。回亂旋定，捕得阿渾五。有海潮宗者，嘗出降，彪遣往開諭，遂留從亂。上責伍彌泰等不先奏聞，下吏議奪官，上寬之。

In the forty-sixth year Salar Muslims led by Su Forty-three rebelled and seized Hezhou. The emperor ordered Wu Mitai to ready a thousand troops for deployment. Wu Mitai reported that Regional Commander Ma Biao had already marched on Hezhou and proposed sending a thousand Manchu troops after him. The emperor was much pleased that the proposal matched his own instructions. Grand Secretary Agui was sent to direct operations against Hualin Ridge, while Wu Mitai was posted on Longwei Mountain as a supporting force. The Muslim rebellion was soon suppressed and Ahunwu was captured. One Haichao Zong had once surrendered; Ma Biao sent him to win others over, but he stayed with the rebels instead. The emperor faulted Wu Mitai and others for not reporting this earlier; dismissal was proposed, but the emperor showed lenience.

四十八年，授吏部尚書、協辦大學士、鑲白旗蒙古都統，充上書房總諳達。四十九年，上巡江、浙，命留京辦事，授東閣大學士。上以伍彌泰年逾七十，命與大學士嵇璜、蔡新俱日出後入朝，風雪沍寒，免其入直。五十年，預千叟宴。五十一年，卒，贈太子太保，賜祭葬，諡文端。

In the forty-eighth year he was appointed Minister of Personnel, Assistant Grand Secretary, and commander-in-chief of the Bordered White Mongol Banner, and served as head Mongol-language instructor in the Imperial Study. When the emperor toured Jiangsu and Zhejiang in the forty-ninth year, Wu Mitai was left in charge at the capital and made Grand Secretary of the Eastern Pavilion. As Wu Mitai was over seventy, he and Grand Secretaries Ji Huang and Cai Xin were permitted to arrive after sunrise; in bitter winter weather they were excused from regular attendance. In the fiftieth year he attended the Feast of a Thousand Elders. He died in the fifty-first year, was posthumously made Grand Mentor of the Heir Apparent, granted state funeral honors, and given the posthumous title Wenduan.

伍彌泰治事知大體。班禪額爾德尼至京師，王大臣多和南稱弟子。伍彌泰護行，與抗禮。

Wu Mitai handled affairs with a grasp of the larger picture. When the Panchen Lama reached the capital, many princes and ministers bowed with palms together and called themselves his disciples. Escorting the Panchen, Wu Mitai treated him as an equal in ceremony.

=官保=官保，烏雅氏，滿洲正黃旗人。初授刑部筆帖式，擢堂主事。累遷郎中。乾隆七年，授江南江寧知府。十一年，總督尹繼善奏官保不宜外任，复授刑部員外郎。轉郎中，改御史。擢刑科給事中，巡視台灣。二十二年，擢鑲黃旗漢軍副都統，往西藏辦事。二十六年，授刑部侍郎。三十年，調工部。三十二年，復往西藏辦事，察知糧務通判吳元澄以庫銀貿易。上以官保初至藏即察奏，嘉其急公，讞實，論斬。歷正紅旗蒙古、滿洲都統，理籓院，刑、禮、戶諸部尚書。三十四年，協辦大學士。上幸熱河，命留京辦事。三十八年，調吏部。四十一年，以年逾八十乞休，命致仕。卒，賜祭葬，諡文勤。

Guan Bao was a Manchu of the Plain Yellow Banner, of the Wuya clan. He began as a clerk in the Board of Punishments and rose to section chief. He rose through the ranks to bureau director. In the seventh year of Qianlong he was appointed prefect of Jiangning in Jiangnan. In the eleventh year Governor-General Yin Jishan reported that Guan Bao was unsuited to provincial office, and he was recalled to the Board of Punishments as vice director. He became a bureau director and then a censor. He was promoted supervising censor of the Punishments Section and sent to inspect Taiwan. In the twenty-second year he was promoted to vice commander-in-chief of the Bordered Yellow Han Chinese Banner and sent to Tibet. In the twenty-sixth year he was appointed Vice Minister of Punishments. In the thirtieth year he was transferred to the Board of Works. Sent again to Tibet in the thirty-second year, he discovered Sub-Prefect Wu Yuancheng trading with government funds. The emperor praised Guan Bao's public-mindedness in reporting the case as soon as he arrived in Tibet; the facts were confirmed and Wu was sentenced to death. He served successively as commander-in-chief of the Plain Red Mongol and Manchu Banners, head of the Court of Colonial Affairs, and Minister of Punishments, Rites, and Revenue. In the thirty-fourth year he became Assistant Grand Secretary. When the emperor went to Rehe, Guan Bao was left in charge at the capital. In the thirty-eighth year he was transferred to the Ministry of Personnel. In the forty-first year, being over eighty, he asked to retire and was granted leave. Upon his death he was granted state funeral honors and the posthumous title Wenqin.

=【論】=論曰：廷桂嘗言：「事英主有法。若先有市惠、好名、黨援諸病，上所知，便一事不可行。」其言深中高宗之隱，被眷遇宜矣。侍堯眷遇尤厚，屢坐贓敗，屢屈法貸之。蓋特憐其才，非以其工進獻也。阿彌達、廷璋皆以不謹聞，亦未竟其罪。有恭撫江、浙，治海塘，重水利，有惠於民。其被譴尚非有所私，視侍堯輩故當勝。伍彌泰雖未嘗領疆寄，久於邊徼，恩被延登，在當時亦勞臣也，因附著之。

The commentary says: Tinggui once observed: "Serving an enlightened sovereign calls for a method. If you already suffer from buying favor, craving reputation, or building factions—and the emperor knows it—nothing you propose will go forward." His remark struck deep at what the Gaozong Emperor wished unspoken; small wonder he enjoyed such imperial favor. Shiyao enjoyed even greater favor, though repeatedly convicted of graft; each time the law was bent to spare him. The emperor valued his talent, not any skill at currying favor. Amitai and Tingzhang too were noted for carelessness, yet neither was punished to the full extent of the law. Yougong as governor of Jiangsu and Zhejiang repaired sea walls and prioritized water control, to the people's benefit. Even when reprimanded, he was not driven by private motives—and so he stands above men like Shiyao. Wu Mitai never held full frontier command, yet after long service on the borders he was raised by imperial grace; he too was a worthy servant of his day, and is therefore included here.

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