Volume 324 Biographies 111: Fang Guancheng, Fu Mingan, Zhou Yuanli, Li Hu, Li Han, Li Shijie, Yuan Shoudong, Zheng Dajin, Liu E, Lu Yao, Guan Ganzhen, Jiang Zhaokui, Hu Jitang

列傳一百十一

Biographies 111

=方觀承=方觀承，字遐穀，安徽桐城人。祖登嶧，官工部主事。父式濟，康熙四十八年進士，官內閣中書。僑居江寧，坐戴名世南山集獄，並戍黑龍江。觀承尚少，寄食清涼山寺。歲與兄觀永徒步至塞外營養，往來南北，枵腹重趼。數年，祖與父皆沒，益困。然因是具知南北阨塞及民情土俗所宜，厲志勤學，為平郡王福彭所知。雍正十年，福彭以定邊大將軍率師討準噶爾，奏為記室。世宗召入對，賜中書銜。師還，授內閣中書。乾隆二年，充軍機處章京。累遷吏部郎中。七年，授直隸清河道。署總督史貽直奏勘永定河工，上諭之曰：「方觀承不穿鑿而有條理，可與詳酌。」八年，遷按察使。九年，命大學士訥親勘浙江海塘及山東、江南河道，以觀承從。尋擢布政使。十一年，署山東巡撫。十二年，回布政使任。十三年，遷浙江巡撫。十四年，擢直隸總督，兼理河道。十五年，加太子少保。二十年，加太子太保，署陝甘總督。二十一年，回直隸任。

Fang Guancheng, whose style was Xiagu, came from Tongcheng in Anhui. His grandfather Dengfeng had been a director in the Ministry of Works. His father Shiji, who had passed the jinshi examination in the forty-eighth year of the Kangxi reign, served as a secretary in the Grand Secretariat. The family had settled in Jiangning; caught up in the Dai Mingshi Nanshanji affair, grandfather and father were both sent into exile on the Heilongjiang frontier. Guancheng was still a boy and depended on charity at Qingliangshan Temple. Every year he and his elder brother Guanyong walked to the frontier camps to support their banished kin, shuttling north and south on empty stomachs and blistered feet. Within a few years both grandfather and father died, and their poverty deepened. Yet those journeys gave him a firsthand grasp of northern and southern passes, local conditions, and what policies would fit; he applied himself to study and won the notice of the Prince of Ping, Fupeng. In the tenth year of Yongzheng, Fupeng marched against the Dzungars as frontier pacification commissioner and had Guancheng appointed his staff secretary. The Yongzheng Emperor called him in for an audience and conferred the rank of Secretariat drafter. After the campaign he was appointed a secretary in the Grand Secretariat. In the second year of Qianlong he became a clerk in the Grand Council. He rose step by step to director in the Ministry of Personnel. In the seventh year he was made Qinghe Circuit intendant in Zhili. When Acting Governor Shi Yizhi reported on inspecting Yongding River works, the emperor told him, "Fang Guancheng is practical without being fussy and thinks in an orderly way—work the details out with him." In the eighth year he was promoted to provincial surveillance commissioner. In the ninth year Grand Secretary Neqin was sent to inspect the Zhejiang seawall and the river works of Shandong and Jiangnan, and Guancheng went with him. He was soon promoted to provincial treasurer. In the eleventh year he acted as governor of Shandong. In the twelfth year he resumed his post as provincial treasurer. In the thirteenth year he became governor of Zhejiang. In the fourteenth year he was raised to governor-general of Zhili with concurrent responsibility for river works. In the fifteenth year he received the additional title Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the twentieth year he was made Senior Guardian of the Heir Apparent and acted as governor-general of Shaanxi and Gansu. In the twenty-first year he returned to his post in Zhili.

觀承撫山東時，議以安山湖畀民承墾昇科，奏言：「湖中尚有積水，但二麥布種於水已涸之後，收穫於水未發之先。故雖有水患，民原承墾昇科。昇科後，官徵民納，例重秋收。秋禾被水，請蠲、請賑、請豁，徒致紛繁。即如南旺湖，亦經台臣條奏畀民承墾。臣從訥親履勘，見卑處水涸，高處如屋如岩，意謂水不能及。臣至山東，方知夏秋間運河及汶水暴漲，賴以分減，運道得保無虞。凡大川所經，眾水所注，其宣洩瀦蓄之區，恆閱數年、數十年，有若閒置，一旦實得其用，未可以目前忘久遠。安山湖亦運河洩水地，應視南旺湖例，夏麥秋禾，分季收租。除去昇科名目，應徵、應免，悉從其宜。國利而民亦不病。」又奏：「義倉與社倉同為積貯，但社倉例惟藉種，義倉則藉與賑兼行，而尤重在賑。設倉宜在鄉不宜在城，積穀宜在民不宜在官。秋穫告豐，勸導輸納，歲終將穀數奏明，不必開具管收除在。則其數不在官，法可行久。」

While governing Shandong, Guancheng opposed a plan to hand Anshan Lake to farmers for reclamation and taxation. He wrote, "Water still pools in the lake, yet farmers sow their winter wheat and cotton only after it has drained and harvest before the floods return. So despite the flood risk, the people were willing to reclaim the land and pay tax on it. Once the land was taxed, collection fell heaviest on the autumn crop. When autumn grain was flooded, there would be endless petitions for remission, relief, and write-offs. Nanwang Lake, for example, had likewise been proposed for farmer reclamation by censorial officials. When I accompanied Neqin on inspection, the low ground looked dry and the high ground like houses and cliffs, so one might think the floods would never reach it. Only after I reached Shandong did I see that in summer and autumn the Grand Canal and Wen River surge violently and depend on these lakes to spill off excess water and keep the transport route safe. Wherever major rivers run and tributaries gather, flood storage may look unused for years or decades—yet when it is finally needed, present convenience must not blind us to the long view. Anshan Lake is likewise a canal spill basin and should follow Nanwang Lake: tax summer wheat and autumn grain by season. Drop the permanent tax-registration label and levy or exempt as local conditions require. The state would gain revenue without harming the people." He also argued that charity granaries and community granaries both stored grain, but community granaries only lent seed whereas charity granaries both lent and gave relief—and relief mattered most. Granaries should stand in the countryside, not the county seat, and grain should stay with the people rather than in official hands. After a good autumn harvest, encourage donations; at year's end report totals without burdensome intake-and-disbursement ledgers. If the figures were not held by officials, the system could last."

撫浙江，海塘引河出中小亹安流，北大亹沙漲成陸。觀承履勘，丈出地三十五萬餘畝，畀民承墾。又以引河既出中小亹，民間失地，以附近村地二萬餘畝撥補。复察各地咸氣未除，民不能即耕，令灶戶以未種地交民承佃，使灶戶得租，貧民得地。分疏以聞，上嘉之。

As Zhejiang governor, he found the seawall diversion running safely through the middle and lesser shoals while the northern great shoal had silted into dry land. Guancheng surveyed the ground in person, measured out more than 350,000 mu, and opened it to farmer reclamation. Because the new channel cut through the middle shoals, farmers lost land; he allocated more than 20,000 mu from nearby villages to make them whole. Where salinity still barred immediate farming, he had salt producers lease unused plots to poor farmers so producers kept rent income and the needy gained land. He reported each measure separately, and the emperor commended him.

督直隸二十年，治績彰顯。以兼理河道，治水尤著勞勚。直隸五大河，永定河渾流最難治。觀承初上官，即疏言：「永定河自六工以下，河形高仰，請就舊有北大堤改移下口，庶水行地中，暢下無阻。」上諭以「改移下口不可輕言」。明年春，上臨視永定河堤，御製詩示觀承，大指謂河堤但可培厚，不可加高；略移下口，取易於趨下，亦補偏救弊之策。是夏，永定河南岸三工汙溝奪溜。上以江南河道總督高斌豆瓣集漫口圖示觀承，觀承奏：「豆瓣集為中河餘水漫溢，故可於水緩處施工。永定河若但堵月堤，溢水無歸路。仍塞漫口，偪溜入引河，復故道。」上韙之。又明年春，疏言：「永定河下口掣溜出冰窖壩口。請即於坦坡埝尾東北斜穿三角淀，開引河入葉淀，自鳳河轉入大清河。」廷議以時初過凌汛，慮盛漲浹沙淤淀，令觀承覆奏。奏言：「冰窖壩口掣溜，在上七工尾，低於正河丈二三尺。南距南坦坡，北距北大堤，有漫衍而無衝溢，此地勢之順也。水由壩出，非衝決亦非開放，民情不怨，此人事之順也。凌汛改移，經理有暇，此天時之順也。今日必應改移，不復稍存歧見。至慮盛漲梜沙淤淀，渾水至三十里外，水渙沙停，當無此慮。且臣亦嘗計及，故不使東循龍尾直入鳳河，而引入葉淀，迂其途而廣其地，更可經久無患。」上命尚書舒赫德、河東總督顧琮會勘，如觀承議。自是永定河下口出冰窖。

Over twenty years as Zhili governor-general his administrative record stood out. With concurrent charge of river works, his efforts in flood control were especially distinguished. Among Zhili's five major rivers, the Yongding's muddy torrent was the hardest to tame. Soon after taking office he argued that below the sixth works the Yongding ran unnaturally high and asked to shift the lower outlet along the existing northern dike so water could run in-channel and drain freely. The emperor replied that shifting the lower outlet was not to be proposed lightly. The next spring the emperor inspected the Yongding dikes in person and sent Guancheng an imperial poem saying, in essence, that dikes should be thickened, not raised; and that slightly shifting the lower outlet to ease the descent was likewise a corrective measure. That summer a sewage ditch at the third works on the south bank diverted the Yongding's current. The emperor showed him Governor-General Gao Bin's plan for the Doubanji breach in Jiangnan; Guancheng replied that Doubanji was merely surplus from the middle channel and could be repaired where the current slackened. On the Yongding, merely plugging the crescent dike would leave floodwater nowhere to go. He should still close the breach, drive the current back into the diversion channel, and restore the old course. The emperor agreed. The following spring he reported that the Yongding's lower outlet had shifted to the Bingjiao dam mouth. He asked to cut a diversion northeast from the Tanpo embankment through Sanjiao Marsh into Ye Marsh and then via the Feng River into the Daqing River. Court debate noted that the ice-flood season had only just ended and feared summer floods would dump silt into the marshes, and ordered Guancheng to respond again. He replied that the shift at Bingjiao lay at the tail of the upper seventh works, one or two zhang below the main channel. Bounded south by the southern Tanpo slope and north by the northern great dike, the water could spread without violent overflow—terrain favored the change. Water was leaving through the dam mouth neither by breach nor by forced opening, and the people were not protesting—human factors also favored it. Shifting after the ice flood left time to manage the works—timing favored it as well. The shift had to be made now; he no longer had any doubt. As for fears that summer floods would silt the marshes, even thirty li out muddy water spreads and sand drops—there was little to fear. He had planned for this too: rather than send the current east along Longwei straight into the Feng River, he routed it through Ye Marsh, lengthening and widening the path so the works would last. The emperor sent Minister Shuhede and Hedong Governor-General Gu Cong to inspect together, and they endorsed Guancheng's plan. From then on the Yongding's lower outlet ran through Bingjiao.

居二年，复疏言：「永定河下口漸淤。請於北岸六工尾開堤放水，至五道口，導歸沙家淀，仍自鳳河入大清河。」廷議以甫改冰窖下口，何以又請於北岸六工開堤放水，令觀承覆奏。奏言：「冰窖改口後，水勢暢順。上年盛漲，下口十里內淤阻。今請於北岸六工放水，循南埝而行，仍以鳳河為尾閭，實於現在情形為便。」自是永定河下口又改自北岸六工入鳳河。旋請以鳳河東堤及韓家埝隸永定河道，又請於下口北埝外更作遙埝，為勻沙散水之用，並加築鳳河東隄，與遙埝相接。觀承治永定河凡再改下口，相時決機，從之輒利。

Two years later he reported that the lower Yongding outlet was silting up. He asked to breach the dike at the tail of the sixth works on the north bank, release water to Wudaokou, route it through Shajia Marsh, and again enter the Daqing River via the Feng River. Court debate asked why, having just moved the outlet to Bingjiao, he now wanted to open the north-bank sixth works; Guancheng was told to explain again. He replied that after the Bingjiao shift the current had run smoothly. During last year's peak flood the lower ten li had silted shut. He now asked to release water at the north-bank sixth works, run it along the southern embankment, and still use the Feng River as the final outlet—which best fit present conditions. The Yongding's lower outlet was shifted again from the north-bank sixth works into the Feng River. He soon had the Feng River's east dike and the Han family embankment placed under Yongding administration, built an outer distant embankment beyond the lower north bank to spread silt and disperse floodwater, and raised the Feng River's east dike to connect with it. Guancheng twice moved the Yongding's lower outlet; he timed each decision well, and each shift paid off when adopted.

河決長垣、東明，命觀承往勘。疏言：「二縣以太行堤為衛，其地南高北下。河南陽武諸縣水北注，賴此堤捍之。康熙六十年後，屢被沖決。請於堤西開新引河，導水入舊引河東注，即以所起土別築新堤。」命如所議。觀承疏請治子牙河，自楊家口至閻兒莊，改支河為正河。复於閻兒莊北循堤濬新引河接黑港舊引河，俱於子牙橋北入正河。疏請治滹沱河，自晉州張岔山口改流，南出寧晉入滏陽河，當順新道。疏請治漳河，自臨漳東南改流趨大名，分支：一出城北，一流入河間。當於河口築壩，斷水南流。疏淤濬河，引水歸故道。皆如議行。又疏濬易州安國河，開渠灌田，賜名曰安河。上以河南巡撫胡寶瑔督民間繕治道路溝洫，令觀承仿行。觀承方令諸州縣以工代賑，修堤埝，濬減河，築疊道，凡三十二州縣。既奉命，奏言：「正定、順德、廣平、大名等地民力易集，近年漳、漆、滏、洺諸水疏通。他處亦先後開工。要使瀝水有歸，農田杜患。」逾年，疏報自大興、宛平東至撫寧，西至易、涿，西南至望都，東南至阜城；复循運河自武清至吳橋，凡二十二州縣，築疊道，開溝渠，諸工皆竟。

When the river broke at Changyuan and Dongming, Guancheng was sent to inspect. He reported that the two counties depended on the Taihang dike for protection and that the terrain sloped from higher south to lower north. Floodwaters from Yangwu and other Henan counties poured north and depended on this dike to hold them back. After the sixtieth year of Kangxi it had been breached repeatedly. He asked to cut a new diversion west of the dike into the old east-flowing channel and use the spoil to build a new dike. The court approved his plan. Guancheng proposed works on the Ziya River from Yangjiakou to Yan'erzhuang, promoting the branch channel to the main course. North of Yan'erzhuang he dredged a new diversion along the dike to link the old Heigang channel, both rejoining the main river north of Ziya Bridge. He proposed redirecting the Hutuo from Zhangcha Pass in Jizhou south through Ningjin into the Fuyang River along its new course. He proposed redirecting the Zhang southeast from Linzhang toward Daming in two branches—one north of the city wall and one into Hejian. A dam at the mouth would block the southward flow. He dredged the channel and returned the water to its old course. All were approved and carried out. He also dredged the Anguo River in Yizhou, opened irrigation canals, and the emperor named it the An River. The emperor had Guancheng follow the example of Henan Governor Hu Baozhen, who organized local repair of roads and ditches. Guancheng was already using work-for-relief across thirty-two prefectures and counties to repair dikes, dredge flood channels, and build raised roads. Once ordered to proceed, he reported that in Zhengding, Shunde, Guangping, Daming, and similar districts labor was easy to mobilize and that the Zhang, Qi, Fu, and Ming rivers had recently been cleared. Work had begun elsewhere as well. The goal was to give runoff somewhere to go and keep fields safe from flooding. A year later he reported work from Daxing and Wanping east to Funing, west to Yi and Zhuo, southwest to Wangdu, and southeast to Fucheng; He extended the work along the Grand Canal from Wuqing to Wuqiao across twenty-two prefectures and counties, building raised roads and digging channels until every project was finished.

直隸北境東自熱河，西至宣化，皆接蒙古界，流民出塞耕蒙古地。永定河改道冰窖之歲，土默特貝子哈木噶巴牙斯呼郎圖議驅民收地。觀承疏言：「貧民無家可歸，即甘受驅逐，而數万男婦，內地亦難於安置，請簡大臣按治。」上遣侍郎劉綸等往勘，議仍用原定年限，語詳綸傳。是歲，理籓院尚書納延泰議撤多倫諾爾鋪司，毋佔蒙古游牧。觀承奏：「多倫諾爾自設鋪司，文移資送郵，解餉得棲止，行旅亦堪投宿，並無礙於游牧。今於南茶棚、上渡、轉山子、水泉子諸地量留屋宇，如或藏匿匪類，責所司究治。」

From Rehe in the east to Xuanhua in the west, Zhili's northern frontier bordered Mongolia, and displaced people crossed the passes to farm on Mongol land. The year the Yongding was redirected to Bingjiao, the Tumed prince Hamagabayas Hulangtu proposed expelling the settlers and reclaiming the land. Guancheng argued that the poor had nowhere to go; even if they accepted expulsion, tens of thousands of men and women could not easily be resettled inland, and he asked the court to send a senior minister to investigate. The emperor sent Vice Minister Liu Lun and others to inspect; they upheld the original time limits, as recounted in Lun's biography. That year Colonial Affairs Minister Nayantai proposed abolishing the Duolun Nuo'er relay stations so they would not encroach on Mongol grazing lands. Guancheng replied that since Duolun Nuo'er had relay stations, official mail and supplies moved smoothly, fund couriers and travelers had lodging, and pastoral migration was not impeded. He proposed keeping buildings as needed at Nanchapeng, Shangdu, Zhuanshanzi, Shuiquanzi, and similar posts, with local officials held responsible if bandits were harbored."

觀承復請熱河編立煙戶，令有司稽察。附近敖漢、柰曼、翁牛特、土默特諸部，副都統歲週巡。理籓院議商人領票赴恰克圖、庫倫貿易，不得往喀爾喀各旗私與為市，並禁張家口設肆。觀承疏言：「禁張家口設肆，商人赴恰克圖、庫倫者日少。內地資蒙古馬羊皮革，蒙古亦需內地茶布，有無不能相通，未見其益。請令商人領票赴恰克圖、庫倫，仍許經過喀爾喀各旗相為交易，但不得久居放債，礙蒙古生計。」御史七十五請於多倫諾爾收稅，觀承奏：「內地茶布自張家口往，毋庸重徵。惟恰克圖、庫倫等地互市，及克什克騰木植，當於多倫諾爾徵稅。」

Guancheng also asked to register tobacco households in Rehe under official supervision. Among the nearby Aohan, Naiman, Wengniute, and Tumed banners, the vice commandant was to patrol annually. The Court of Colonial Affairs proposed licensed trade at Kyakhta and Urga but forbade private trading with Khalkha banners and banned shops at Zhangjiakou. Guancheng argued that banning shops at Zhangjiakou had steadily reduced traffic to Kyakhta and Urga. The interior needed Mongol horses, sheep, and hides, while Mongolia needed tea and cloth from China; cutting off exchange brought no clear benefit. He asked that licensed merchants go to Kyakhta and Urga and still trade with Khalkha banners along the route, but not stay long or lend at interest in ways that would harm Mongol livelihoods. When Censor Qishiwu proposed taxing trade at Duolun Nuo'er, Guancheng replied that tea and cloth leaving through Zhangjiakou should not be taxed twice. Taxes at Duolun Nuo'er should apply only to trade at Kyakhta, Urga, and similar markets and to timber from Keshiketeng."

右衛兵移駐張家口，觀承疏言：「歲支米粟不敷一萬四千餘石。請以宣化、懷來、懷安、蔚、西寧五州縣徵豆改粟米出糴，至張家口糴米，可得八千餘石。又以領催、前鋒、馬兵歲米五之一改折加給，俾兵食有資，而轉輸可省。」兵部議以張家口副將隸察哈爾都統，觀承疏請將邊外七汛隸都統，左衛、懷安仍隸宣化鎮。

When the Youwei garrison was posted to Zhangjiakou, Guancheng reported an annual shortfall of more than fourteen thousand shi of grain. He asked Xuanhua, Huailai, Huai'an, Yu, and Xining to convert bean levies to millet for sale and buy grain at Zhangjiakou to make up more than eight thousand shi. He also proposed converting one-fifth of the annual grain ration for paymasters, vanguard, and cavalry into cash at a premium so troops were fed while transport costs fell. The Ministry of War proposed placing the Zhangjiakou deputy commander under the Chahar commandant; Guancheng asked that the seven frontier posts be placed under the commandant while Zuowei and Huai'an stayed under Xuanhua garrison.

漕船自清江至通州，天津為南北運河樞鍵。二十二年，漕船遲至，上命觀承督民船起剝。觀承於北倉設席囤貯米，令交兌船泊北倉南，起剝船泊北倉北，皆傍東岸。一幫限二里，同時起米不相妨。西岸行空船，計日畢事。疏請發庫帑給腳價，明歲新漕歸款。二十四年，上以北運河水淺，截先到漕艘留米四十萬石貯北倉。觀承疏言：「前幫截留，後幫繼進，為日無多。請以剝為截，令先到各幫每船剝若干，使得輕便，餘米仍抵通州交兌。應截五六百船全米，勻為千船半米。俟河水漲發，繼進之船，浮送無阻。」諭獎其妥協。上以各省錢貴，用山東布政使李渭議，禁富民積錢，家限五十串。觀承奏：「富民積錢，勢不能按戶而察之。與其限所積不能稽所入，請令交易在三十兩以下者許用錢，過是即用銀，違者收以官價。富民積錢，諭令易銀，違者以十之二入官。至尋常出入，應各從其便。」上問：「成效若何？」觀承言：「富戶錢漸出，市值亦平減。」廷議各省糶米，商人往往藉口昂值，下觀承覈議。觀承疏：「請需米省分具款交產米省分，令有司代購。則牙儈不敢抗地方官教令，操縱自如。」疏並下部議行。

Grain barges ran from Qingjiang to Tongzhou, with Tianjin as the hinge of the north-south canal system. In the twenty-second year the grain fleet arrived late, and the emperor ordered Guancheng to supervise civilian lightering boats. Guancheng built mat sheds at Beicang to store grain, moored delivery boats south of the depot and lightering boats to the north, all along the east bank. Each convoy was limited to two li so boats could lighter grain at the same time without blocking one another. Empty boats used the west bank, and the work was finished on schedule. He asked for treasury funds to pay porterage, to be repaid from the next year's grain transport. In the twenty-fourth year, with the northern canal running shallow, the emperor held the first grain ships and stored four hundred thousand shi at Beicang. Guancheng noted that leading convoys were held while later ones advanced, and the delay would not last long. He proposed lightering instead of detention: each early boat would unload part of its cargo to ride higher while the rest still reached Tongzhou for delivery. Instead of holding five or six hundred fully loaded boats, the grain could be spread as half loads across a thousand boats. When the river rose, the following boats could float through without delay. The emperor praised his practical compromise. With cash scarce across the provinces, the emperor adopted Shandong Treasurer Li Wei's plan to cap wealthy households at fifty strings of hoarded cash. Guancheng replied that wealthy cash hoarding could not realistically be checked household by household. Rather than capping hoards that could not be audited, he proposed allowing cash only for transactions under thirty taels, requiring silver above that, and confiscating violators' cash at official rates. Wealthy hoarders should be ordered to convert cash to silver, with two-tenths forfeited to the state for violations. Ordinary daily transactions should be left to local convenience. The emperor asked what results had been achieved. Guancheng reported that wealthy households were releasing cash and market prices were easing. When the court debated provincial grain sales, it found merchants often inflated prices; Guancheng was asked to review the policy. Guancheng proposed that grain-deficit provinces send funds to surplus provinces and have local officials purchase grain on their behalf. Brokers would then not dare defy local officials or manipulate prices freely. The memorial was sent to the ministries for implementation.

觀承督陝、甘，董理儲糈，送駝馬，運糧茶，上敕以妥速為要。方冬，疏言哈密至巴里坤大坂積雪，遣兵剷除，請日加面四兩。在陝、甘四閱月，即返直隸。觀承蒞政精密，畿輔事繁重，乘輿歲臨幸，往來供張。值西征師行，具營幕芻糧，未嘗少乏，軍興而於民無擾。尤勤於民事，嘗請以永定河淤灘，堤內外留十丈，備栽柳取土，餘畀守堤貧民領耕輸租。又請以永定河葦地改藝秋禾，又以麥田牧羊，奏請申禁。又舉木棉事十六則，為圖說以進，上為題詩。溝渠疊道工竟，又請將欒城、柏鄉、內丘、定興、安肅、望都諸縣改築磚城。涿州拒馬河橋圮，令改建石橋。又重建衡水縣西橋，請賜名安濟。政無鉅細，皆殫心力赴之。

As supervisor of Shaanxi and Gansu, Guancheng managed stored provisions, dispatched camels and horses, and moved grain and tea; the emperor stressed both reliability and speed. In winter he reported snow blocking the Hami–Barkul pass, sent troops to clear it, and asked for an extra four liang of flour per man per day. After four months in Shaanxi and Gansu he returned to Zhili. Guancheng governed with meticulous care; the capital region's duties were heavy, and each year the emperor's tours required elaborate provisioning along the route. During the western campaign he supplied camps, fodder, and grain without shortfall, mobilizing the army without burdening the people. He was especially attentive to local welfare, once proposing that Yongding silt flats reserve ten zhang on each side of the dike for willows and earthworks while poor dike guards farmed the rest and paid rent. He proposed converting Yongding reed beds to autumn grain and memorialized to forbid grazing sheep in wheat fields. He also submitted sixteen points on cotton cultivation with illustrated explanations, and the emperor wrote a poem in response. After the ditch and raised-road works were done, he asked to rebuild brick city walls in Luanzhou, Baixiang, Neiqiu, Dingxing, Ansu, and Wangdu. When the Juma River bridge at Zhuozhou collapsed, he was ordered to rebuild it in stone. He also rebuilt Hengshui's west bridge and asked that it be named Anji. In matters great and small he gave his full energy.

二十八年，上命勘天津等處積水，責觀承玩誤，下部議奪官，命寬之。御史吉夢熊、硃續經交章劾觀承，上諭曰：「觀承在直久，存息事寧人之見。前以天津等處積水未消，予以懲儆，而言者動以為歸過之地。直隸事務殷繁，又值災歉，措置不無竭蹶。言易行難，持論者易地以處，恐未必能如觀承之勉力支持也。」三十年，上南巡，賜詩。三十三年，病瘧，遣醫診視。八月，卒，賜祭葬，諡恪敏。御製懷舊詩，入五督臣中。子維甸，自有傳。

In the twenty-eighth year the emperor ordered an inspection of flooding at Tianjin and elsewhere, blamed Guancheng for negligence, referred him for dismissal, then showed leniency. Censors Ji Mengxiong and Zhu Xujing impeached Guancheng together; the emperor said Guancheng had long served in Zhili with a habit of smoothing matters to keep the peace. He had been punished earlier when Tianjin's floodwater had not receded, yet critics kept treating that as a pretext to blame him. Zhili's duties were heavy, and disasters and poor harvests had strained his resources. Talk is easy and action hard; critics in his place might not have supported the province as tirelessly as Guancheng had. In the thirtieth year, during the southern tour, the emperor gave him a poem. In the thirty-third year he fell ill with malaria and physicians were sent to treat him. He died in the eighth month; the court granted funeral rites and the posthumous name Kemin. The emperor wrote a memorial poem placing him among the five great governors. His son Weidian has a separate biography.

=富明安=富明安，富察氏，滿洲鑲紅旗人。初授筆帖式。累遷戶部郎中。乾隆十一年，授廣東惠潮嘉道，歷廣東高廉、糧驛，廣西蒼梧諸道，福建、廣西按察使。二十六年，遷江西布政使。請以南昌同知、通判二員定一員為滿缺，專司繙譯清文。上以江西無駐防滿洲兵，不允。二十八年，命往巴里坤辦事。三十二年，廣東巡撫明山劾富明安官糧驛道浮收倉米，奪官，逮京師鞫治。事白，复官，命署山西布政使。三十三年，護巡撫。劾雁平道時廷靄縱僕擾民，坐奪官。

Fu Ming'an of the Fuca clan was a Manchu of the Bordered Red Banner. He began as a clerk. He rose step by step to director in the Ministry of Revenue. In the eleventh year of Qianlong he became Huichaojia Circuit intendant in Guangdong, later served as Gaolian and grain-transport intendant in Guangdong, Cangwu intendant in Guangxi, and provincial surveillance commissioner in Fujian and Guangxi. In the twenty-sixth year he became provincial treasurer of Jiangxi. He asked that one of Nanchang's sub-prefect and prefectural judge posts be reserved for a Manchu official to handle Manchu document translation. The emperor refused, noting that Jiangxi had no garrisoned Manchu troops. In the twenty-eighth year he was sent to Barkul on official business. In the thirty-second year Guangdong Governor Mingshan accused grain-transport intendant Fu Ming'an of over-collecting granary rice; he was dismissed and brought to the capital for trial. When cleared he was restored and appointed acting provincial treasurer of Shanxi. In the thirty-third year he acted as governor. He impeached Yanping Circuit intendant Shi Ting'ai for allowing servants to harass the people, but lost his own post in the affair.

擢山東巡撫。疏言：「高密百脈湖受五龍河、膠河諸水，夏秋常苦泛溢。請濬引河，引膠河北入膠、萊運河，涸出新地得四百餘頃。」上嘉之。太僕寺少卿範宜賓奏請裁減東省閉壩後驛夫工食，富明安疏言：「水驛夫役終歲在驛，閉壩多在十一月，開壩有早至正月者，中間相距兩月餘，而銅、鉛諸船守凍，尚須守護。節省無多，窒礙轉甚，非政體所宜。」從之。

He was promoted to governor of Shandong. He reported that Gaomi's Baimai Lake received the Wulong, Jiao, and other rivers and flooded every summer and autumn. He asked to dredge a diversion sending the Jiao north into the Jiao-Lai Canal, reclaiming more than four hundred qing when the lake drained. The emperor commended the plan. Court of the Imperial Stud Vice Minister Fan Yibin proposed cutting post workers' rations after the eastern sluice gates closed; Fu Ming'an replied that water-post laborers served year-round, gates often stayed closed from the eleventh month until the first, and copper and lead boats still needed guarding through the freeze. Savings would be small while the disruption would be great—not sound policy. The court agreed.

三十五年，疏言：「小清河行章丘、鄒平、長山、新城、高苑、博興、樂安七縣六百餘裡。源出章丘，東至新城、高苑間分支，北為支脈溝；又東至博興分支，南為豫備河。至樂安入淄水歸海。比年湖泊淤塞，春夏水漲，民田常被其害。現就樂安境內挑淤培堤，並疏濬南、北支渠，使支干通流，建瓴而下。博興、樂安可復膏腴。章丘、鄒平、長山、新城、高苑諸縣附近湖泊涸出，有益於民。民咸原出力興工，毋庸動帑。」諭曰：「有利於民，事在應為，但不可滋弊耳。」

In the thirty-fifth year he reported that the Xiaoqing River ran more than six hundred li through Zhangqiu, Zouping, Changshan, Xincheng, Gaoyuan, Boxing, and Le'an. It rose in Zhangqiu; east of Xincheng and Gaoyuan it split, with the northern branch forming the Zhimai Ditch; and farther east at Boxing it split again, with the southern branch as the Yubei River. At Le'an it entered the Zi River and reached the sea. In recent years silting had raised flood levels in spring and summer and damaged farmland. Within Le'an he was dredging silt, raising dikes, and clearing north and south branch channels so water could run freely from trunk to branches. Boxing and Le'an could become fertile again. Drying lakes near Zhangqiu, Zouping, Changshan, Xincheng, and Gaoyuan would benefit local farmers. Local people were willing to supply labor, so no treasury funds were needed. The emperor replied that what helped the people should be done, but abuses must not be allowed."

三十六年，又奏：「濟寧西北當運河西岸，受上游曹州境內諸水。以運河勢高，不能洩水入運，遂至間段停積。飭濬舊有五渠，使南匯昭陽湖，並同時修治沂水、涑水、墨河、響水諸渠二十餘處，及運河東岸徒駭、馬頰諸河，洩漲水入海。」上以「知勤民之本」嘉之。三十八年，授閩浙總督，調湖廣。三十九年，京山民嚴金龍父子為亂，捕得置諸法。卒，贈太子太保，諡恭恪。

In the thirty-sixth year he reported that northwest of Jining, on the canal's west bank, the area received floodwaters from upstream Caozhou. Because the canal ran higher than the surrounding land, water could not drain into it and pooled in stretches. He ordered the five old channels dredged to send water south into Zhaoyang Lake, repaired more than twenty channels including the Yi, Su, Mo, and Xiang, and cleared eastern rivers such as the Tuhai and Mabang to discharge floodwater to the sea. The emperor praised him, saying he understood "the root of diligent care for the people." In the thirty-eighth year he was made governor-general of Fujian-Zhejiang and then transferred to Huguang. In the thirty-ninth year Yan Jinlong, a man of Jingshan, and his son rebelled; once captured, both were punished under the law. He died and was posthumously made Senior Guardian of the Heir Apparent with the posthumous name Gongke.

=周元理=周元理，字秉中，浙江仁和人。乾隆三年舉人。十一年，以知縣揀發直隸，補蠡縣。調清苑。以總督方觀承薦，擢廣東萬州知州，改霸州。以修城未竣，留清苑。會有部胥持偽劄馳傳者，察其奸，詰問具服，事上聞，上才之。調易州，擢宣化知府。母憂歸。上屢出巡幸，畿輔當其衝，宮館、驛傳、車馬、芻牧諸役，主辦非其人，往往為民厲，奏起元理董其事。服闋，補廣平，調天津，又調保定。擢清河道，遷按察使，再遷布政使。三十六年，命從尚書裘曰修、總督楊廷璋勘青縣、滄州減河。用元理議，請撤閘改用滾水壩，並定每歲測量疏濬，從之。旋授山東巡撫。奏：「小清河發源章丘長白山，至樂安溜河門入海。章丘至博興，有滸山、清河諸泊為納水之區。請先將二泊濬深開廣，遇水發時，有所停蓄，然後聽其入河分注歸海。並於每年農隙，疏濬下游各河。」未半載，擢直隸總督。

Zhou Yuanli, whose style was Bingzhong, came from Renhe in Zhejiang. He passed the provincial examination in the third year of Qianlong. In the eleventh year he was selected as a magistrate for Zhili and appointed to Li County. He was transferred to Qingyuan. Recommended by Governor-General Fang Guancheng, he was promoted to magistrate of Wanzhou in Guangdong and then reassigned to Bazhou. Because the city-wall repairs were not yet finished, he stayed on at Qingyuan. When a ministry clerk was caught using a forged dispatch to travel by relay courier, he exposed the fraud, interrogated him until he confessed, reported the case upward, and the emperor marked him as a man of talent. He was transferred to Yizhou and promoted to prefect of Xuanhua. He returned home to observe mourning for his mother. Because the emperor often toured and the capital region lay directly in his path, palace lodging, relay stations, transport, and fodder duties frequently burdened the people when the wrong men were put in charge; a memorial was submitted to recall Yuanli to supervise them. After mourning he was appointed to Guangping, then transferred to Tianjin and afterward to Baoding. He was promoted to Qinghe Circuit intendant, then made provincial surveillance commissioner, and later provincial treasurer. In the thirty-sixth year he was ordered to join Minister Qiu Yuexiu and Governor-General Yang Tingzhang in inspecting flood channels at Qing County and Cangzhou. The court adopted Yuanli's plan to remove the sluice gates and use overflow dams instead, with annual surveys and dredging fixed by rule. He was soon appointed governor of Shandong. He memorialized that the Xiaoqing River rose at Changbai Mountain in Zhangqiu and reached the sea at Liuhe Gate in Le'an. Between Zhangqiu and Boxing, lakes such as Hushan and Qinghe served as basins to receive floodwater. He asked that the two lakes first be dredged and widened so floodwater could be stored there before being allowed into the river and divided toward the sea. He also proposed dredging the downstream rivers each year during the farming slack season. Less than half a year later he was made governor-general of Zhili.

三十七年，疏言：「直隸雨多河漲，行潦無歸，行旅多滯。民間堤埝衝決，田廬受患。請用以工作賑例，勘修衝途諸州縣疊道，並濬良鄉茨尾雅河，新城、雄縣盧僧河；修新城、清河、雄、任丘、獻諸縣堤埝。」上遣尚書裘曰修按行直隸河工，元理與合疏言：「直隸諸水，千支萬派。總由三汊河為入海之道，全資西岸疊道，置橋穿運，而東匯入海河。出口西岸舊有橋十一，今擬添建橋九，俾無壅遏，上游不至受害。格淀堤自當城以下改為疊道，酌添涵洞，使行水暢順。子牙河下游澄清，不使清河受淤。」詔如所請。雄縣民訴知縣胡錫瑛私鬻倉穀，上遣曰修及侍郎英廉按治得實，論罪。上諭曰：「直隸治賑，周元理奏言有司料理妥實。今有雄縣事，所稱妥實者安在？」下吏議，奪官，命留任。三十八年，加太子少保。

In the thirty-seventh year he reported that heavy rains in Zhili had swollen the rivers, left runoff with nowhere to go, and often stranded travelers. Private dikes and embankments were breached, and fields and homes suffered. He asked to apply the work-for-relief precedent to survey and repair raised roads in prefectures and counties along major routes, and to dredge the Ciwaiya River in Liangxiang and the Luseng River in Xincheng and Xiong County; and to repair dikes and embankments in Xincheng, Qinghe, Xiong, Renqiu, and Xian counties. The emperor sent Minister Qiu Yuexiu to inspect Zhili river works, and Yuanli jointly reported that the waters of Zhili divided into countless branches and streams. They all ultimately reached the sea through the Sanhe River, relying on raised roads along the west bank with bridges crossing the canal, and on the east merging into the Haihe. Eleven bridges already stood on the west bank at the outlet; they proposed adding nine more so water would not be blocked and upstream areas would not suffer. The Gedian dike from Dangcheng downstream should be converted to a raised road, with culverts added as needed so water could flow freely. The lower Ziya River should be cleared so the Qing River would not be silted up. The court approved the memorial. When commoners of Xiong County accused Magistrate Hu Xiying of privately selling granary grain, the emperor sent Qiu Yuexiu and Vice Minister Ying Lian to investigate; the charge was proved and Hu was punished. The emperor said, "In Zhili relief work, Zhou Yuanli reported that officials had handled matters properly and thoroughly. Now there is the Xiong County affair—where is this so-called thorough handling? After officials reviewed the case, his rank was stripped, but he was kept in his post. In the thirty-eighth year he received the additional title Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent.

三十九年八月，山東壽張民王倫為亂，破壽張、堂邑、陽穀，犯東昌及臨清，奪糧艘為浮橋，欲渡運河。上以畿南地相接，敕守要害。元理馳至故城，令布政使楊景素、總兵萬朝興、副將瑪爾清阿以兵千二百駐臨清西岸遏其衝。大學士舒赫德率禁旅討賊，賊渡西岸犯我師，瑪爾清阿擊敗之。賊潰復合，又為我師所敗，進奪浮橋。賊退保臨清舊城，元理令朝興督兵助攻，倫自焚死，亂旋定。尋與侍郎兼順天府尹蔣賜棨勘八旗在官荒地，請招佃承墾，八年後起租；沮洳庳下之區，並為開溝洩水；下部議行。四十年，元理年七十，召至京，御書榜賜之。四十一年，與學政羅源漢請熱河增建學校。四十三年，上命改熱河為承德府，令元理壽畫。疏請改設州一縣五，增置官吏如製。並請開附近潘家口汛煤窯。四十四年，坐井陘知縣週尚親勒派累民，民上訴，元理請罪民。上命尚書福隆安按治，責元理袒護，奪官，予三品銜，令修正定隆興寺自贖。尋授左副都御史，仍署直隸總督。四十五年，遷兵部左侍郎，擢工部尚書。四十六年，引疾歸。四十七年，卒。令江蘇布政使致祭。

In the eighth month of the thirty-ninth year Wang Lun, a man of Shouzhang in Shandong, rebelled, seized Shouzhang, Tangyi, and Yanggu, threatened Dongchang and Linqing, took grain boats to build a pontoon bridge, and tried to cross the Grand Canal. Because the region south of the capital bordered the rebel area, the emperor ordered the key passes defended. Yuanli rode hastily to Gucheng and ordered Provincial Treasurer Yang Jingsu, regional commander Wan Chaoxing, and brigade-general Ma'erqing'a to station twelve hundred troops on the west bank of Linqing to block the rebels. Grand Secretary Shuhede led the imperial guard against the rebels; when they crossed to the west bank and attacked government forces, Ma'erqing'a defeated them. The rebels scattered and regrouped, were defeated again, and government troops advanced to seize the pontoon bridge. The rebels fell back to the old city of Linqing; Yuanli ordered Chaoxing to lead a joint assault; Lun burned himself to death, and the rebellion was soon put down. Soon afterward, together with Vice Minister and concurrently Shuntian prefect Jiang Ciji, he surveyed idle banner land held by the state and proposed recruiting tenants to reclaim it, with rent to begin after eight years; in low-lying marshy areas, ditches should also be opened to drain the water; The proposal was sent to the ministries for implementation. In the fortieth year, when Yuanli turned seventy, he was summoned to the capital and given a placard inscribed by the emperor's own hand. In the forty-first year he and provincial education commissioner Luo Yuanhan asked to establish more schools in Rehe. In the forty-third year the emperor ordered Rehe converted into Chengde Prefecture and had Yuanli draft the arrangements. He memorialized to establish one prefecture and five counties and add officials according to the usual regulations. He also asked to open coal mines near the Panjiakou garrison post. In the forty-fourth year, when Jingxing Magistrate Zhou Shangqin had extorted levies that burdened the people and the people appealed upward, Yuanli asked that the commoners be punished. The emperor ordered Minister Fulung'an to investigate, rebuked Yuanli for favoritism, stripped his office, gave him third-rank status, and ordered him to redeem himself by repairing Longxing Temple in Zhengding. He was soon appointed left vice censor-in-chief while continuing to serve as acting governor-general of Zhili. In the forty-fifth year he was transferred to left vice minister of War and promoted to minister of Works. In the forty-sixth year he cited illness and retired. He died in the forty-seventh year. The Jiangsu provincial treasurer was ordered to perform the sacrificial rites.

元理為治舉大體，汎愛兼容。時以有長者行重之，為方觀承所識拔。時同入薦剡者曰李湖，亦有名。

In governing, Yuanli kept to the larger pattern and was broadly tolerant and accommodating. He was respected at the time for the bearing of an elder gentleman and was discovered and promoted by Fang Guancheng. One man recommended with him at the time was Li Hu, who was also well known.

李湖，字又川，江西南昌人。乾隆四年進士。初授山東武城知縣，調郯城。累遷直隸通永道，調清河道。遷直隸按察使，再遷江蘇布政使。三十六年，擢貴州巡撫，三十七年，調雲南。四十年，總督彰寶以貪婪得罪，責湖隱忍緘默不先劾奏，奪官，予布政使銜，往四川軍營會辦軍需奏銷。四十三年，授湖南巡撫，四十五年，調廣東。湖敏於當官，在貴州規畫鉛運，在雲南釐剔銅政，均如議行。所至以清嚴為政。其蒞廣東，以廣東夙多盜，番禺沙灣、茭塘近海為盜藪，密詗姓名、居址及出入徑途，知群盜以七月望歸設祀，飭文武吏圍捕。旬日間誅為首者二百有奇，而釋其脅從，盜風以息。旋條奏申明員弁，責成編船移汛，設施甚備，令行法立，民咸頌之。卒，贈尚書銜，諡恭毅，祀賢良祠。

Li Hu, whose style was Youchuan, came from Nanchang in Jiangxi. He passed the metropolitan examination in the fourth year of Qianlong. He was first appointed magistrate of Wucheng in Shandong and then transferred to Tancheng. He rose through Tongyong Circuit in Zhili and was transferred to Qinghe Circuit. He became Zhili provincial surveillance commissioner and later Jiangsu provincial treasurer. In the thirty-sixth year he was made governor of Guizhou, and in the thirty-seventh year he was transferred to Yunnan. In the fortieth year Governor-General Zhang Bao was convicted of greed; Li Hu was rebuked for tolerating it in silence and failing to impeach him first, stripped of office, given provincial treasurer rank, and sent to the Sichuan army camps to handle military supplies and accounts. In the forty-third year he was appointed governor of Hunan, and in the forty-fifth year he was transferred to Guangdong. Li Hu was quick in office: in Guizhou he planned lead transport, and in Yunnan he reformed copper administration, and both plans were carried out. Wherever he served, he governed with integrity and strictness. When he took up office in Guangdong, where banditry had long been rife, he learned that Panyu Shawan and Jiaotang near the sea were bandit haunts; he secretly traced names, homes, and routes, discovered that the bands gathered on the fifteenth of the seventh month for a ritual meeting, and ordered civil and military officials to surround and capture them. Within ten days more than two hundred ringleaders were executed, those coerced into following were released, and banditry subsided. He soon submitted detailed memorials clarifying officers' duties, holding them responsible for organizing boats and shifting garrison posts; the arrangements were thorough, orders took effect, and the people praised him. He died and was posthumously given ministerial rank, the posthumous name Gongyi, and a place in the Hall of Worthies.

=李瀚=李瀚，字文瀾，漢軍鑲黃旗人。少孤，母苦節食貧，撫以成立。瀚選入咸安宮肄業。雍正十年舉人，充景山官學教習。乾隆十三年，授山東榮城知縣。二十三年，遷膠州知州。在官八年，民頌其惠，築堤曰李堤，立石紀焉。三十一年，擢武定知府。大水，乘小舟勘賑，幾溺，卒竟其事。徒駭河久塞，請發帑濬治，自是連歲無水患。三十四年，擢袞沂曹道。覈防河諸費，歲節以萬計，而隄益堅。三十六年，擢江西布政使。奏請停編審，上諭曰：「丁銀既攤入地糧，滋生人丁，遵康熙五十二年聖祖恩旨，永不加賦。各省民穀細數，督撫年終奏報。五年編審，不過沿襲虛文，應永行停止。」護巡撫。戶部用湖南布政使吳虎炳議，禁小錢，並及古錢。瀚奏：「收買小錢二千四百餘斤，古錢僅四十餘斤，前代流傳，銷磨殆盡。應援兩江總督高晉奏准例，聽民間行使。如有私鑄古錢，仍與小錢一例查禁。」從之。又奏言：「時憲書按省刊載太陽出入、晝夜、節氣時刻。今江南分江蘇、安徽，湖廣分湖北、湖南，陝西分甘肅，請添註省名，分晰開載。」如所請行。四十年，授雲南巡撫。行至貴州，道卒。

Li Han, whose style was Wenlan, was a Han Chinese bannerman of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Orphaned young, he was raised to maturity by a mother who endured poverty while keeping her virtue. Han was selected to study at the Xian'an Palace. He passed the provincial examination in the tenth year of Yongzheng and served as an instructor at the Jingshan official school. In the thirteenth year of Qianlong he was appointed magistrate of Rongcheng in Shandong. In the twenty-third year he was transferred to magistrate of Jiaozhou. During eight years in office the people praised his kindness; they built a dike called Li's Dike and set up a stone to commemorate it. In the thirty-first year he was promoted to prefect of Wuding. During a great flood he took a small boat to inspect relief work, nearly drowned, but still finished the task. The Tuhai River had long been blocked; he requested treasury funds to dredge it, and from then on the region went years without flooding. In the thirty-fourth year he was promoted to intendant of Gun-Yi-Cao Circuit. He audited Yellow River defense expenses, saving tens of thousands of taels each year while the dikes grew stronger. In the thirty-sixth year he was promoted to Jiangxi provincial treasurer. He memorialized to stop the quinquennial household registration review; the emperor replied, "Poll-tax silver has already been folded into the land tax, and as for new births, following the Sacred Ancestor's gracious edict of the fifty-second year of Kangxi, no additional levy shall ever be imposed. Each province's detailed counts of population and grain are reported at year's end by governors and governors-general. The five-year registration review is nothing but inherited empty formality and should be stopped permanently. He was acting governor at the time. The Ministry of Revenue, adopting the proposal of Hunan Provincial Treasurer Wu Hubing, banned small coins and extended the ban to ancient coins as well. Han memorialized that in purchasing small coins more than 2,400 jin had been collected, while ancient coins amounted to only a little over 40 jin—survivors from earlier dynasties, nearly all melted away. Following the precedent approved in Governor-General Gao Jin's memorial for the Two Jiangs, they should be allowed for use among the people. If anyone privately cast ancient coins, they should still be investigated and banned like small coins. The court agreed. He also reported that official almanacs were published by province with the times of sunrise and sunset, day and night, and the solar terms. Now that Jiangnan had been split into Jiangsu and Anhui, Huguang into Hubei and Hunan, and Shaanxi into Gansu, he asked that provincial names be added and the entries set out separately and clearly. The court granted the request. In the fortieth year he was appointed governor of Yunnan. He died on the road while passing through Guizhou.

=李世傑=李世傑，字漢三，貴州黔西人。少倜儻，喜騎射。年二十餘，折節改行。乾隆九年，入貲為江蘇常熟黃泗浦巡檢。知縣李永書引與同堂聽訟，縣人稱其平。總督尹繼善、巡撫莊有恭薦卓異，遷金匱主簿。有恭檄充巡捕官，為入貲以知縣留江蘇。二十二年，除泰州知州。始至，訟未結者四百餘案，晝夜據案視事，不五月報結。巡撫陳宏謀薦堪勝知府。二十七年，擢鎮江知府。上命裁京口駐防漢軍，世傑捐廉集貲，人予餉三月、衣一襲，裁者三千人，皆分畀職役。三十年，擢安徽寧池太廣道。丁父憂，服闋，三十六年，授四川鹽驛道。未幾，擢按察使。

Li Shijie, whose style was Hansan, was a native of Qianxi in Guizhou. As a young man he was bold and free-spirited, and loved riding and archery. In his early twenties he checked his wild habits and turned to a more sober path. In Qianlong 9 he bought office and was made river patrol inspector at Huangsipu in Changshu, Jiangsu. Magistrate Li Yongshu had him join him on the bench to hear cases, and local people praised his evenhandedness. Governor-General Yin Jishan and Governor Zhuang Yougong rated him outstanding, and he was transferred to chief clerk of Jinkui. Yougong appointed him a patrol and arrest officer, and through purchased office he was kept in Jiangsu as a magistrate. In the twenty-second year he was appointed prefect of Taizhou. When he first took office, more than four hundred cases were still pending; he worked at his desk day and night and cleared them all in less than five months. Governor Chen Hongmou recommended him as qualified for promotion to prefect. In the twenty-seventh year he was promoted to prefect of Zhenjiang. When the emperor ordered the Han banner garrison at Jingkou disbanded, Shijie drew on his own salary to raise funds, giving each man three months' pay and a suit of clothes; the three thousand affected were all placed in other posts. In the thirtieth year he was promoted to intendant of the Ning-Chi-Tai-Guang circuit in Anhui. After mourning his father and completing the mourning period, in the thirty-sixth year he was appointed intendant of the Sichuan Salt and Courier circuit. Before long he was promoted to provincial surveillance commissioner.

師徵金川，總督桂林檄世傑駐打箭爐，督約咱路軍需。木果木之敗，副將軍阿桂全師暫退，軍中餉銀數万巨錠，募運還，無應者。世傑令曰：「委於賊，寧散於民！」從軍貿易者數万人，爭取立盡。世傑督隊護其後，密檄關吏，見持餉銀入口者皆令還官，鋌酬以給銀五兩，帑獲全。師復進，鑄砲缺炭，檄世傑營辦。世傑令伐樹劄木城卡衛，掘地為大窯數十，复伐樹而薪焉。不旬月，炭足供鑄。守禦僧格宗發敵伏，俘十六人以還。阿桂以聞，賜孔雀翎。四十年，擢湖北布政使，乃留軍督餉。四十二年，金川平，乃上官。四十四年，擢廣西巡撫。丁母憂。四十六年，命署湖南巡撫，服闋真除。四十七年，調河南。大學士阿桂督塞青龍岡決口，疏引河，上命佔用民田當安頓調濟。世傑尋奏請以北岸涸出地畝，劃給南岸佔用民田。四十八年，奏引河新築南堤，捐廉種柳，別疏釐定防護新河將吏官制。

During the Jinchuan campaign, Governor Gui Lin ordered Shijie to station at Dajianlu and supervise military supplies along the Zaluo route. After the disaster at Muguamu, Deputy Commander Agui withdrew the entire army for a time; tens of thousands of ingots of army pay were offered for transport back, but no one would take the job. Shijie ordered: "Better to scatter it among the people than leave it to the enemy! Tens of thousands of camp followers and traders snatched it up on the spot. Shijie led a guard party behind them and secretly ordered frontier officers to require anyone bringing pay silver through the passes to surrender it, offering five taels for each ingot returned; the treasury was fully recovered. When the army advanced again, there was not enough charcoal for casting cannon, and Shijie was ordered to provide it. Shijie ordered trees felled to reinforce the wooden stockades at Chengka Wei, dug several dozen large kilns in the ground, and felled more trees for fuel. In less than ten days there was enough charcoal for the foundries. Defensive officer Sengge Zong sprang an ambush on the enemy and returned with sixteen prisoners. Agui reported the feat, and Shijie was awarded a peacock feather. In the fortieth year he was promoted to provincial treasurer of Hubei, yet stayed with the army to supervise supplies. In the forty-second year, after Jinchuan was pacified, he finally took up his post. In the forty-fourth year he was promoted to governor of Guangxi. He entered mourning for his mother. In the forty-sixth year he was ordered to serve as acting governor of Hunan, and after mourning was formally appointed. In the forty-seventh year he was transferred to Henan. Grand Secretary Agui supervised closing the breach at Qinglonggang and opening a diversion channel; the emperor ordered that requisitioned farmland be used for resettlement and relief. Shijie soon memorialized that reclaimed fields on the north bank should be allotted to compensate farmland requisitioned on the south bank. In the forty-eighth year he reported on the newly built south dike of the diversion channel, contributed from his own salary to plant willows, and separately memorialized to define the official system for guarding the new river.

遷四川總督。四川自軍興後，徵調賦斂無藝，倉庫如洗。世傑潔己率屬，休養生息，俾漸復舊觀，上嘗舉世傑功風厲諸省。世傑疏劾酉陽知州吳申，州民入湖廣界為盜，不即捕治。上諭曰：「四川盜匪，前此大加懲創，地方安靜，乃復有焚殺搶劫之事，皆世傑因循玩愒所釀成。」傳旨申飭。甘肅回复亂，世傑奏遣川北總兵富祿率兵赴援，建昌總兵魁麟防昭化、廣元。上以回亂漸定，諭世傑鎮靜。

He was transferred to governor-general of Sichuan. Since the wars began in Sichuan, levies and exactions had known no limit, and the treasuries were empty. Shijie kept himself incorrupt and led his subordinates by example, letting the province recover by degrees; the emperor once held up his record to spur other provinces. Shijie impeached Youyang Prefect Wu Shen for failing to arrest and punish locals who crossed into Huguang to rob. The emperor said: "Banditry in Sichuan had been sharply punished and the region was quiet, yet burning, killing, and robbery have broken out again—all the result of Shijie's laxity and neglect. An edict was sent rebuking him. When the Hui rose again in Gansu, Shijie memorialized to send Northern Sichuan Regional Commander Fu Lu with troops to assist, and Jianchang Regional Commander Kui Lin to guard Zhaohua and Guangyuan. As the Hui rebellion was gradually subsiding, the emperor told Shijie to stay calm.

五十年，世傑年七十，入覲，與千叟宴。州縣捕金川逃兵不力，例奪官，仍留任，準調不准升。世傑奏請準令捐复，上嚴斥之，下吏議。旋又允陝西巡撫何裕城請，命世傑免議。湖廣飢，告糴於四川，世傑請以近水次諸州縣常平倉穀碾米三十萬石。既，浙江亦告糶，世傑以浙江視湖廣遠，運米濟賑，緩且不及；又請以備應湖廣糴米，撥十萬石先濟浙江。上嘉世傑得封疆大臣體，命議敘。

In the fiftieth year, at seventy, Shijie came to court and attended the banquet for a thousand elders. When prefectures and counties failed to capture Jinchuan deserters, by regulation their ranks were stripped but they stayed in office—eligible for transfer but not promotion. Shijie memorialized asking that they be allowed to buy back their ranks; the emperor sharply rebuked him and referred the case to officials for review. Soon afterward, accepting Shaanxi Governor He Yucheng's request, the emperor exempted Shijie from review. When Huguang was stricken by famine and asked Sichuan for grain, Shijie proposed milling three hundred thousand shi from the ever-normal granaries of counties near the waterways. Then Zhejiang also asked for grain; Shijie argued that Zhejiang was farther than Huguang, and shipping rice there would be too slow to help; he further asked that one hundred thousand shi of the rice set aside for Huguang be sent first to relieve Zhejiang. The emperor praised Shijie for showing the judgment of a frontier grandee and ordered his service recorded for reward.

五十一年，調江南總督。世傑遘疾，乞解任，上不許。秋大雨，河決司家莊。偕安徽巡撫書麟、河道總督李奉翰籌工費，請開捐例。上諭之曰：「戶部庫銀尚存七千餘萬，帑藏充盈，足敷供億。世傑何必為此鰓鰓言利之舉？捐納未嘗無人才，而庸流因之並進博膴仕。一二年後，得廉俸過於所出，國家並無實際，銓政官方，兩無裨益。此奏不可行。」尋復命大學士阿桂蒞工，及冬，工乃竟。五十二年，狼山鎮陳杰疏言各營火藥短少，上命察覈。世傑奏：「鎮屬鹽城等五營硝磺缺額，磺產山西，例二年一次採運。近因運使歲需煙盒，磺銀催解不前，不能如例，以致支絀。」上諭曰：「硝磺軍火要需，向俱採辦足額。以兩江而論，安徽據奏足額，何獨江蘇短缺？兩淮年例，歲不過煙盒七架、大小爆竹一萬，所需能幾？有司採運遲延，以此卸罪。世傑以此率涉支飾，令兩淮鹽政徵瑞會同料理。」世傑尋劾江寧布政使袁鑑於各屬磺價尚未解齊，誤將運使煙盒價牽敘，下吏議。又以河督題報葦蕩營新淤灘地產柴數與案不符，責世傑未察覈；世傑复偕徵瑞奏言硝磺缺額，由採運稽遲，請將歷任布政使議處。上諭曰：「世傑等本當治罪，但以事涉上供，從寬降鑑江寧知府，停世傑養廉三年。」並罷兩淮例進煙盒、爆竹。

In the fifty-first year he was transferred to governor-general of Jiangnan. Shijie fell ill and asked to resign, but the emperor refused. That autumn heavy rains broke the river at Sijiazhuang. Together with Anhui Governor Shu Lin and Director-General of Rivers Li Fenghan he calculated the cost of the works and asked to open a sale-of-office quota. The emperor replied: "The Ministry of Revenue still holds more than seventy million taels; the treasury is full and more than adequate. Why must Shijie resort to this grasping talk of profit? Purchased office has produced able men, but mediocrities have also used it to buy their way into lucrative posts. Within a year or two their salaries exceed what they paid in; the state gains nothing, and neither appointments nor official standards are improved. This proposal cannot be accepted. Grand Secretary Agui was then ordered to take charge of the works, and by winter the project was finished. In the fifty-second year Chen Jie of Langshan garrison reported that gunpowder was short in the various camps, and the emperor ordered an inquiry. Shijie reported: "In the garrison's five camps, including Yancheng, saltpeter and sulfur were below quota; sulfur comes from Shanxi and by regulation is mined and shipped every two years. Lately, because the transport commissioner each year required fireworks tribute, sulfur payments lagged and quotas could not be met, causing the shortfall. The emperor replied: "Saltpeter and sulfur are essential military supplies, and quotas have always been fully met. In the Two Jiangs, Anhui reportedly met its quota—why is Jiangsu alone short? The Two Huai annual quota is only seven sets of fireworks and ten thousand firecrackers—how much can that take? Local officials delayed procurement and used this as an excuse. The emperor said Shijie was largely making excuses and ordered Two Huai Salt Controller Zheng Rui to handle the matter with him. Shijie soon impeached Jiangning Provincial Treasurer Yuan Jian because sulfur payments from the subordinate districts were incomplete, yet he had wrongly lumped in the transport commissioner's fireworks costs; the case was sent to officials for review. The emperor also noted that the Director-General of Rivers reported that firewood yields from newly silted shoals of the Reed Marsh garrison did not match the records, and blamed Shijie for failing to investigate; Shijie again reported jointly with Zheng Rui that the shortfall was due to delayed procurement and asked that successive provincial treasurers be punished. The emperor said: "Shijie and the others deserved punishment, but because the matter involved imperial tribute, leniency was shown: Yuan Jian was demoted to prefect of Jiangning, and Shijie's integrity salary was suspended for three years. The annual tribute of fireworks and firecrackers from the Two Huai was also abolished.

復調四川總督。五十三年，巴勒布夷為亂，據西藏屬聶拉木、濟嚨。上命世傑撥駐防綠營及明正、巴塘、里塘、德爾革爾諸土司兵赴西藏；而世傑得駐藏大臣慶林牒，已發駐防綠營兵及屯練降番合三千人，令提督成德等率以行。奏入，上命毋發明正、巴塘、里塘、德爾革爾諸土司兵。世傑奏：「奏諭已令諸土司發兵，諸土司近尚安靜。既調复停，恐番性生疑，仍令備調。」上嘉世傑相機妥辦，不拘泥遵旨，解禦佩大小荷包賜之。世傑又奏發米萬三千三百石運西藏，足敷兵食。上褒世傑盡心，命移駐打箭爐。迭疏報成都將軍鄂輝率兵千二百入藏，副將那蘇圖率屯練五百駐打箭爐。尋以巴勒布夷遠遁，諭世傑還成都。五十四年，秋審，四川原定緩決、刑部改情實者凡七案。上責世傑寬縱，以其老，且平日治事覈實，免議。世傑薦川北道明安，引見，上以其年衰，改主事，世傑下吏議。世傑以病請解任，上令侍衛慶成偕醫診視，賜人葠，並令自審病輕則來京，重則回籍。五十五年三月，入覲，授兵部尚書，賜紫禁城乘肩輿。江蘇句容吏侵蝕錢糧漕米，上責世傑在兩江未覺察，命以原品休致回籍。五十九年，卒，年七十九，賜祭葬，諡恭勤。

He was transferred back to governor-general of Sichuan. In the fifty-third year the Gurkhas rebelled and seized Nyalam and Gyirong in Tibet. The emperor ordered Shijie to send Green Standard garrison troops and tribal forces from Mingzheng, Batang, Litang, De'ergai'er, and other chiefs to Tibet; But Shijie received a dispatch from Tibet Resident Commissioner Qing Lin saying that three thousand Green Standard garrison troops and trained surrendered tribesmen had already been sent under Regional Commander Cheng De and others. When the memorial arrived, the emperor ordered that tribal troops from Mingzheng, Batang, Litang, De'ergai'er, and the other chiefs not be sent. Shijie reported: "Your instruction had already ordered the tribal chiefs to send troops, and they have lately remained quiet. Having been mobilized and then stopped, I fear the tribesmen may grow suspicious; I ask that they remain on standby. The emperor praised Shijie for handling the matter appropriately without rigidly obeying the letter of the edict, and gave him large and small purses from the imperial wardrobe. Shijie also reported sending thirteen thousand three hundred shi of rice to Tibet, enough to feed the troops. The emperor praised Shijie's dedication and ordered him to move his headquarters to Dajianlu. In successive reports he stated that Chengdu General E Hui had led twelve hundred troops into Tibet and Vice Commander Nasutu five hundred trained militia stationed at Dajianlu. Soon, as the Gurkhas had fled far away, the emperor told Shijie to return to Chengdu. In the fifty-fourth year, at the autumn review, there were seven cases in which Sichuan had originally deferred execution but the Ministry of Justice changed them to capital verdicts. The emperor blamed Shijie for being too lenient, but because of his age and his usual thoroughness in office, he was exempted from review. Shijie recommended Northern Sichuan Circuit Intendant Ming An for audience; the emperor, finding him too old, made him a secretary instead and referred Shijie to officials for review. Shijie asked to resign because of illness; the emperor sent Bodyguard Qing Cheng with a physician to examine him, granted ginseng, and told him to decide for himself—if the illness was mild, come to the capital; if severe, return home. In the third month of the fifty-fifth year he came to court, was appointed Minister of War, and was granted the use of a sedan chair in the Forbidden City. Officials in Jurong, Jiangsu, had embezzled tax grain and tribute rice; the emperor blamed Shijie for failing to detect it while governing the Two Jiangs and ordered him to retire at his original rank and return home. In the fifty-ninth year he died at seventy-nine; sacrificial rites and burial honors were granted, and he was posthumously titled Gongqin.

世傑仕而後學，摘發鉤距，必得要領。上每言其不通文理，然屢褒其能事，禮遇優厚。世傑長子漳州知府華國早卒，上降詔慰勉。其孫舉人再瀛，會試未中式，令一體殿試，授禮部主事。及世傑入為尚書，再瀛病卒，召其次子知州華封授員外郎，俾奉侍。華封官至兩廣鹽運使。

Shijie studied after entering office, yet in probing cases and weighing evidence he always hit the essentials. The emperor often said he lacked literary polish, yet repeatedly praised his ability and treated him with exceptional favor. Shijie's eldest son Huaguo, prefect of Zhangzhou, died young; the emperor issued an edict of consolation. His grandson, presented scholar Zaiying, had failed the metropolitan examination; he was nevertheless ordered to take the palace examination with the others and was appointed secretary in the Ministry of Rites. When Shijie came to the capital as minister, Zaiying died of illness; the emperor summoned his second son Huafeng, then serving as prefect, granted him the rank of vice director, and had him attend his father. Huafeng eventually reached the post of salt transport commissioner of the Two Guangs.

=袁守侗=袁守侗，字執衝，山東長山人。乾隆九年舉人，入貲授內閣中書，充軍機處章京。遷侍讀。再遷吏部郎中。考選江西道御史，授浙江鹽驛道。二十八年，遷廣西按察使。奏言：「煙瘴充軍人皆凶悍，請分撥泗城、鎮安、寧明、東蘭諸地；解役疏脫斬絞重囚，短解問徒，長解問流；各署書役貼寫幫差，濫收滋弊，請量定多寡，分別汰留。」又言：「卓異官，籓、臬、道、府甫到任未三月，停止出結。」部議均從之。三十四年，丁父憂，服闋，命以三品京堂仍充軍機章京，補太僕寺卿。遷吏部侍郎，調刑部。命如雲南按布政使錢度貪婪狀，論如律。三十八年，兼署禮部，命在軍機大臣上學習行走，兼管順天府尹。復命如雲南按保山知縣王錫供給總督彰寶虧空兵糧，論如律。調吏部。又命如貴州按總督圖思德劾鎮遠知府蘇墧貪婪狀，罪至死。暫署貴州巡撫。又如四川按松岡站員冀谷勳侵蝕軍米，論如律。四十一年，遷戶部尚書。復命如四川按富德濫用犒軍銀，即監詣京師，賜黑狐端罩。

Yuan Shoudong, whose style was Zhichong, came from Changshan in Shandong. After passing the provincial examination in the ninth year of Qianlong, he bought office and was appointed a Grand Secretariat drafter, then served as a Grand Council clerk. He was promoted to reader. He was promoted again to director in the Ministry of Personnel. Chosen by examination as censor of the Jiangxi Circuit, he was appointed intendant of the Zhejiang Salt and Post Office Circuit. In the twenty-eighth year he was made provincial surveillance commissioner of Guangxi. He memorialized: "Those banished to military exile in the miasma regions are all fierce and unruly; I request that they be distributed among Sicheng, Zhen'an, Ningming, Donglan, and other districts; If escort guards are lax and a prisoner condemned to decapitation or strangulation escapes, the short escort is punished with penal servitude and the long escort with exile; In every office clerks and runners help with transcription and escort duty, and indiscriminate hiring breeds abuse; I request that quotas be set and surplus staff culled or retained as appropriate." He also said: "For outstanding-merit nominations, if a governor-general, surveillance commissioner, circuit intendant, or prefect has been in office less than three months, no certification should be issued." The Board approved all of it. In the thirty-fourth year, after his father's death and the mourning period, he was ordered to resume service as a Grand Council clerk at third rank in the capital and was appointed vice minister of the Court of the Imperial Stud. He was promoted to vice minister of Personnel and transferred to Justice. He was ordered to follow the Yunnan surveillance commissioner's findings on Provincial Treasurer Qian Du's corruption and punish him as the law required. In the thirty-eighth year he served concurrently as acting minister of Rites, was assigned to study under the Grand Council ministers, and was given charge of the Shuntian prefect as well. Again he was ordered to follow the Yunnan surveillance commissioner's findings that Baoshan Magistrate Wang Xi had supplied Governor-General Zhang Bao while creating a shortfall in military provisions, and punish him as the law required. He was transferred to Personnel. He was again ordered to follow the Guizhou surveillance commissioner's findings on Governor-General Tusi De's impeachment of Zhenyuan Prefect Su Shan for corruption, with punishment up to death. He served temporarily as acting governor of Guizhou. Again, following the Sichuan surveillance commissioner's findings that Songgang station officer Ji Guxun had embezzled military grain, he punished the offender as the law required. In the forty-first year he was made Minister of Revenue. Again he was ordered to follow the Sichuan surveillance commissioner's findings that Fu De had misused army reward funds; Fu De was escorted straight to the capital under guard, and Shoudong was granted a black-fox surcoat.

四十二年，調刑部。命如甘肅勘驗捐收監糧。復命偕兩江總督高晉籌堵儀封漫口。四十四年，奏言遵兜袖法築兩壩，以期回溜分入引河。又與高晉會奏引河頭去口門稍遠，開引溝三百餘丈，直達引河，繪圖奏聞。上以所擬引河向南，恐紆回不能得勢，於圖內硃筆標識，令向北改直。尋奏壩工蟄陷，兩壩鑲築兜收。遵諭將引河頭西首淤灘切去，俾溝口向西北，開寬，引溜下注。是年四月，授河東河道總督。調直隸總督。四十五年，疏請修築北運河筐兒港減水石壩。四十六年，甘肅監糧舞弊成大獄，上以守侗勘驗不實，下吏議，奪官，命留任。丁母憂，去官。

In the forty-second year he was transferred to Justice. He was ordered to follow Gansu in inspecting donated grain collected for granary storage. He was again ordered, together with Two Jiangs Governor-General Gao Jin, to plan repairs at the Yifeng breach. In the forty-fourth year he memorialized that, following the douxiu method, two dams should be built so that returning currents could be split into the diversion channel. Together with Gao Jin he jointly memorialized that the head of the diversion channel lay somewhat far from the gate mouth, that a diversion trench more than three hundred zhang long should be opened straight to the channel, and submitted a diagram. The emperor, fearing that the proposed diversion channel running south would loop back and fail to gain force, marked it in red on the diagram and ordered it straightened northward. Soon he reported that the dam works had subsided and had both dams edged and built up with collecting aprons. Following the instruction he cut away the silt bar at the west end of the diversion-channel head, widened the trench mouth toward the northwest, and drew the current down. In the fourth month of that year he was appointed Governor-General of the Eastern Henan River conservancy. He was transferred to Governor-General of Zhili. In the forty-fifth year he memorialized to build a stone spillway dam at Kuang'ergang on the Northern Grand Canal. In the forty-sixth year a major fraud case arose in Gansu granary grain collection; because Shoudong's inspection had been inadequate the emperor referred him to officials for review, stripped his rank, but ordered him to remain in office. Upon his mother's death he left office.

四十七年，諭勘浚伊家河，疏山東積水。守侗詣勘，奏請自善橋以北抵楊家樓，長七千餘丈，展寬浚深，堵築缺口，拆改礙水橋座，諭速行辦理。尋复授直隸總督。四十八年，卒，贈太子太保，賜祭葬，諡清愨。

In the forty-seventh year he was instructed to inspect dredging of the Yijia River and drain Shandong's standing water. Shoudong went to inspect and memorialized that from Shangqiao north to Yangjialou, more than seven thousand zhang in length, the channel should be widened and deepened, breaches blocked, and obstructing bridges altered; the emperor ordered prompt action. Soon he was again appointed Governor-General of Zhili. In the forty-eighth year he died; he was posthumously made Senior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, granted sacrificial rites and burial honors, and given the posthumous title Qingque.

=鄭大進=鄭大進，字退谷，廣東揭陽人。乾隆元年進士。授直隸肥鄉知縣。累遷山東濟東道。二十九年，山東淫雨，高唐、茌平諸縣水漲阻道。大進相度宣洩，水不為患。巡撫崔應階薦其能，遷兩淮鹽運使。三十六年，丁父憂，去官。服除，上召至熱河，命署浙江按察使。尋授湖南按察使。四十年，遷貴州布政使。四十三年，授河南巡撫。四十四年，調湖北。旋署湖廣總督。奏：「安陸、荊州二府濱臨江、漢，以堤為衛。今夏漲發，鍾祥、潛江、荊門、江陵堤決，已一律修復，惟潛江長一垸地窪沙積，築堤難固，應擇地勢較高處築月堤。鍾祥、永興、保安諸垸地當衝，亦應築月堤，俾水發江寬，不致出險。又有劉家巷隄應並修築。」四十五年，奏：「武昌濱江上游，諸水匯流，繞城而東。江漲沖刷，堤根虛懸。現修武昌城畢，請並修堤，毋使水齧城。」均從之。又奏言：「湖廣邪教為害，總督班第奏請枷責發落，俾免株連。牧令遂視為自理詞訟，率不通詳。請自今以後，據實呈院司覈辦，諱匿徇縱者劾之。」上韙其言。

Zheng Dajin, whose style was Tuigu, came from Jieyang in Guangdong. He passed the jinshi examination in the first year of Qianlong. He was appointed magistrate of Feixiang in Zhili. He rose step by step to Jidong Circuit intendant in Shandong. In the twenty-ninth year incessant rain in Shandong flooded Gaotang, Chiping, and other counties and blocked the roads. Dajin surveyed the terrain and arranged drainage, and the water caused no further harm. Governor Cui Yingjie recommended his ability, and he was transferred to salt transport commissioner of the Two Huai. In the thirty-sixth year, upon his father's death, he left office. When mourning ended the emperor summoned him to Rehe and appointed him acting provincial surveillance commissioner of Zhejiang. Soon he was appointed provincial surveillance commissioner of Hunan. In the fortieth year he was made provincial treasurer of Guizhou. In the forty-third year he was appointed governor of Henan. In the forty-fourth year he was transferred to Hubei. Soon he served as acting governor-general of Huguang. He memorialized: "The two prefectures of Anlu and Jingzhou border the Yangzi and Han rivers and rely on dikes for protection. This summer's flood burst the dikes at Zhongxiang, Qianjiang, Jingmen, and Jiangling; all have been repaired, but in Qianjiang's Changyi polder the land is low and sand has accumulated, making dikes hard to hold, so crescent dikes should be built on higher ground. The polders of Zhongxiang, Yongxing, and Bao'an lie in the main current and should also have crescent dikes built so that when the river rises and widens, danger may be avoided. The dike at Liujiaxiang should also be repaired." In the forty-fifth year he memorialized: "Upstream along the river at Wuchang, various waters converge and flow east around the city. When the river rises it scours away the bank, leaving the dike roots hanging unsupported. Now that repairs to Wuchang city are finished, I request that the dikes be repaired as well so that the water may not undermine the city." All was approved. He also memorialized: "Heretical sects in Huguang were causing harm; Governor-General Bandi had memorialized that cangue punishment and release would spare implicating the innocent. District magistrates then treated these as ordinary cases they could settle themselves and generally failed to report them in detail. I request that from now on cases be reported truthfully to the provincial administration and surveillance offices for review and disposition, and that those who conceal or indulge offenders be impeached." The emperor approved his words.

四十六年，授直隸總督。命勘永定河工。奏言：「六工以下河身內舊有民居，乾隆十五年給價遷移。又以下口改流，奏令暫回繳原給房價，減糧田畝，依舊徵收。今勘南、北兩岸，自頭工至六工，村落已盡遷移。六工以下，水勢遷徙靡常，累將北埝改築展寬。南、北兩堤遙隔五十餘裡，其中居民五十餘村，水漲以船為家，應令遷移。永清柳坨諸村、東安孫家坨諸村旗、民二百八戶，已勘定地址，令陸續移居。河身較遠之村，仍準暫住。禁築壩修房，以杜佔居。」報聞。四十七年二月，賜孔雀翎、黃馬褂。五月，奏保定九龍河經清苑、安州至任丘入淀，年久積淤。請舊有望都鄉閘、殷家營、高嶺村三閘外，於望都樊村建石閘一，清苑冉村、鄧村、營頭建石閘三。並修整諸舊閘，開濬安州、新安、任丘諸縣河。皆稱旨，加太子少傅。卒，賜祭葬，諡勤恪。

In the forty-sixth year he was appointed Governor-General of Zhili. He was ordered to inspect Yongding River works. He memorialized: "Below the sixth works section there were formerly dwellings within the river bed; in the fifteenth year of Qianlong compensation was paid and residents were relocated. When the lower outlet was later shifted, it was memorialized that compensation already paid should be temporarily recovered and reduced-tax fields taxed again as before. On inspection of both north and south banks from the first works to the sixth, all villages have been relocated. Below the sixth works the watercourse shifts constantly, and the northern levee has repeatedly been rebuilt and widened. North and south dikes are separated by more than fifty li; more than fifty villages lie between them and live on boats when the water rises, and they should be relocated. In Yongqing at Liutuo and other villages and in Dong'an at Sunjiatuo and other villages, two hundred eight banner and commoner households have had sites surveyed and been ordered to move in sequence. Villages farther from the river bed may still be allowed to remain temporarily. Building dams and houses is forbidden to prevent encroachment." The report was noted. In the second month of the forty-seventh year he was granted peacock feathers and a yellow riding jacket. In the fifth month he memorialized that the Jiulong River at Baoding runs through Qingyuan and Anzhou to Renqiu and enters the marshes, and has long silted up. He requested that besides the three existing sluices at Wangdu Xiang, Yinjiaying, and Gaolingcun, one stone sluice be built at Fancun in Wangdu and three at Rancun, Dengcun, and Yingtou in Qingyuan. Existing sluices should also be repaired and rivers in Anzhou, Xin'an, Renqiu, and other counties dredged. All pleased the emperor, and he was given the additional title Junior Tutor of the Heir Apparent. He died; sacrificial rites and burial honors were granted, and he was posthumously titled Qinke.

=劉峨=劉峨，字先資，山東單縣人。入貲授知縣。乾隆二十三年，選直隸曲陽知縣。調宛平。盧溝橋有逆旅，多陰戕過客沒其財，峨發其奸。西山煤礦多藏匿亡命，峨散其黨與，先後捕治置諸法。三遷通永道，以母憂歸。起天津道，仍調通永道，以父憂歸。未一年，上命署清河道，服闋真除。四十五年，遷湖北按察使。石首有寡婦，兄公謀其產，誣之，死於獄。峨治官書發其枉，逮其兄公至，親鞫，論如律。四十六年，遷安徽布政使，調山西。四十八年，擢廣西巡撫。甫兩月，遷直隸總督。輔國公弘晸遣僕至靜海冒佔入官地，事聞，上諭峨：「遇王公以下私遣人幹有司，無問是非曲直，即據實奏聞。」長蘆鹽政徵瑞奏漕艘至楊村，以民船剝運，鹽運遲誤。上謂非特鹽運遲誤，且恐商貨壅滯，令峨赴天津與徵瑞議民船編號輪僱，照例發價，並定赴通回空限期，下部議行。分疏劾中倉監督趙元搢嗾毆民至死，三河知縣王治岐挪用旗租，並論如律。謁避暑山莊祝嘏，賜孔雀翎、黃馬褂。南宮民魏玉凱訴縣人李存仁習邪教，上遣侍郎姜晟會鞫。存仁坐誅，玉凱妄及無辜，論戍。四十九年，上遣尚書金簡會勘盧溝橋下游沙淤，請於中泓五孔抽溝三道。上以抽溝水緩，命中泓五孔全行疏濬。徵瑞請捐銀三十萬造剝船濟運，上以直隸木材少，命湖廣、江西二省分造。峨奏言：「北倉存漕四十餘萬，俟新造剝船刑齊，先行運通。」上許之。

Liu E, whose style was Xianzi, came from Shan County in Shandong. He bought office and was appointed magistrate. In the twenty-third year of Qianlong he was selected as magistrate of Quyang in Zhili. He was transferred to Wanping. At Lugou Bridge there was an inn where travelers were often secretly murdered and robbed of their goods; E exposed the crime. The Western Hills coal mines sheltered many fugitives; E broke up their gangs and in succession arrested and punished them according to law. Promoted three times to Tongyong Circuit intendant, he returned home upon his mother's death. Recalled as Tianjin Circuit intendant and again transferred to Tongyong Circuit intendant, he returned home upon his father's death. Within a year the emperor ordered him to serve as acting Qinghe Circuit intendant; when mourning ended he received formal appointment. In the forty-fifth year he was made provincial surveillance commissioner of Hubei. In Shishou there was a widow whose elder brother-in-law plotted for her property, framed her, and she died in prison. E examined the official records, exposed the injustice, had the elder brother-in-law brought in, personally tried the case, and punished him as the law required. In the forty-sixth year he was made provincial treasurer of Anhui and then transferred to Shanxi. In the forty-eighth year he was promoted to governor of Guangxi. After only two months he was transferred to Governor-General of Zhili. Prince of the Second Rank Hongchang sent a servant to Jinghai to seize by fraud imperial confiscated land; when the matter was reported the emperor instructed E: "When princes and dukes on down privately send men to interfere with local officials, regardless of right or wrong, report the facts at once. The Changlu salt commissioner Zheng Rui reported that when the grain transport fleet reached Yangcun, civilian boats were employed for lighterage, delaying salt shipments. The emperor said this would delay not only salt transport but also risk jamming commercial traffic; he ordered E to Tianjin to consult Zheng Rui on numbering civilian boats for rotational hire at standard rates, and on setting deadlines for trips to Tongzhou and empty return voyages, then refer the plan to the ministry for action. In separate memorials he impeached Zhao Yuanjin, supervisor of the Central Granary, for inciting a beating that killed a commoner, and Wang Zhiqi, magistrate of Sanhe, for embezzling banner rents; both were punished as the law required. He paid homage at the Mountain Resort to offer birthday felicitations and received a peacock feather and a yellow riding jacket. Wei Yukai, a man of Nangong, accused Li Cunren of the county of practicing heterodox teachings; the emperor sent Vice Minister Jiang Sheng to assist in the investigation. Cunren was put to death; Yukai had falsely implicated innocent people and was sentenced to exile. In the forty-ninth year the emperor sent Minister Jin Jian to inspect jointly the silt buildup below Lugou Bridge; he proposed cutting three drainage channels through the five central sluice openings. The emperor judged that cutting drainage channels would slacken the flow and ordered complete dredging of all five central sluice openings. Zheng Rui proposed raising three hundred thousand taels to build lighter boats to aid transport; noting the timber shortage in Zhili, the emperor ordered Huguang and Jiangxi to build them separately. E memorialized: "The Northern Granary stores more than four hundred thousand piculs of tribute grain; once the new lighter boats are ready, we should begin shipping them to Tongzhou first. The emperor approved.

五十一年七月，廣平民段文經、元城民徐克展為亂，夜入大名，戕大名道熊恩紱。峨奏聞，即督兵馳往捕治，得從亂者王國桂等，自列向習八卦教，及文經、克展蓄謀為亂狀。上令峨捕文經、克展，久之未獲，累降旨詰責。十月，河南巡撫畢沅奏於亳州獲克展，檻送京師，而文經終未能得。五十二年，命停峨本年廉俸。山東學政劉權之迎眷屬赴官，途遇盜，峨坐奪官，命留任。

In the seventh month of the fifty-first year, Duan Wenjing of Guangping and Xu Kezhan of Yuancheng rebelled, stole into Daming by night, and killed Xiong Enfu, intendant of the Daming Circuit. E reported immediately and led troops posthaste to suppress the disorder; captured rebels including Wang Guogui testified that they had practiced the Eight Trigrams teaching and that Wenjing and Kezhan had long plotted rebellion. The emperor ordered E to capture Wenjing and Kezhan; when they remained at large for a long time, he repeatedly sent edicts of reprimand. In the tenth month Governor Bi Yuan of Henan reported that Kezhan had been captured at Bozhou and sent to the capital in a cage cart, but Wenjing was never found. In the fifty-second year the emperor ordered E's salary for that year suspended. Educational Commissioner Liu Quanzhi of Shandong was bringing his family to his post when bandits attacked on the road; E was stripped of his post for negligence but ordered to remain in office.

五十三年，命偕山東巡撫長麟等勘議糧艘在德州剝運。五十五年，巡城御史穆克登額等獲建昌盜，自列嘗劫建昌錢鋪，有同為盜者，系清苑獄二年未決。上責峨廢弛，遣侍衛慶成逮清苑知縣米复松詣京師，下刑部論罪；奪峨孔雀翎、黃馬褂，降調兵部侍郎。未幾，擢尚書。五十六年，命如河南按虞城民訴縣役事，又如江西按廣豐武弁包漕、崇義民發塚棄骸事，並訊明，論如律。峨至崇義，入深山中勘塚地，江西民稱之。五十七年，從上幸熱河，賜還孔雀翎、黃馬褂。六十年，以疾乞解任，加太子少保，原品休致。卒，賜祭葬，諡恪簡。

In the fifty-third year he was ordered, together with Governor Chang Lin of Shandong and others, to inspect and decide on lighterage of grain fleets at Dezhou. In the fifty-fifth year City-Patrol Censor Mukedenge and others captured a Jianchang bandit who confessed to robbing a money shop there; an accomplice had languished two years in Qingyuan prison without trial. The emperor rebuked E for lax administration, sent Guard Qingcheng to bring Qingyuan Magistrate Mi Fusong to the capital, and had the Ministry of Punishments try him; E lost his peacock feather and yellow riding jacket and was demoted to vice minister of the Board of War. Soon afterward he was promoted to minister. In the fifty-sixth year he was sent to Henan to investigate a commoner's complaint against a county runner, and to Jiangxi to investigate a Guangfeng military officer who monopolized grain transport and Chongyi commoners who opened graves and discarded remains; he established the facts in each case and punished the offenders as the law required. When E reached Chongyi he went into the deep mountains to inspect grave sites, and the people of Jiangxi praised him. In the fifty-seventh year he accompanied the emperor to Rehe and had his peacock feather and yellow riding jacket restored. In the sixtieth year he asked to retire on grounds of illness; he was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent and retired at his former rank. He died and was granted funeral honors; his posthumous name was Kéjiǎn.

=陸耀=陸耀，字青來，江南吳江人。乾隆十七年舉人。十九年，考授內閣中書，充軍機處章京。奉職勤慎，有急務立辦，大學士傅恆深器之。上出巡幸，俱令扈從。累遷戶部郎中。三十五年，出為雲南大理知府，以親老請改補近省，調山東登州府。三十六年，調濟南府。上書巡撫徐績，請留南漕廣積貯。三十七年，授甘肅西寧道。燿乞績代奏，乞假送母居京師，上命改授運河道。上書河道總督姚立德，言：「兗州、泰安二府泉四百七十八，當濬渠導泉，俾由高趨下，其流不絕。」又言：「運河例歲冬閉壩，春挑濬，天寒晷短，民役俱憊。宜修復南旺、濟寧、臨清月河，並於彭口南岸亦開月河。歲九、十月漕艘商舶皆從此行，以其時疏濬運河。」皆用其議。又請修河渠志，成運河備考。

Lu Yao, whose style was Qinglai, came from Wujiang in Jiangnan. He passed the provincial examination in the seventeenth year of Qianlong. In the nineteenth year he passed the examination for Secretariat drafter and served as a clerk in the Grand Council. Diligent and careful in office, he disposed of urgent business at once; Grand Secretary Fu Heng held him in high regard. Whenever the emperor went on tour, Yao was always ordered to accompany him. He rose in succession to director in the Ministry of Revenue. In the thirty-fifth year he was appointed prefect of Dali in Yunnan; citing aged parents he asked for a nearer post and was transferred to Dengzhou in Shandong. In the thirty-sixth year he was transferred to Jinan. He wrote to Governor Xu Ji urging larger reserves of southern tribute grain. In the thirty-seventh year he was made intendant of Xining Circuit in Gansu. Yao asked Ji to submit for him a request for leave to settle his mother in the capital; the emperor transferred him instead to Grain Transport Circuit intendant. He wrote to Grand Canal Commissioner Yao Lide: "Of the four hundred seventy-eight springs in Yanzhou and Tai'an prefectures, channels should be dredged to conduct the water downhill so the flow never fails. He also wrote: "By custom the canal sluices are closed in winter and dredged in spring; in the cold, with short days, corvée laborers are worn out. The auxiliary channels at Nanwang, Jining, and Linqing should be restored, and an auxiliary channel opened on the south bank at Pengkou as well. Each year in the ninth and tenth months grain fleets and merchant vessels would all use these routes, leaving that season free to dredge the canal. All his proposals were adopted. He also proposed compiling a gazetteer of rivers and canals, producing the Reference Materials on the Grand Canal.

三十九年，壽張民王倫為亂，去濟寧二百里，有欲閉城者，燿不可，曰：「寇未至閉城，示之怯也。且何忍拒吾民使散逸被賊害且脅誘耶？」乃募鄉兵助守，坐城闉任稽察，事旋定。四十年，擢按察使，燿議以流犯罪輕，請免其解司；四十三年，擢布政使，燿議流外壅積，請停分發：皆從之。燿母老，病狂疾，奏乞解任終養，上許之。四十六年，丁母憂。運河築堤，上以燿習河務，命往山東會運河道沈啟震董其役。四十八年，命署布政使，服闋真除。

In the thirty-ninth year Wang Lun of Shouzhang rebelled two hundred li from Jining; some wanted to shut the gates but Yao refused, saying: "Closing the gates before the enemy arrives shows fear. And how could we shut out our own people, leaving them scattered to be harmed or lured by bandits? He recruited local militia to help defend the city, sat at the gate to supervise inspection, and order was soon restored. In the fortieth year he was promoted to provincial surveillance commissioner; Yao argued that because exile offenses were minor, prisoners need not be escorted to the provincial office; In the forty-third year he was promoted to provincial treasurer; Yao proposed suspending further distribution because exile destinations were overcrowded: both requests were granted. Yao's mother was old and afflicted with madness; he asked to retire to care for her until her death, and the emperor granted his request. In the forty-sixth year he entered mourning for his mother. When dikes were to be built on the canal, the emperor, knowing Yao's expertise in river works, sent him to Shandong to join Grain Transport Circuit Intendant Shen Qizhen in supervising the project. In the forty-eighth year he was appointed acting provincial treasurer; when mourning ended he received the post in full.

四十九年，擢湖南巡撫。湖南鹽商例有餽，峻卻之，命平鹽價如其數。疏請增岳麓、城南二書院膏火，又疏請申親老告養例，請敕各督撫不論現任、試用，通飭呈明終養。又奏：「湖南社倉前巡撫劉墉令湘陰等四十五州縣勸捐，得穀十二萬；勒限嚴催，僅耒陽等十五州縣交齊，餘未足數者十七縣，全未交者十三縣。如湘陰、巴陵、武陵諸縣濱臨江湖，地多磽瘠；桂陽、瀘溪、辰谿諸縣介在山僻，民鮮蓋藏；若執前捐數目，責令全完，民間未霑借貸之益，轉受追呼之擾。請凡現在未收者停止催繳。」上允其奏。燿以病請解任。旋卒。

In the forty-ninth year he was promoted to governor of Hunan. Hunan salt merchants customarily offered gifts; he refused them sternly and ordered salt prices cut by the same amount. He memorialized for increased stipends at the Yuelu and Chengnan academies, and again to clarify the precedent for retiring to care for aged parents, asking that all governors-general and governors, in formal or probationary posts alike, be instructed to report when seeking leave for final nursing care. He also reported: "Former Governor Liu Yong ordered charity granaries in Xiangyin and forty-four other districts and counties to solicit donations, raising one hundred twenty thousand piculs of grain; Under strict deadlines and pressure to collect, only Leiyang and fourteen other districts and counties paid in full; seventeen fell short; thirteen had paid nothing. Counties such as Xiangyin, Baling, and Wuling border lakes and rivers on land that is mostly poor and thin; Guyang, Luxi, Chenxi, and other counties lie in remote hills where the people have little surplus to store; If we insist on the original quotas and demand full payment, the people will never see the benefit of granary loans yet will suffer the harassment of tax collectors. He asked that collection cease on all amounts still outstanding. The emperor approved his memorial. Yao asked to retire on grounds of illness. He died soon afterward.

燿自幼立志以古人自期，學兼體用。居官廉儉。入覲，門吏留裝物索貲；燿乃置衣被城外而假於友，覲已還之。初至長沙，總督特升額以閱兵至，見翟方午食，惟菽乳蔬蓏，訝之。燿曰：「天不雨，方齋，故所食止此。」特升額怒其奴曰：「吾館舍酒肉臭，何不以祈雨告？」還館舍，命悉撤去。

From youth Yao resolved to measure himself against the ancients; his learning joined theory and practice. In office he was incorrupt and frugal. When he came to audience at court, gate attendants held his luggage and demanded a fee; Yao left his clothes and bedding outside the city and borrowed from a friend; after the audience he returned them. When he first reached Changsha, Governor-General Tesheng'e came to review troops and found Yao at midday meal with nothing but beans, curd, vegetables, and fruit, and was astonished. Yao said: "Heaven sends no rain; I am fasting, so this is all I eat. Tesheng'e angrily rebuked his servants: "The wine and meat at my lodging is going to waste—why didn't you tell me he was fasting for rain? Back at his lodging he ordered it all cleared away.

=管幹貞=管幹貞，字松崖，江南陽湖人。乾隆三十一年進士，改庶吉士，授編修。考選貴州道御史。巡視西城，訟牒皆親判；周行郊內外，捕治諸不法者。先後命巡漕天津、瓜、儀，凡十二年。累遷至光祿寺卿。幹貞以漕船回空，多守凍打冰，令先通下游，免上游冰下注，益增堅厚，後遂守其法。疏言：「運河以諸湖為水櫃，誠使節節疏通，雖遇旱澇，可以節宣。否則雨少無籌濟之方，雨多無容水之地。至引黃入運，系一時權宜。苟疏濬得宜，黃河全力下注，運河自不致停沙。」又奏請治駱馬湖，使運河水有所蓄洩，並得旨議行。遷內閣學士。五十三年，擢工部侍郎。

Guan Ganzhen, whose style was Songya, came from Yanghu in Jiangnan. He passed the palace examination in the thirty-first year of Qianlong, became a Hanlin bachelor, and was appointed compiler. He was selected by examination as censor of the Guizhou circuit. While patrolling the Western Ward he personally decided every case; He traveled throughout the suburbs inside and outside the city, arresting and punishing offenders. He was successively ordered to inspect grain transport at Tianjin, Guazhou, and Yizhen—for twelve years in all. He rose in succession to minister of the Court of Imperial Entertainments. Ganzhen noted that empty grain boats often waited through the freeze breaking ice; he ordered the lower reaches cleared first so ice from upstream would not descend and grow thicker; afterward this became standard practice. He wrote: "The canal depends on its lakes as reservoirs; if every section is kept dredged, drought and flood can both be managed. Otherwise in drought there is no way to supply water, and in flood nowhere to hold it. Diverting the Yellow River into the canal is only a temporary expedient. With proper dredging, even the full force of the Yellow River flowing downstream will not leave the canal choked with silt. He also proposed restoring Luoma Lake so the canal would have storage and outlet, and received imperial approval to deliberate and act. He was made a Grand Secretariat academician. In the fifty-third year he was promoted to vice minister of the Board of Works.

五十四年，授漕運總督。糧艘至天津楊村，每以水淺須起撥，運丁不能給舟值，例由長蘆鹽運使以鬻鹽錢貸運丁，借直隸籓庫銀歸款，運丁分年繳納。其後議停，運丁多不便，幹貞請如舊例。又疏陳江西軍丁疲敝，請籌款增補，行、月二糧折價；借官銀代償積逋，令分年輸納；寬限清釐屯田，俾藉以調劑。並從之。五十五年，賜孔雀翎、黃馬褂。疏言；「漕艘百餘幫，役夫數万人，最易藏奸生事。上年新漕，飭嚴立規條，行必按伍，止則支更。親行督察，乃知別有姦人隨運潛行。督飭捕治數十人，交州縣確擬嚴懲。」得旨嘉獎。五十八年，疏言：「蘇州太倉押運官，例抵淮後改委赴通。中途分更，互相推諉。請自水次抵通，始終其事，庶官有專司。」又請河南豁免緩徵，停運減存船隻，就近赴山東受僱撥運。又請各幫水手短纖，責成頭舵工丁以素識誠實之人充補，免聚眾竊盜諸累。皆報可。各省開兌，多至春初，又在在逗遛，遇水淺或河溢，有在河北度歲者。幹貞嚴飭弁丁修艌受兌，复冬兌春開舊制。糧艘起運，每策馬督催，風雨不避。或不歸所乘舟，支帳露宿。微弁出力，必親慰勞。運丁舟人不用命，立予懲罰。當時或苦其苛急，及回空省費，無絲毫派累，咸大悅服。高宗嘗召見褒其能，謂可亞楊錫紱。五十九年，以疾乞假，命兩江總督書麟攝其事。疾愈，任事如故。

In the fifty-fourth year he was appointed Governor of Grain Transport. When grain fleets reached Tianjin and Yangcun, shallow water often required lighterage that transport coolies could not afford; by precedent the Changlu salt transport commissioner lent them money from salt sales, drawing on the Zhili provincial treasury for repayment while coolies paid back in installments. When discontinuation was later proposed, transport coolies found it a great hardship; Ganzhen asked that the old practice be restored. He also reported that Jiangxi military laborers were exhausted and proposed funds to replenish them, converting marching and monthly grain rations to cash; Official silver to repay accumulated arrears in installments; And extended deadlines for clearing military colony lands so these measures could provide relief. All were approved. In the fifty-fifth year he received a peacock feather and a yellow riding jacket. He memorialized: "More than a hundred grain fleet groups employ tens of thousands of laborers—the easiest place for wrongdoing to hide and trouble to breed. Last year, for the new tribute grain, strict rules were enforced: on the march they had to move in squads; at rest they had to stand watch in shifts. When he inspected in person he discovered that other wrongdoers were secretly traveling alongside the convoys. He ordered the arrest of several dozen offenders and referred them to local authorities for formal sentences of strict punishment. The emperor responded with praise. In year 58 he submitted a memorial: "Suzhou and Taicang convoy officers, by custom, are replaced with new appointees at the Huai when they should continue on to Tongzhou. En route they hand off duty at intervals and shift responsibility onto each other. He asked that a single officer handle the run from the quay to Tongzhou start to finish, so duties would have clear charge. He also sought deferrals on Henan tax arrears, reduced idle fleets during transport suspensions, and local Shandong hiring for reallocating grain shipments. He also asked that when crews ran short, head helmsmen recruit replacements from people they knew to be trustworthy, averting the theft and riot problems that came with untested recruits. All proposals were accepted. Provincial convoys often did not begin exchange until early spring, dawdling at every stop; in low water or floods some crews spent the winter north of the river. Gan Zhen strictly ordered officers and crews to repair vessels and take on grain, restoring the old winter-exchange, spring-departure schedule. When the grain fleet sailed, he rode alongside to drive them on through wind and rain. At times he never returned to his own vessel, sleeping outdoors on a mat instead. The slightest effort from a petty officer drew his personal thanks and encouragement. Transport workers who defied orders were punished immediately. Some grumbled at his harshness at first, yet on the empty return they found costs cut with no hidden charges, and all came round wholeheartedly. Emperor Gaozong summoned him and praised his competence, declaring him second only to Yang Xibo. In year 59 he took sick leave; Governor-General Shu Lin of the Two Jiangs was appointed to act in his stead. Once recovered, he returned to duty as before.

幹貞成進士時，禮部改「貞」為「珍」，六十年，命仍原名。嘉慶元年，戶部議江、浙白糧全運京倉，以羨米為耗，浙江運丁如議交運。幹貞以江南餘米較少，執議不行，交部嚴議，奪官。三年，卒。子遹群，官浙江巡撫。

When Gan Zhen passed the jinshi, the Ministry of Rites altered the character in his name from Zhen (chastity) to Zhenzhen (precious); in year sixty the throne ordered him to restore the original form. In Jiaqing 1 the Ministry of Revenue proposed shipping all Jiangsu and Zhejiang tribute rice to Beijing granaries, counting surplus as transport loss; Zhejiang crews complied. Gan Zhen objected that Jiangnan had too little surplus grain to comply; the ministry censured him severely and stripped his rank. In year 3 he died. His son Youqun became governor of Zhejiang.

=蔣兆奎=蔣兆奎，字聚五，陝西渭南人。自副貢生補甘肅張掖縣教諭。乾隆三十一年，成進士。三十三年，教諭俸滿，授四川合江知縣。調灌縣，丁憂。師徵小金川，攻熱耳，總督富勒渾奏留兆奎從軍，駐達烏圍治餉。既破熱耳，移餉往。俄，大金川助亂，兆奎知熱耳不足守，复移糧達烏圍。已而，他所糧悉被焚。將軍阿桂才兆奎，使駐日隆治餉，兼司令砲局。旋調署華陽，加知州銜。四川盜號啯嚕子，擾尤溪。兆奎捕得盜渠，獲首犯。服闋，遷山西澤州同知。擢太原知府。以巡撫農起薦，擢河東鹽運使。五十四年，遷按察使，仍兼理鹽務。尋遷甘肅布政使。五十六年，高宗八旬萬壽，兆奎入祝嘏。時河東商困，兆奎議改鹽課歸地丁，上命如山西同巡撫馮光熊勘議。旋議山西、陝西、河南三省應納正雜課四十八萬餘兩，均入三省行鹽完課納稅百七十二廳州縣地丁，兩加九分有奇，下部議行。五十七年，上以河東鹽價減，銷暢，兩三月內，發販鹽數倍於往年，商民交便。褒兆奎始終承辦，收效甚速，賜孔雀翎。

Jiang Zhaokui, courtesy name Juwu, from Weinan, Shaanxi. A deputy tribute student, he was appointed county instructor of Zhangye in Gansu. In Qianlong 31 he earned his jinshi degree. In year 33, his instructor term complete, he was made magistrate of Hejiang, Sichuan. He was transferred to Guan County, then entered mourning. During the Lesser Jinchuan campaign at Re'er, Governor-General Fulehun kept Zhao-kui with the army, posting him at Dawuwei to manage rations. After Re'er fell, he shifted supplies forward. When Greater Jinchuan rose, Zhao-kui judged Re'er indefensible and pulled supplies back to Dawuwei. Soon afterward grain stored elsewhere was burned entirely. General Agui valued him and posted him at Rilong to manage supplies while directing the artillery bureau. He was soon made acting magistrate of Huayang with prefectural rank added. A Sichuan outlaw known as Guluizi raided Youxi. Zhao-kui seized the gang leaders and the chief offender. After mourning he was promoted to sub-prefect of Zezhou, Shanxi. He was promoted to prefect of Taiyuan. Governor Nong Qi recommended him for promotion to Hedong salt commissioner. In year 54 he became provincial judge while retaining charge of salt. He was soon made financial commissioner of Gansu. In year 56, for the emperor's eightieth birthday, Zhao-kui traveled to court to offer felicitations. With Hedong merchants in distress, Zhao-kui proposed folding salt taxes into land quotas; the throne ordered a joint survey with Shanxi Governor Feng Guangxiong. A plan followed to spread more than 480,000 taels in regular and miscellaneous salt dues across land-tax registers in 172 districts of Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan, adding slightly more than nine fen per two mu, and sent to the ministry for approval. In year 57, lower Hedong salt prices drove brisk sales; within two or three months distribution exceeded prior years several times over, to merchants' and commoners' mutual benefit. The emperor praised Zhao-kui for shepherding the reform through with swift results and awarded him a peacock feather.

旋授山西巡撫。五十九年，迎蹕，賜黃馬褂。六十年，以山西錢賤，請停寶晉局鑄錢，從之。嘉慶元年，詔與千叟宴。尋命毋詣京師，仍加恩賚。奏劾汾州知府張力行挾訟事婪索，冀寧道鄧希曾等回護同官。奪力行官，命兆奎授鞫。又發力行侵帑狀，坐斬。二年，以病乞解任，歸。

He was soon appointed governor of Shanxi. In year 59 he met the imperial tour and received a yellow riding jacket. In year 60, with Shanxi copper cash debased, he asked to halt minting at the Baojin foundry and was obliged. In Jiaqing 1 he was invited to the Feast of a Thousand Elders. He was soon excused from traveling to Beijing but still received imperial gifts. He impeached Fenzhou Prefect Zhang Lixing for using lawsuits to extort bribes, and Circuit Intendant Deng Xiceng and others for covering for a fellow official. Lixing was dismissed and Zhao-kui appointed to hear the case. Further proof of Lixing's treasury embezzlement surfaced; he was condemned to decapitation. In year 2 he resigned on grounds of illness and went home.

四年，高宗崩，兆奎入臨，即授漕運總督。固辭，不許。旋奏言：「整頓漕運，要在卹丁。今陋規盡革，旗丁自可節費；而生齒日繁，諸物昂貴，旗丁應得之項，實不敷用，急須調劑。前讀上諭：'有漕州縣，無不浮收，江、浙尤甚，每石加至七八斗。 '歷來交納，視為固然。今若劃出一斗津貼旗丁，餘悉革除。所出有限，所省已多。不特千萬旗丁藉資濟運，即交糧億萬花戶皆沾恩無窮。」疏入，上嫌事近加賦，飭與有漕省分各督撫另議調劑。兆奎疏言：「各督撫所議調劑，有名無實。兩江費淳所奏，不敷運費；江蘇擬四升七合，安徽擬二升，焉能有濟？」因力請罷斥。上責兆奎粗率，並諭：「加賦斷不可行。此外如何設策善後，令再覈議。」兆奎奏請：「每船借給銀百兩，於各糧道庫支領，分三年，以旗丁應領之項扣還。山東、河南兩省路途較近，減借五十兩；有漕各省本有輕齎，原應徵米，斗折銀五分。請仍徵本色，按照旗丁米數，分給白糧。無輕齎，請通融勻給。」上以「所擬損民益丁，巧避加賦之名，仍存加賦之實」，遣侍郎鐵保會淳詳察。兆奎又奏：「旗丁運費本有應得之項，惟定在數十百年之前。今物價數倍，費用不敷。近年旗丁尚可支持者，以州縣浮收，向索兌費，並折收行月等米，以之貼補一切經費。今革除漕弊，浮費可省，兌費不能減。臣才識短淺，惟恐貽誤，求上別簡賢員，原從小心敬畏而來，不敵氣質用事。」上即命鐵保代兆奎，召授工部侍郎。

In year 4, after Gaozong's death, Zhao-kui came to mourn and was immediately made Grain Transport Governor-General. He declined firmly but was overruled. He soon memorialized: "Reforming the grain levy depends above all on relieving the banner crews. With abusive fees abolished, banner crews can economize; yet mouths to feed multiply and prices rise; what crews are entitled to no longer suffices, and urgent relief is needed. Reading Your Majesty's earlier edict: 'Grain-levy counties everywhere over-collect; Jiangsu and Zhejiang worst of all, adding seven or eight dou per shi. Payment at such rates has long been taken for granted. If one dou per shi were earmarked as crew stipend and the rest abolished altogether, the cost would be modest and the savings enormous. Tens of millions of banner crews would gain support, and countless grain-delivering households would share boundless relief. The throne disliked its resemblance to a tax hike and ordered grain-province governors to devise other remedies. Zhao-kui replied that governors' proposed remedies were empty form without substance. Fei Chun of the Two Jiangs admitted his plan would not cover shipping costs; Jiangsu offered four sheng seven he, Anhui two sheng — how could that suffice? He therefore begged to be dismissed. The emperor rebuked his rashness and declared tax increases absolutely forbidden. He was told to devise workable follow-up measures and reconsider. Zhao-kui proposed lending each vessel one hundred taels from grain-route treasuries, repaid over three years from crew allotments. Shandong and Henan, with shorter hauls, would borrow fifty taels less; Grain provinces already levied light-transport allowances in grain, convertible at five fen per dou; he asked to collect these in kind and distribute white grain according to crew rations. Where no such allowance existed, he asked for flexible equal distribution. The throne condemned it as harming taxpayers while benefiting crews — avoiding the label of a tax hike while keeping its substance — and sent Vice Minister Tiebao with Fei Chun to investigate. Zhao-kui argued that crews' transport fees were fixed decades or centuries ago. Prices had multiplied several times over; the allotments no longer covered costs. Recently crews had survived only because counties over-collected, demanding exchange fees and converting travel-month grain to cover all costs. With levy abuses purged, waste could be cut, but exchange fees could not be reduced commensurately. He confessed limited ability, feared failure, and begged the throne to appoint another — insisting his motives were caution, not stubbornness. The emperor immediately replaced him with Tiebao and summoned Zhao-kui to appoint him Vice Minister of Works.

尋授山東巡撫。御前侍衛明安泰山進香，還京師，奏山東有司私餽銀八百，並及途中營汛墩房坍塌。上以詰兆奎，兆奎復奏辯，且稱老病，求去。上怒其忿激，念廉名素著，降三品卿銜休致。七年，卒。

He was soon made governor of Shandong. Bodyguard Ming'an, returning from Mount Tai, reported Shandong officials had given him eight hundred taels privately and noted collapsed garrison posts along the route. The emperor questioned Zhao-kui; he defended himself in a further memorial, citing age and illness, and asked to retire. Angered by his defiance yet mindful of his integrity, the emperor reduced him to third rank and granted retirement. In year 7 he died.

=胡季堂=胡季堂，河南光山人，侍郎煦子。初以廕生授順天府通判，改刑部員外郎，遷郎中。出為甘肅慶陽知府，再遷甘肅按察使，調江蘇。江蘇按察使移駐蘇州，而獄猶在江寧，季堂請更置，報可。乾隆三十九年，擢刑部侍郎，四十四年，遷尚書。季堂屢奉使諸省讞獄，直隸、吉林、江蘇皆一至，山東四至，河南再至。察得唆訟者嚴治之；有誣訴，論如律，不稍貸。初使河南按商丘獄，上諭之曰：「季堂河南人，按本省事尤當秉公持正。勿以事涉大吏，慮將來報復，稍為瞻顧。」商丘民湯秉五迫孀婦劉為妻，劉絕食死。其獄已題旌，劉父猶陳訴，並及順刀神拳會民事，察得唆訟者罪之。使山東按平度獄，州民羅有良與人鬥，誤蹴其母死。萊州知府徐大榕原勘無誤，乃坐是奪官，當平反，得旨嘉獎。再使山東，暫署巡撫。山東災，請截本省漕米治賑。還京師，加太子少保，再兼署兵部尚書。

Hu Jitang, from Guangshan, Henan, son of Vice Minister Xu. A yin-degree holder, he was appointed vice prefect of Shuntian, then transferred to the Ministry of Punishments as vice director and promoted to director. He served as Qingyang prefect in Gansu, rose to Gansu provincial judge, then transferred to Jiangsu. When the Jiangsu judge relocated to Suzhou while prisons stayed in Jiangning, Jitang petitioned to move them; approved. In Qianlong 39 he became vice minister of punishments; in 44, minister. Jitang repeatedly toured provinces reviewing cases: Zhili, Jilin, and Jiangsu once each; Shandong four times; Henan twice. Instigators of litigation he punished severely; false accusers were sentenced by law without mercy. On his first Henan mission, reviewing the Shangqiu case, the emperor warned: "As a Henan native, you must be doubly fair in home-province cases. Do not shrink from cases involving senior officials for fear of future reprisal. In Shangqiu, Tang Bingwu forced the widow Liu to marry him; she starved herself to death. Though the case had already been recommended for imperial commendation, Liu's father still petitioned, also raising a civil dispute involving the Shundao Shenquan Society; investigation found who had incited the lawsuit and punished him. On mission to Shandong he reviewed the Pingdu case: a local named Luo Youliang got into a fight and accidentally kicked his mother to death. Laizhou Prefect Xu Darong's original investigation had been correct, yet he had lost his post on that account; the case deserved reversal, and an edict commended the outcome. Sent to Shandong again, he served temporarily as acting governor. When Shandong suffered disaster, he asked to divert the province's grain transport rice for relief. Back in the capital, he received the additional title Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent and again served concurrently as acting Minister of War.

嘉慶三年，授直隸總督，賜孔雀翎。四年，仁宗親政，季堂疏發和珅罪狀。尋請以籍沒其僕呼什圖米麥萬餘石，分借文安、大城被水村民。長新店盜發，上責季堂廢弛，削太子太保，奪孔雀翎。下吏部議，奪官，去頂帶留任。河南內黃知縣陶象柄獲長新店首盜，季堂奏聞。上嘉季堂不邀功，還頂帶；又獲從犯，還孔雀翎。是時川、楚、陝教匪為亂，五年，季堂奏：「教匪稽誅，臣聞經略額勒登保、參贊德楞泰等由川而楚而陝而甘，數千百里窮追，接戰輒勝。是教匪所恃，不在勢眾而在得間能逃也。川、楚、陝連界，崇山峻嶺，斷澗深溝，在在險阻。教匪竄匿其間，劫掠而食，不煩裹糧；迫民前驅，不煩招集。官兵至，輒翻山越澗而逃。官兵必先運糧，又須探路，諸費周章。即道路可通，餱糧可繼，而日夜追躡奔走，其勢必疲。是教匪逸而兵勞也。臣愚以為當先嚴守要隘，俾教匪無路可奔；乃宣上德意，散其脅從，然後臨之以兵，分道進剿。教匪途窮食盡，計日可平。聞陝省有團練鄉勇，或一二村，或數村，聯合築堡為聲援。川、楚可推而行之，令各守本境，俾自護其田廬婦子。則教匪雖多，驟難肆擾。官兵剿撫兼施，無顧此失彼之慮。」上諭曰：「所論極是。總之能堵方能剿，能剿方能撫，大端不外乎此。」

In the third year of Jiaqing he was appointed governor-general of Zhili and granted a peacock feather. In the fourth year, when Emperor Renzong took personal rule, Jitang memorialized exposing Heshen's crimes. He soon asked that more than ten thousand piculs of grain and wheat confiscated from Heshen's servant Hushitu be lent in portions to flood-stricken villagers in Wen'an and Dacheng. When tomb robbers struck at Changxindian, the emperor blamed Jitang for negligence, stripped him of Senior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, and revoked his peacock feather. The Board of Civil Appointments deliberated and ruled dismissal from office, removal of his rank badge but retention of his post. Tao Xiangbing, magistrate of Neihuang in Henan, captured the ringleader of the Changxindian robbers, and Jitang reported it. The emperor praised Jitang for not claiming credit and restored his rank badge; When accomplices were also captured, his peacock feather was restored. At that time sect rebels were in revolt in Sichuan, Hubei, and Shaanxi. In the fifth year Jitang memorialized: "The sect rebels have long evaded extermination. I have heard that Frontier Pacification Commissioner E'erdengbao, Assistant Delengtai, and others have pursued them from Sichuan to Hubei to Shaanxi to Gansu across thousands of li, winning every battle they fought. What the sect rebels rely on is not great numbers but finding openings to escape. Sichuan, Hubei, and Shaanxi share borders of lofty mountains and steep ridges, broken ravines and deep gullies—dangerous terrain everywhere. The sect rebels hide among them, living by plunder without needing to carry provisions; They force civilians ahead as vanguard without needing to recruit. When government troops arrive, the rebels flee over mountains and across streams. Government troops must first transport grain and also scout the route, and every expense becomes a burden. Even if the roads can be opened and rations sustained, day-and-night pursuit inevitably exhausts the troops. Thus the sect rebels escape while the soldiers grow weary. I humbly believe we should first strictly guard key passes so the sect rebels have nowhere to flee; Then proclaim the emperor's benevolent intent, disperse their coerced followers, and only then confront them with troops in divided columns for suppression. When the sect rebels run out of roads and food, pacification may be counted in days. I have heard that in Shaanxi militia and local braves—one or two villages, or several villages—unite to build forts as mutual support. Sichuan and Hubei could adopt the same practice: let each area defend its own territory so the people may protect their fields, homes, wives, and children. Then however many sect rebels there are, they cannot quickly rampage. Government troops can combine suppression and pacification without fear of attending to one front and losing another. The emperor replied: "What you say is entirely correct. In general, one must block before one can suppress, and suppress before one can pacify—the main points are no more than this."

尋以病乞解任，還太子太保。卒，贈太子太傅，遣御前侍衛豐伸濟倫奠醊，諡莊敏。子鈺，進士，直隸清河道；鏻，湖南鹽法道。

Soon, citing illness, he asked to be relieved of office and was restored to Senior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. He died and was posthumously given Grand Tutor of the Heir Apparent; Imperial Bodyguard Feng Shenjilun was dispatched to offer libations, and he received the posthumous name Zhuangmin. His son Yu, a jinshi, served as Qinghe Circuit intendant in Zhili; Lin served as Hunan salt intendant.

=【論】=論曰：牧民於平世，自庶而求富，修水利，飭農功，其先務也。觀承殫心力於是，政行畿甸。富明安、元理、瀚皆以此為急，各著績效。幹貞籌運道，尤重行水。世傑起下僚，介而能恕。燿以學為政，所施未盡其蘊。季堂論治教匪，後來堅壁清野之議，已發其端。我有先正，言明且清，諸臣所論列，足當之矣。

The commentary says: To govern the people in peaceful times, moving from modest order toward prosperity, repairing waterworks and supervising agricultural labor—these are the first priorities. Guancheng poured his full energy into this, and his policies took hold across the capital region. Fu Ming'an, Yuanli, and Han all made this their urgent priority and each achieved notable results. Ganzhen planned the transport route and especially valued keeping the waterways open. Shijie rose from low office, upright yet able to forgive. Yao took learning as his standard in governing, yet could not fully bring out all he had mastered. Jitang's discussion of suppressing the sect rebels already opened the way for the later policy of fortifying walls and clearing the countryside. We have worthy forebears whose words were clear and bright; what these ministers set forth is enough to measure up to them.

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