Volume 325 Biographies 112: Li Qingshi, Yao Lide, Li Hong, Li Fenghan, Li Hengte, He Wei, He Yucheng, Wu Sijue, Sa Zai, Lan Di Xi, Han Heng

列傳一百十二

Biographies 112

=李清時=李清時，字授侯，福建安溪人，大學士光地從孫。乾隆七年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。十四年，授浙江嘉興知府。上南巡，或議自嘉興至杭州別闢道行民舟，清時於官塘外求得水道相屬，上通吳江平望，下達杭州壩子門，號為副河。丁父憂，去官。服除，授山東兗州知府。二十二年，擢運河道。

Li Qingshi, whose courtesy name was Shouhou, came from Anxi in Fujian and was a collateral descendant of the Grand Secretary Li Guangdi. He passed the jinshi examination in the seventh year of the Qianlong reign, entered the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor, and was appointed a compiler. In the fourteenth year of Qianlong he was made prefect of Jiaxing in Zhejiang. During an imperial southern tour, some officials proposed cutting a separate route from Jiaxing to Hangzhou for civilian vessels. Qingshi located a continuous waterway beyond the official embankment that ran up to Pingwang in Wujiang and down to Bazimen in Hangzhou, which was named the auxiliary canal. When his father died he resigned his post to observe mourning. After the mourning period he was appointed prefect of Yanzhou in Shandong. In the twenty-second year of Qianlong he was promoted to intendant of the Grand Canal.

二十六年，河決孫家集，運河由夏鎮至南陽兩堤俱潰，清時督修築。議者或擬用椿埽，費以六十萬計；或擬建石堤，費以三百萬計。清時少時行瀕海間，見築堤捍海為田者，擲碎石積水中，潮退則以木攔之，填土其上，堅築成堤；因參用其法，以河東、西兩岸皆水，得土難，令以石壘兩旁，積葑其中，水涸，募夫起土置積葑上，費帑十四萬有奇，而兩堤成。曹縣溢，水瀉入微山湖，出韓莊湖口，閘隘，水不得洩，令於閘北毀石堤，掘地深之以洩水。事上聞，上命於其地建滾水壩，高一丈二尺餘。清時請減低為一丈，令湖水落至丈，乃閉閘蓄水。泗水經兗州西流入府河，濟寧城東舊有楊家壩，遏水使入馬場湖，蓄以濟運，遇伏秋水漲不能洩，淹民田，令改壩為閘，視水盛衰為啟閉。汶水分流入蜀山、馬踏兩湖，舊制引水使南行少北行多，後乃反之，漕船經袁口、靳口，淺澀不能進。清時規分水口，令南壩加長，北壩收短，以為節宣，並減低何家壩，使汶水南弱而北增。蜀山湖出口為利運、金線二閘，舊制開金線資南運。清時令移金線在利運北，使蜀山湖水先濟北運。壽張境有沙、趙二水，阻運河不得入海。舊於運河東岸建三空五孔橋，又於八里廟建平水三徬，使二水盛漲有所洩。清時議減低三空五孔橋，又於八里廟增建滾水壩，使漲未盛即洩，不為範、濮、壽張、東阿諸縣民田害。總督方觀承行河，用其議，二水始宣暢。衛水自館陶至臨清與汶會，舊有閘，盛漲不能禦。清時令於閘南當汶、衛交流處築壩，仍歲加高厚；又議拓四女寺滾水壩。尚書裘曰修行河，用其議，衛河得安流。

In the twenty-sixth year the Yellow River burst at Sunjiaji, and both dikes of the canal from Xiazhen to Nanyang gave way; Qingshi supervised the reconstruction. Some planners proposed pile-and-mat revetments at a cost of about six hundred thousand taels; others proposed stone dikes at a cost of about three million taels. As a young man Qingshi had traveled the coast and seen how people built sea dikes to reclaim farmland: they threw rubble into the water, and when the tide fell they set timbers to hold it in place, piled earth on top, and compacted it into a solid embankment; He adapted this method: because both banks of the river were submerged and earth was hard to obtain, he had stone piled along both sides with aquatic plants heaped in the middle; when the water dropped he hired workers to raise earth onto the plant fill. The work cost a little over 140,000 taels, and both dikes were finished. When Caoxian flooded, the water poured into Weishan Lake and exited at the Hanzhuang Lake mouth, but the sluice was too narrow to discharge it, so he ordered the stone dike north of the sluice torn down and the ground excavated deeply to let the water out. When the emperor learned of this, he ordered a spillway dam built on the site, a little over twelve feet high. Qingshi requested that it be lowered to ten feet and that the sluice be closed to store water only after the lake level had fallen to that height. The Si River flowed west of Yanzhou into the prefectural canal. East of Jining there had long been the Yang family dam, which held water into Machang Lake to supply the transport system; during the midsummer and autumn floods it could not drain and inundated farmland, so he ordered the dam converted to a sluice that would be opened or closed according to the water level. The Wen River divided into the Shushan and Mata lakes. Under the old system less water was sent south and more north, but later this was reversed, and grain transports passing Yuan and Jin mouths ran aground in the shallows. Qingshi regulated the division point by lengthening the southern dam and shortening the northern one to balance the flow, and also lowered the He family dam so that the Wen River sent less water south and more north. The outlet of Shushan Lake had the Liyun and Jinxian sluices; under the old system the Jinxian sluice was opened to supply the southern transport route. Qingshi ordered the Jinxian sluice moved north of Liyun so that water from Shushan Lake would first supply the northern transport route. Within Shouzhang lay the Sha and Zhao rivers, which blocked the canal from reaching the sea. Previously a three-span, five-opening bridge had been built on the east bank of the canal, and three level spillways at Balimiao, so that when the two rivers rose there was somewhere for the water to go. Qingshi proposed lowering the three-span, five-opening bridge and adding spillway dams at Balimiao so that floods could be discharged before they peaked and would not damage farmland in Fan, Pu, Shouzhang, Dong'e, and neighboring counties. Governor-General Fang Guancheng, who was in charge of the river works, adopted his plan, and the two rivers at last ran freely. The Wei River ran from Guantao to Linqing, where it joined the Wen. The old sluice there could not withstand major floods. Qingshi ordered a dam built south of the sluice at the confluence of the Wen and Wei, and each year it was raised and thickened further; he also proposed widening the spillway dam at Sinü Temple. Minister Qiu Yixiu, who was managing the river works, adopted his proposals, and the Wei River flowed peacefully thereafter.

二十九年，調江南淮徐道。三十年，擢河東河道總督，賜其母大緞、貂皮。清時以河堤歲修，司其事者每不度形勢，過高糜帑，而卑薄者不能大有增益，乃飭所司當水漲各具堤高水面尺寸呈報，擇堤最薄者培之。迨伏秋水發，耿家寨稱十四堡，水及舊堤上，賴豫增新築以免。清釐河工徵料諸弊，歲減派料至千餘萬斤。三十一年，運河東岸漫口，自請議處，原之。三十二年七月，授山東巡撫。高苑、博興、樂安三縣被水，清時謂小清河下流隘，故上游溢，檄所司勘驗。遽疾作，乞解任，不許。三十三年，卒。

In the twenty-ninth year he was transferred to the Huai-Xu circuit in Jiangnan. In the thirtieth year he was promoted to Governor-General of the Eastern River Works, and his mother was granted large bolts of satin and sable fur. Qingshi found that in the annual dike repairs those in charge often failed to read the terrain, building sections too high and wasting funds while leaving low, thin stretches barely improved. He ordered that during high water each office report the height of the dikes and the water surface, and that the thinnest sections be reinforced. When the midsummer and autumn floods came, at Gengjiazhai—known as the Fourteen Forts—the water rose to the top of the old dikes, but the newly reinforced sections held and disaster was averted. He rooted out abuses in the levying of river-work materials, cutting annual requisitions by more than ten million jin. In the thirty-first year the east bank of the canal breached. He asked to be held accountable and was pardoned. In the seventh month of the thirty-second year he was appointed governor of Shandong. Gaoyuan, Boxing, and Le'an were inundated. Qingshi held that the lower Xiaoqing River was too narrow, causing the upper course to overflow, and ordered an on-site survey. He was suddenly stricken with illness and asked to resign, but the request was denied. In the thirty-third year he died.

清時治水善相度情形，窮源竟委。每乘小舟出入荒陂叢澤、支流斷港中，或徒步按行諮訪，必得要領，乃見諸建置。

In managing water, Qingshi excelled at reading the terrain and tracing each river to its source and outlet. He often went by small boat through wild marshes and cut-off channels, or walked the ground to inspect and inquire in person, and only after he had grasped the essentials did he put his plans into effect.

=姚立德=姚立德，字次功，浙江仁和人。祖三辰，官吏部侍郎。立德以廕生授主事。乾隆十二年，外授江寧通判，遷知直隸景州。州俗，有人市鬻奴婢，牽就牙儈估其值，如牲畜然；親死三日，祭城隍廟獄曰「哭廟」：立德諭禁之，陋俗以革。累遷山東按察使，署河東河道總督。按行工次，見陽武汛十七堡諸地土松浮，疏請築半戧，培堤使堅。山東運河兩岸蜀山、南旺、馬場、昭陽、微山諸湖，每伏秋盛漲，水不能容，為豫籌蓄洩，壩開塞、閘啟閉惟其時。三十九年，實授，加兵部尚書銜。高雲龍者，內監高雲從弟也，立德入雲從言，薦之臨清州為傔從，坐逮，依結交近侍律論斬，命奪官，仍留任。陽穀民王倫為亂，立德分守東昌，城圮難守，引運河水繞城壕，恃以為固；檄發倫先墓，磔其屍。四十四年，儀封河決，屢築屢衝，命奪官，仍留工效力自贖。四十五年，責令回籍。旋發往南河，補淮安里河同知。四十八年，卒。

Yao Lide, whose courtesy name was Cigong, came from Renhe in Zhejiang. His grandfather Yao Sanchen had served as vice minister of personnel. Lide entered office through the yin privilege as a secretary. In the twelfth year of Qianlong he was posted outside the capital as vice-prefect of Jiangning and later promoted to magistrate of Jingzhou in Zhili. Local custom allowed people to sell male and female slaves in the market, leading them to brokers to have their price set as if they were livestock; three days after a parent's death families would perform a rite called "weeping at the temple" at the city-god temple prison: Lide forbade it by proclamation, and the vulgar custom was abolished. He rose through successive posts to judicial commissioner of Shandong and served concurrently as acting governor-general of the Eastern River Works. While inspecting the works he found that at the Yangwu flood section the Seventeen Forts and neighboring stretches had loose, unstable soil. He memorialized to build half-slope revetments and consolidate the dikes. Along both banks of the Shandong canal, the lakes at Shushan, Nanwang, Machang, Zhaoyang, Weishan, and elsewhere swelled each midsummer and autumn beyond their capacity. He planned storage and discharge in advance, opening and closing dams and sluices only at the proper moment. In the thirty-ninth year he received a substantive appointment and was given the rank of minister of war. Gao Yunlong was the younger cousin of the eunuch Gao Yun. Lide spoke to Gao Yun on his behalf and recommended Yunlong as a retainer at Linqing. When this came to light he was arrested and, under the statute on associating with palace attendants, sentenced to decapitation; the emperor stripped him of his rank but allowed him to remain at his post. Wang Lun of Yanggu raised a rebellion. Lide was assigned to defend Dongchang. The walls were in ruins and hard to hold, so he diverted canal water around the moat and relied on it for defense; he ordered Lun's ancestral tomb opened and his corpse dismembered. In the forty-fourth year the river broke at Yifeng; dikes were built and repeatedly washed away. He was stripped of his rank but kept at the works to redeem himself through service. In the forty-fifth year he was ordered to return to his native place. Soon afterward he was sent to the Southern River Works and appointed vice-prefect of the inner canal at Huai'an. In the forty-eighth year he died.

=李宏=李宏，字濟夫，漢軍正藍旗人。監生，入貲授州同。效力河工，授山陽縣外河縣丞。累遷宿虹同知。乾隆十六年，授河庫道。尚書劉統勳劾河員虧帑，事連宏，解職。事白，留工。二十二年，發直隸以河務同知用，總督尹繼善疏請留南河。侍郎夢麟勘治六塘河以下，以宏從。尋复補河庫道，丁父憂，命在任守制。二十七年，調淮徐道。二十九年，擢河東河道總督。奏言：「山東運河資湖水接濟。今秋雨少，飭早閉臨運各閘。」又言：「微山湖蓄水濟運。韓莊湖口閘水深，與滾水壩脊相平，空船足敷浮送，即應堵閉。泗河會合諸泉，收入獨山湖，僅濟南運。應請於兗州府金口壩截築土偃，俾達馬場湖，俾濟寧上、下河道並資其益。蜀山、馬踏二湖專濟北運，亦須築壩收蓄。」又請增募夫役挑濬沙、趙、漳、衛、汶、泗、韓、馬諸水，均報聞。又奏：「黃河北岸耿家寨埽工為豫東第一險要，自乾隆九年下埽修防，歲費帑料。去冬於對岸引渠，冀分溜勢。今秋全河暢分入渠，險工淤閉。」得旨嘉獎。

Li Hong, whose courtesy name was Jifu, was a Hanjun bannerman of the Plain Blue Banner. A student of the Imperial Academy, he purchased office as an assistant prefect. He served in river works and was appointed assistant magistrate of the outer canal at Shanyang. He rose through successive posts to vice-prefect of Suqian and Hongze. In the sixteenth year of Qianlong he was appointed intendant of the river treasury. Minister Liu Tongxun impeached river officials for treasury deficits; Hong was implicated and dismissed from office. When he was cleared of wrongdoing he remained at the river works. In the twenty-second year he was posted to Zhili as a river-works vice-prefect; Governor-General Yin Jishan memorialized to keep him on the Southern River Works. Vice Minister Meng Lin surveyed and managed the Liutang River and below, with Hong accompanying him. Soon he was reappointed intendant of the river treasury. When his father died he was ordered to observe mourning without leaving his post. In the twenty-seventh year he was transferred to the Huai-Xu circuit. In the twenty-ninth year he was promoted to governor-general of the Eastern River Works. He memorialized: "The Shandong canal relies on lake water for supply. This autumn the rains have been scant; order the sluices along the transport route closed early." He also said: "Weishan Lake stores water to supply the transport system. At the Hanzhuang Lake mouth the sluice water is deep and level with the spillway crest; empty boats can pass through, so it should be closed at once. The Si River gathers various springs and flows into Dushan Lake, supplying only the southern transport route. It should be requested that an earthen barrier be built at Jinkou Dam in Yanzhou Prefecture to divert water to Machang Lake so that the upper and lower canal sections at Jining may both benefit. Shushan and Mata lakes supply only the northern transport route and also need dams to store water." He also asked to increase hired labor to dredge the Sha, Zhao, Zhang, Wei, Wen, Si, Han, and Ma waterways; all were reported and approved. He also memorialized: "On the north bank of the Yellow River the revetment works at Gengjiazhai are the foremost danger point in eastern Henan. Since the ninth year of Qianlong mat revetments have been laid for repair at annual cost to the treasury. Last winter a channel was cut on the opposite bank in the hope of dividing the current. This autumn the whole river flowed freely into the channel and the dangerous works silted shut." He received an edict of commendation.

三十年，調江南河道總督。上以宏初自監司擢用，道廳以下多同官，慮有瞻徇，命高晉統理南河，留宏協理河東總河。奏言：「黃河至河南武陟、滎澤始有堤防，丹、沁二水自武陟木欒店匯入，伊、洛、瀍、澗四水自鞏縣洛口匯入，設諸水並漲，兩岸節節均須防守。臣諮飭陝州於黃河出口處，鞏縣於伊、洛、瀍、澗入河處，黃沁同知於沁水入河處，各立水志，自桃汛迄霜降，長落尺寸，逐日登記具報；如遇陡漲，飛報江南總河，嚴督修防。大丹河至河內縣丹谷口，舊築攔河石壩，令由小丹河歸衛濟運，請不時察驗疏令暢達衛河。輝縣百泉為衛河之源，蘇門山下彙為巨浸。南建三斗門，中為官渠濟運，東西為民渠灌田。向例重運抵臨清，閉民渠，使泉流盡入官渠。五月後插秧，一日濟運，一日灌田。惟民渠石壩失修，泉水旁洩，應令修砌堅實。」均如議行。上以清口節宣未暢，下河田廬易湮，特定高堰五壩水志水高一尺，清口壩拆展十丈。三十一年三月，宏奏言：「清口水門因上年霜降後湖水大消，祗留十四丈。桃汛將屆，應預將東壩拆展，使口門寬二十丈，俾洪湖及早騰空，預留容納之地。」上嘉之。夏秋間湖水盛漲，續展至五十三丈。八月，河溢徐州韓家塘。宏與高晉分駐兩壩堵築，踰月工竟。奏言：「平時大展清口，騰空湖面，乃得蕆工迅速。」冬，以湖水漸落，請接築東、西壩，仍留口門二十丈，酌量收束，蓄清抵黃。三十三年，河溢王家田頭，下吏議降調，寬之。三十四年，奏言：「洪澤湖水大，將清口東、西壩遞展宣洩。適黃水驟長，灌入清口。隨閉惠濟、通濟、福興三閘，俾並力敵黃，黃水消退。」報聞。三十六年，卒。

In the thirtieth year he was transferred to governor-general of the Jiangnan River Works. Because Hong had been promoted from the circuit and prefect ranks and many subordinates were former colleagues, the emperor feared favoritism and ordered Gao Jin to oversee the Southern River Works while Hong remained to assist the Eastern River governor-general. He memorialized: "From Wuzhi and Xingze in Henan the Yellow River first has dikes. The Dan and Qin rivers join at Muluan shop in Wuzhi, and the Yi, Luo, Chan, and Jian rivers join at Luokou in Gongxian. If all rise together, every section on both banks must be defended. Your servant has ordered Shanzhou to set water marks at the Yellow River outlet, Gongxian at the entry of the Yi, Luo, Chan, and Jian, and the Huang-Qin vice-prefect at the Qin River entry. From the peach flood season through frost descent, the daily rise and fall in feet and inches are to be recorded and reported; if there is a sudden rise, an urgent report is to be sent to the Jiangnan governor-general for strict repair and defense. The Great Dan River reaches Dangu Valley in Henei, where an old stone dam barred the river so water would go by the Small Dan to the Wei to supply transport. He requested periodic inspection and dredging so the Wei would flow freely. The Hundred Springs of Huixian are the source of the Wei River; below Sumen Mountain they gather into a great lake. To the south three sluice gates were built: the center channel is the official canal for transport, and the east and west channels are civilian canals for irrigation. Formerly, when the heavy grain transport reached Linqing, the civilian canals were closed so that all spring flow entered the official canal. After the fifth month, when rice is transplanted, one day the water supplies transport and the next it irrigates the fields. But the stone dams of the civilian canals are unrepaired and spring water leaks away; they should be rebuilt solidly." All were approved as proposed. Finding that regulation at Qingkou was insufficient and that fields and houses on the lower river were easily inundated, the emperor fixed the water mark at the five dams of Gaoyan one foot higher and ordered the Qingkou dam opened ten zhang wider. In the third month of the thirty-first year Hong memorialized: "At Qingkou the mouth, because lake water fell greatly after last year's frost descent, was left only fourteen zhang wide. The peach flood season is near; the east dam should be opened in advance to twenty zhang so that Hongze Lake may empty early and room be reserved." The emperor commended this. In summer and autumn the lake water rose greatly and the opening was extended to fifty-three zhang. In the eighth month the river overflowed at Hanjiatang in Xuzhou. Hong and Gao Jin took separate posts at the two dams to block and repair them, and within a little over a month the work was finished. He memorialized: "In normal times opening Qingkou widely to empty the lake surface allows the work to be completed quickly." In winter, as the lake water gradually fell, he asked to continue building the east and west dams, leaving the mouth twenty zhang wide and moderating the opening as needed to store clear water against the Yellow River. In the thirty-third year the river overflowed at Wangjiatiantou. Subordinates proposed demotion, but he was pardoned. In the thirty-fourth year he memorialized: "Hongze Lake water is high; the east and west dams at Qingkou will be opened in succession to discharge it. Just then Yellow River water rose suddenly and poured into Qingkou. He then closed the Huiji, Tongji, and Fuxing sluices so that all force could be directed against the Yellow River, and the Yellow water receded." This was reported and noted. In the thirty-sixth year he died.

宏嘗以明汶上老人白英立祠戴村，子孫向有廕襲，請旨仍給八品世職，上從之。

Hong had once had a shrine built at Daicun to Bai Ying, the old man of Wenshang in the Ming, whose descendants had enjoyed yin privilege. He asked that the eighth-rank hereditary office still be granted, and the emperor agreed.

李奉翰，宏子。入貲授縣丞，補沂水。累遷江蘇蘇松太道，坐事罷。復入貲還原官，發江南河工效力，奏署河庫道。上以奉翰宏子，習河事，命真除。四十四年，署江南河道總督。四十五年二月，授河東河道總督。河溢考城芝麻莊、張家油房，奉翰督吏塞芝麻莊，工竟。上諭曰：「勉為之，莫以水弱而弛其敬謹！」旋命仍署江南河道總督。奉翰奏：「張家油房工未竟，較南河睢寧工為要。請留河東，俾蕆其役。」報可。九月，張家油房工亦竟，上為欣慰。四十六正月，調江南河道總督。二月，奏請重定南河汛員額缺，酌增河兵；移改運河閘官、運河汛員，視缺簡要，更定品秩，下大學士九卿議行。七月，河決青龍岡，命偕大學士阿桂馳赴河南會河東河道總督韓鑅督辦東、西兩壩下埽。甫合龍，壩蟄陷，乃與阿桂等議寬濬青龍岡迤下至孔家莊、榮華寺、楊家堂諸地引河，並於黃河下游北岸疏潘家屯、張家莊二引河、蘇家山水線河、宿遷十字河、桃源顧家莊引河，五道洩水。四十八年春，青龍岡工竟。方壩陷，奉翰督吏搶護，墮入金門，格於纜，傷焉，河工謂兩壩間為金門，纜所以引埽者，事聞上。四十九年，上南巡，奉翰覲行在，上獎其勤勞，賜騎都尉世職。五十年，坐清口東、西兩壩不早收束，致運道淺阻，降三品頂帶。尋命復之。秋，河水大至，奉翰督吏晝夜填築，塞李家莊、煙墩頭、司家莊、湯家莊諸漫口。五十四年，調河東河道總督。五十八年，命赴浙江會巡撫吉慶會勘海塘。奏請以范公塘及海寧石壩改築柴盤頭，並於石塘前修補坦水，三官塘柴工後加培土戧，從之。五十九年，漳水溢，臨漳三台漲發，命馳往勘察。奏：「漳河兩岸沙土浮松，水勢驟長驟落，向無堤堰。上年大雨漫溢，應將下游淤墊處疏濬深通，再將三台壩基填築，俾歸故道。」上從其議。嘉慶二年正月，加太子太保，授兩江總督，兼領南河事。三年，河決睢寧。四年正月，與河道總督康基田督塞睢州決口，工竟。二月，卒。

Li Fenghan was Hong's son. He purchased office as an assistant magistrate and was posted to Yishui. He rose through successive posts to the Su-Song-Tai circuit in Jiangsu and was dismissed for an offense. He purchased office again to restore his rank, was sent to serve on the Jiangnan river works, and memorialized to act as intendant of the river treasury. Because Fenghan was Hong's son and versed in river affairs, the emperor ordered a substantive appointment. In the forty-fourth year he served as acting governor-general of the Jiangnan River Works. In the second month of the forty-fifth year he was appointed governor-general of the Eastern River Works. The river overflowed at Zhimazhuang and Zhangjiayoufang in Kaocheng. Fenghan supervised officials in blocking Zhimazhuang, and the work was finished. The emperor instructed him: "Work hard at it; do not relax your diligence because the water is weak!" He was soon ordered again to serve as acting governor-general of the Jiangnan River Works. Fenghan memorialized: "The work at Zhangjiayoufang is not finished and is more important than the Suining work on the Southern River. I ask to remain on the Eastern River Works to complete this task." This was approved. In the ninth month the Zhangjiayoufang work was also finished, and the emperor was pleased. In the first month of the forty-sixth year he was transferred to governor-general of the Jiangnan River Works. In the second month he memorialized to redefine flood-section posts on the Southern River and increase river troops as appropriate; to transfer canal sluice officials and flood-section officers according to the importance of each post and reset their ranks. The proposal was referred to the Grand Secretaries and Nine Ministers for deliberation and implementation. In the seventh month the river broke at Qinglonggang. He was ordered to hurry to Henan with Grand Secretary Agui to join Eastern River governor-general Han Heng in supervising mat works below the east and west dams. Just as the closure was joined the dam sank. He then discussed with Agui and others widening and dredging diversion channels from Qinglonggang down to Kongjiazhuang, Ronghuasi, Yangjiatang, and other places, and on the north bank below opening five diversion channels at Panjiatun, Zhangjiazhuang, the Su Family Mountain waterline river, the Shizi River at Suqian, and the Gujiazhuang diversion at Taoyuan to release water. In the spring of the forty-eighth year the Qinglonggang work was finished. When the dam sank, Fenghan supervised officials in emergency repair, fell into the Golden Gate, was caught by the cable, and was injured. River workers call the space between the two dams the Golden Gate, and the cable is used to guide the mats. The matter was reported to the throne. In the forty-ninth year, during the emperor's southern tour, Fenghan presented himself at the traveling palace. The emperor praised his diligence and granted him a hereditary office as Commandant of Cavalry. In the fiftieth year, because the east and west dams at Qingkou were not closed early and the transport route became shallow and obstructed, he was demoted to third-rank insignia. Soon he was ordered restored. In autumn great floods came. Fenghan supervised officials day and night in filling and building, closing breaches at Lijiazhuang, Yanduntou, Sijiazhuang, Tangjiazhuang, and elsewhere. In the fifty-fourth year he was transferred to governor-general of the Eastern River Works. In the fifty-eighth year he was ordered to Zhejiang to join Governor Ji Qing in surveying the sea dikes. He memorialized to rebuild Fan Gong embankment and the Haining stone dam as brush revetments, repair the slope protection before the stone dike, and add earthen half-slope reinforcement after the Sanguantang brush works. This was approved. In the fifty-ninth year the Zhang River overflowed and the three platforms at Linzhang rose. He was ordered to hurry there to investigate. He memorialized: "On both banks of the Zhang River the sandy soil is loose; the water rises and falls abruptly, and there have been no dikes. Last year's heavy rain caused overflow. The silted lower course should be dredged deep and clear, and the three-platform dam base filled and built so that the river returns to its old channel." The emperor adopted his proposal. In the first month of the second year of Jiaqing he was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, appointed governor-general of the Two Jiangs, and concurrently placed in charge of the Southern River Works. In the third year the river broke at Suining. In the first month of the fourth year, with river works governor-general Kang Jitian he supervised closing the breach at Suizhou, and the work was finished. In the second month he died.

李亨特，奉翰次子。入貲授布政司理問，發河東委用，補兗州通判。累遷雲南迤西道。嘉慶初，佐平苗、倮，賜孔雀翎，加按察使銜。累遷調授江蘇按察使。九年，擢河東河道總督。十一年，河南巡撫馬慧裕劾亨特索屬吏賕不得，迫令告養諸狀，上命侍郎托津等往按，奪官，發伊犁。十三年，釋還，令至南河候差委。十四年，以河決荷花塘，追咎亨特不善料理，復發熱河效力。未幾，复釋還，授主事。十五年，選戶部主事，擢直隸永定河道。未幾，复授河東河道總督。十六年，奏南糧到通州剝運不能迅速，請在楊村全數起剝，下倉場侍郎玉寧、戴均元等議駁。上責亨特冒昧，下吏議降調，命留任。十八年秋，河溢睢寧。坐奪官，命留工效力。十九年，河道總督吳璥奏微山湖存水僅一二尺，南陽、昭陽、獨山諸湖淤成平陸，無水可導。上責亨特在官不能預籌，又聞亨特既奪官居濟寧，仍用總河儀制，斥亨特玩誤縱恣，命逮下刑部治罪，籍其家，刑部議發新疆。上命在部荷校半年，發黑龍江效力。二十年，卒於戍所。

Li Hengte was Fenghan's second son. He purchased office as a secretary in the provincial administration commission, was sent to the Eastern River Works for assignment, and was appointed vice-prefect of Yanzhou. He rose through successive posts to the Yixi circuit in Yunnan. At the beginning of the Jiaqing reign he assisted in pacifying the Miao and Luo, was granted a peacock feather, and given the rank of surveillance commissioner. He was promoted and transferred to judicial commissioner of Jiangsu. In the ninth year he was promoted to governor-general of the Eastern River Works. In the eleventh year Henan governor Ma Huiyu impeached Hengte for demanding bribes from subordinates and, when refused, forcing them to request leave on grounds of illness. The emperor ordered Vice Minister Tuojin and others to investigate. Hengte was stripped of his office and sent to Yili. In the thirteenth year he was released and ordered to the Southern River Works to await assignment. In the fourteenth year, because the river broke at Hehuatang, Hengte was blamed for poor management and again sent to Rehe to serve. Before long he was released again and appointed a secretary. In the fifteenth year he was selected as a secretary in the Ministry of Revenue and promoted to intendant of the Yongding River in Zhili. Before long he was again appointed governor-general of the Eastern River Works. In the sixteenth year he memorialized that southern grain reaching Tongzhou could not be lightered quickly enough and asked that all lightering begin at Yangcun. Vice Ministers Yu Ning and Dai Junyuan of the granary directorate and others deliberated and rejected the proposal. The emperor rebuked Hengte for rashness. Subordinates proposed demotion, but he was ordered to remain at his post. In the autumn of the eighteenth year the river overflowed at Suining. He was stripped of his office and ordered to remain at the works to redeem himself through service. In the nineteenth year river works governor-general Wu Jiong memorialized that Weishan Lake held only one or two feet of water, and Nanyang, Zhaoyang, Dushan, and other lakes were silted into level land with no water to divert. The emperor blamed Hengte for failing to plan ahead while in office and also heard that though stripped of office he lived at Jining and still used the governor-general's insignia. He denounced Hengte for negligence and indulgence, ordered his arrest and trial by the Ministry of Punishments, and confiscation of his property. The ministry proposed exile to Xinjiang. The emperor ordered him cangued at the ministry for half a year, then sent to Heilongjiang to serve. In the twentieth year he died at his place of exile.

=何煟=何煟，字謙之，浙江山陰人，先世籍湖南靖州。雍正中，入貲授州同，效力江南河工。從大學士河道總督嵇曾筠修浙江尖山海塘，請補杭州東塘同知，避本籍，仍發江南河工。乾隆初，權豐碭通判，授桃源同知。十五年，擢河庫道。十六年，遷兩淮鹽運使，特敕兼管河務，以母憂去官。十九年，尚書劉統勳等奏論河庫帑項不清，奪煟官，擬徒，追償，拘留工次，久乃繳完免罪。二十二年，仍發南河以同知用。從侍郎夢麟疏濬荊山橋河工。從副總河嵇璜治淮、揚河務，超擢淮揚道。二十三年，丁父憂，總督尹繼善奏留在任守制，許之。

He Wei, whose courtesy name was Qianzhi, came from Shanyin in Zhejiang; his ancestors had been registered in Jingzhou in Hunan. During the Yongzheng reign he purchased office as an assistant prefect and served on the Jiangnan river works. He followed Grand Secretary and river works governor-general Ji Zengyun in repairing the Jianshan sea dike in Zhejiang, asked to be appointed vice-prefect of the eastern dike at Hangzhou, avoided his native place as required, and was again sent to the Jiangnan river works. At the beginning of the Qianlong reign he acted as vice-prefect of Feng and Dang and was appointed vice-prefect of Taoyuan. In the fifteenth year he was promoted to intendant of the river treasury. In the sixteenth year he was transferred to salt transport commissioner of the Two Huai and specially ordered to oversee river affairs concurrently. He left office when his mother died. In the nineteenth year Minister Liu Tongxun and others memorialized that river-treasury accounts were unclear. Wei was stripped of office, sentenced to penal servitude with restitution, and detained at the works. Only after he had paid in full over a long period was he spared further punishment. In the twenty-second year he was again sent to the Southern River Works for use as a vice-prefect. He followed Vice Minister Meng Lin in dredging the Jingshan Bridge river works. He followed deputy governor-general Ji Huang in managing Huai and Yang river affairs and was exceptionally promoted to the Huai-Yang circuit. In the twenty-third year, upon his father's death, governor-general Yin Jishan memorialized to keep him at his post to observe mourning, and this was granted.

二十六年，以郎中內調。會河決中牟楊橋，上命大學士劉統勳等蒞工，以胃從。工竟，留煟駐工防護。旋授開歸陳許道，調山東運河道。三十年，調河南河北道，擢按察使。上以煟習河事，命兼領河工。煟信浮屠說，讞獄輒從輕比，睢州民劉玉樹謀殺人，鞫實，擬斬候，刑部改立決。上責煟寬縱，諮巡撫阿思哈，阿思哈稱其能勝任。其冬，擢布政使，仍兼理河務。兩權巡撫。三十六年，授巡撫，兼河務如故。尋又命兼領山東河道。三十七年，淅川、內鄉被水，正陽、確山風災，疏請撫卹緩徵，上賜詩，褒以「愛民知政」。

In the twenty-sixth year he was transferred within the capital as a director. When the river broke at Yangqiao in Zhongmou, the emperor ordered Grand Secretary Liu Tongxun and others to the works, with Wei accompanying them. When the work was finished, Wei was left stationed at the works for protection. Soon he was appointed to the Kai-Gui-Chen-Xu circuit and transferred to intendant of the Shandong transport canal. In the thirtieth year he was transferred to the Hebei circuit in Henan and promoted to surveillance commissioner. Because Wei was versed in river affairs, the emperor ordered him to oversee river works concurrently. Wei believed Buddhist teachings and in judging cases often applied lighter penalties. Liu Yushu of Suizhou had plotted murder; the facts were established and decapitation after review was proposed, but the Ministry of Punishments changed it to immediate execution. The emperor rebuked Wei for leniency and consulted Governor Asiha, who said he was capable. That winter he was promoted to provincial administration commissioner and still managed river affairs concurrently. He twice served as acting governor. In the thirty-sixth year he was appointed governor, with river affairs as before. Soon he was also ordered to oversee the Shandong river works concurrently. In the thirty-seventh year Xichuan and Neixiang were flooded, and Zhengyang and Queshan suffered wind damage. He memorialized for relief, tax deferral, and exemption. The emperor granted a poem praising him with the phrase "loving the people and knowing governance."

三十八年，上巡天津，閱永定河工，煟迎駕，賜孔雀翎、黃馬褂。尋命與工部尚書裘曰修、直隸總督周元理勘永定河上游，疏言：「永定河挾沙而行，散漫無定。水性就下，本無不同；而地有高卑，沙有通塞，情因時而或異。永定河遷徙不定，其情也，非其性也。察其情，導其性，先宣后防，千古極則，雖起神禹，無以易之。永定河下口，蒙皇上指示疏導，既不阻下達之勢，更可免浸潤之虞，其法固當常守。所慮數十年後，妄生異論，別騁新奇，勢且變亂舊章，貽河防巨患。請將聖諭並議言條款勒碑垂久遠。」報聞。

In the thirty-eighth year the emperor toured Tianjin and inspected Yongding River works. Wei welcomed the imperial procession and was granted a peacock feather and a yellow jacket. Soon he was ordered with Minister of Works Qiu Yixiu and Zhili governor Zhou Yuanli to survey the upper Yongding River. He memorialized: "The Yongding River carries sand as it flows and wanders without a fixed course. Water by nature seeks the lower level and is fundamentally the same; but the ground has high and low places, sand has open and blocked passages, and conditions differ with the times. The Yongding River's shifting course is a matter of conditions, not its nature. Observe its conditions, guide its nature, first discharge and then defend—this eternal principle could not be changed even if Yu the Divine arose again. At the lower mouth of the Yongding River, following the emperor's instruction to dredge and guide, it neither blocks downward flow nor risks seepage. This method should be permanently maintained. What is feared is that decades hence reckless new opinions and novel schemes will overturn the old regulations and bring great calamity to river defense. I ask that the imperial edict and the provisions of this memorial be carved on stone to endure." This was reported and noted.

三十九年，疏請各州縣常平倉溢額以四千石為限，餘循例變價。又奏河南漕穀七十九萬、薊米二十九萬，分存各州縣界。鄰省安陽等五州縣限二萬石、近水次祥符等三十五州縣限一萬石。均如所擬。加總督銜，仍領河南巡撫，又進兵部尚書銜。其秋，會剿王倫，事平，道內黃，病作。遣醫往視，未至，卒。煟贈太子太保，祀賢良祠，賜祭葬，諡恭惠。

In the thirty-ninth year he memorialized that surplus in each prefecture and county ever-normal granary be limited to four thousand shi, with the rest sold at market price as usual. He also memorialized that Henan's transport grain of 790,000 and Ji grain of 290,000 be stored separately at each prefecture and county boundary. Neighboring Anyang and four other prefectures and counties were limited to twenty thousand shi; thirty-five prefectures and counties near water stations such as Xiangfu were limited to ten thousand shi. All were approved as proposed. He was given the rank of governor-general while still leading Henan as governor, and further advanced to the rank of minister of war. That autumn he joined in suppressing Wang Lun. When the affair was settled he passed through Neihuang and fell ill. A physician was sent to attend him, but before the physician arrived he died. Wei was posthumously made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, enshrined in the Shrine of Worthy Officials, granted funeral rites, and given the posthumous name Gonghui.

裕城，煟子，字福天。自貢生入貲授道員。乾隆四十二年，除山東督糧道。調河南河北道。河溢儀封，大學士高晉工，以裕城從。儀封埽工蟄陷，坐奪官，命留任。四十六年，調江南河庫道。裕城侍煟治河，嘗著全河指要，謂：「治河當節宣並用，不當泥河不兩行之說，偏於節束。」並上書當事，指陳南北岸諸險工。未幾，河決青龍岡，注微山湖，衝運河。四十七年七月，河東河道總督韓鑅丁憂，青龍岡工未竟，上特命裕城署理。大學士阿桂視工曲家樓，請自蘭陽至商丘別築新堤。裕城奏：「蘭陽新開引河，其上游素稱險要，必須內有重障，外有挑護。大堤後舊有越堤，相去遠，恐不足恃。請向東添築格堤，臨河近溜處加築挑水壩。」上從之。又奏兗州伊家河在運河八閘之西，以分洩運河及瀕湖諸水，應挑展寬深，上命速興工。又奏伊家河興工後，即往河南勘驗引水子溝；仍往來山東、河南督察：上嘉之，並諭曰：「汝若能不自滿而加以勤學，或可繼汝父也。」伊家河工竟，四十八年，賜孔雀翎。是年，青龍岡工竟，請修築運河堤岸，詣濟寧勘估，奏需帑六十四萬有奇，得旨允行。授河南巡撫。以秋審多失出，降三品頂帶，停支養廉。四十九年，運河堤岸工竟，命議敘。師討石峰堡亂回，道河南，裕城佐軍興，复頂帶、養廉。五十年，調陝西巡撫。朝邑被水，上諭裕城就被水處將淤積泥沙建築河堤。尋奏創建護城隄，下部議行。調江西巡撫，五十二年，奏江西河路二千四百餘裡，請以所獲盜舟改設巡船，上嘉之。又奏豐城鎮平堤中段水勢衝激，不足捍禦，請改建石隄，從之。五十五年，調安徽巡撫。命來京祝八旬萬壽，行次合肥，卒。

Yucheng was Wei's son; his courtesy name was Futian. From tribute student he purchased office as a circuit intendant. In the forty-second year of Qianlong he was appointed intendant of grain transport in Shandong. He was transferred to the Hebei circuit in Henan. The river overflowed at Yifeng. Grand Secretary Gao Jin took charge of the works, with Yucheng accompanying him. The mat works at Yifeng sank. He was stripped of his office but ordered to remain at his post. In the forty-sixth year he was transferred to the Jiangnan river treasury circuit. Yucheng had attended Wei in managing rivers and once wrote Essentials of the Whole River, in which he said: "River control should combine regulation and discharge; one should not cling to the saying that a river cannot run in two channels and rely on restraint alone." He also wrote to those in authority, pointing out the dangerous works on both the north and south banks. Before long the river broke at Qinglonggang, poured into Weishan Lake, and struck the canal. In the seventh month of the forty-seventh year Eastern River governor-general Han Heng entered mourning while the Qinglonggang work was still unfinished. The emperor specially ordered Yucheng to act in his place. Grand Secretary Agui inspected the works at Qujialou and proposed building a new dike separately from Lanyang to Shangqiu. Yucheng memorialized: "The newly opened diversion at Lanyang has an upstream long known as dangerous. There must be a strong barrier within and protective works without. Behind the main dike there is an old overflow dike, but it is far away and may not be relied upon. I ask that a retaining dike be added to the east and spillway dams built where the current runs close to the river." The emperor adopted this. He also memorialized that the Yijia River at Yanzhou lies west of the canal's eight sluices and diverts canal and lake-margin waters. It should be dredged wider and deeper, and the emperor ordered work begun quickly. He also memorialized that after work on the Yijia River began he would go to Henan to survey the Zishui diversion ditch; and would still travel between Shandong and Henan to supervise. The emperor praised this and also instructed him: "If you can avoid self-satisfaction and study diligently, you may perhaps follow your father." When the Yijia River work was finished, in the forty-eighth year he was granted a peacock feather. That year the Qinglonggang work was finished. He asked to repair the canal dikes, went to Jining to survey and estimate, memorialized that a little over 640,000 taels were needed, and received approval. He was appointed governor of Henan. Because the autumn judicial review released too many convicts, he was demoted to third-rank insignia and his integrity stipend was suspended. In the forty-ninth year the canal dike work was finished and he was ordered considered for reward. When the army suppressed the rebellion at Shifeng Fort and passed through Henan, Yucheng assisted military supply. His insignia and stipend were restored. In the fiftieth year he was transferred to governor of Shaanxi. Chaoyi was flooded. The emperor instructed Yucheng to use the silted sand and mud at the flooded site to build river dikes. Soon he memorialized to build a protective city dike. The proposal was referred to the ministries for deliberation and implementation. He was transferred to governor of Jiangxi. In the fifty-second year he memorialized that Jiangxi's river routes exceed 2,400 li and asked that captured pirate boats be converted to patrol vessels. The emperor praised this. He also memorialized that the middle section of the Zhenping dike at Fengcheng was struck by the current and insufficient to hold. He asked to rebuild it in stone, and this was approved. In the fifty-fifth year he was transferred to governor of Anhui. He was ordered to the capital to celebrate the emperor's eightieth birthday. En route at Hefei he died.

=吳嗣爵=吳嗣爵，字樹屏，浙江錢塘人。八歲而孤，母錢督之嚴，雍正八年成進士。授禮部主事，大學士張廷玉奏改吏部。再遷郎中。嗣爵彊識，嫺故事。乾隆六年，授常州知府，再授保寧，皆奏留部。旋命視學湖北，調福建。十三年，授淮安知府，遷淮揚道。洪澤湖盛漲，例當開天然壩。嗣爵曰：「開壩減暴漲，如下河州縣生靈何？」持之力，卒無恙。十六年，調兩淮鹽運使。十八年，复授淮揚道，遭母憂，上諭曰：「防河官吏叢弊，故特由運使調用。河工與地方官吏不同，畀假兩月治喪，畢，在任守制。」

Wu Sijue, whose courtesy name was Shuping, came from Qiantang in Zhejiang. Orphaned at eight, he was supervised strictly by his mother, née Qian. In the eighth year of Yongzheng he passed the jinshi examination. He was appointed a secretary in the Ministry of Rites. Grand Secretary Zhang Tingyu memorialized to transfer him to the Ministry of Personnel. He was again promoted to director. Sijue had a strong memory and was skilled in precedent. In the sixth year of Qianlong he was appointed prefect of Changzhou and again of Baoning; both times he was memorialized to remain at the ministry. Soon he was ordered to serve as educational commissioner in Hubei and was transferred to Fujian. In the thirteenth year he was appointed prefect of Huai'an and promoted to the Huai-Yang circuit. Hongze Lake rose greatly. By precedent the Natural Dam should be opened. Sijue said: "Opening the dam reduces sudden floods, but what of the people in the lower-river prefectures and counties?" He held firm, and in the end there was no harm. In the sixteenth year he was transferred to salt transport commissioner of the Two Huai. In the eighteenth year he was again appointed to the Huai-Yang circuit. Upon his mother's death the emperor instructed: "River-defense officials are rife with abuses, hence the special transfer from the salt commissioner. River works differ from local officials. Grant two months' leave for mourning, then observe mourning without leaving the post."

擢江蘇按察使。遷布政使，調湖南，未行，奏江寧等三十五州縣積欠應徵口糧，請特旨緩徵。上諮巡撫託恩多，託恩多奏江寧等州縣年豐，不當再請緩徵。上責嗣爵藉緩徵卸過，並為有司催徵不力地，命發江南河工，以同知用。二十五年，補宿虹同知，仍授淮揚道，移淮徐道。黃河盛漲，逼徐家莊縷堤，嗣爵督吏搶護，命署理河東河道總督。旋坐官運使時商人侵蝕提引公費，坐降調，命改奪官，仍留任。三十四年，奏請修補丁廟、六里、南旺、荊門、戴村諸閘壩，並言：「運河兩岸土工，臨清以北為民堰，南旺以南為官堤，自臨清至南旺，官堤、民堰交錯。請凡民堰卑薄殘缺處，督令修築，官堤酌緩急次第培修。」上嘉之。署河南巡撫。三十五年，奏：「南旺湖北高南下，在運河西岸，值分水口之衝。伏秋汶水發，自關家、常鳴等斗門灌入，祗能收水入湖，不能出水濟運。請於南旺下游土地廟前增建石閘一，以時啟閉。」

He was promoted to judicial commissioner of Jiangsu. He was transferred to provincial administration commissioner and ordered to Hunan. Before departing he memorialized that thirty-five prefectures and counties including Jiangning had accumulated arrears of grain tax and asked for special deferral. The emperor consulted Governor Tuo Enduo, who memorialized that Jiangning and other prefectures and counties had good harvests and should not again request deferral. The emperor rebuked Sijue for using deferral to shift blame and for making a pretext of officials' weak collection. He was sent to the Jiangnan river works for use as a vice-prefect. In the twenty-fifth year he was appointed vice-prefect of Suqian and Hongze, again given the Huai-Yang circuit, and transferred to the Huai-Xu circuit. The Yellow River rose greatly and pressed the thread dike at Xujiazhuang. Sijue supervised officials in emergency repair and was ordered to act as Eastern River governor-general. Soon, for embezzling public fees for transport and salt while serving as salt commissioner, he was proposed for demotion. The order was changed to stripping him of his rank while he remained at his post. In the thirty-fourth year he memorialized to repair the sluices and dams at Dingmiao, Liuli, Nanwang, Jingmen, and Daicun, and said: "Earthen works on both banks of the canal: north of Linqing are civilian dikes, south of Nanwang are official dikes. From Linqing to Nanwang official and civilian works alternate. I ask that wherever civilian dikes are low, thin, or broken they be ordered repaired, and official dikes be strengthened in order of urgency." The emperor praised this. He served as acting governor of Henan. In the thirty-fifth year he memorialized: "Nanwang Lake is high in the north and low in the south, on the west bank of the canal, at the division point. In midsummer and autumn when the Wen River rises, water enters through the Guanjia, Changming, and other sluices and can only be stored in the lake, not released to supply transport. I ask that one stone sluice be added downstream at Tudi Temple before Nanwang, opened and closed as needed."

三十六年，遷江南河道總督。四十年，奏：「丁家集黃河自北趨南，北岸新灘插入河心，致衝漫南岸民堰五百餘丈。毛城鋪過水較大，下流亦不能容。今收正河頭，測量河脣，濬引渠，築子壩，於北岸旁黃河故道濬引河，來春相機開放，俾河改由北岸東下，不使旁注丁家集諸地。」又奏：「里河廳運口本設惠濟、通濟、福興三閘，惠濟尤為淮水入運關鍵，請俟春融修築。」四十一年，又奏清口通湖引河凡五，為洪澤湖尾閭，並分別籌濬，運道以濟。尋奏五引河中張家莊、裴家場二河水洩，應濬使寬深，從之。是年，上東巡，嗣爵覲行在，入對，不能興，左右掖以出。改吏部侍郎，四十二年，乞罷，歸。四十四年，卒，年七十有三。子璥，自有傳。

In the thirty-sixth year he was transferred to governor-general of the Jiangnan River Works. In the fortieth year he memorialized: "At Dingjiaji the Yellow River runs from north to south. A new shoal on the north bank thrust into the river center and washed away over five hundred zhang of the south-bank civilian dike. At Maochengpu the overflow is large and the lower course also cannot hold it. Now gather the main river head, measure the river lip, dredge diversion channels, build subsidiary dams, and dredge a diversion in the old Yellow River channel on the north bank. Next spring open it as conditions allow so that the river turns east along the north bank and does not pour into Dingjiaji and other places." He also memorialized: "At the inner-canal transport mouth there were originally the Huiji, Tongji, and Fuxing sluices. Huiji is especially the key for Huai water entering the canal. I ask that repair wait until spring thaw." In the forty-first year he again memorialized that Qingkou has five diversion channels to the lake—the tail of Hongze Lake—each to be dredged separately so that the transport route may be supplied. Soon he memorialized that among the five diversions, Zhangjiazhuang and Peijiachang leak water and should be dredged wider and deeper. This was approved. That year, during the emperor's eastern tour, Sijue presented himself at the traveling palace and entered audience. He could not rise and was supported out by attendants on either side. He was changed to vice minister of personnel. In the forty-second year he begged to retire and returned home. In the forty-fourth year he died, aged seventy-three. His son Jin has a separate biography.

=薩載=薩載，伊爾根覺羅氏，滿洲正黃旗人。父薩哈岱，官鑲藍旗滿洲副都統。薩載，繙譯舉人，授理籓院筆帖式。累遷江蘇蘇松太道，管蘇州織造。果親王弘適短價令制繡緞朝衣，事發，奪官。召還京，予主事銜。尋授薩哈岱蘇州織造，命薩載侍行為佐。逾年，改授普福，命交兩江總督差委。旋授松江知府。，加道銜，复署蘇州織造。三十四年，擢江蘇布政使，仍兼織造。三十五年，署巡撫。巡撫永德請以華亭、寶山土塘改建條石，薩載言條石易傾圮。按察使吳壇請裁巡檢弓兵，增州縣捕役，薩載言不便，皆寢其議。三十六年，與總督高晉奏濬海州河道，又奏江蘇社穀積至三十七萬六千餘石，請察驗，報聞。

Sa Zai, of the Irgen Gioro clan, was a Manchu of the Plain Yellow Banner. His father Sahadai served as Manchu vice commander of the Bordered Blue Banner. Sa Zai, a translation licentiate, was appointed a clerk in the Court of Colonial Affairs. He rose through successive posts to the Su-Song-Tai circuit in Jiangsu and managed Suzhou weaving. Prince Guo Hongshi ordered embroidered satin court dress at a short price. When the matter came out, Zai was stripped of his office. He was recalled to the capital and given the rank of secretary. Soon Sahadai was appointed Suzhou weaving commissioner and Sa Zai was ordered to accompany him as assistant. After a year Pufu was appointed instead, and Zai was ordered assigned by the Two Jiangs governor-general. Soon he was appointed prefect of Songjiang. He was given circuit rank and again served as acting Suzhou weaving commissioner. In the thirty-fourth year he was promoted to provincial administration commissioner of Jiangsu, still overseeing weaving concurrently. In the thirty-fifth year he served as acting governor. Governor Yongde asked to rebuild the earthen dikes at Huating and Baoshan in strip stone. Sa Zai said strip stone easily collapses. Surveillance commissioner Wu Tan asked to cut patrol archers and increase prefecture and county catchers. Sa Zai said this was inconvenient. All proposals were shelved. In the thirty-sixth year, with governor-general Gao Jin he memorialized to dredge the Haizhou river channel. He also memorialized that Jiangsu community grain had accumulated to over 376,000 shi and asked for inspection. This was reported and noted.

三十七年，真除江蘇巡撫。上命察屯田，薩載奏江安糧道屬江淮、興武等六衛，蘇州糧道屬蘇州、太倉等四衛，令清釐冊報，循新例四年一編審；加給江淮、興武二衛屯丁墾田，運丁快丁終歲輓輸，請加給津貼；太倉、鎮海二衛田不隨船，私相售典，循舊例借項贖回；從之。三十九年，河溢外河廳老壩口，偕河道總督吳嗣爵董工事，未兩旬工竟，議敘。

In the thirty-seventh year he received substantive appointment as governor of Jiangsu. The emperor ordered inspection of military colonies. Sa Zai memorialized that the Jiang'an grain route includes six guards such as Jianghuai and Xingwu, and the Suzhou grain route includes four guards such as Suzhou and Taicang. He ordered clear registers and, under the new rule, review every four years; for Jianghuai and Xingwu guards he asked additional grants for colony soldiers' reclaimed fields. Transport soldiers and express haulers work all year—he asked for additional allowances; Taicang and Zhenhai guards' fields do not follow the boats and are privately sold or pawned. Under the old rule loans should redeem them; This was approved. In the thirty-ninth year the river overflowed at Laobakou in the outer-canal office. With river works governor-general Wu Sijue he supervised the works, and in less than twenty days the work was finished. He was considered for reward.

四十一年，上東巡，覲行在，授江南河道總督。命與高晉察黃河海口淤沙。薩載先至，奏：「海口前在王家港，自雍正時接湧淤灘，長四十餘裡；南岸為新淤尖、為尖頭洋，北岸為二泓、三泓、四泓。二泓、四泓寬二十餘丈，潮至深二三丈；三泓寬四十餘丈，潮至深三四丈。河底有高低，河脣又漸遠，淤積巳久，難以施工。」上諭曰：「此海口自然之勢，難以人力勝之。」尋與高晉奏請以清口東、西壩移建平城台，於陶莊迤上別開引河。是夏，運河及駱馬湖水漲，薩載督吏防護，上嘉其妥協。尋開陶莊引河，四十二年二月，工竟。上諭曰：「朕屢次南巡，臨閱清、黃交匯處，慮其倒灌，思引向陶莊北流。歷任河臣未有能任此者。昨歲薩載奏請施工，與朕意合。據奏工竟，自此黃河離清口較遠，既免黃河倒灌之虞，並收清水刷沙之益，實為全河一大關鍵。視齊蘇勒例，予騎都尉世職。」入覲，上命於攔黃壩迤上加築壩為重門保障，並於舊有木龍三架迤上增設木龍。薩載回任，奏遵上指料理，上嘉之。冬，復奏：「新河河面首尾寬窄不同，請於北灘順水勢抽槽，酌留土格。俟來年水漲放溜沖刷，使河面首尾寬闊相若。」繪圖以進，上覽圖中北岸有新淤，因慮北淤則溜必南趨，識以硃筆，命薩載疏治。四十三年，奏：「高家馬頭新淤已刷動寬深，彭家馬頭新淤前作柴枕土壩。茲於灘面抽槽，候水漲沖刷。」旋署兩江總督。四十四年，奏攔黃壩外舊河露淤灘，請於灘面築束水堤為新河保障。尋實授兩江總督。先是，高晉奏中河口門淤阻，議移下游李家莊，上命薩載勘奏。薩載請將清口東、西壩移築惠濟祠前，上從之。

In the forty-first year, during the emperor's eastern tour, he presented himself at the traveling palace and was appointed governor-general of the Jiangnan River Works. He was ordered with Gao Jin to inspect silt at the Yellow River estuary. Sa Zai arrived first and memorialized: "The estuary was formerly at Wangjiagang. Since the Yongzheng reign silt banks have continuously formed, over forty li long; on the south bank are Xinyujian and Jiantouyang; on the north bank are the Second, Third, and Fourth Hong. The Second and Fourth Hong are over twenty zhang wide, with a tide depth of two or three zhang; the Third Hong is over forty zhang wide, with tide depth of three or four zhang. The river bottom is uneven, the river lip grows ever farther away, silt has accumulated for a long time, and work is difficult." The emperor instructed: "This is the estuary's natural condition; human effort cannot overcome it." Soon with Gao Jin he memorialized to move the east and west dams at Qingkou to Pingchengtai and open a separate diversion above Taozhuang. That summer the canal and Luoma Lake rose. Sa Zai supervised officials in defense, and the emperor praised his balanced handling. Soon the Taozhuang diversion was opened. In the second month of the forty-second year the work was finished. The emperor instructed: "On my repeated southern tours I inspected where the clear and Yellow rivers meet, fearing backflow and thinking to divert the current north at Taozhuang. Successive river officials could not undertake this. Last year Sa Zai memorialized to begin work, matching my intent. According to the report the work is finished. Henceforth the Yellow River is farther from Qingkou, avoiding backflow and gaining the benefit of clear water scouring sand—truly a great key to the whole river system. Following the precedent of Qisule, grant a hereditary office as Commandant of Cavalry." On entering audience the emperor ordered a dam built above the Yellow-blocking dam as a double-gate safeguard, and additional timber dragons set above the three existing frames. Sa Zai returned to his post and memorialized that he was following the imperial direction. The emperor praised this. In winter he again memorialized: "The new river's surface is wide at the ends and narrow in the middle. I ask to cut a channel on the north bank following the current and leave earth partitions as appropriate. Wait until next year when the water rises to release the current and scour so that the river surface is equally wide at both ends." He submitted a map. The emperor saw new silt on the north bank in the map, feared that north silt would drive the current south, marked it in vermilion, and ordered Sa Zai to dredge and manage it. In the forty-third year he memorialized: "New silt at Gaojiamatou has been scoured wide and deep. New silt at Pengjiamatou had a brush-and-earth dam built before. Now a channel is cut on the bank face to await high water and scour." Soon he served as acting governor-general of the Two Jiangs. In the forty-fourth year he memorialized that outside the Yellow-blocking dam the old river exposed a silt bank. He asked to build a water-confining dike on the bank as safeguard for the new river. Soon he received substantive appointment as governor-general of the Two Jiangs. Earlier Gao Jin memorialized that the Zhonghe River mouth was silt-blocked and proposed moving it downstream to Lijiazhuang. The emperor ordered Sa Zai to survey and report. Sa Zai asked to move the east and west dams at Qingkou to before the Huiji Temple. The emperor agreed.

四十五年，大學士阿桂奏：「陶莊引河首尾寬而中窄，河身雖已刷深，水勢尚嫌束縛。伏秋汛漲，恐宣洩不及。」命偕薩載勘覆。尋奏請河寬六十餘丈處展十餘丈，河寬不及六十丈處展二十餘丈。又奏：「雲梯關外二套以下河流現行之道，道遠而水淺，請於四泓以下增設閘壩；二套上迤西馬港河舊堤殘缺，應行修復；並於舊無堤處補築新堤，下接北潮河西堰。」上從之。

In the forty-fifth year Grand Secretary Agui memorialized: "The Taozhuang diversion is wide at the ends and narrow in the middle. Though the channel has been scoured deep, the current still seems constrained. In midsummer and autumn floods, discharge may not keep up." He was ordered to survey with Sa Zai and report back. Soon they memorialized to widen by over ten zhang where the river is over sixty zhang wide, and by over twenty zhang where it is less than sixty zhang. They also memorialized: "Below Ertao outside Yuntiguan the river's present course is long and shallow. I ask to add sluices and dams below the Fourth Hong; above Ertao the old dike of Ximagang River is broken and should be repaired; and where there was no dike, build a new dike connecting to the west dike of Beichao River." The emperor adopted this.

夏，河溢郭家渡，命薩載與河道總督陳輝祖督護。是歲河水盛漲，初開毛城鋪、蘇家山、峰山頭諸閘，次將清口東西壩全行拆展。薩載奏諸州縣被水，睢寧、泗州為重，邳州、宿遷、靈壁、五河次之，現在撫卹寧貼。上諭曰：「實在無善策，祗可盡力撫卹，以期補過。」復命引河水入陶莊新河。尋奏豐、碭、銅、沛險工俱次第搶護，下游洪澤、高寶諸湖亦俱平定，俟水落堵築。得旨：「覽奏深慰。」先是，上臨高堰閱洪澤湖磚石諸工，諭薩載石工卑者增高，磚工悉改用石。薩載奏請酌量緩急，分三年修築。八月，丁父憂，命百日滿後仍署兩江總督。四十六年，奏請自李家莊至臨河集北濬引河，上命速為之。

In summer the river overflowed at Guojiadu. Sa Zai and river works governor-general Chen Huizu were ordered to supervise defense. That year river water rose greatly. First the sluices at Maochengpu, Sujia Mountain, and Fengshantou were opened, then the east and west dams at Qingkou were fully opened. Sa Zai memorialized that prefectures and counties were flooded. Suining and Sizhou were worst; Pizhou, Suqian, Lingbi, and Wuhe were next. Relief and stabilization were now underway. The emperor instructed: "There is truly no good plan. We can only do our utmost in relief to make amends." He was again ordered to divert river water into the new Taozhuang channel. Soon he memorialized that dangerous works in Feng, Dang, Tong, and Pei were all repaired in turn, and downstream Hongze and Gaobao lakes were all stabilized, awaiting low water for blocking and building. He received an edict: "Reading your memorial deeply reassures me." Earlier the emperor inspected Gaoyan and Hongze Lake brick and stone works and instructed Sa Zai to raise low stone works and replace all brick with stone. Sa Zai memorialized to gauge urgency and spread repairs over three years. In the eighth month, upon his father's death, he was ordered that after the hundred-day mourning period he would still serve as acting governor-general of the Two Jiangs. In the forty-sixth year he memorialized to dredge a diversion from Lijiazhuang north to Linheji. The emperor ordered it done quickly.

六月，河溢魏家莊，水大至。薩載奏：「全河奔注，歸入洪澤湖。清口展寬至八十丈，山盱五壩已開智、義二壩；而高堰諸地水勢未消，盈堤推岸。未開三壩及車邏、昭關二壩，或堅守，或酌開，俟察勘後續奏。」上命堅守。尋續奏洪澤湖浪湧山盱五壩，所存仁、禮二壩，掣通過水，續開車邏、昭關二壩。上以各閘壩俱開，下河民田被淹，令察災狀速奏。八月魏家莊工竟。山東巡撫國泰奏運河積淤，水不能暢行，議於劉老澗壩旁開水口分洩，上命薩載往勘。薩載奏：「運河洩水宣暢，已開駝車頭竹簍壩洩水入駱馬湖，劉老澗九孔石閘亦過水。若議別開水口，不便使無水之區再受水患。」上韙其言。又奏：「微山湖東南兩面水色澄清，沂河及駱馬湖水不使涓滴入運，為運河騰空去路。永濟橋孔亦無橫壩攔截，水勢暢消。」上稱為有條理，命國泰聽其指授，毋持己見。

In the sixth month the river overflowed at Weijiazhuang and great floods came. Sa Zai memorialized: "The whole river rushes in and enters Hongze Lake. Qingkou is opened to eighty zhang. Of the five Shanxu dams, Zhi and Yi have been opened; but at Gaoyan and other places the water has not subsided, overflowing dikes and pushing banks. The three unopened dams and the Cheluo and Zhaoguan dams—whether to hold firm or open as needed—await survey and further report." The emperor ordered them held firm. Soon he further memorialized that Hongze Lake waves surged at the five Shanxu dams. The remaining Ren and Li dams were breached to pass water, and the Cheluo and Zhaoguan dams were also opened. Because all sluices and dams were opened and lower-river fields were inundated, the emperor ordered disaster conditions surveyed and quickly reported. In the eighth month the Weijiazhuang work was finished. Shandong governor Guotai memorialized that the canal was silted and water could not flow freely, proposing to open a mouth beside Liulaojian Dam to divert. The emperor ordered Sa Zai to survey. Sa Zai memorialized: "Canal discharge is free. The bamboo-weir dam at Tuochetou has been opened to release water into Luoma Lake, and the nine-opening stone sluice at Liulaojian also passes water. If another mouth is opened, it is not right to bring flood again to areas that lack water." The emperor approved his words. He also memorialized: "On the southeast of Weishan Lake the water is clear. Yi River and Luoma Lake water are not allowed a drop into the canal, to clear the canal's path. Yongji Bridge openings also have no cross-dam blocking, and the water flows freely away." The emperor called this well reasoned and ordered Guotai to follow his direction and not hold to his own view.

十二月，兼署安徽巡撫。四十七年，奏請濬泗州謝家溝，洩睢河及楊甿諸河水入洪澤湖；又承上命濬銅山潘家屯引河。四月，河南青龍岡漫口既堵复蟄，大溜下注。上命寬濬潘家屯、劉老澗諸河，洩水歸海。薩載請開張家莊引河與潘家屯引河分流，使湖洩入黃又多一路。上諭曰：「籌洩水之路，為今日急務，宜妥為之。」加太子少保。江蘇巡撫吳壇議開金壇漕河，自丹徒穿句容境分水脊達江寧。薩載奏：「分水脊即茅山之麓，地峻土堅，勢不能開鑿。請濬七里橋至巷口橋河道，與上、下河道寬深一律。」又請自鎮江錢家港至江寧龍潭濬闢新河，及修濬金山對渡瓜洲城河，上嘉之。又奏請濬漣河，展駱馬湖六塘河、鹽河口門，均如議行。

In the twelfth month he concurrently served as acting governor of Anhui. In the forty-seventh year he memorialized to dredge Xiejia Gou at Sizhou to discharge Sui River and Yangmeng waters into Hongze Lake; he also carried out the imperial order to dredge the Panjiatun diversion at Tongshan. In the fourth month the breach at Qinglonggang in Henan, though blocked, sank again and the main current poured down. The emperor ordered widening and dredging of Panjiatun, Liulaojian, and other rivers to discharge water to the sea. Sa Zai asked to open the Zhangjiazhuang diversion to divide flow with Panjiatun, giving the lake another route into the Yellow River. The emperor instructed: "Planning discharge routes is today's urgent task. Handle it properly." He was made Junior Vice Guardian of the Heir Apparent. Jiangsu governor Wu Tan proposed opening the Jintan transport canal from Dantu through Jurong along the watershed divide to reach Jiangning. Sa Zai memorialized: "The watershed divide is the foot of Mount Mao. The ground is steep and the soil hard—it cannot be cut. I ask to dredge the channel from Qili Bridge to Xiangkou Bridge to match the upper and lower channels in width and depth." He also asked to dredge and open a new river from Qianjiagang at Zhenjiang to Longtan at Jiangning, and to repair the Guazhou city canal opposite Jinshan. The emperor praised this. He also memorialized to dredge the Lian River and widen the Liutang River and salt-river mouth at Luoma Lake. All were approved as proposed.

四十八年正月，服闋，實授兩江總督。河南青龍岡工竟，薩載奏黃河歸故道，入江南境流行迅速，得旨：「欣慰覽之！」上命移建沛縣城。薩載奏請移舊城西南戚山，並修夏鎮文武官署，豐、沛二縣漕倉。四十九年，江西巡撫郝碩坐婪賄得罪，責薩載未奏劾，下吏議，奪官，命留任，罰養廉三年。五十年，漕艘北行，以運中河淺阻，至天津誤期。上責薩載開運中河不知建閘，水勢一泄無餘；又清口東、西壩不能及早收束預為蓄水，致運道淺阻。降三品頂帶。五十一年，足疾，請解任。遣醫往視，命復原品。尋卒，贈太子太保，賜祭葬，諡誠恪，祀賢良祠。

In the first month of the forty-eighth year, when mourning ended, he received substantive appointment as governor-general of the Two Jiangs. When the Qinglonggang work in Henan was finished, Sa Zai memorialized that the Yellow River returned to its old course and flowed swiftly upon entering Jiangnan. He received an edict: "Read with deep satisfaction!" The emperor ordered Peixian city moved and rebuilt. Sa Zai memorialized to move the old city southwest to Qishan and repair civil and military offices at Xiazhen and transport granaries in Feng and Pei counties. In the forty-ninth year Jiangxi governor Hao Shuo was punished for greedy bribery. Sa Zai was blamed for not memorializing impeachment, referred to officials for deliberation, stripped of his rank, ordered to remain at his post, and fined three years' integrity stipend. In the fiftieth year transport boats going north were delayed reaching Tianjin because the middle canal was shallow and obstructed. The emperor blamed Sa Zai for opening the middle canal without building sluices, so the water drained completely; and for not closing the east and west dams at Qingkou early to store water in advance, causing the transport route to be shallow and obstructed. He was demoted to third-rank insignia. In the fifty-first year, afflicted with a foot ailment, he asked to resign. A physician was sent to attend him and he was ordered restored to his original rank. Soon he died. He was posthumously made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, granted funeral rites, given the posthumous name Chengke, and enshrined in the Shrine of Worthy Officials.

子薩騰安，襲騎都尉，官至廣西按察使；薩雲安，官雲南迤西道，坐事戍軍台。

His son Sateng'an inherited the Commandant of Cavalry office and rose to judicial commissioner of Guangxi; Sayun'an served in the Yixi circuit in Yunnan and was exiled to the military post for an offense.

=蘭第錫=蘭第錫，山西吉州人。舉人，授鳳臺教諭。擢順天大興知縣。三十四年，總督楊廷璋請以第錫升補永定河北岸同知，吏部以大興非沿河州縣，議駁，再請，上特許之。再遷永定河道。四十八年，署河東河道總督。奏請河堤分界栽柳，並禁近堤取土；又奏儀封六堡、三堡灘面淺狹，水力較悍，請於新堤南築月隄為障；皆從之。四十九年，奏：「河工綢繆防護，全在平時。堤有深淺，水有變遷，及車馬踐踏，豸雚鼠洞穴，必朝夕在堤，始能目睹親切。至冬末凌汛，春初桃汛，尤應晝夜巡邏。應令駐工各員移至堤頂，禁勿私下；如有曠誤，文武得互舉。令以堤為家，庶不至疏防。」均如所請行。五十年，奏：「北岸黃沁等廳、南岸上南等廳舊堤，及蘭儀等廳新堤，各增卑培薄；並加築舊壩，添作挑水。」上命速行。五十二年，上以第錫署任三年，勤奮妥協，命實授。旋兼兵部侍郎。

Lan Dixi came from Jizhou in Shanxi. A provincial graduate, he was appointed instructor at Fengtai. He was promoted to magistrate of Daxing in Shuntian. In the thirty-fourth year governor-general Yang Tingzhang asked to promote Dixi to vice-prefect of the north bank of the Yongding River. The Ministry of Personnel rejected it because Daxing is not a riverine prefecture or county. On a second request the emperor specially permitted it. He was again transferred to intendant of the Yongding River. In the forty-eighth year he served as acting governor-general of the Eastern River Works. He memorialized to plant willows along dike boundaries and forbid taking earth near dikes; he also memorialized that at Yifeng the Sixth and Third Fort bank faces are shallow and narrow and the current is fierce. He asked to build a moon dike south of the new dike as a barrier; All were approved. In the forty-ninth year he memorialized: "Careful protection of river works depends entirely on ordinary times. Dikes have deep and shallow places, water shifts, horses and carts trample them, and badgers and rats burrow into them. One must be on the dike morning and evening to see conditions clearly. At the end of winter during ice floods and early spring during peach floods, patrol day and night is especially needed. Officials stationed at the works should be moved to the dike top and forbidden to leave privately; if there is neglect, civil and military officials may impeach one another. Make the dike their home so that defense is not neglected." All was approved as requested. In the fiftieth year he memorialized: "On the north bank at Huang-Qin and other offices, on the south bank at Shangnan and other offices, old dikes, and at Lan-Yi and other offices new dikes—each should have low sections raised and thin sections strengthened; and old dams should be reinforced and spillways added." The emperor ordered swift implementation. In the fifty-second year, because Dixi had served three years in an acting capacity with diligence and balanced handling, the emperor ordered a substantive appointment. Soon he concurrently served as vice minister of war.

河溢睢州十三堡，疏請罪，上以其地原無埽工，原之。工竟，議敘。五十四年，調江南河道總督。河溢睢寧周家樓，疏請罪，上以河水異漲，原之。工竟，議敘。五十六年，奏勘毛城鋪滾水壩、王平莊新挑引河，上獎第錫察驗各工不草率。五十七年，請自淮安移駐清江浦，改建衙署，允之。五十九年，奏豐北汛接築土壩過多，上游水勢不能暢達，有礙曹、單河流去路，自請下吏議奪官，上命留任。嘉慶元年，河溢豐北汛，疏請罪，諭俟工竣覈功過。工竟，賜黃辮荷包，仍以不能先事預防停甄敘。二年，卒。

The river overflowed at the Thirteen Forts in Suizhou. He memorialized asking to be punished, but the emperor pardoned him because that place originally had no mat works. When the work was finished he was considered for reward. In the fifty-fourth year he was transferred to governor-general of the Jiangnan River Works. The river overflowed at Zhoujialou in Suining. He memorialized asking to be punished, but the emperor pardoned him because the river had risen abnormally. When the work was finished he was considered for reward. In the fifty-sixth year he memorialized on surveying the spillway dam at Maochengpu and the newly dredged diversion at Wangpingzhuang. The emperor praised Dixi for inspecting the works without carelessness. In the fifty-seventh year he asked to move his station from Huai'an to Qingjiangpu and rebuild the yamen. This was approved. In the fifty-ninth year he memorialized that too many earthen dams were built in succession at the Fengbei flood section, blocking upstream flow and hindering the course of the Cao and Shan rivers. He asked officials to deliberate stripping his office, but the emperor ordered him to remain at his post. In the first year of Jiaqing the river overflowed at the Fengbei flood section. He memorialized asking to be punished and was instructed to await completion of the work before judging merit and fault. When the work was finished he was granted a yellow-braid purse, but because he had not prevented the matter in advance, consideration for reward was suspended. In the second year he died.

三年，第錫以河溢當償帑二十萬餘兩。上以第錫尚廉潔，慮不能勝，諮山西巡撫伯麟，伯麟奏第錫遺田舍僅值一百四十餘兩。上獎第錫清慎，諭道、廳以上及曾任總河各員分別代償。

In the third year Dixi owed over 200,000 taels to the treasury for river overflow. Because Dixi was still known for integrity, the emperor feared he could not bear the burden and consulted Shanxi governor Bolin. Bolin memorialized that Dixi's remaining fields and houses were worth only a little over 140 taels. The emperor praised Dixi for purity and caution and instructed circuit officials and above and former river governors-general to repay on his behalf respectively.

=韓鑅=韓鑅，順天大興人，原籍貴州畢節。入貲授通判，揀發山東，授上河通判。累擢江南淮徐道。乾隆四十六年，授河東河道總督。奏言：「山東運河，賴汶、泗來源及各湖接濟。汶河上游東平戴村等處民堰，對岸沙淤，應鑿灘抽溝，以展河勢。泗河下游即為府河，自安居、十里二斗門入運，河淺堰卑，亦當疏治。蜀山、馬踏、馬場、南旺諸湖，現當濟運洩水，堰根顯露，正可取土培堤。」七月，河決祥符焦橋，疏請罪，上原之。工竟，命優敘。未幾，河又決儀封曲家樓、青龍岡、大李家莊、孔家莊，凡溢四口。上令江南河道總督李奉翰赴工會督。水全出青龍岡，而孔家莊等三口皆塞。又命大學士阿桂履勘，又令山東巡撫國泰赴工會督。工垂竟，壩蟄复潰。大學士嵇璜議引河北流復故道，上以諮阿桂、李奉翰及鑅。鑅疏言：「青龍岡始漫，勢甚洶湧，是以倒漾北行，分入沙、趙二河，穿運歸海。未久旋即斷流，仍行南注。地勢北高南下，若於南岸建堤堵截，欲回狂瀾使之北注，誠如聖諭必不能行。水性就下，未便輕議更張。」阿桂等所奏亦略同，乃寢璜議，惟以河水北行既已斷流，責鑅何不即時具奏。

Han Heng came from Daxing in Shuntian and was originally registered in Bijie in Guizhou. He purchased office as a vice-prefect, was selected for Shandong, and appointed vice-prefect of the upper river. He rose through successive posts to the Huai-Xu circuit in Jiangnan. In the forty-sixth year of Qianlong he was appointed governor-general of the Eastern River Works. He memorialized: "The Shandong canal relies on the Wen and Si sources and supply from the various lakes. Civilian dikes upstream on the Wen at Dongping, Daicun, and elsewhere face silt on the opposite bank. The bank should be cut and channels dredged to widen the river. The lower Si is the prefectural canal, entering the transport system through the Anju and Shili sluices. The river is shallow and the dams low and should also be dredged. Shushan, Mata, Machang, Nanwang, and other lakes are now supplying transport and releasing water. Dam roots are exposed and earth may be taken to strengthen the dikes." In the seventh month the river broke at Jiaoqiao in Xiangfu. He memorialized asking to be punished, and the emperor pardoned him. When the work was finished he was ordered given preferential consideration for reward. Before long the river broke again at Qujialou in Yifeng, Qinglonggang, Da Lijiazhuang, and Kongjiazhuang—four breaches in all. The emperor ordered Jiangnan river works governor-general Li Fenghan to the works to supervise jointly. All the water exited at Qinglonggang, while Kongjiazhuang and the other three mouths were blocked. Grand Secretary Agui was again ordered to survey on site, and Shandong governor Guotai was ordered to the works to supervise jointly. When the work was nearly finished the dam sank and breached again. Grand Secretary Ji Huang proposed diverting the river north to restore the old course. The emperor consulted Agui, Li Fenghan, and Heng. Heng memorialized: "When Qinglonggang first overflowed the force was very violent, so water surged north, divided into the Sha and Zhao rivers, crossed the canal, and reached the sea. Before long it cut off and again flowed south. The terrain is high in the north and low in the south. If a dike is built on the south bank to block and turn the raging current north, as the sacred instruction says, it truly cannot be done. Water by nature seeks the lower level. It is not right lightly to propose changing course." Agui and others memorialized similarly. Huang's proposal was shelved, but because the northward flow had already cut off, Heng was blamed for not reporting promptly.

四十七年正月，壩复蟄。上聞運道河以南深通，河以北多淤墊，命鑅往微山湖北運河察勘。二月，赴濟寧，會國泰及巡漕御史毓奇察勘，請自濟寧在城閘至嶧縣黃林莊，築土堰、柴壩、椿埽、橋樑，設水站，置絞關；鑅並請察勘畢，還青龍岡工次。上命鑅往來督察，复勘伊家河、荊山橋諸地水勢，請濬銅山潘家屯引河益使寬深，並濬駱馬湖、六塘河及濟寧南北徒駭、馬頰、伊家等河。時青龍岡壩屢築屢蟄，鑅遵上指迅籌宣洩，使黃水漸消。復還青龍岡工次，會阿桂等於蘭陽三堡改築大堤，濬渠導水出商丘七堡入正河故道。鑅旋以父憂去。四十八年三月，青龍岡工始竟。四十九年，服闋，授工部侍郎。部議鑅任河督時應償帑十四萬餘兩，詔免十之七。五十四年，命會勘通惠、溫榆二河，及朝陽門外護城河。調戶部。五十五年，命往江南會同江南河道總督蘭第錫督防汛。嘉慶三年，調兵部。四年三月，命守護裕陵。六年，以年老休致。九年，卒。

In the first month of the forty-seventh year the dam sank again. The emperor heard that south of the transport route the river was deep and clear but north was much silted. He ordered Heng to survey the transport canal north of Weishan Lake. In the second month he went to Jining, joined Guotai and transport censor Yu Qi in survey, and asked from the in-city sluice at Jining to Huanglinzhuang in Yixian to build earthen dams, brush dams, pile-and-mat works, bridges, water stations, and capstans; Heng also asked that after the survey he return to the Qinglonggang works. The emperor ordered Heng to supervise back and forth, again survey water conditions at Yijia River, Jingshan Bridge, and elsewhere, ask to dredge the Panjiatun diversion at Tongshan wider and deeper, and dredge Luoma Lake, Liutang River, and north and south of Jining the Tuhai, Majia, Yijia, and other rivers. At that time the Qinglonggang dam was built and sank repeatedly. Heng followed the imperial direction, quickly planned discharge, and gradually reduced the Yellow water. He returned again to the Qinglonggang works, joined Agui and others in rebuilding the great dike at the three forts in Lanyang, and dredged a channel to guide water from the seven forts at Shangqiu into the main river's old course. Heng soon left office upon his father's death. In the third month of the forty-eighth year the Qinglonggang work was at last finished. In the forty-ninth year, when mourning ended, he was appointed vice minister of works. The ministry deliberated that Heng owed over 140,000 taels from his term as river governor. An edict remitted seven-tenths. In the fifty-fourth year he was ordered to survey jointly the Tonghui and Wenyu rivers and the moat outside Chaoyang Gate. He was transferred to the Ministry of Revenue. In the fifty-fifth year he was ordered to Jiangnan to join Jiangnan river works governor-general Lan Dixi in supervising flood defense. In the third year of Jiaqing he was transferred to the Ministry of War. In the third month of the fourth year he was ordered to guard Yuling. In the sixth year, on account of age, he retired. In the ninth year he died.

=【論】=論曰：世業尚矣，於河事尤可徵。前乎此者，嵇曾筠有子璜，高斌有從子高晉。若李氏、何氏、吳氏皆繼之而起，宏及子奉翰、煟及子裕城並有名乾隆朝，嗣爵子璥則下逮嘉慶，奉翰子亨特，貪侈隕績，忝祖父矣。清時以誠篤名，第錫以廉潔著。青龍岡塞河決，歷兩載工始竟，阿桂主之，薩載、韓鑅佐之。詳具其始末，見成功之難也。

The commentary says: Hereditary professions have long been honored, and this is especially evident in river affairs. Before this, Ji Zengyun had the son Huang, and Gao Bin had the collateral descendant Gao Jin. The Li, He, and Wu families all rose in succession. Hong and his son Fenghan, Wei and his son Yucheng were all famous in the Qianlong reign. Sijue's son Jin extended into the Jiaqing reign. Fenghan's son Hengte, greedy and extravagant, ruined his record and disgraced his forebears. Qingshi was known for sincerity, Dixi for integrity. The Qinglonggang breach was closed after two years of work. Agui led it, and Sa Zai and Han Heng assisted. The full account of its beginning and end shows how hard success is.

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