Volume 345 Biographies 132: Yong Bao, Hui Ling, Yi Mian Zi, Hu Su Tong A, Ying Shan, Fu Ning, Jing An, Qin Chengen

永保，費莫氏，滿洲鑲紅旗人，勒保之弟也。以官學生考授內閣中書，充軍機章京，遷侍讀。乾隆三十七年，父溫福徵金川，永保齎送定邊將軍印，遂隨軍。明年，溫福戰歿木果木，永保冒矢石奪回父屍，襲輕車都尉，遷吏部郎中。洎金川平，追論木果木之敗，咎在溫福，奪世職，仍留永保原官。出為直隸口北道，歷霸昌、清河兩道。遷布政使，調江蘇。四十九年，擢貴州巡撫，歷江西、陝西。五十一年，署陝甘總督。尋授塔爾巴哈台參贊大臣。五十六年，哈薩克汗斡裡素勒坦遣子入覲，詔嘉永保撫綏有方，授內大臣，賞雙眼花翎。五十八年，調喀什噶爾參贊大臣，授戶部侍郎，留駐新疆。六十年，調烏魯木齊都統。

Yong Bao, of the Feimo clan, was a Manchu bannerman of the Bordered Red Banner and the younger brother of Le Bao. Having passed the examination as an Imperial Academy student, he was appointed a secretary of the Grand Secretariat, served as a clerk of the Grand Council, and was promoted to reader. In the thirty-seventh year of the Qianlong reign, his father Wen Fu marched against Jinchuan; Yong Bao delivered the seal of the frontier pacification commissioner and then accompanied the army. The following year Wen Fu was killed in battle at Mugua Wood; Yong Bao braved enemy fire to recover his father's body, inherited the rank of Commandant of Light Chariots, and was appointed a director in the Ministry of Personnel. After Jinchuan was pacified, the defeat at Mugua Wood was reviewed retrospectively; Wen Fu was held responsible and his hereditary rank was revoked, but Yong Bao was permitted to retain his original office. He was posted as intendant of the Koubei Circuit in Zhili and later served in the Bachang and Qinghe circuits in succession. He was promoted to provincial treasurer and transferred to Jiangsu. In the forty-ninth year he was promoted to governor of Guizhou and later held the same post in Jiangxi and Shaanxi. In the fifty-first year he served as acting governor-general of Shaanxi and Gansu. He was soon appointed Grand Minister Consultant at Tarbagatai. In the fifty-sixth year the Kazakh khan Walisultan sent his son to pay homage at court; the throne praised Yong Bao's skillful pacification, appointed him a Grand Minister of the Imperial Household, and awarded him double-eyed peacock feathers. In the fifty-eighth year he was transferred to Grand Minister Consultant at Kashgar, appointed vice-president of the Board of Revenue, and remained on duty in Xinjiang. In the sixtieth year he was transferred to military governor of Urumqi.

嘉慶元年春，湖北教匪起，永保奉詔入京，行抵西安，命偕將軍恆瑞率駐防兵二千，調陝西、廣西、山東兵五千會剿。三月，至湖北，總督畢沅疏陳各路剿殺不下數万，而賊起益熾。詔分專責成：永保、恆瑞任竹山、保康一路；畢沅、舒亮任當陽、遠安、東湖一路；惠齡、富志那任枝江一路；鄂輝任襄陽、穀城、均州、光化一路；孫士毅任酉陽、來鳳一路。永保偕恆瑞复竹山，進房縣，擒賊首祁中耀；餘賊遁保康白雲寺山，复敗之，擒賊目曾世興等。永保疏言：「襄陽賊數万，最猖獗，賊首姚之富、齊王氏、劉之協皆在其中，為四方諸賊領袖，破之則流賊自瓦解。宜俟諸軍大集，合力分攻。」帝韙之。五月，永保等馳赴襄陽，自樊城進取鄧桃湖，會軍呂堰。賊退屯雙溝，分軍五路夾擊，殲賊二千餘，賊分竄孝感，距漢陽百餘裡，幸為潦阻，武昌戒嚴。時畢沅圍當陽數月不下，惠齡剿枝江賊亦無功，詔命永保總統湖北諸軍，先靖襄陽，而後分攻孝感、當陽兩路。參將傅成明等擊孝感賊，遇伏敗歿；永保令明亮馳救，復請調苗疆防兵助剿。六月，永保渡滾河，破梁家岡、張家垱賊營二十餘座，賊竄棗陽，潛踞隨州之梓山、青潭，連破之。复偕恆瑞、慶成破賊於紅土山，擒賊渠黃玉貴。於是襄陽、呂堰迤東百數十里，及棗陽、隨州、宜城無賊氛。孝感之賊，亦為明亮所殲。詔嘉永保調度協宜，加太子太保。

In the spring of the first year of Jiaqing, sect rebels broke out in Hubei; Yong Bao was ordered to proceed to the capital, and when he reached Xi'an he was instructed to join General Hengrui in leading two thousand garrison troops and assembling five thousand men from Shaanxi, Guangxi, and Shandong for a joint campaign. In the third month he arrived in Hubei; Governor-General Bi Yuan reported that the various columns had killed tens of thousands of rebels, yet the uprising only grew fiercer. An edict assigned separate areas of responsibility: Yong Bao and Hengrui were to handle the Zhushan and Baokang route; Bi Yuan and Shuliang with the Dangyang, Yuan'an, and Donghu route; Huiling and Fuzhina with the Zhijiang route; E Hui with the Xiangyang, Gucheng, Junzhou, and Guanghua route; and Sun Shiyi with the Youyang and Laifeng route. Yong Bao and Hengrui recaptured Zhushan, advanced into Fang County, and captured the rebel leader Qi Zhongyao; the remaining rebels fled to Baiyun Temple Mountain in Baokang; they were defeated again, and rebel officers including Zeng Shixing were taken. Yong Bao memorialized: "The rebels at Xiangyang number in the tens of thousands and are the most formidable; the chieftains Yao Zhifu, Qi Wangshi, and Liu Zhixie are all there and serve as leaders for rebels throughout the region. If that force is broken, the roving bands will collapse on their own. We should wait until the armies have fully assembled and then strike together from several directions." The emperor approved the plan. In the fifth month Yong Bao and his colleagues hurried to Xiangyang, advanced from Fancheng against Dengtao Lake, and joined the main force at Lüyan. The rebels fell back to Shuanggou; the army split into five columns for a converging attack and killed more than two thousand rebels. Part of the rebel force scattered toward Xiaogan, barely a hundred li from Hankou; only floodwaters blocked them, and Wuchang was placed on alert. Bi Yuan had by then besieged Dangyang for months without success, and Huiling's campaign against the Zhijiang rebels had also failed. Yong Bao was ordered to take overall command of the Hubei armies, pacify Xiangyang first, and then divide his forces between the Xiaogan and Dangyang routes. Major Fu Chengming and others attacked the Xiaogan rebels, were ambushed, and killed in defeat; Yong Bao ordered Mingliang to hurry to their relief and again requested that Miao frontier garrison troops be transferred to assist the campaign. In the sixth month Yong Bao crossed the Gun River and destroyed more than twenty rebel camps at Liangjiagang and Zhangjia'ang. The rebels fled to Zaoyang and secretly occupied Zishan and Qingtan in Suizhou; he defeated them in succession. He again joined Hengrui and Qingcheng to defeat the rebels at Hongtu Mountain and capture the rebel chieftain Huang Yugui. Thereafter for more than a hundred li east of Xiangyang and Lüyan, and throughout Zaoyang, Suizhou, and Yicheng, the region was cleared of rebels. The rebels at Xiaogan were also wiped out by Mingliang. An edict praised Yong Bao's effective coordination and promoted him to Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent.

先是命署湖廣總督，及畢沅復當陽，永保請寢前命，允之。八月，移剿鍾祥，明亮以師來會。賊自溫浹口至千弓垱，依山結營，亙數十里。永保率大軍由西北進擊，繪圖陳奏。帝方以東南空虛，慮賊逃竄，適明亮疏言：「鍾祥為賊巢穴，宜四面夾攻，以防漏網。今永保以九千餘兵由西北追壓，而東南要截之兵僅三千餘，地闊兵單，難杜竄逸。」帝以永保擁眾自衛，切責之。明亮敗賊土門衝，永保不能夾擊，賊轉而北，永保偕明亮追至襄陽雙溝。賊分兩路竄河南：東由棗陽趨唐縣，西由呂堰趨鄧州。官軍躡西路，敗諸呂堰，獲姚之富母、媳及孫，而東路賊已入唐縣滹沱鎮。疏言：「追賊經月，兵力疲憊，難以痛殲，請增兵助剿。」詔斥其無能，調山東、直隸兵四千，复簡健銳、火器營各軍赴之。十一月，新兵既至，攻破唐縣賊屯十一。姚之富已遁，犯棗陽，复渡滾河而西，蹂呂堰，向光化、穀城。圍景安於鄧州魏家集，越二日，援兵始至。帝怒永保擁勁旅萬餘，徒尾追不迎擊，致賊東西橫躪無忌，褫職逮京，下獄，籍其家，並褫其子侍衛寧志、寧怡職，發往熱河。

He had earlier been ordered to serve as acting governor-general of Huguang; when Bi Yuan recovered Dangyang, Yong Bao asked that the earlier appointment be withdrawn, and the request was granted. In the eighth month he shifted the campaign to Zhongxiang, and Mingliang brought his troops to join him. From Wenjiakou to Qiangong'ang the rebels had built camps along the hills for dozens of li. Yong Bao led the main army in an attack from the northwest and submitted a map with his report. The emperor was already worried that the southeast was undefended and the rebels might escape, when Mingliang memorialized: "Zhongxiang is the rebels' stronghold and should be attacked from four sides to keep any from slipping through the net. Yet Yong Bao is pressing from the northwest with more than nine thousand men, while the intercepting force in the southeast has only a little over three thousand. The ground is wide and the troops too few to block escape." The emperor concluded that Yong Bao was keeping his troops for self-protection and rebuked him sharply. Mingliang defeated the rebels at Tumenchong, but Yong Bao failed to attack in concert; the rebels turned north, and Yong Bao and Mingliang pursued them to Shuanggou in Xiangyang. The rebels split into two columns and fled into Henan: one east from Zaoyang toward Tang County, the other west from Lüyan toward Dengzhou. The government forces followed the western column, defeated them at Lüyan, and captured Yao Zhifu's mother, daughter-in-law, and grandson; but the eastern rebels had already entered Hutuo Town in Tang County. He memorialized: "We have pursued the rebels for a month; the troops are exhausted and a decisive victory is impossible. I request reinforcements for the campaign." An edict rebuked his incompetence, transferred four thousand troops from Shandong and Zhili, and again detached units from the Elite and Firearms camps to reinforce him. In the eleventh month, after the new troops arrived, eleven rebel camps in Tang County were stormed. Yao Zhifu had already escaped, raided Zaoyang, crossed the Gun River again to the west, ravaged Lüyan, and advanced toward Guanghua and Gucheng. They besieged Jing'an at Weijiaji in Dengzhou; relief did not arrive until two days later. The emperor was enraged that Yong Bao commanded more than ten thousand crack troops yet only trailed the rebels without intercepting them, allowing them to ravage the region at will. He was stripped of office, arrested and brought to the capital, imprisoned, and his property confiscated; his sons, the imperial bodyguards Ningzhi and Ningyi, were also dismissed and sent to Rehe.

三年，以兄勒保擒川賊王三槐功，推恩宥釋。勒保請將永保發軍營效力，不許。四年，勒保為經略大臣，予永保藍翎侍衛，齎經略印赴軍。尋擢頭等侍衛，署陝西巡撫。與明亮會剿張漢潮於終南華林山中，遇伏敗績；復與明亮不協，互攻訐。詔逮問，並坐前在湖北動用軍需受饋遺事，論大辟，詔原之，免罪，予八品領催，自備資斧赴烏里雅蘇台辦事。六年，充參贊大臣。

In the third year, through his elder brother Le Bao's success in capturing the Sichuan rebel Wang Sanhuai, he was pardoned and released. Le Bao asked that Yong Bao be sent to serve at the front, but the request was denied. In the fourth year Le Bao was appointed commissioner-general; Yong Bao was made a blue-laced bodyguard and sent to the army with the commissioner-general's seal. He was soon promoted to first-class bodyguard and appointed acting governor of Shaanxi. He joined Mingliang in suppressing Zhang Hanchao in the Hualin Mountains of the Zhongnan range, but they were ambushed and defeated; he again fell out with Mingliang, and the two exchanged accusations. An edict ordered his arrest and trial; he was also convicted for earlier misuse of military supplies and acceptance of gifts in Hubei and sentenced to death, but was then pardoned, reduced to an eighth-rank company command, and sent at his own expense to serve at Uliastai. In the sixth year he served as Grand Minister Consultant.

七年，授雲南巡撫。八年，威遠、思茅倮匪擾邊，永保赴普洱，偕提督烏大經進討。肇亂土弁刁永和聞風遁，威遠倮匪亦退，擒思茅倮酋扎安波賽悶，餘匪奔逸。南興土司張輔國屢與孟連土司爭界構釁，至是勘定之。永保疏陳善後事：「內地雜居夷人不法，按律懲治；土司夷境滋事，但遣兵防範，不使內竄。」詔嘉得大體，弭邊釁，賞花翎。

In the seventh year he was appointed governor of Yunnan. In the eighth year Lolo bandits at Weiyuan and Simao raided the frontier; Yong Bao went to Pu'er and advanced with Provincial Military Commissioner Wudajing to suppress them. The native officer Diao Yonghe, who had started the unrest, fled at the news; the Weiyuan Lolo bandits also withdrew; the Simao Lolo chief Zha'anbo Saikun was captured, and the remaining bandits scattered. The Nanxing chieftain Zhang Fuguo had repeatedly clashed with the Menglian chieftain over their border; the boundary was now surveyed and fixed. Yong Bao memorialized on postwar arrangements: "When non-Han peoples living among the settled population break the law, they should be punished according to statute; when trouble arises in chieftain or tribal territory, troops should be sent only to guard the frontier and prevent raids into the interior." An edict praised his sound grasp of policy, the border conflict was settled, and he was awarded peacock feathers.

十三年，兼署貴州巡撫，調廣東。尋擢兩廣總督，未至，卒於途。贈內大臣，詔念前勞，曾籍沒，家無餘貲，賜銀千兩治喪，諡恪敏。孫文慶，咸豐中官大學士，自有傳。

In the thirteenth year he also served as acting governor of Guizhou and was transferred to Guangdong. He was soon promoted to governor-general of the Two Guangs but died on the journey before taking up the post. He was posthumously made a Grand Minister of the Imperial Household; an edict recalled his earlier service, noted that his property had once been confiscated and his family left with nothing, granted a thousand taels of silver for the funeral, and gave him the posthumous title Kemin. His grandson Wen Qing became a Grand Secretary under the Xianfeng emperor and has his own biography.

惠齡，字椿亭，薩爾圖克氏，蒙古正白旗人。父納延泰，乾隆中，官理籓院尚書、軍機大臣，加太子少保。因喀爾喀台吉沁多爾濟規避軍事，不劾奏，罷職。復起用，終於理籓院侍郎。

Huiling, style name Chunting, of the Sartuk clan, was a Mongol bannerman of the Plain White Banner. His father Nayantai served during the Qianlong reign as minister of the Court of Colonial Affairs and as a Grand Councillor, with the added title Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. He was dismissed for failing to memorialize the impeachment of the Khalkha taiji Jindorji, who had evaded military service. He was later reappointed and ended his career as vice-minister of the Court of Colonial Affairs.

惠齡由繙譯官補戶部筆帖式，充軍機章京。累遷員外郎，緣事奪職。起戶部主事，仍直軍機。乾隆四十年，予副都統銜，充西寧辦事大臣，調伊犁領隊大臣。擢工部侍郎，調吏部。充塔爾巴哈台參贊大臣。五十年，回京，署正黃旗滿洲副都統。授湖北巡撫，調山東。五十六年，擢四川總督。徵廓爾喀，命為參贊，赴西藏會剿，督治糧運。事平，圖形紫光閣，列前十五功臣中。五十八年，授山東巡撫，調湖北，再調安徽。六十年，授戶部侍郎。苗疆用兵，留署湖北巡撫，治糧餉。

Huiling entered service from the translation corps as a clerk in the Board of Revenue and served as a clerk of the Grand Council. He rose to vice director but lost his post because of an incident. He was reappointed as a director in the Board of Revenue and continued to serve at the Grand Council. In the fortieth year of the Qianlong reign he was given the rank of vice commander-in-chief, served as commissioner at Xining, and was transferred to brigade commander at Ili. He was promoted to vice-president of the Board of Works and transferred to the Board of Personnel. He served as Grand Minister Consultant at Tarbagatai. In the fiftieth year he returned to the capital and served as acting vice commander-in-chief of the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner. He was appointed governor of Hubei and transferred to Shandong. In the fifty-sixth year he was promoted to governor-general of Sichuan. During the campaign against Nepal he was appointed commissioner, sent to Tibet for the joint campaign, and placed in charge of grain transport. When the campaign ended, his portrait was placed in the Hall of Purple Splendor among the first fifteen meritorious ministers. In the fifty-eighth year he was appointed governor of Shandong, then transferred to Hubei and again to Anhui. In the sixtieth year he was appointed vice-president of the Board of Revenue. When the Miao frontier campaign began, he remained as acting governor of Hubei in charge of provisions.

嘉慶元年正月，教匪聶傑人、張正謨等倡亂於枝江、宜都，率師往剿，總兵富志那擒首逆聶傑人，而襄、鄖、宜、施諸郡賊並起。命惠齡專剿枝江、宜都一路，自春徂夏無功，以大雨為解，嚴詔切責。八月，克灌腦灣賊寨，擒張正謨等，加太子少保，署工部尚書，予二等輕車都尉世職。進攻涼山，搗其巢，擒首逆覃士潮，宜都、枝江悉平，移軍長陽黃柏山會剿。十一月，襄陽賊姚之富自黃龍垱偷渡滾河，竄河南，黜總統永保，以惠齡代之，馳赴襄陽。疏言：「襄、鄧平衍，無險可扼。賊習地勢，必不自趨絕地。惟有嚴防漢江潛渡，並堰唐河、白河，移難民於河西，守岸團練以蹙賊。」會之富折回湖北境，惠齡迎擊，遏其西軼，敗之茅茨畈，分兵五路兜剿。二年二月，敗賊於鮑家畈，擒賊首劉起榮；复敗賊於曾家店，鏖戰於鄭家河，殲獲甚眾，賞雙眼花翎，擢理籓院尚書，兼鑲白旗蒙古都統。惠齡偕恆瑞、慶成剿襄陽賊，屢破之，餘眾僅數千，勢甚蹙，分路竄河南境，官軍疲於尾追，不易得一戰，先後併入陝西，遂復猖獗。五月，李全、王廷詔、姚之富合為一路，由紫陽白馬石竄渡漢江，後五日，惠齡始至，奪宮銜、世職、花翎，易宜綿總統軍務，降惠齡為領隊，聽節制。

In the first month of the first year of Jiaqing, the sect rebels Nie Jieren, Zhang Zhenmo, and others rose at Zhijiang and Yidu; he led troops to suppress them, and Major Fuzhina captured the chief rebel Nie Jieren, but uprisings broke out simultaneously across the Xiang, Yun, Yi, and Shi prefectures. Huiling was ordered to concentrate on the Zhijiang and Yidu route; from spring through summer he achieved nothing and blamed the heavy rains, drawing a stern imperial rebuke. In the eighth month he stormed the rebel stockade at Guannaowan and captured Zhang Zhenmo and others; he was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, appointed acting minister of the Board of Works, and granted a hereditary second-rank commandancy of light chariots. He advanced against Liangshan, destroyed the rebels' stronghold, and captured the chief rebel Tan Shichao; Yidu and Zhijiang were fully pacified, and he moved his army to Huangbai Mountain in Changyang for a joint campaign. In the eleventh month the Xiangyang rebel Yao Zhifu secretly crossed the Gun River from Huanglong'ang and fled into Henan; Yong Bao was removed as commander-in-chief and replaced by Huiling, who hurried to Xiangyang. He memorialized: "Xiangyang and Dengzhou are flat and open, with no defensible terrain. The rebels know the terrain and will not drive themselves into a dead end. We must strictly guard against secret crossings of the Han River, dam the Tang and Bai rivers, move refugees to the west bank, and hold the shore with militia to hem in the rebels." Just then Yao Zhifu turned back into Hubei; Huiling met him in battle, blocked his westward flight, defeated him at Maocipan, and divided his forces into five columns for encirclement. In the second month of the second year he defeated the rebels at Baojiapan and captured the rebel chief Liu Qirong; He again defeated them at Zengjiadian and fought a fierce battle at Zhengjiahe, killing and capturing a great number; he was awarded double-eyed peacock feathers, promoted to minister of the Court of Colonial Affairs, and appointed commander-in-chief of the Mongol Bordered White Banner. Huiling, together with Hengrui and Qingcheng, campaigned against the Xiangyang rebels and defeated them repeatedly; only a few thousand remained and were hard pressed. They split into columns and fled into Henan; government forces, exhausted from pursuit, could not bring them to battle, and the rebels successively entered Shaanxi and grew rampant again. In the fifth month Li Quan, Wang Tingzhao, and Yao Zhifu united as one force and slipped across the Han River at Baimashi in Ziyang. Huiling did not arrive until five days later. He was stripped of his court rank, hereditary office, and peacock feathers; Yi Mian replaced him as commander-in-chief of military affairs, and Huiling was demoted to column leader under his command.

賊既分竄入川，十月，王廷詔、高均德复北犯，窺渡漢江，惠齡邀擊敗之，斬賊二千。詔嘉其僅兵二千當賊二萬，以少擊眾，复雙眼花翎。十一月，齊王氏、張漢潮、姚之富、高均德合入漢中南山，自黃官嶺至新集，連營二十里，欲渡漢。惠齡軍北岸，蹙其半濟，賊走寧羌，追敗之，折竄漢中。因移兵扼漢南，賊不得北竄，復分道入川，惠齡繞由西鄉、太平赴大寧、夔州兜剿。時川匪王三槐、徐天德竄梁山，羅其清、冉文儔分屯營山、儀隴。三年，陝、襄諸賊在川境者俱會於文儔，而三槐、天德自太平走與合，勢張甚。詔總統勒保會諸將，分路進剿，惠齡與德楞泰為一路，夾攻羅、冉二賊。五月，擊文儔於儀隴，其清及阮正通先後來援，皆敗之。賊屯大神山，連營數十里，六月，與德楞泰合攻，破之，斬賊甚眾。文儔走箕山龍鳳坪，與其清相犄角，阮正通等又與合。帝以首逆稽誅，屢詔嚴責，於是德楞泰破賊箕山，其清奔天鵬寨，惠齡分路進攻，十二月，其清就擒，檻送京師。四年正月，文儔就擒，予一等輕車都尉世職。丁母憂，會其清讞詞稱惠齡一軍較弱，帝斥其為賊所輕，命回京守制，降兵部侍郎。尋授山東巡撫。六年，擢陝甘總督，專剿南山餘匪。復以勦賊遲緩，降二品頂戴。七年，教匪平，复頭品頂戴、花翎。九年，卒，贈太子少保，封二等男，諡勤襄。子桂斌，官和闐幫辦大臣。

After the rebels had scattered into Sichuan, Wang Tingzhao and Gao Junde again raided north in the tenth month, seeking to cross the Han River. Huiling intercepted them, defeated them, and beheaded two thousand rebels. An edict commended him for facing twenty thousand rebels with only two thousand men— striking the many with the few— and restored his double-eyed peacock feathers. In the eleventh month Qi Wangshi, Zhang Hanchao, Yao Zhifu, and Gao Junde united and entered the southern mountains of Hanzhong. From Huangguan Ridge to Xiji they strung camps for twenty li, intending to cross the Han River. Huiling's army held the north bank. He pressed the rebels while they were half across the river; they fled to Ningqiang, and pursuing them he defeated them and drove them back into Hanzhong. He then shifted troops to block the south bank of the Han, preventing the rebels from fleeing north. They again split and entered Sichuan, and Huiling looped through Xixiang and Taiping to pursue them toward Daming and Kuizhou in an encirclement campaign. At that time the Sichuan bandits Wang Sanhuai and Xu Tiande were lurking at Liangshan, while Luo Qiqing and Ran Wenfu separately encamped at Yingshan and Yilong. In the third year all the Shaanxi and Xiangyang rebels within Sichuan gathered with Wenfu, while Sanhuai and Tiande fled from Taiping to join them, and their strength swelled greatly. An edict ordered commander-in-chief Le Bao to gather the generals for a multi-pronged advance. Huiling and Delengtai formed one column and attacked the rebels Luo and Ran in a pincer. In the fifth month he attacked Wenfu at Yilong. Qiqing and Ruan Zhengtong came to reinforce in succession, and all were defeated. The rebels encamped at Dashen Mountain in camps stretching for dozens of li. In the sixth month Huiling joined Delengtai in attack, broke their position, and beheaded a great many rebels. Wenfu fled to Longfeng Ping on Jishan and formed a pincer formation with Qiqing; Ruan Zhengtong and others again joined them. Because the chief rebel long evaded capture, the Emperor repeatedly issued stern rebukes. Delengtai then broke the rebels at Jishan; Qiqing fled to Tianpeng Stockade. Huiling advanced by separate routes, and in the twelfth month Qiqing was captured and sent to the capital in a caged cart. In the first month of the fourth year Wenfu was captured, and Huiling was granted a hereditary first-rank commandancy of light chariots. While mourning his mother, Qiqing's trial testimony stated that Huiling's army was relatively weak. The Emperor rebuked him for being held in contempt by the rebels, ordered him back to the capital to observe mourning, and demoted him to vice minister of the Board of War. Shortly afterward he was appointed governor of Shandong. In the sixth year he was promoted to governor-general of Shaanxi-Gansu and charged with suppressing the remnant bandits in the southern mountains. Again, for slow progress in suppressing rebels, he was demoted in his second-rank official's button. In the seventh year, when the sect rebels were pacified, his top-rank button and peacock feathers were restored. In the ninth year he died. He was posthumously made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, enfeoffed as a second-rank baron, and given the posthumous name Qinxiang. His son Guibin served as assistant commissioner of Khotan.

宜綿，初名尚安，鄂濟氏，漢洲正白旗人。由兵部筆帖式充軍機章京，累遷員外郎。從征金川，進郎中。乾隆四十三年，出為直隸口北道，擢陝西布政使。四十七年，擢廣東巡撫，以鹽商沈翼川獄瞻徇，褫職，戍新疆。尋予四品銜，充吐魯番領隊大臣。石峰堡回亂，駐守平涼。歷庫車、喀什噶爾辦事大臣，烏魯木齊都統。五十九年，入覲，道經固關，值水災，飭官吏賑撫，高宗嘉之，命改名宜綿。六十年，授陝甘總督。

Yi Mian, originally named Shang'an, was of the Eji clan and a Hanzhou bannerman of the Plain White Banner. Starting as a clerk in the Board of War, he served as a Grand Council clerk and was promoted through stages to director. While campaigning in Jinchuan he was promoted to department director. In the forty-third year of the Qianlong reign he was posted as intendant of Koubei Circuit in Zhili and promoted to financial commissioner of Shaanxi. In the forty-seventh year he was promoted to governor of Guangdong, but for showing favor in the case of the salt merchant Shen Yichuan he was stripped of office and exiled to Xinjiang. Shortly afterward he was given a fourth-rank nominal rank and appointed column leader of Turpan. During the Muslim uprising at Shifeng Fort he was stationed to garrison Pingliang. He successively served as commissioner at Kuche and Kashgar and as military governor of Urumqi. In the fifty-ninth year he came to court for audience. Passing through Gu Pass he encountered flooding and ordered officials to provide relief. The Gaozong Emperor commended this and ordered him renamed Yi Mian. In the sixtieth year he was appointed governor-general of Shaanxi-Gansu.

嘉慶元年，教匪起，湖北、陝西戒嚴。宜綿駐軍商州，令副將百祥剿鄖陽、鄖西賊，克孤山大寨，賊首王全禮伏誅，漢江以北安堵，加太子太保，賞雙眼花翎。甘肅歲祲，命宜綿回蘭洲賑撫。是年冬，四川教匪起，由太平入陝境，擾安康、平利、紫陽諸縣，宜綿督軍馳剿，賊逼興安，分踞城南安嶺、城北將軍山，進攻克之，擒其渠王可秀、馮得士等。复殲漢江北岸大小米溪賊。偕提督柯籓、總兵索費英阿移攻漢南洞河、汝河諸賊，賊並五云寨，乘雪夜火其寨，殲馘甚眾，詔宜綿進剿達州。二年春，攻太平賊於通天觀、高家寨、南津關，連敗之。川匪最悍者，達州徐天德，東鄉王三槐、冷天祿，巴州羅其清，通江冉文儔。天德、三槐等合陷東鄉，踞張家觀；其清踞方山坪，文儔竄王家寨，圖據周家河，梗運道，且乘間與張家觀合。宜綿遣兵攻王家寨，分襲張家觀，自率隊夜焚曾家山賊柵，天德分援兩路，遂乘虛下張家觀，復東鄉；餘賊奔清溪場、金峨寺，據險抗拒，四月，官軍分五路進克之。天德等竄重石子、香爐坪，將與巴州賊合。宜綿潛攻王家寨，賊走方山坪，天德來援，敗之。知縣劉清素得民心，令招諭諸賊，三槐率眾詭降，陰圖襲營，宜綿覺其詐，設伏擊退。五月，達州賊傾巢出犯，有備不得逞。宜綿駐軍大成寨，遣將襲三槐於毛坪，三槐中槍跳免。

In the first year of the Jiaqing reign the sect rebels rose, and Hubei and Shaanxi were placed under martial alert. Yi Mian stationed his army at Shangzhou and ordered Vice General Baixiang to suppress rebels in Yunyang and Yunxi. He stormed the great stockade at Gushan, the rebel chief Wang Quanli was executed, and the region north of the Han River was pacified. Yi Mian was made Senior Guardian of the Heir Apparent and awarded double-eyed peacock feathers. Gansu suffered famine, and Yi Mian was ordered back to Lanzhou to provide relief. That winter Sichuan sect rebels rose, entered Shaanxi from Taiping, and harassed Ankang, Pingli, Ziyang, and other counties. Yi Mian personally led troops in rapid suppression. The rebels pressed upon Xing'an, dividing to hold Nan'an Ridge south of the city and Jiangjun Mountain north of the city. Advancing, he stormed both positions and captured the chiefs Wang Kexiu, Feng Deshi, and others. He again annihilated the rebels at Daxiao Mixi on the north bank of the Han River. Together with Regional Commander Ke Fan and Brigadier Suofiying'a he shifted to attack rebels at Donghe and Ruhe south of the Han. The rebels gathered at Wuyun Stockade; on a snowy night he set fire to the stockade and killed or captured a great number. An edict then ordered Yi Mian to advance the suppression into Dazhou. In the spring of the second year he attacked Taiping rebels at Tongtian Temple, Gaojia Stockade, and Nanjin Pass, defeating them in succession. The fiercest Sichuan bandits were Xu Tiande of Dazhou, Wang Sanhuai and Leng Tianlu of Dongxiang, Luo Qiqing of Bazhou, and Ran Wenfu of Tongjiang. Tiande, Sanhuai, and the others jointly seized Dongxiang and held Zhangjia Temple; Qiqing held Fangshan Ping; Wenfu lurked at Wangjia Stockade, intending to seize Zhoujia River, block the supply route, and join with Zhangjia Temple when an opportunity arose. Yi Mian sent troops to attack Wangjia Stockade and divided forces to strike Zhangjia Temple. He personally led a column to burn the rebel palisade at Zengjia Mountain by night. Tiande split his reinforcements between the two routes, and Yi Mian then exploited the opening to take Zhangjia Temple and recover Dongxiang; The remaining rebels fled to Qingxi Market and Jin'e Temple and held rugged terrain in resistance. In the fourth month the government army advanced in five columns and stormed them. Tiande and the others fled to Chongshizi and Xianglu Ping, intending to join with the Bazhou rebels. Yi Mian secretly attacked Wangjia Stockade; the rebels fled to Fangshan Ping. When Tiande came to reinforce them, Yi Mian defeated him. Magistrate Liu Qing had long won the people's hearts, and Yi Mian ordered him to summon and persuade the rebels. Sanhuai led his followers in feigned surrender while secretly plotting a surprise attack on camp. Yi Mian detected the ruse, set an ambush, and beat them back. In the fifth month the Dazhou rebels poured out in full force, but the army was prepared and they could not succeed. Yi Mian stationed his army at Dacheng Stockade and sent a general to strike Sanhuai at Maoping. Sanhuai was shot but leaped away and escaped.

時襄賊由漢江北渡入陝，署總督陸有仁以罪逮，乃調英善督陝甘，黜惠齡總統，命宜綿代之，兼攝四川總督。於是令明亮攻重石子，德楞泰與鄉勇羅思舉夾擊敗之，分二路竄，追殲孫士鳳於磨子壩。士鳳為四川教首，三槐等皆其徒也，至是為德楞泰所誅。餘賊西走徐家山，乘霧夜遁。其方山坪賊為百祥所截，舒亮圍賊林亮工於巴州白崖山，觀成、劉君輔破大寧賊，圍之於老木園，川賊漸蹙；而襄陽賊李全、王廷詔、姚之富等由陝分道入川，與之響應，勢复熾。雲陽賊伏陳家山，與襄賊約犯官軍，為羅思舉所殲。李全等踞開縣南天洞、火焰壩，旋奔雲安場，開、萬諸匪應之，謀犯夔州，附近賊蜂起，詔責宜綿專剿。七月，駐軍竇山關，開縣、東鄉交界地也。

At that time Xiangyang rebels crossed the Han River northward into Shaanxi. Acting Governor-General Lu Youren was arrested for his offenses. Yingshan was transferred to oversee Shaanxi-Gansu, Huiling was removed as commander-in-chief, and Yi Mian was ordered to replace him while also acting as governor of Sichuan. Thereupon Mingliang was ordered to attack Chongshizi. Delengtai and the militia leader Luo Siju struck in a pincer and defeated them. The rebels split and fled in two bands, and Sun Shifeng was pursued and destroyed at Moziba. Shifeng was the chief leader of the Sichuan sect, and Sanhuai and the others were all his disciples. At this point he was executed by Delengtai. The remaining rebels fled west to Xujiashan and escaped under cover of fog by night. Meanwhile the Fangshan Ping rebels were cut off by Baixiang. Shuliang besieged the rebel Lin Lianggong at Baiya Mountain in Bazhou. Guancheng and Liu Junfu defeated the Daming rebels and besieged them at Laomuyuan, and the Sichuan rebels were gradually pressed; but the Xiangyang rebels Li Quan, Wang Tingzhao, Yao Zhifu, and others entered Sichuan by separate routes from Shaanxi and responded to them, and their strength again flared. Yunyang rebels lay in ambush at Chenjia Mountain, agreeing with the Xiangyang rebels to attack the government army, and were destroyed by Luo Siju. Li Quan and the others held Nantian Cave and Huoyan Dam in Kaixian, then fled to Yun'an Market. Bandits of Kaixian and Wanxian responded, and they plotted to attack Kuizhou as nearby rebels swarmed. An edict rebuked Yi Mian and ordered him to concentrate on suppression. In the seventh month he stationed his army at Doushan Pass, on the border between Kaixian and Dongxiang.

川賊分立名號：羅其清稱白號，冉文儔稱藍號，踞方山坪；王三槐稱白號，徐天德稱青號，踞尖山坪。劉清率鄉勇與百祥、硃射鬥會剿方山坪，賊潰圍竄通江、巴州，與天德合。既而天德等竄青杠渡，圍巴州，其清、文儔欲從儀隴、南部分犯保寧，奪官軍餉道，百祥扼其前，退走黃渡河，旁掠儀隴；宜綿扼之官渡口，三槐等竄渠縣，其清、文儔走巴州。三槐復分攻鄰水，陷長壽，東趨重慶。時齊王氏、姚之富已竄湖北，李全、高均德先後分竄陝西。宜綿疏言：「惠齡、恆瑞、明亮、德楞泰皆入陝，惟臣一人在川。諸賊齊擾川東北運道，嘉陵江防孔亟，欲親赴保寧，則川東千里無人調度。請別簡總督治理地方，而己親督師專一辦賊。」帝亦以宜綿年老，十月，命勒保總統軍務，宜綿以總督兼理軍需。又疏言：「軍興以來，四川調兵一萬九千有奇，陝、甘合調二萬有奇，兩湖更無餘兵可調。各省募補者難備攻剿；州縣團勇，各衛村莊，尤難責其長驅赴敵。目前賊勢，明亮、德楞泰至襄陽，則鄖賊竄興安，宜昌賊回夔、巫；況雲陽、奉節伏莽尚多，兵力日分日薄。請敕添練備戰之兵，四川、陝甘、湖北各五千。至隨營鄉勇，費與兵等，賞過則驕，威過則散，究非紀律之師。不若選充營伍，賊平即補營額，費不虛糜，而驍悍有所約束。」詔行之。

The Sichuan rebels took separate designations: Luo Qiqing called himself the White Banner and Ran Wenfu the Blue Banner, holding Fangshan Ping; Wang Sanhuai called himself the White Banner and Xu Tiande the Green Banner, holding Jianshan Ping. Liu Qing led militia with Baixiang and Zhushedou in a joint campaign against Fangshan Ping. The rebels broke out and fled to Tongjiang and Bazhou, joining Tiande. Soon Tiande and the others fled to Qinggang Ford and besieged Bazhou. Qiqing and Wenfu intended to invade Baoning from Yilong and Nanbu and seize the government army's supply route. Baixiang blocked their front; they retreated to Huangdu River and pillaged Yilong on the flank; Yi Mian blocked them at Guandu Ford. Sanhuai and the others fled to Quxian, while Qiqing and Wenfu fled to Bazhou. Sanhuai again split his forces to attack Linshui, seized Changshou, and pressed east toward Chongqing. At that time Qi Wangshi and Yao Zhifu had already fled to Hubei, while Li Quan and Gao Junde successively split and fled to Shaanxi. Yi Mian memorialized: "Huiling, Hengrui, Mingliang, and Delengtai have all entered Shaanxi; only I remain in Sichuan. All the rebels together harass the northeast Sichuan supply route, and defense of the Jialing River is urgently needed. If I go personally to Baoning, then for a thousand li in eastern Sichuan there will be no one to command. I request that another governor be specially selected to administer local affairs, while I personally command the army and devote myself solely to suppressing the rebels." The Emperor also considered Yi Mian too old. In the tenth month Le Bao was ordered to command military affairs, while Yi Mian as governor also managed military supplies. He also memorialized: "Since the war began, Sichuan has mobilized over nineteen thousand troops, Shaanxi and Gansu together over twenty thousand, and the Two Hu regions have no surplus troops to mobilize. Recruits supplemented from the provinces are ill suited for assault and suppression; Prefectural and county militia, each guarding their own villages, are especially hard to charge with long-range pursuit of the enemy. The present rebel situation is this: when Mingliang and Delengtai reach Xiangyang, the Yunyang rebels flee to Xing'an and the Yichang rebels return to Kuizhou and Wushan; Moreover, hidden rebels still abound in Yunyang and Fengjie, and military strength grows more divided and thin by the day. I request an edict to add trained troops ready for battle— five thousand each for Sichuan, Shaanxi-Gansu, and Hubei. As for camp-attached militia, their cost equals that of regular troops; excessive rewards make them arrogant, excessive severity makes them scatter— they are ultimately not a disciplined force. Better to select them to fill regular battalions; when the rebels are pacified they can at once fill regular quotas— expense will not be wasted, and their ferocity will be subject to restraint. The edict approved and carried this out.

三年春，調勒保四川總督，宜綿回任陝甘，駐陝境辦賊。未幾，高均德、齊王氏竄漢陰，褫明亮職，命宜綿赴軍督剿；而齊王氏、姚之富已為德楞泰、明亮所殲，阮正通、張漢潮先後犯陝境，川賊劉成棟走與合。宜綿自鎮安分路截剿，漢潮折向通江、巴州，正通竄城固，李全與高均德合屯五郎、鎮安、山陽間。宜綿偕明亮要之雒南，鏖戰兩河口，均德竄秦嶺，正通折入川。五月，賊分股北出鳳縣，掠兩當，闌入甘境，詔斥宜綿疏防。既而明亮敗賊於略陽，成棟、漢潮復由竹谿竄平利。命宜綿與額勒登保為一路，專剿平利之賊，尋敗之於孟石嶺，賊遁入川，責宜綿嚴遏回竄。八月，徐天德、冉文儔、高均德由儀隴竄廣元，漢潮北入南江，欲還湖北，官軍蹙之上游不得渡。宜綿檄兵扼寧羌、沔縣，漢潮竄太平。於是川、楚匪多流入陝境，其魁樊人傑、龍紹週、李澍、阮正漋各擁眾數千，迭擾安康、平利、紫陽諸縣。

In the spring of the third year Le Bao was transferred to governor of Sichuan; Yi Mian returned to his post as governor-general of Shaanxi-Gansu and was stationed in Shaanxi territory to handle the rebels. Before long Gao Junde and Qi Wangshi fled to Hanyin. Mingliang was stripped of office, and Yi Mian was ordered to the front to supervise the suppression; but Qi Wangshi and Yao Zhifu had already been destroyed by Delengtai and Mingliang. Ruan Zhengtong and Zhang Hanchao successively invaded Shaanxi territory, and the Sichuan rebel Liu Chengdong fled to join them. Yi Mian from Zhen'an divided his forces for interception. Hanchao turned toward Tongjiang and Bazhou; Zhengtong fled to Chenggu. Li Quan and Gao Junde united and encamped between Wulang, Zhen'an, and Shanyang. Yi Mian with Mingliang intercepted them at Luonan and fought fiercely at Lianghekou. Junde fled into the Qin Mountains, and Zhengtong turned into Sichuan. In the fifth month rebels split north from Fengxian, plundered Liangdang, and barged into Gansu territory. An edict rebuked Yi Mian for lax defense. Soon Mingliang defeated rebels at Lueyang. Chengdong and Hanchao again fled from Zhuxi to Pingli. Yi Mian and Eledengbao were ordered as one column to specialize in suppressing the Pingli rebels. Soon they were defeated at Mengshi Ridge and the rebels fled into Sichuan. Yi Mian was charged to strictly block their return flight. In the eighth month Xu Tiande, Ran Wenfu, and Gao Junde fled from Yilong to Guangyuan. Hanchao entered Nanjiang from the north, intending to return to Hubei, but the government army pressed them upstream and they could not cross. Yi Mian dispatched troops to block Ningqiang and Mianxian. Hanchao fled to Taiping. Thereupon many Sichuan and Huguang bandits poured into Shaanxi territory. Their chiefs Fan Renjie, Long Shaozhou, Li Shu, and Ruan Zhengkong each commanded thousands and successively harassed Ankang, Pingli, Ziyang, and other counties.

四年，漢潮竄五郎，詔斥宜綿畏葸避賊，命解任來京，在散秩大臣上行走。既至，复斥其辨飾，降三等侍衛，赴烏里雅蘇台辦事。五年，追論軍需冒濫，褫職，遣戍伊犁，罰銀二萬兩助餉，逾兩年釋回。及三省教匪平，以員外郎用。後帝閱方略，宜綿曾論鄉勇，切中時弊，追念前勞，擢大理寺卿。病免。十七年，卒。

In the fourth year Hanchao fled to Wulang. An edict rebuked Yi Mian for timidity and avoiding the rebels, ordered him relieved and to come to the capital, and assigned him to serve among senior ministers without regular rank. Once he arrived, he was again rebuked for evasive excuses, demoted to third-class bodyguard, and sent to serve at Uliastai. In the fifth year past military supply abuses were reviewed; he was stripped of office, exiled to garrison at Yili, and fined twenty thousand taels of silver to aid supplies. After more than two years he was released and returned. When the sect rebels in the three provinces were pacified, he was employed as a director. Later the Emperor reviewed the military chronicle. Yi Mian's former analysis of militia had hit the abuses of the time; recalling his earlier service, the Emperor promoted him to chief judge of the Court of Judicial Review. He was excused from office due to illness. In the seventeenth year he died.

子瑚素通阿，初名瑚圖靈阿。乾隆五十二年進士。由刑部員外郎改翰林院侍講，累遷左副都御史。嘉慶初，疏陳關稅、鹽課積弊；又請卻貢獻，停捐納。居官有聲，擢盛京刑部侍郎。宜綿遣戍，瑚素通阿以父老請代行，未允。在盛京，劾將軍琳寧寬縱番役及私葠、官吏分肥事，侍郎寶源查辦不實，寶源、琳寧並黜罷。內調刑部侍郎，赴河南讞獄，漏洩密封，降筆帖式。後起用，終刑部侍郎。

His son Husutong'a was originally named Hutuling'a. He passed the jinshi examination in the fifty-second year of the Qianlong reign. From vice director in the Board of Punishments he was transferred to Hanlin Academician Reader and was promoted through stages to Left Vice Censor-in-Chief. At the beginning of the Jiaqing reign he memorialized on accumulated abuses in customs duties and salt taxes; and also requested rejection of tribute offerings and suspension of purchase offices. He won a reputation in office and was promoted to Vice President of the Board of Punishments at Mukden. When Yi Mian was sentenced to banishment, Husutong'a asked to go in his stead because his father was old; the request was denied. While serving at Mukden he impeached General Lin Ning for indulging native laborers, the private ginseng trade, and officials who divided the spoils; Vice President Bao Yuan investigated and found the charges unsubstantiated, and both Bao Yuan and Lin Ning were dismissed. He was transferred to the capital as Vice President of the Board of Punishments and sent to hear capital cases in Henan, but leaked sealed documents and was demoted to clerk. He was later reemployed and ultimately ended his career as Vice President of the Board of Punishments.

英善，薩哈爾察氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人。由親軍補侍衛處筆帖式，累遷刑部郎中。改御史，除甘肅蘭州道，以親老留京職。乾隆五十年，出為直隸按察使，遷湖南布政使，調江蘇，丁母憂歸。命署廣西布政使，調補四川，五十六年，護理總督。尋擢貴州巡撫，調湖北，以治西藏軍需，未之任。嘉慶元年，調廣東。旋召授刑部侍郎，而四川教匪起，仍留攝總督。

Yingshan, of the Saharca clan, was a Manchu bannerman of the Bordered Yellow Banner. From the imperial guard he was appointed a clerk in the Imperial Bodyguard and was promoted through stages to director in the Board of Punishments. He was transferred to censor, appointed intendant of Lanzhou Circuit in Gansu, but because his parents were old he remained in a capital post. In the fiftieth year of the Qianlong reign he was posted as surveillance commissioner of Zhili, transferred to provincial treasurer of Hunan and then Jiangsu, and returned home to mourn his mother. He was ordered to act as provincial treasurer of Guangxi, transferred to fill a post in Sichuan, and in the fifty-sixth year served as acting governor-general. He was soon promoted to governor of Guizhou and transferred to Hubei, but because he was handling Tibetan military supplies he never took up the post. In the first year of the Jiaqing reign he was transferred to Guangdong. He was soon recalled and appointed Vice President of the Board of Punishments, but when Sichuan sect rebels rose he remained as acting governor-general.

初，四川自金川木果木之敗，逃兵與失業夫役、無賴遊民散匿剽掠，號為啯匪。官捕急，則入白蓮教為逋逃藪。及湖北襄陽敗匪竄入川，一旦揭竿，戰鬥如素習。至是，達州奸民徐天德等激於胥役之虐，與太平、東鄉賊王三槐、冷天祿等並起。英善率兵五百馳剿，復調成都駐防兵，副都統勒禮善、佛住率以往，連破賊巢，擒賊目何三元等。賊竄橫山子，據險負嵎，遣總兵袁國璜、何元卿分路進攻，戰三日，國璜、元卿並歿於陣。尋克馬鞍山賊寨，擒賊首徐天富；而王三槐、徐天德等合陷東鄉，佛住戰死，賊熾兵單，詔責英善固守毋輕進，命宜綿赴達州督師。二年二月，宜綿至，英善連破賊於貫子山、羅江口，通周家河運路；偕宜綿克張家觀，復東鄉。五月，命赴甘肅攝總督。王三槐等由通江、巴州分犯保寧，英善赴廣元迎剿，偕總兵富爾賽、硃射鬥擊之於儀隴、閬中，多所斬獲。賊逼蒼溪，設伏敗之，遂遁。

Initially, after the defeat at Mugua Wood in the Jinchuan campaign, deserters, idle laborers, and rogues scattered in hiding to plunder and were called guai bandits. When official pursuit grew fierce they took refuge in the White Lotus sect. When defeated rebels from Xiangyang in Hubei fled into Sichuan, they raised the banner at once and fought as though they had long been trained for it. At this point the wicked commoners of Dazhou— Xu Tiande and others— incited by the cruelty of clerks and runners, rose together with the rebels Wang Sanhuai of Taiping and Dongxiang and Leng Tianlu and others. Yingshan led five hundred troops in rapid suppression, also mobilized the Chengdu garrison, and Lieutenant General Lelishan and Fozhu led them forward; they stormed rebel lairs in succession and captured the rebel chieftain He Sanyuan and others. The rebels fled to Hengshanzi and held rugged terrain in stubborn defense; he dispatched Major Yuan Guohuang and He Yuanqing to attack by separate routes, and after three days of battle both Guohuang and Yuanqing died in the fighting. Soon they stormed the rebel stockade at Ma'anshan and captured the rebel leader Xu Tianfu; But Wang Sanhuai, Xu Tiande, and others together overran Dongxiang; Fozhu died in battle; the rebels were fierce and his troops were few; an edict rebuked Yingshan to hold firm and not advance rashly, and ordered Yi Mian to Dazhou to supervise the army. In the second month of the second year Yi Mian arrived; Yingshan repeatedly defeated the rebels at Guanzishan and Luojiang Mouth and opened the Zhoujia River supply route; Together with Yi Mian he stormed Zhangjia Temple and recovered Dongxiang. In the fifth month he was ordered to go to Gansu as acting governor-general. Wang Sanhuai and others from Tongjiang and Bazhou separately invaded Baoning; Yingshan went to Guangyuan to meet and suppress them, and together with Majors Fuersai and Zhu Shedou struck them at Yilong and Langzhong, killing and capturing many. When the rebels pressed on Cangxi, he set an ambush and defeated them, and they fled.

三年，命與福寧赴達州治四川糧運。四年，調兵部侍郎，充駐藏大臣，調吏部，駐藏如故。五年，帝以教匪久未平，追論始事諸臣玩寇罪，褫職，以四品頂戴仍留駐藏。七年，召授頭等侍衛。擢刑部侍郎，遷左都御史，兼正黃旗漢軍都統。十一年，以駐藏時於福寧私挪庫款，徇隱未舉，降太常寺卿。十四年，卒。

In the third year he was ordered to go with Funing to Dazhou to manage Sichuan grain transport. In the fourth year he was transferred to Vice President of the Board of War and appointed Resident Minister in Tibet; he was then transferred to the Board of Civil Office while remaining stationed in Tibet as before. In the fifth year, because the sect rebels had long gone unpacified, the Emperor reviewed retrospectively the crime of indulging the enemy among the officials who first handled the matter; Yingshan was stripped of office but kept in Tibet with a fourth-rank button. In the seventh year he was recalled and appointed a first-class bodyguard. He was promoted to Vice President of the Board of Punishments, transferred to Left Censor-in-Chief, and concurrently appointed commander of the Plain Yellow Banner Chinese Army. In the eleventh year, because while stationed in Tibet he had privately diverted treasury funds for Funing and concealed the matter without reporting it, he was demoted to Minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. In the fourteenth year he died.

福寧，伊爾根覺羅氏。初隸貝子永固包衣。由兵部筆帖式洊擢工部郎中。乾隆三十三年，出為甘肅平慶道，累遷陝西布政使。五十五年，擢湖北巡撫，抬入鑲藍旗滿洲。調山東，治衛河運務，稱旨。五十九年，漳、衛二河溢，疏消積水，撫卹災黎。曹、單漫水，下流為豐、碭壩堰所阻，馳往會勘，酌開壩堰以洩水，並協機宜。調河南，尋擢湖廣總督，駐襄陽，捕治教匪，獲首逆宋之清等寘諸法。

Funing was of the Irgen Gioro clan. At first he belonged to the household servants of Prince Yonggu. From a clerk in the Board of War he was promoted in succession to director in the Board of Works. In the thirty-third year of the Qianlong reign he was posted as intendant of the Pingqing Circuit in Gansu and was promoted through stages to provincial treasurer of Shaanxi. In the fifty-fifth year he was promoted to governor of Hubei and enrolled in the Bordered Blue Banner Manchu. Transferred to Shandong, he managed Wei River transport duties and won imperial approval. In the fifty-ninth year the Zhang and Wei rivers overflowed; he dredged and drained the accumulated floodwater and comforted the disaster-stricken populace. When Cao and Shan were inundated and downstream the flood was blocked by barrages at Feng and Dang, he hurried to meet in joint survey, decided to open the barrages to release water, and coordinated plans accordingly. Transferred to Henan, he was soon promoted to governor-general of Huguang and stationed at Xiangyang, where he captured and punished sect rebels, seized the chief rebel Song Zhiqing and others, and put them to the law.

六十年，調兩江。會黔苗石柳鄧勾結楚苗石三保焚掠辰州，命留湖北會剿，福寧至鎮筸防後路。嘉慶元年，湖北教匪攻來鳳甚急，福寧馳抵龍山，擊敗之。賊屯旗鼓寨，偕四川總督孫士毅合剿，士毅卒於軍，福寧代之。偕將軍觀成、總兵諸神保進攻，破其寨，擒賊首胡正中，餘眾窮促乞降，誘入龍山城，駢誅二千餘人，以臨陣殲戮奏，加太子少保。移軍剿林之華、覃加耀於長陽、巴東，賊竄黃柏山；偕觀成、惠齡會剿未下，惠齡赴襄陽，觀成入川。二年，命額勒登保移師黃柏山，福寧以兵隸之。地形天險，圍攻數月，賊竄鶴峰芭葉山，繼竄大拏口，又竄建始、宣恩；十一月，始殲之華於長陽，加耀遁歸州，以勦賊不力，奪宮銜。三年，擒加耀於終報寨，帝猶斥諸將遷延貽誤，福寧有地方之責，咎尤重，褫職，罰銀四萬兩充餉；予副都統銜，偕英善駐達州，治四川軍需。

In the sixtieth year he was transferred to the Two Jiangs. When Guizhou Miao Shiliudeng colluded with Hunan Miao Shi Sanbao to burn and plunder Chenzhou, he was ordered to remain in Hubei for joint suppression, and Funing went to Zhenxiong to guard the rear. In the first year of the Jiaqing reign, Hubei sect rebels attacked Laifeng with great urgency; Funing hurried to Longshan and defeated them. The rebels encamped at Qibozhai; together with Sichuan Governor-General Sun Shiyi he jointly suppressed them, but Shiyi died in the army and Funing replaced him. Together with General Guancheng and Major Zhushenbao he advanced and stormed their stockade, capturing the rebel leader Hu Zhengzhong; the remainder, pressed to desperation, begged to surrender and were lured into Longshan City, where more than two thousand were executed in batches; reporting this as annihilation on the battlefield, he was awarded Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. He shifted troops to suppress Lin Zhihua and Tan Jiayao at Changyang and Badong, but the rebels fled to Huangbai Mountain; Together with Guancheng and Huiling he jointly campaigned but did not finish; Huiling went to Xiangyang and Guancheng entered Sichuan. In the second year Eledengbao was ordered to shift troops to Huangbai Mountain, and Funing's troops were placed under his command. The terrain was naturally perilous; they besieged for months, but the rebels fled to Baye Mountain in Hefeng, then to Dana Pass, and then again to Jianshi and Xuan'en; In the eleventh month Zhihua was finally killed at Changyang, but Jiayao fled to Guizhou; for ineffective suppression his court rank was stripped. In the third year Jiayao was captured at Zhongbao Stockade, but the Emperor still rebuked the generals for delay and error; Funing bore local responsibility and his blame was especially heavy, so he was stripped of office and fined forty thousand taels of silver for military rations; Granted the rank of Lieutenant General, he was stationed at Dazhou together with Yingshan to manage Sichuan military supplies.

四年，英善調駐西藏，福寧遂專任其事。時軍營支用冒濫，統兵大員奢糜無度，兵勇口糧反多遲延，幾致枵腹，四川餉數更多於湖北數倍，屢詔訓戒，福寧不能綜覈，以奏報浮泛被詰。又奏賊數有增無減，勒保疏辨；命魁倫赴達州察視，覆陳賊數實減，而大股分為小股，賊名反多，得福寧理餉含混狀，詔褫副都統銜，留達州候命。尋以旗鼓寨殺降事覺，帝方以剿撫責諸路，而川賊高均德被擒，言賊黨恐投降仍遭誅戮，故多觀望。詔斥福寧此舉失人心而傷天理，逮治論罪，遣戍新疆，尋原之，命赴額勒登保軍前效力。會賊竄渡嘉陵江，由於福寧裁撤鄉勇所致，仍戍伊犁。五年，予三等侍衛，赴西藏辦事。九年，召還，授正白旗蒙古都統。十一年，以三品銜休致。十九年，追論在西藏擅借庫帑，及湖廣任內濫用軍需，久不完繳，下獄。尋卒。

In the fourth year Yingshan was transferred to station in Tibet, and Funing then solely undertook the duty. At the time military camp expenditures were extravagantly inflated, commanders were prodigal without limit, and soldiers' rations were often delayed, nearly leaving them starving; Sichuan's supplies were many times greater than Hubei's; despite repeated edicts of admonishment Funing could not thoroughly audit affairs, and his vague memorials drew rebuke. He also memorialized that rebel numbers were increasing rather than decreasing, and Le Bao memorialized in rebuttal; Kuilun was ordered to Dazhou to inspect and reported again that rebel numbers had in fact decreased, but because large bands had split into small bands rebel names were actually more numerous; finding Funing's handling of supplies muddled, an edict stripped his Lieutenant General rank and he remained at Dazhou awaiting orders. Soon the Qibozhai massacre of those who surrendered came to light; the Emperor was then charging all routes with both suppression and pacification, and the captured Sichuan rebel Gao Junde said the rebel factions feared that if they surrendered they would still be executed, so many held back and watched. An edict rebuked Funing's act as losing hearts and violating heaven's principle; he was arrested, tried, and sentenced and banished to Xinjiang, but was soon pardoned and ordered to serve at the front under Eledengbao. When rebels fled and crossed the Jialing River— because Funing had disbanded the local militia— he was again exiled to Yili. In the fifth year he was granted a third-class bodyguard post and sent to Tibet on official business. In the ninth year he was recalled and appointed commander of the Plain White Banner Mongols. In the eleventh year he retired with third-rank status. In the nineteenth year he was reviewed retrospectively for borrowing from the treasury without authorization in Tibet and for misuse of military supplies during his Huguang tenure without long completing repayment, and was imprisoned. Soon he died.

景安，鈕祜祿氏，滿洲鑲紅旗人，和珅族孫也。由官學生授內閣中書，洊擢戶部郎中。出為山西河東道，累遷甘肅、河南按察使，河南、山西、甘肅布政使。乾隆五十六年，徵廓爾喀，命治西寧至藏台站，留藏督餉運。事平，以親老歸。未幾，擢工部侍郎，歷倉場、戶部。六十年，授河南巡撫。

Jing'an, of the Niohuru clan, was a Manchu bannerman of the Bordered Red Banner and a clan grandson of Heshen. From an Imperial Academy student he was appointed a secretary of the Grand Secretariat and was promoted in succession to director in the Board of Revenue. He was posted as intendant of the Hedong Circuit in Shanxi and was promoted through stages to surveillance commissioner of Gansu and Henan and provincial treasurer of Henan, Shanxi, and Gansu. In the fifty-sixth year of the Qianlong reign, during the campaign against Gorkha, he was ordered to manage relay stations from Xining to Tibet and remained in Tibet supervising supply transport. When affairs were settled he returned home because his parents were old. Before long he was promoted to Vice President of the Board of Works and successively served in the Granary Administration and the Board of Revenue. In the sixtieth year he was appointed governor of Henan.

嘉慶元年，湖北教匪北犯，景安駐軍南陽，以籌濟恆瑞軍餉，加太子少保。十二月，姚之富犯鄧州，圍景安於魏家集，恆瑞援至始解。二年，淅川教匪王佐臣謀應賊，布政使完顏岱捕斬之。景安欲攘功，躡兵戮難民，以捷聞，賞雙眼花翎，封三等伯。時襄陽賊屢為惠齡、慶成等所破，窺北面可乘，遂分三路犯河南：王廷詔出北路，竄葉縣，焚保安驛，圍官軍於裕州，總兵王文雄兵至，乃引去，景安尾追至南召，聞桐柏有警，馳回防禦；李全出西路，竄信陽、確山，羅山、淅川，趨盧氏，出武關，慶成追之；姚之富、齊王氏出中路，竄南陽，掠嵩縣、山陽，惠齡追之。賊入河南後，虜脅日眾，不迎戰，不走平原，忽合忽分，以牽兵勢，先後併入陝西復合。景安頓兵內鄉，賊入陝後二十餘日，始追至盧氏，賊尤輕之，號為「迎送伯」。三年春，擢湖廣總督。四月，率師次荊門州，劉成棟來犯，與布政使高杞分路擊走之。六月，賊由竹谿竄入陝，詔切責。四年，張漢潮擾陝西五郎、洋縣，景安屯鄖陽，遣總兵王凱扼鄖西。漢潮已分路自安康折竄鎮安，景安疏稱赴鄖西迎剿，詔斥其不實。時仁宗初親政，以景安堵剿不力，撫治失當，解職，命治四川軍需。尋奪伯爵，戍伊犁。

In the first year of the Jiaqing reign, Hubei sect rebels invaded northward; Jing'an stationed troops at Nanyang to provision Hengrui's army and was awarded Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the twelfth month Yao Zhifu attacked Dengzhou and besieged Jing'an at Weijiaji; the siege was lifted only when Hengrui's relief arrived. In the second year the Xichuan sect rebel Wang Zuochen plotted to respond to the rebels, and Provincial Treasurer Wanyan Dai captured and executed him. Jing'an wished to seize credit for himself; he sent troops after fleeing refugees and slaughtered them, reported victory, and was awarded double-eyed peacock feathers and enfeoffed as a third-class baron. At that time the Xiangyang rebels, repeatedly defeated by Huiling, Qingcheng, and others, saw an opening to the north and divided into three routes to invade Henan: Wang Tingzhao took the northern route, fled into Yexian, burned Bao'an Post, and besieged the government army at Yuzhou; when Major Wang Wenxiong's troops arrived they withdrew, and Jing'an pursued to Nanzhao, but hearing of an alarm at Tongbai he hurried back to defend; Li Quan took the western route, fled through Xinyang, Queshan, Luoshan, and Xichuan, pressed toward Lushi, and exited Wuguan, while Qingcheng pursued him; Yao Zhifu and Qi Wangshi took the central route, fled into Nanyang, plundered Song County and Shanyang, and Huiling pursued them. After entering Henan the rebels' captives and followers grew daily; they refused battle, avoided open plains, suddenly merged and separated to draw off government forces, and successively entered Shaanxi and merged again. Jing'an halted his army at Neixiang, and more than twenty days after the rebels entered Shaanxi he finally pursued to Lushi; the rebels especially despised him and called him the Escort Baron. In the spring of the third year he was promoted to governor-general of Huguang. In the fourth month he led troops and encamped at Jingmen Prefecture; when Liu Chengdong came to attack, he and Provincial Treasurer Gao Qi drove the rebels off by separate routes. In the sixth month rebels fled from Zhuxi into Shaanxi, and an edict sharply rebuked him. In the fourth year Zhang Hanchao harassed Wulang and Yang County in Shaanxi; Jing'an encamped at Yunyang and dispatched Major Wang Kai to block Yunxi. Hanchao had already split routes and turned from Ankang to flee toward Zhen'an, but Jing'an memorialized that he was going to Yunxi to meet and suppress them; an edict rebuked this as untrue. When the Emperor Renzong first personally took power, Jing'an was removed from office for ineffective blocking and suppression and improper pacification, and ordered to manage Sichuan military supplies. Soon his barony was revoked and he was exiled to Yili.

是年冬，帝召見惠齡，論其恇怯縱寇及淅川冒功事，逮京讞，擬大辟，緩刑，禁錮。七年，教匪平，得釋，發熱河充披甲。逾年，宥還，以六部筆帖式用，效力河南河工。衡家樓工竣，晉秩員外郎，授直隸承德知府。擢山西按察使、陝西布政使。十一年，授江西巡撫，調湖南。召為內閣學士，累遷戶部尚書，加太子少保。二十五年，授領侍衛內大臣，守護昌陵。道光二年，休致。尋卒。

That winter the Emperor summoned Huiling and discussed his cowardice in letting rebels escape and the Xichuan false credit affair; Jing'an was brought to the capital for trial, sentenced to death, commuted, and imprisoned. In the seventh year, when the sect rebels were pacified, he was released and sent to Rehe to serve as a common soldier. The next year he was pardoned and returned, employed as a clerk in one of the Six Boards, and sent to serve on Henan river works. When the Hengjialou project was completed, he was promoted to vice director rank and appointed prefect of Chengde in Zhili. He was promoted to surveillance commissioner of Shanxi and provincial treasurer of Shaanxi. In the eleventh year he was appointed governor of Jiangxi and transferred to Hunan. He was recalled as a Grand Secretariat academician, promoted through stages to Minister of the Board of Revenue, and awarded Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the twenty-fifth year he was appointed Chief Guard of the Palace Guards and charged with guarding Changling. In the second year of the Daoguang reign he retired. Soon he died.

景安初附和珅，懵於軍事，然居官廉。當其逮京，值硃珪入見，帝曰：「景安至矣！軍事久不定，欲去一人以警眾，如何？」珪曰：「臣聞景安不要錢。」帝曰：「若乃知操守耶？」竟以是獲免。後復用之。

Jing'an had at first attached himself to Heshen; he was ignorant of military affairs, yet in office he was incorrupt. When he was brought to the capital under arrest, Zhu Gui happened to be received in audience. The emperor said, "Jing'an has arrived! The war has dragged on without resolution. I mean to make an example of one man to warn the rest. What do you think?" Zhu Gui replied, "I have heard that Jing'an does not take bribes." The emperor said, "So you do know something about integrity after all?" In the end he was spared on that account. He was later restored to office.

秦承恩，字芝軒，江蘇江寧人。乾隆二十六年進士，選庶吉士，授編修，擢侍講。出為江西廣饒九南道，累遷直隸布政使。五十四年，擢陝西巡撫。

Qin Chen'en, style name Zhixuan, was a native of Jiangning in Jiangsu. He passed the jinshi examination in the twenty-sixth year of the Qianlong reign, was selected as a Hanlin bachelor, appointed a compiler, and promoted to reader. He was posted as intendant of the Guangrao-Jiunan Circuit in Jiangxi and rose through stages to provincial treasurer of Zhili. In the fifty-fourth year he was promoted to governor of Shaanxi.

嘉慶元年，教匪起荊、襄，承恩率師赴興安籌防。至冬，四川達州教匪自太平入陝犯興安，承恩偕總督宜綿迭擊敗之。十二月，會剿洞河、汝河諸賊。二年正月，擊安康賊於光頭山，首逆王劉氏伏誅，陝境略平。宜綿進剿川匪，承恩專任陝防。三月，襄匪由河南盧氏竄商南，勾結陝匪，紛起應之。承恩移軍商州，偕恆瑞殲山陽西牛槽賊。雒南石板溝奸民起，總兵富爾賽捕斬之。姚之富由商州犯孝義，窺西安，承恩扼之於秦嶺。惠齡等追擊，賊走鎮安，與李全、王廷詔合掠洵陽、安康。時陝西兵力僅有鄉勇萬餘人，提督柯籓守興安府城，兵止二百，無力攻剿。惠齡、恆瑞合擊賊於黃龍鋪，賊分竄復合，六月，由漢陰至紫陽渡漢江。詔斥承恩疏防，奪翎頂。賊走漢南，與川匪合，八月，復入陝，竄白河石槽溝。承恩率鄉勇扼安康要隘，賊分路來犯，御之於平利金堂寺。既而賊逼興安，偕惠齡擊走之，以功复翎頂。

In the first year of Jiaqing, sect rebels broke out in Jingzhou and Xiangyang; Chen'en led troops to Xing'an to organize the defense. By winter the Dazhou sect rebels of Sichuan entered Shaanxi from Taiping and attacked Xing'an; Chen'en and Governor-General Yi Mian defeated them in successive engagements. In the twelfth month he joined the campaign against rebels along the Dong and Ru rivers. In the first month of the second year he attacked the Ankang rebels at Guangtou Mountain; the chief rebel Wang Liushi was executed, and Shaanxi was largely pacified. Yi Mian advanced into Sichuan to suppress the rebels, while Chen'en was left in sole charge of Shaanxi's defense. In the third month Xiangyang rebels fled from Lushi in Henan to Shangnan, stirred up Shaanxi rebels, and uprisings broke out in response across the region. Chen'en moved his army to Shangzhou and, together with Hengrui, wiped out the rebels at Xiniucao west of Shanyang. Disaffected locals rose at Shibangou in Luonan; Major Fuersai captured and executed them. Yao Zhifu advanced from Shangzhou against Xiaoyi and threatened Xi'an; Chen'en blocked him at the Qin Mountains. Huiling and others pursued; the rebels fled to Zhen'an, joined Li Quan and Wang Tingzhao, and together raided Xunyang and Ankang. At that time Shaanxi had only a little over ten thousand militiamen; Provincial Military Commissioner Ke Fan held the Xing'an prefectural seat with just two hundred troops and lacked the strength to take the offensive. Huiling and Hengrui attacked the rebels together at Huanglongpu; the rebels scattered and regrouped, and in the sixth month they crossed the Han River from Hanyin to Ziyang. An edict rebuked Chen'en for lax defense and stripped him of his peacock feathers and rank insignia. The rebels fled to southern Han territory, joined forces with Sichuan bandits, and in the eighth month re-entered Shaanxi, taking refuge at Shicaogou in Baihe. Chen'en led militia to hold the vital passes around Ankang; when the rebels attacked along several routes, he met them at Jintang Temple in Pingli. When the rebels soon threatened Xing'an, he joined Huiling in driving them off and had his peacock feathers and insignia restored for the achievement.

三年春，丁母憂，軍事方亟，奪情視事。二月，高均德、齊王氏合竄漢陰觀音河，糾李全，王廷詔分道由城固、南鄭北出寶雞，合攻郿縣，掠盩厔，將犯西安，承恩恇懼，率師回防。總兵王文雄力戰，敗賊於焦家鎮、圪子村，大創之，賊復分竄。三月，文雄复破李全餘眾於翔峪、澧峪。四月，李全糾阮正通折回鎮安，西擾漢陰、石泉，高均德逾秦嶺走老林，承恩與文雄扼子午峪。既而均德、全與張天倫合為一路，正通由石泉、洋縣西竄，均德等尋竄入川。承恩進兵漢中。八月，川匪徐天德、冉文儔、樊人傑，襄匪張漢潮先後併入陝境。

In the spring of the third year he entered mourning for his mother; because military affairs were urgent, he was ordered to remain on duty despite his bereavement. In the second month Gao Junde and Qi Wangshi fled together to Guanyin River in Hanyin, rallied Li Quan, and sent Wang Tingzhao by separate routes from Chenggu and Nanzheng north toward Baoji; they jointly attacked Mei County, plundered Zhouzhi, and were about to threaten Xi'an. Chen'en, alarmed, led his army back to defend the capital region. Major Wang Wenxiong fought fiercely and defeated the rebels at Jiaojiazhen and Gezicun, inflicting heavy losses; the rebels scattered again. In the third month Wenxiong again defeated the remnants of Li Quan's force at Xiangyu and Liyu. In the fourth month Li Quan rallied Ruan Zhengtong, turned back toward Zhen'an, and raided west into Hanyin and Shiquan; Gao Junde crossed the Qin Mountains into the deep forests; Chen'en and Wenxiong blocked Ziwu Valley. Soon Junde, Quan, and Zhang Tianlun merged into one force; Zhengtong fled west through Shiquan and Yang County, and Junde and the others soon crossed into Sichuan. Chen'en advanced into Hanzhong. In the eighth month the Sichuan rebels Xu Tiande, Ran Wenfu, and Fan Renjie and the Xiangyang rebel Zhang Hanchao successively poured into Shaanxi.

承恩師久無功，四年，命解職回籍守制。會剿張漢潮於鳳翔，承恩遣游擊蘇維龍扼東路，戰失利，漢潮突圍遁；褫承恩職，逮京論大辟。詔以承恩書生，未嫺軍事，宥歸。尋遣戍伊犁，七年，釋還。起主事，纂修會典。出為直隸通永道，擢江西巡撫，遷左都御史，仍署巡撫事。十一年，召授工部尚書，調刑部，署直隸總督。十三年，以治宗室敏學獄瞻徇，降編修，效力文穎館。遷司經局洗馬，晉秩三品卿。十四年，卒。

Chen'en's army had long failed to achieve results; in the fourth year he was ordered to resign and return home to complete his mourning obligations. He joined the campaign against Zhang Hanchao at Fengxiang; Chen'en sent Colonel Su Weilong to block the eastern route, but the battle failed and Hanchao broke through and escaped; Chen'en was stripped of office, arrested, brought to the capital, and sentenced to death. An edict held that Chen'en was a scholar unversed in military affairs and pardoned him to return home. He was soon banished to Yili; in the seventh year he was released and allowed to return. He was reappointed as a director and helped compile the Collected Statutes. He was posted as intendant of the Tongyong Circuit in Zhili, promoted to governor of Jiangxi, transferred to Left Censor-in-Chief, and continued to handle governorship affairs in an acting capacity. In the eleventh year he was summoned, appointed minister of the Board of Works, transferred to the Board of Punishments, and served as acting governor-general of Zhili. In the thirteenth year, for showing partiality in the case of the imperial clansman Minxue, he was demoted to compiler and ordered to serve at the Wenyin Hall. He was transferred to palace lecturer in the Directorate of Education and promoted to a third-rank court post. He died in the fourteenth year.

論曰：方教匪之初起也，苗疆軍事未蕆，楚、蜀空虛，草澤麼《麻骨》，燎原莫制。永保、惠齡號曰總統，局於襄陽一隅。景安，秦承恩不諳軍旅，賊遂蹈瑕，蔓延豫、陝。宜綿受事，僅顧蜀疆，及勁兵移陝，束手求退矣。英善、福寧並皆庸材，三年之中，防剿無要領，如治絲而益紛。仁宗親政，赫然震怒，諸臣相繼罷譴，士氣一新，事機乃轉。廟堂戰勝，固有其本哉！

The commentary says: When the sect rebels first broke out, the Miao frontier war was still unfinished, Huguang and Sichuan were undefended, and petty troubles in the countryside were like dry hemp—once the steppe caught fire, nothing could contain it. Yong Bao and Huiling were styled commanders-in-chief, yet their operations were confined to the Xiangyang region alone. Jing'an and Qin Chen'en knew nothing of warfare; the rebels exploited every weakness and spread through Henan and Shaanxi. Yi Mian took command but looked only to Sichuan; once the best troops were shifted to Shaanxi, he could do nothing but ask to be relieved. Yingshan and Funing were both mediocre men; for three years their defense and suppression lacked any coherent strategy, like trying to untangle silk and only making the knot worse. When the Jiaqing Emperor took personal control of the government, his wrath was unmistakable; one official after another was dismissed or punished, morale revived, and the tide of the war turned. Victory at court indeed rests on its foundations!

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