1
恆瑞，宗室，隸正白旗，吉林將軍薩喇善子。 乾隆中，授侍衛，赴西藏辦事，擢熱河都統，遷福州將軍。 五十二年，台灣林爽文作亂，命率駐防兵往剿，參贊軍務，偕總督常青赴南路。 鳳山賊勢方熾，高宗知常青、恆瑞不可恃，命福康安督師。 賊圍總兵柴大紀於諸羅，恆瑞駐軍鹽水港，逗留不進，詔解任。 福康安至，屢為疏陳戰績，帝益怒，斥其徇護，逮恆瑞論罪。 事平，減死戍伊犁。 尋予副都統銜，充伊犁參贊大臣。 歷定邊左副將軍、綏遠城將軍，調西安。
Heng Rui was a member of the imperial clan in the Plain White Banner and the son of Salarqa, the general of Jilin. Under Qianlong he became an imperial bodyguard, served on business in Tibet, rose to commander-in-chief of Rehe, and was then made general of Fuzhou. In the fifty-second year of the reign, when Lin Shuangwen rose in Taiwan, he was ordered to lead garrison forces against the rebels, served as staff adviser on the campaign, and marched south with Governor-General Changqing. With rebel power surging at Fengshan, the Gaozong Emperor judged that Changqing and Heng Rui were not to be trusted and put Fuk'anggan in overall command. When the rebels besieged Brigadier Chai Daji at Zhuluo, Heng Rui held his troops at Yanshui Harbor and stalled; the court stripped him of his post. After Fuk'anggan took command, he kept memorializing inflated accounts of victory; the Emperor's anger deepened, he denounced Fuk'anggan for shielding his allies, and had Heng Rui arrested to stand trial. When the rebellion ended, his death sentence was reduced and he was sent to serve in exile at Ili. Before long he received the rank of vice banner commander and was made assistant grand minister at Ili. He later held the posts of left deputy general of Dingbian and general of Suiyuan City, and was then transferred to Xi'an.
2
嘉慶元年，命率駐防兵三千，偕都統永保會剿湖北教匪。 三月，與總兵文圖破賊竹山。 永保至，合師由房縣進剿，文圖分剿三里坪、喇叭洞諸賊悉盡； 而恆瑞追賊至保康，未大創之。 賊首姚之富踞襄陽，勢甚熾，命恆瑞進剿。 五月，偕明亮進次呂堰，擊賊岳家溝、劉家集，擒斬二千餘。 賊圍棗陽，設伏王家岡，誘賊敗之； 又敗之於蔣家垱、曲家灣，棗陽圍解。 賊偽降，潛襲官軍後路； 急以後隊為前隊，擊退之。 賊走丫兒山，與張家垱賊相犄角，奮擊一晝夜，破賊營十餘，殲賊甚眾，被獎賚。 七月，破賊隨州龍門山，與永保會攻鍾祥賊巢，連破之鄧家河、黑沙河、雙溝。 賊乃分竄唐縣、呂堰，追至滹沱鎮，复竄倉台。 尋，之富渡滾河，圍景安於鄧州。 詔斥諸將玩誤，逮永保，責恆瑞戴罪立功。
In the first year of Jiaqing he was ordered to take three thousand garrison troops and join Banner Commander Yongbao in campaigning against the White Lotus rebels in Hubei. In the third month he and Brigadier Wentu routed the rebels at Zhushan. When Yongbao arrived, their united columns pushed forward from Fang County; Wentu mopped up the bands at Sanliping, Labadong, and other strongholds until they were wiped out; while Heng Rui chased the enemy as far as Baokang without dealing them a crippling blow. Rebel chief Yao Zhifu held Xiangyang with formidable strength, and Heng Rui was ordered to move against him. In the fifth month he joined Mingliang at Lüyan, struck the rebels at Yuejiagou and Liujiaji, and killed or captured more than two thousand. When the rebels besieged Zaoyang, he laid an ambush at Wangjiagang, drew them in, and routed them; then defeated them again at Jiangjiadang and Qujiawan, lifting the siege of Zaoyang. The rebels pretended to surrender and then struck at the army's rear; he quickly wheeled his rear guard to the front and beat them off. The rebels retreated to Ya'er Mountain and coordinated with the band at Zhangjiadang in a pincer; after a full day and night of hard fighting he overran more than ten rebel camps and killed a great many of the enemy, for which he received imperial rewards. In the seventh month he routed the rebels at Longmen Mountain in Suizhou, joined Yongbao in assaulting the rebel base at Zhongxiang, and in succession drove them from Dengjiahe, Heishahe, and Shuanggou. The rebels then split and fled toward Tang County and Lüyan; he pursued them to Hutuo Town before they slipped away again toward Cangtai. Soon afterward Zhifu crossed the Gun River and besieged Jing'an at Dengzhou. The court rebuked the commanders for dawdling and bungling, arrested Yongbao, and ordered Heng Rui to win back his honor on the battlefield.
3
二年正月，偕惠齡等剿襄陽賊，賊首劉起榮就擒； 又與慶成敗賊鄭家河，擒賊目李潮； 進剿泰山寺、龍鳳溝，擒賊目姚爽等：賜花翎。 於是賊分竄，由河南入陝，恆瑞追賊至山陽，遇王廷詔、李全等，擊走之。 五月，追賊陝南，與惠齡夾攻於黃龍垱，殲賊三千餘。 廷詔、全復與賊之富合趨紫陽，渡漢江，恆瑞坐縱賊，奪花翎。 賊遂分路入川，廷詔竄開縣、雲陽、萬縣，犯夔州，西與大寧賊響應，恆瑞追及，連敗之，乃竄太平。 八月，當陽逸匪掠白河、洵陽，命馳赴興安扼剿，偕慶成擊賊於張家灘，由牛氾嶺繞出賊前，奪賊營九。 廷詔等奔紫陽，與惠齡夾擊敗之。 恆瑞率師還漢中，敗賊西鄉，又敗之褒城黃沙鋪。 十一月，之富等西奔，將渡漢北竄。 偕慶成蹙諸半渡，賊西趨寧、沔。 師進，遇高均德於桑樹灣，乃議四面設伏，恆瑞令撒拉爾回兵假鄉勇旗幟誘之，自由山梁馳下，慶成等分路夾擊，俘斬甚眾。 捷聞，被優賚。 十二月，破王廷詔於保寧，進解營山圍。
In the first month of the second year he joined Huiling and others in clearing the rebels from Xiangyang, and rebel chief Liu Qirong was taken; he and Qing Cheng again routed the rebels at Zhengjiahe and captured the rebel officer Li Chao; pressing on to Taishan Temple and Longfeng Gully, he captured rebel officers including Yao Shuang and was awarded the peacock feather. The rebels then scattered, slipping from Henan into Shaanxi; Heng Rui pursued them to Shanyang, met Wang Tingzhao, Li Quan, and their bands, and drove them back. In the fifth month he chased the rebels through southern Shaanxi and, with Huiling attacking from both sides at Huanglongdang, wiped out more than three thousand of them. Tingzhao and Quan rejoined Zhifu and made for Ziyang, crossing the Han; Heng Rui was blamed for letting them get away and lost his peacock feather. The rebels then fanned into Sichuan; Tingzhao raided through Kai, Yunyang, and Wan counties, struck at Kuizhou, and linked up with the Daning rebels in the west; Heng Rui caught up, defeated them repeatedly, and finally drove them toward Taiping. In the eighth month, when fugitive rebels from Dangyang raided Baihe and Xunyang, he was ordered to race to Xing'an to block them; with Qing Cheng he struck the enemy at Zhangjiatan, swung around Niufan Ridge to get ahead of them, and took nine rebel camps. Tingzhao and his band fled to Ziyang, where Huiling and Heng Rui caught them in a converging attack and routed them. Heng Rui brought his troops back to Hanzhong, beat the rebels at Xixiang, and defeated them again at Huangshapu in Baocheng. In the eleventh month Zhifu and his followers fled west, preparing to cross the Han and escape northward. With Qing Cheng he hemmed them in mid-crossing, forcing the rebels west toward Ning and Mian. As the army advanced they met Gao Junde at Sangshuwan and laid a four-sided ambush; Heng Rui sent Salar Muslim soldiers disguised as local militia to draw the enemy in, then charged down from the ridge while Qing Cheng and others struck from several directions, killing and capturing a great number. News of the victory brought him exceptional rewards from the throne. In the twelfth month he routed Wang Tingzhao at Baoning and marched to relieve the siege of Yingshan.
4
三年，川匪羅其清犯順慶，偕慶成往援，因賊勢蔓延，請勒保、宜綿遣兵會剿。 賊竄蓬州，潛結冉文儔擾儀隴，恆瑞扼磨盤寨，與惠齡等合擊之，文儔敗走，陝匪龍紹週與合，敗之楊家寨。 六月，與德楞泰夾擊高均德於石人河，复偕惠齡攻老林場賊卡，進逼大神山，均德、文儔踞險死拒，分路進攻，賊奔箕山； 而徐天德、樊人傑為將軍富成追擊，窮蹙，亦入焉。 惠齡、德楞泰攻其前，恆瑞攻其後，盡破山寨，先後斬馘近萬。 其清，李全、王廷詔奔大鵬山，進圍，十一月，克之。 命赴陝與宜綿等會剿張漢潮。 未幾，李全、樊人傑竄西鄉。 帝以恆瑞未迎擊，嚴斥之。
In the third year, when the Sichuan rebel Luo Qiqing struck Shunqing, he went to the rescue with Qing Cheng; as the rebellion spread, he asked Lebao and Yimian to send troops for a joint campaign. The rebels slipped into Pengzhou and secretly allied with Ran Wenbi to raid Yilong; Heng Rui held Mopanzhai and, with Huiling and others, struck them down; Wenbi fled, Long Shaozhou of Shaanxi joined him, and together they were beaten at Yangjiazhai. In the sixth month he and Delengtai caught Gao Junde at Shiren River in a pincer; he again joined Huiling in assaulting the rebel fort at Laolinchang and pressed toward Dashen Mountain, where Junde and Wenbi held the heights and fought desperately; attacking on several fronts, they drove the rebels toward Jishan; meanwhile Xu Tiande and Fan Renjie, harried by General Fucheng until cornered, fled into the same refuge. Huiling and Delengtai struck from the front while Heng Rui hit from the rear; they overran the mountain strongholds and killed nearly ten thousand rebels in all. Qiqing, Li Quan, and Wang Tingzhao fled to Dapeng Mountain; he invested the position and took it in the eleventh month. He was then ordered to Shaanxi to join Yimian and others against Zhang Hanchao. Before long Li Quan and Fan Renjie slipped into Xixiang. The Emperor sharply rebuked Heng Rui for failing to intercept them.
5
四年，署陝甘總督，赴寧羌擊藍、白兩號賊。 張應祥等竄秦州、兩當，又擊走張漢潮、冉學勝股匪。 五月，解署任，剿白號賊於白馬關，地與川西龍安接壤，遣將冒雨掩擊，賊竄西和、禮縣； 令布政使廣厚、總兵吉蘭泰截剿，自趨賈家店、黑馬關抄擊藍號賊，敗之於老柏樹，复花翎。 賊竄川北，至秋，折回陝境，擊走之。 乃赴城固、洋縣，會明亮剿張漢潮，破之東西叉河，賊從馬埡道遁老林，要之於清水溝，复乘霧雨徐渡三渡水。 帝疑諸將縱賊，又以恆瑞前剿藍號賊垂盡，舍之回陝，下尚書那彥成察劾。 那彥成，恆瑞之婿也，覆陳回師出總督松筠意，得免罪。 尋明亮殲漢潮，恆瑞自五郎追擊，餘黨李得士等由大建溝入老林，趨秦嶺，與那彥成會剿冉學勝等，賊奔澇谷； 扼兩岔河，追擊於山陽東溝，敗之。
In the fourth year he acted as governor-general of Shaanxi and Gansu and went to Ningqiang to fight the Blue- and White-Banner rebel factions. Zhang Yingxiang and others fled into Qinzhou and Liangdang; he also drove off the bands led by Zhang Hanchao and Ran Xuesheng. In the fifth month he left the acting governorship and campaigned against the White-Banner rebels at Baimaguan on the border with Long'an in western Sichuan; he sent officers on a rainy night raid, and the rebels fled toward Xihe and Li counties; he had Provincial Commissioner Guanghou and Brigadier Jilantai cut them off while he himself swung to Jiajiadian and Heimaguan to hit the Blue-Banner rebels from behind, routed them at Laobaishu, and won back his peacock feather. The rebels fled into northern Sichuan; in autumn they doubled back into Shaanxi, and he drove them out again. He then went to Chenggu and Yang counties and joined Mingliang against Zhang Hanchao, beating him at Dongxichahe; the rebels slipped along the Mayada trail into the deep forests, he tried to block them at Qingshuigou, but again they used fog and rain to cross the Sandu River at their leisure. The Emperor suspected his commanders of letting the rebels slip away; he was especially angry that Heng Rui had nearly destroyed the Blue-Banner rebels only to abandon the pursuit and return to Shaanxi, and ordered Minister Nayancheng to investigate. Nayancheng, who was Heng Rui's son-in-law, reported that the withdrawal had been ordered by Governor-General Songyun, and Heng Rui escaped punishment. Soon afterward Mingliang wiped out Hanchao; Heng Rui pursued from Wulang while remnant bands led by Li Deshi entered the deep forests through Dajian Gully and headed for the Qinling; with Nayancheng he campaigned against Ran Xuesheng and others until the rebels fled to Laogu; he blocked them at Liangcha River, chased them to Shanyang Donggou, and routed them.
6
五年，川匪二萬餘由略陽寇兩當、徽縣，恆瑞自褒城入棧，賊竄隴州、清水、秦安，偕那彥成追至汪家山，大敗之。 總兵凝德戰歿秦安，恆瑞赴援，复偕那彥成敗賊於龍泉溝、深都堡，總兵多爾濟、札普戰歿洵陽。 詔促恆瑞赴鎮安、五郎勦賊，三月，抵唐藏。 楊開甲、高均德方擾南星，留總兵觀祥駐守，自赴商州。 帝疑其趨避，累詔詰責，乃赴鎮安剿冉文勝等，敗之於大中溪。 會額勒登保破開甲於輝峪，恆瑞自龍駒寨抄截，開甲逸走，圍副將李天林於漫川關，馳援，斬賊目羅貴等，賊乃分路西竄。 敘功，予雲騎尉世職。 六月，率總兵德忠駐守太渠、唐藏。 時伍金柱、高天德、馬學禮犯西鄉，提督王文雄戰歿，乃進兵大石川，賊奔灘口，為楊遇春所破。
In the fifth year more than twenty thousand Sichuan rebels from Lueyang invaded Liangdang and Huixian; Heng Rui entered the plank roads from Baocheng as the enemy fled through Longzhou, Qingshui, and Qin'an; with Nayancheng he caught them at Wangjiashan and inflicted a crushing defeat. Brigadier Ningde was killed fighting at Qin'an, and Heng Rui rushed to the rescue; he and Nayancheng again defeated the rebels at Longquangou and Shendubao, while Brigadiers Duo'erji and Zhapu fell at Xunyang. The court ordered Heng Rui to hurry to Zhen'an and Wulang against the rebels; in the third month he reached Tangzang. Yang Kaijia and Gao Junde were raiding Nanxing; he left Brigadier Guanxiang to hold the line and went on to Shangzhou himself. The Emperor suspected him of shirking the fight and rebuked him repeatedly by edict; he then went to Zhen'an against Ran Wensheng and others and defeated them at Dazhongxi. Meanwhile Eledengbao defeated Kaijia at Huiyu while Heng Rui swung around from Longjuzhai to cut him off; Kaijia escaped but then besieged Deputy Commander Li Tianlin at Manchuanguan; Heng Rui raced to the rescue, killed rebel officers including Luo Gui, and the enemy split and fled west. His service was recognized with the hereditary rank of Cloud Cavalry Captain. In the sixth month he took Brigadier Dezhong to garrison Taiqu and Tangzang. When Wu Jinzhu, Gao Tiande, and Ma Xueli struck Xixiang, Provincial Commander Wang Wenxiong was killed in action; Heng Rui advanced to Dashichuan, the rebels fled to Tankou, and Yang Yuchun broke them there.
7
恆瑞自教匪起，久在行間，以偏師數臨大敵，至是老病，久無顯功。 帝慮其不任戰，詢額勒登保，上其狀，命回鎮西安。 逾年卒。
Heng Rui had been campaigning since the White Lotus rebellion began, often leading detached columns against major enemy forces, but by now he was old and ill and had long gone without a notable victory. Fearing he could no longer bear the rigors of war, the Emperor consulted Eledengbao, received his report, and ordered Heng Rui back to his post at Xi'an. He died a little over a year later.
8
慶成，孫氏，漢軍正白旗人，提督思克曾孫，都統五福孫也。 由鑾儀衛整儀尉，累遷廣東督標副將。 乾隆五十三年，從總督孫士毅徵安南，屢擒敵有功，賜花翎、錫郎阿巴圖魯勇號。 內擢正白旗漢軍副都統、戶部侍郎、御前侍衛、正紅旗護軍統領。 五十七年，出為古北口提督。
Qing Cheng, of the Sun clan, was a Han Bannerman of the Plain White Banner, great-great-grandson of Provincial Commander Sike and grandson of Banner Commander Wufu. He began as an orderly officer in the Imperial Procession Guard and rose through the ranks to deputy commander of the Guangdong governor's brigade. In Qianlong fifty-three he followed Governor-General Sun Shiyi against Annam, distinguished himself in repeated captures of the enemy, and received the peacock feather and the brave-title Xilangabatulu. He was then promoted in the capital to vice commander of the Plain White Han Banner, vice minister of revenue, imperial bodyguard, and commander of the Plain Red Banner guard. In the fifty-seventh year he was appointed provincial commander at Gubeikou.
9
嘉慶元年，率兵赴南陽、襄陽剿教匪，偕恆瑞迭敗姚之富、劉之協於雙溝、張家集。 賊屯棗陽丫兒山，分踞張家垱，連營十餘裡，遮官軍，慶成先進，襲其寨，大破之，擒宋廷貴、陳正五，追敗餘匪於紅土山，擒黃玉貴，加太子少保。 之富竄鍾祥，合劉起榮、張富國等眾五六萬，偕永保等冒雨攻克之，晉太子太保。 賊遁雙溝，擾唐縣滹沱鎮。 慶成等以久戰兵疲，不能圍剿，詔嚴斥之。 賊竄棗陽太平鎮，四路合攻，斬數千級，慶成受矛傷，被優賚。 十一月，賊潛渡滾河北竄，與永保等並被嚴譴，盡奪宮銜、花翎、勇號，易惠齡為總統。 尋偕惠齡連破賊於王家城、梓山。 二年正月，大戰興隆集，斬二千餘級。 分路追賊，慶成射中賊首劉起榮，擒之，在諸將中戰最力。 高宗以慶成為五福孫，不次擢用； 自縱賊滾河，慮其少年自用，不能服眾，命惠齡察奏，至是詔免前罪。 二月，擊賊曾家店，胸中矛，裹創而戰。 賊敗竄河南境，分數路，慶成追李全，連破之確山五里川、盧氏火焰溝。 四月，李全、王廷詔合陷鄖西，馳復其城，賊不戰分遁。 未幾，之富竄渡漢江，降二品頂戴，暫留提督任。 襄匪竄開州，偕惠齡追敗之南天峒、火焰壩，复花翎。 賊趨大寧，與川匪合，慶成與川軍會剿。 九月，偕恆瑞截擊湖北迴竄之賊於洵陽，而李全、王廷詔沿漢東走，慶成登舟下漢以要其前； 惠齡、恆瑞從陸躡其後，至紫陽夾攻之，賊竄興安，慶成一晝夜追及，大破之司渡河。
In Jiaqing's first year he led troops to Nanyang and Xiangyang against the White Lotus rebels and, with Heng Rui, repeatedly defeated Yao Zhifu and Liu Zhixie at Shuanggou and Zhangjiaji. The rebels held Ya'er Mountain in Zaoyang and Zhangjiadang in a chain of camps more than ten li long that blocked the imperial army; Qing Cheng led the assault, overran their stockade, captured Song Tinggui and Chen Zhengwu, ran down the survivors at Hongtu Mountain and took Huang Yugui, and was made junior guardian of the heir apparent. Zhifu fled to Zhongxiang, where he joined Liu Qirong, Zhang Fuguo, and others in a force of fifty or sixty thousand; Qing Cheng and Yongbao took the town in a rainy assault and he was promoted to grand guardian of the heir apparent. The rebels slipped away to Shuanggou and raided Hutuo Town in Tang County. Qing Cheng and his colleagues, their troops worn out by the long campaign, failed to encircle the enemy, and the court rebuked them sharply. The rebels fled to Taiping Town in Zaoyang; a four-column assault killed several thousand; Qing Cheng was speared in the fighting and received special rewards. In the eleventh month the rebels slipped across the Gun River to the north; Qing Cheng and Yongbao were savagely rebuked, stripped of court rank, peacock feather, and brave-title, and Huiling replaced them as supreme commander. Soon he and Huiling won a string of victories at Wangjiacheng and Zishan. In the first month of the second year he fought a major battle at Xinglongji and killed more than two thousand rebels. In the pursuit on several fronts, Qing Cheng shot and captured rebel chief Liu Qirong, fighting harder than any of his fellow commanders. The Gaozong Emperor had fast-tracked Qing Cheng because he was Wufu's grandson; but after he let the rebels cross the Gun River, the Emperor worried that the young man's arrogance would cost him the respect of the army and ordered Huiling to report on him; now an edict pardoned his earlier faults. In the second month he attacked the rebels at Zengjiadian, took a spear wound in the chest, and fought on with his wound bound. The beaten rebels scattered into Henan; Qing Cheng chased Li Quan and routed him at Wulichuan in Queshan and Huoyangou in Lushi. In the fourth month Li Quan and Wang Tingzhao together took Yunxi; he raced to recover the city, and the rebels slipped away without a fight. Before long Zhifu crossed the Han again; Qing Cheng was reduced to second-rank insignia but kept his provincial command for the time being. When the Xiangyang rebels fled to Kaizhou, he and Huiling ran them down at Nantiandong and Huoyanba, and he won back his peacock feather. The rebels moved on Daning, linked up with the Sichuan rebels, and Qing Cheng joined the Sichuan forces in a joint campaign. In the ninth month he and Heng Rui intercepted Hubei rebels doubling back through Xunyang; meanwhile Li Quan and Wang Tingzhao fled east along the Han, and Qing Cheng took to the river to block their path; Huiling and Heng Rui pressed them by land; at Ziyang they caught the enemy in a pincer; the rebels fled to Xing'an; Qing Cheng chased them for a full day and night, overtook them, and routed them at Sihedu.
10
川匪王三槐擾保寧，羅其清、冉文儔分掠川東，命移兵赴川，與宜綿合剿。 三年，截擊其清，腿中槍，創甚，解任回旗就醫。 四年，創愈，仍在御前侍衛行走。 尋授成都將軍，命赴陝西與永保協剿張漢潮。 會明亮訐奏永保、慶成失機，命那彥成、松筠按治，褫職逮問； 又以在湖北受軍需饋遺，籍其家。 漢潮既殲，宥罪戍伊犁，未行，五年正月，命仍赴陝軍效力。 額勒登保檄剿高天德、馬學禮，連敗之禮辛鎮、何家衢，擒斬數千，予三等侍衛。 協剿伍金柱、曾柳，授陝安鎮總兵。 七月，金柱與冉學勝、張天倫合犯陝，扼之渭河，賊分竄； 追天倫於教場壩、麻池溝，殲其黨宋麻子，又敗金柱餘黨曾芝秀於南山：兼署固原提督。 時經略赴川，陝、甘兵三萬餘皆歸慶成節制，川匪冉天元、冉學勝、樊人傑先後渡漢江，詔斥慶成疏防，責戴罪立功。 六年，徐天德、樊人傑復至江岸，欲偷渡鄖西，擊卻之，實授提督。 擊楊開甲餘匪於廣元，獲其子麟生，加頭品頂戴。 苟文明潛入甘肅境，擊走之，复勇號。 追川匪辛聰等於寧沔，擒其黨曾顯章、張添潮。 七年，敗張天倫餘黨於鳳縣、兩當，擒張喜、魏洪昇，賊竄紫柏山老林，裹糧入捕，悉殄其眾，复太子太保。
When the Sichuan rebel Wang Sanhuai raided Baoning and Luo Qiqing and Ran Wenbi pillaged eastern Sichuan, he was ordered into Sichuan to campaign jointly with Yimian. In the third year he intercepted Qiqing, took a musket ball in the leg, was badly wounded, resigned his post, and returned to his banner to recover. In the fourth year, once healed, he resumed duty as an imperial bodyguard. He was soon made general of Chengdu and ordered to Shaanxi to join Yongbao against Zhang Hanchao. Meanwhile Mingliang accused Yongbao and Qing Cheng of bungling their chance; Nayancheng and Songyun were ordered to investigate, strip them of rank, and arrest them for trial; He was also found to have accepted gifts of military supplies in Hubei, and his family estate was confiscated. Once Zhang Hanchao was destroyed, his sentence was commuted to exile at Ili; before he could leave, in the first month of the fifth year he was ordered back to serve with the Shaanxi forces. Under orders from Eledengbao he campaigned against Gao Tiande and Ma Xueli, repeatedly defeating them at Lixin and Hejiaqu, killing or capturing several thousand, and was made a third-class bodyguard. He helped suppress Wu Jinzhu and Zeng Liu and was appointed brigadier of Shaan'an. In the seventh month Jinzhu united with Ran Xuesheng and Zhang Tianlun to invade Shaanxi; he blocked them at the Wei River and the rebels scattered; he chased Tianlun at Jiaochangba and Machigou, wiped out his follower Song Mazi, defeated Jinzhu's remnant Zeng Zhixiu in the southern hills, and was made acting provincial commander of Guyuan. When the grand coordinator went to Sichuan, more than thirty thousand Shaanxi and Gansu troops fell under Qing Cheng's command; Sichuan rebels Ran Tianyuan, Ran Xuesheng, and Fan Renjie crossed the Han in turn; the court rebuked him for slack defense and ordered him to redeem himself on the battlefield. In the sixth year Xu Tiande and Fan Renjie again reached the Han and tried to slip across at Yunxi; he beat them back and received a full appointment as provincial commander. At Guangyuan he struck the remnants of Yang Kaijia's band, captured his son Linsheng, and was promoted to first-rank insignia. When Gou Wenming slipped into Gansu, he drove him out and won back his brave-title. He pursued the Sichuan rebel Xin Cong and others through Ning and Mian and captured followers Zeng Xianzhang and Zhang Tianchao. In the seventh year he routed Zhang Tianlun's remnants at Feng and Liangdang, took Zhang Xi and Wei Hongsheng, followed the enemy into the Zibai Mountain forests with rations for the hunt, annihilated them entirely, and was again made grand guardian of the heir apparent.
11
先是慶成父歿，軍事方亟，不得去； 至是南山匪漸少，乃許回旗守制。 尋署湖北提督，服闋實授，遷成都將軍。 十一年，入覲，帝睠其勞，問：「曾戴雙眼花翎否？」 慶成對：「徵安南蒙賜，和珅禁勿用； 獲劉起榮，先帝欲賜，復為和珅所阻。」 命軍機處檢檔無之，遂以欺罔褫職，戍黑龍江。 逾年，授圍場總管，歷馬蘭鎮總兵、湖北提督、福州將軍。 十七年，卒，諡襄恪。
Earlier, when Qing Cheng's father died, the campaign was at its height and he could not leave the front; now that rebels in the southern hills were dwindling, he was allowed to return to his banner to observe mourning. He soon acted as provincial commander of Hubei; when mourning ended he received a full appointment and was transferred to general of Chengdu. In the eleventh year he presented himself at court; mindful of his long service, the Emperor asked, "Have you ever worn the double-eyed peacock feather?" Qing Cheng answered, "I was granted it on the Annam campaign, but Heshen forbade me to wear it; when Liu Qirong was taken the late Emperor wished to grant it again, but Heshen blocked that as well." The Grand Council searched the archives and found no record; he was stripped of office for deceiving the throne and exiled to Heilongjiang. A little over a year later he was made superintendent of the imperial hunting grounds and later served as brigadier of Malan, provincial commander of Hubei, and general of Fuzhou. He died in the seventeenth year and was posthumously titled Xiangke.
12
七十五，瓜爾佳氏，滿洲正黃旗人。 乾隆中，以護軍從征緬甸，繼赴金川，戰輒力，累遷護軍參領，授貴州大定協副將。 總督福康安薦其才，四十九年，擢宜昌鎮總兵。 父憂去官，坐事降秩，起為健銳營前鋒統領。 五十七年，從征廓爾喀，克濟嚨，又克熱索橋，追賊東覺山、雍雅山，攻甲爾古拉，並有功，擢翼長。
Qishiwu, of the Guwalgiya clan, was a Manchu of the Plain Yellow Banner. Under Qianlong he campaigned in Burma as a guardsman, then fought in Jinchuan, distinguishing himself in every battle; he rose to guards battalion adjutant and became deputy commander of the Dadingsie brigade in Guizhou. Governor-General Fuk'anggan praised his ability, and in the forty-ninth year he was made brigadier of Yichang. He left office to mourn his father, was demoted after an offense, and was later reappointed commander of the vanguard of the Elite Vanguard Brigade. In the fifty-seventh year he fought the Gurkhas, took Jilong and Resuo Bridge, pursued the enemy through Dongjue and Yongya mountains, stormed Jia'ergula, and was promoted to wing commander for his service.
13
嘉慶元年，赴湖北剿教匪，二年四月，追賊入陝，敗之山陽周家河，授西安右翼副都統，兼領健銳營。 其冬，王三槐回竄四川，追擊於達州崖峰尖，傷右臂； 逾日，賊復至，裹創力戰，斬獲甚眾。 三年，擢四川提督，敗賊巴州。 七月，戰廣木山，克險隘，受傷，被優賚。 九月，擊冷天祿於木瓜坪，右股中槍，創甚，就夔州療治，四年，始瘳。 六月，連破賊於寶塔、蓮花池，扼其入楚之路。 會卜三聘竄大寧，追敗之。 八月，擒龔建於開縣火峰寨。 十月，與穆克登布夾擊樊人傑於通江、巴州界上，賊走太平，他賊自湖北迴竄，偕硃射鬥迎擊於雲陽，遂追賊川東。
In Jiaqing's first year he went to Hubei against the White Lotus rebels; in the fourth month of the second year he chased them into Shaanxi and routed them at Zhoujiahe in Shanyang; he was made right vice commander of the Xi'an banner and given command of the Elite Vanguard Brigade. That winter Wang Sanhuai doubled back into Sichuan; Qishiwu pursued him to Yafengjian in Dazhou and was wounded in the right arm; the next day the rebels returned; he fought on with his wound bound and killed or captured a great many. In the third year he was made provincial commander of Sichuan and defeated the rebels at Bazhou. In the seventh month he fought at Guangmu Mountain, took a difficult pass, was wounded, and received special rewards. In the ninth month he attacked Leng Tianlu at Mugua Flat, took a musket ball in the right thigh, was badly wounded, and convalesced at Kuizhou until he recovered in the fourth year. In the sixth month he repeatedly defeated the rebels at Baota and Lianhuachi, cutting off their route into Hubei. When Bu Sanpin fled into Daning, he pursued and routed him. In the eighth month he captured Gong Jian at Huofengzhai in Kai County. In the tenth month he and Mukedengbu caught Fan Renjie in a pincer on the Tongjiang–Bazhou border; the rebels fled to Taiping; when other bands doubled back from Hubei, he and Zhu Shedou met them at Yunyang and pursued the enemy through eastern Sichuan.
14
時賊聚川北，而東路久無軍報，適侍郎廣興疏言七十五駐兵夔州，仁宗疑其逗留，下經略察狀，七十五方以攻麂子坪受重傷，額勒登保為疏辯，得白。 五年二月，鮮大川擾螞蝗坪，創發，不能騎，舁至軍前督戰。 冉天元擁眾渡嘉陵江，重慶戒嚴，魁倫檄令回守，病不能軍，遣李紹祖率兵赴川西，自就醫順慶。 帝疑其飾辭，詔解任，命松筠、勒保察驗得實，以提督銜留營差遣。 五月，高天德、馬學禮由陝犯川，折入番地，偕阿哈保夾擊於舊關摩天嶺，克新砦，進圍鐵爐寨。 賊乘雨宵遁，追擊之，賊棄牲畜、仗械，驚竄山谷，由草泥土司地走岷州，又走秦州。 七月，兵經新寧，偵馬驛溝有賊，設伏，敗之，仍授四川提督。 賊勢趨重川境，德楞泰、勒保方進剿，七十五分擊之。 至冬，諸賊相繼窺漢江，德楞泰議擊之南岸，而以七十五出廣元三家壩攻其西北。 七十五不聽調，曰：「兵深入，將逼賊入陝，非計也。」 帝聞，切責之。
Rebels were massing in northern Sichuan while the eastern front had gone silent; Vice Minister Guangxing reported that Qishiwu was lingering at Kuizhou; the Renzong Emperor ordered an inquiry; Qishiwu had in fact been badly wounded assaulting Jiziping; Eledengbao defended him in a memorial, and he was cleared. In the second month of the fifth year Xian Dachuan raided Mahuangping; his old wounds reopened, he could not ride, and was carried to the front to direct the fighting. Ran Tianyuan crossed the Jialing with a large force and Chongqing went on alert; Kuilun ordered Qishiwu back to defend, but he was too ill to take the field; he sent Li Shaozu west with the troops while he went to Shunqing to recover. The Emperor suspected he was making excuses and removed him from office; Songyun and Lebao investigated and confirmed his illness; he was kept at camp with provincial-commander rank on special assignment. In the fifth month Gao Tiande and Ma Xueli invaded Sichuan from Shaanxi, turned into tribal lands, and with Ahobao caught the enemy in a pincer at Motian Ridge, took Xinzhai, and besieged Tieluzhai. The rebels slipped away in a rainy night; he pursued them as they abandoned livestock and arms in panic through the valleys, fled by way of Caotu Tusi territory to Minzhou, and then on to Qinzhou. In the seventh month, marching through Xining, he learned of rebels at Mayigou, laid an ambush, routed them, and was again appointed provincial commander of Sichuan. Rebel pressure mounted in Sichuan as Delengtai and Lebao advanced; Qishiwu struck them on a separate front. By winter the rebels were probing the Han again; Delengtai proposed hitting them on the south bank while Qishiwu marched from Sanjiaba at Guangyuan against their northwest flank. Qishiwu refused the order, saying, "If we push too deep we will only drive the rebels into Shaanxi; that is no plan at all." When word reached the throne, the Emperor rebuked him sharply.
15
六年正月，率子武隆阿由廣元趨南江，擊張世龍於三台山、後河嶺、北溪河，陣斬世龍，擒其黨趙建功、李大維； 又追賊至太平華尖山，擒邱天富、週一洪：被優敘。 三月，攻竹園坪。 五月，賊分竄陝、楚，七十五追冉天士至平利大渝河，間道據後山，偪其出隘，伏起邀擊，擒斬二千餘，特詔嘉賚。 乘勝追賊入湖北境，六月，破湯思蛟、劉朝選於羊耳河； 又敗之於保康，殲賊首王鎮賢，遂與德楞泰追龍紹週入川。 七月，偕李紹祖敗樊人傑於鄰水，追至開縣，复遇思蛟、朝選，連敗之於馬家亭、桑樹坪，由通城進剿苟文懷，擒之。 餘賊與苟文明合，將竄陝，八月，擊之於大寧山，殲擒及半，文明僅身免，俘其家屬。
In the first month of the sixth year he led his son Wulong'a from Guangyuan toward Nanjiang, fought Zhang Shilong at Santaishan, Houheling, and Beixihe, killed Shilong in battle, and captured his followers Zhao Jiangong and Li Dawei; he pursued the enemy to Huajianshan in Taiping, captured Qiu Tianfu and Zhou Yihong, and received special commendation. In the third month he assaulted Zhuyuanping. In the fifth month the rebels scattered into Shaanxi and Hubei; Qishiwu chased Ran Tianshi to Dayu River in Pingli, seized the heights by a side path, forced them from the pass, sprang an ambush, and killed or captured more than two thousand; the throne issued a special commendation. Pressing his advantage he chased the rebels into Hubei; in the sixth month he defeated Tang Sijiao and Liu Chaoxuan at Yang'er River; routed them again at Baokang, killed rebel chief Wang Zhenxian, and with Delengtai pursued Long Shaozhou into Sichuan. In the seventh month he and Li Shaozu defeated Fan Renjie at Linshui, pursued to Kai County, again met Sijiao and Chaoxuan, beat them at Majiating and Sangshuping, advanced from Tongcheng against Gou Wenhuai, and captured him. The survivors joined Gou Wenming and prepared to flee into Shaanxi; in the eighth month he struck them at Daningshan, killing or capturing about half; Wenming alone escaped, but his family was taken.
16
是年冬，留防川北，敗賊於南江； 又與德楞泰合擊於廣元、蒼溪，進搜老林，賊多散匿，百十為群，時有斬獲。 十二月，苟文明糾各路餘匪二千餘人，乘間西奔。 七十五與勒保不和，追賊入山，餉半載不至，兵飢疲，就糧太平，六日，賊已渡嘉陵江上游，直趨階州，亟偕慶成馳擊。 額勒登保、德楞泰先後劾其頓兵縱寇，未幾，賊復自廣元渡江入甘肅，帝益怒，嚴詔褫職逮問。
That winter he stayed to garrison northern Sichuan and defeated the rebels at Nanjiang; he joined Delengtai in attacks at Guangyuan and Cangxi and swept the deep forests; the rebels had scattered into bands of dozens or hundreds, and skirmishes brought steady captures. In the twelfth month Gou Wenming rallied more than two thousand remnant rebels from various bands and slipped westward. At odds with Lebao, Qishiwu pursued the rebels into the mountains; for half a year no supplies arrived and his men starved; he went to Taiping for grain; on the sixth day the rebels had crossed the upper Jialing and raced toward Jiezhou; he hurried off with Qing Cheng to intercept them. Eledengbao and Delengtai impeached him for stalling and letting the enemy escape; soon the rebels crossed again from Guangyuan into Gansu; the Emperor's anger deepened and a stern edict stripped him of rank and ordered his arrest.
17
七十五故宿將，勇而訥，臨陣輒死鬥，身被重創十五次。 將弁畏其苦戰，不樂相隨。 自領偏師當艱險，數以軍報後時遭譴； 至是，复失機就逮，一軍皆慟哭。 額勒登保等為疏陳戰狀，乞恩，許留營自贖。 七年，剿張長庚、陳自得殘匪於夔州，留防川東。 舊創發，予護軍校，還京。 逾年，卒，贈副都統銜，賜卹如例。 子武隆阿，自有傳。
Qishiwu was an old veteran, brave but taciturn, who always fought to the death in battle and had been seriously wounded fifteen times. His officers dreaded his relentless style of fighting and were reluctant to follow him. He often led detached columns through the hardest ground and was repeatedly rebuked when his reports arrived late; now, arrested once more for missing his chance, the whole army wept. Eledengbao and others memorialized on his behalf; he was allowed to remain with the army and redeem himself. In the seventh year he cleared remnant bands led by Zhang Changgeng and Chen Zide at Kuizhou and remained to garrison eastern Sichuan. His old wounds reopened; he was given the rank of guards cadet and returned to Beijing. He died a little over a year later; he was posthumously given vice banner-commander rank and funeral honors according to regulation. His son Wulong'a has a separate biography.
18
富志那，赫舍哩氏，滿洲正紅旗人。 起健銳營前鋒，從征葉爾羌、緬甸、金川，授副前鋒參領，出為湖南永綏協副將。 乾隆六十年，苗叛，駐守永綏。 苗踞張坪、亞保阻糧運，悉眾來犯，富志那擊卻之。 追至獅子山，诇知有伏，預為戒備，夾攻，多所斬獲。 越日，苗復以數千人撲營，殊死戰，簡精銳迎擊，大敗之，賜花翎。 永綏被圍久，糧芻且盡，居民隨官軍晝夜登陴，城賴以固。 大軍至，圍乃解。 從福康安克高多寨，吳半生就擒。 福康安薦其老成明幹，苗民感畏，擢總兵。 迭攻高斗山、擒頭坡、吉吉寨，皆捷，賜蟒衣一襲。
Fu Zhina, of the Heseri clan, was a Manchu of the Plain Red Banner. He began in the Elite Vanguard Brigade, campaigned in Yarkand, Burma, and Jinchuan, became deputy vanguard adjutant, and was posted as deputy commander of the Yongshou brigade in Hunan. In Qianlong sixty the Miao rebelled, and he garrisoned Yongshou. The Miao held Zhangping and Yabao, blocking grain convoys, and attacked in full force; Fu Zhina beat them back. He pursued them to Shizi Mountain, detected an ambush, prepared accordingly, attacked from both sides, and killed or captured many. The next day several thousand Miao stormed the camp; he fought desperately, sent elite troops to meet them, routed them, and received the peacock feather. Yongshou had been besieged so long that supplies were nearly gone; townspeople joined the garrison on the walls day and night, and the city held. When the main army arrived, the siege was lifted. He followed Fuk'anggan in taking Gaoduo Stockade, and Wu Bansheng was captured. Fuk'anggan praised his steady competence; the Miao came to fear and respect him, and he was promoted to brigadier. He took Gaodoushan, Qintoupo, and Jijizhai in succession and was granted a python robe.
19
嘉慶元年，湖北教匪聶傑人、張正謨於枝江、宜都倡亂，巡撫惠齡駐軍太和山，富志那馳赴之，進擊鳳凰山，擒傑人。 餘賊乘雨撲營，擊卻之，又敗之於楊白堰。 正謨踞灌灣腦，四面環山，富志那自蔡家坡進，冒雨奪卡，而伏隊於深箐，賊至，左右夾擊，多墜岩澗死； 山前設疑兵，別由徑道深入，出不意擊之，大捷：賜號法福禮巴圖魯。 迭克雞公山、王母峒，進攻筲箕垱，正謨勢蹙，四出求救，富志那與副都統成德分路設伏，偽樹白幟為援兵，誘賊出，大破之，遂克筲箕垱； 乘勝取灌灣腦，擒正謨。 枝江、宜都悉平。
In Jiaqing's first year the White Lotus rebels Nie Jieren and Zhang Zhengmo rose at Zhijiang and Yidu; Governor Huiling held Taihe Mountain; Fu Zhina raced to join him, attacked Fenghuang Mountain, and captured Jieren. Remnant rebels stormed the camp in the rain; he beat them back and routed them again at Yangbaiyan. Zhengmo held Guanwannao in mountainous country; Fu Zhina advanced from Caijiapo, took the stockade in the rain, and hid troops in a deep ravine; when the rebels came he struck from both sides and many fell to their deaths in the cliffs; he posted decoys before the mountain and sent another column by a hidden path to strike by surprise; the victory won him the brave-title Fafolibatulu. He took Jigongshan and Wangmudong, then assaulted Shaojidang; Zhengmo, cornered, sent out for help; Fu Zhina and Vice Commander Chengde laid ambushes on separate routes, raised white banners to pose as relief, drew the rebels out, routed them, and took Shaojidang; Pressing his advantage he took Guanwannao and captured Zhengmo. Zhijiang and Yidu were fully pacified.
20
命回苗疆治善後。 二年，議闢永綏北路，留兵二萬分防黔、楚，授富志那為總兵，駐鎮筸，與提督分領其軍。 苗疆自同知傅鼐築碉屯田，邊備漸嚴，而苗未遽服，構眾抗阻，大吏諉過於鼐，將劾之，富志那力爭乃止。 移軍需助其建設，後屯田利興，苗患遂息。 人稱鼐功，兼頌富志那不置雲。 五年，鎮筸曬金塘黑苗出掠，與鼐並力禦擊； 又要擊苗黨於狗嵒，焚其寨，苗懼，乞降。 八年，永綏苗龍六生擾動，擒之。 署湖南提督，調授貴州提督，軍政肅然，時稱名將。 十五年，卒於官。
He was ordered back to the Miao frontier to manage pacification. In the second year the northern route to Yongshou was opened; twenty thousand troops were left to guard Guizhou and Hunan; Fu Zhina was made brigadier at Zhengan and shared command with the provincial commander. Since Subprefect Fu Nai had built blockhouses and garrison farms on the Miao frontier, defenses had tightened, but the Miao had not submitted; they gathered to resist; senior officials blamed Nai and were about to impeach him until Fu Zhina argued them down. He diverted military supplies to the project; the garrison farms prospered and Miao unrest subsided. People praised Nai's work and spoke endlessly of Fu Zhina as well. In the fifth year Black Miao from Shaijintang at Zhengan raided the frontier; he and Nai repelled them together; he again struck a Miao band at Gouyan, burned their stockade, and the Miao, terrified, sued for peace. In the eighth year the Yongshou Miao leader Long Liusheng rose in revolt; Fu Zhina captured him. He acted as provincial commander of Hunan, then was transferred to provincial commander of Guizhou; discipline was strict and he was acclaimed as a leading general. He died in office in the fifteenth year.
21
亮祿，伊爾根覺羅氏，滿洲正紅旗人。 襲輕車都尉世職，授密雲協領。 嘉慶初，以參將發河南，署游擊。 三年，教匪窺河南，巡撫吳熊光駐防盧氏，兵多他調。 寶豐、郟縣賊起，掠汝州。 布政使馬慧裕不嫺軍事，亮祿曰：「兵貴神速。 今賊初起，烏合易滅，請兼程往剿。」 賊屯寶豐翟家集，東阻大溝，恃險不退，亮祿聲言京兵且至，樹八旗大纛，鞭馬腹，俾騰踔嘶號，聲震數里，賊懼； 夜吹角而進，躍馬逾壕，火其寨，一鼓殲之，擒其渠李岳等。 奏入，仁宗大悅，立擢副將。 累遷雲南開化鎮總兵。 七年，卒，帝甚惜之。
Liang Lu, of the Irgen Gioro clan, was a Manchu of the Plain Red Banner. He inherited the hereditary rank of commandant of light chariots and was appointed company commander of the Miyun brigade. Early in Jiaqing he was posted to Henan as a colonel and acted as battalion commander. In the third year White Lotus rebels probed Henan; Governor Wu Xiongguang held Lushi, but most of his troops had been sent elsewhere. Rebels rose in Baofeng and Jia counties and raided Ruzhou. Provincial Commissioner Ma Huiyu knew little of war; Liang Lu said, "In war, speed is everything. These rebels have only just gathered; a mob like this is easily crushed. Let me march at once to destroy them." The rebels held Zhijiaji in Baofeng, with Dagou blocking them on the east, and refused to retreat from the strong ground; Liang Lu announced that capital troops were coming, raised the great banners of the Eight Banners, and had his men whip their horses' flanks until they reared and neighed, the noise carrying for miles, terrifying the enemy; that night he sounded the horns and attacked, leaped the moat on horseback, burned their camp, wiped them out in a single assault, and captured their leaders, including Li Yue. When the report reached court, the Renzong Emperor was delighted and immediately promoted him to deputy brigadier. He rose through the ranks to brigadier of Kaihua in Yunnan. He died in the seventh year, to the Emperor's deep regret.
22
論曰：恆瑞、慶成戮力襄陽，剿匪最久，後皆獨當一面，功過不掩，故仁宗始終保全。 七十五孤軍苦戰，徒以失懽群帥，未奏顯功，論者惜之。 富志那獨平枝江、宜都一路，移鎮苗疆，與傅鼐和衷弭亂，有足稱焉。
The historian comments: Heng Rui and Qing Cheng fought side by side at Xiangyang longer than any other commanders in the campaign; each later held an independent command; their merits and faults stood on their own record, and the Renzong Emperor stood by them to the end. Qishiwu fought heroically with isolated forces, but fell out with his fellow commanders and never won a decisive victory; later writers have mourned the waste of his talent. Fu Zhina alone pacified the Zhijiang–Yidu corridor, then transferred to the Miao frontier, where he worked in concert with Fu Nai to end the unrest — a record well worth honoring.