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列傳一百五十四
Biography 154
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長齡，字懋亭，薩爾圖克氏，蒙古正白旗人，尚書納延泰子，惠齡之弟也。 乾隆中，由繙譯生員補工部筆帖式，充軍機章京，擢理籓院主事。 從征甘肅、台灣、廓爾喀，累擢內閣學士，兼副都統。 嘉慶四年，授右翼總兵。 五年，赴湖北剿教匪，為領隊大臣，數敗高天升、馬學禮於川、楚交界，授宜昌鎮總兵。 又敗徐天德、苟文明等。 六年，擢湖北提督，署總督。 七年，敗樊人傑、曾芝秀等，予雲騎尉世職。 以病回京，歷左翼總兵，出為古北口提督。 九年，授安徽巡撫，擒蒙城教匪餘連。 十年，調山東。 十二年，擢陝甘總督，討平西寧叛番。 十三年，坐在山東供應欽差侍郎廣興動用庫帑，褫職，戍伊犁。 尋予藍翎侍衛，充科布多參贊大臣。 十六年，授河南巡撫。 十八年，复授陝甘總督，剿擒南山匪首萬五等，晉騎都尉世職。
Chang Ling, whose style was Maoting, was of the Sartu clan, a Mongol of the Plain White Banner. He was the son of Minister Nayantai and younger brother of Hui Ling. During the Qianlong reign he entered service as a Ministry of Works clerk via the translation-student route, served as a Grand Council secretarial clerk, and rose to director in the Court of Colonial Affairs. He took part in campaigns in Gansu, Taiwan, and against the Gurkhas, and was repeatedly promoted until he became a Grand Secretariat academician while also serving as vice commander-in-chief. In the fourth year of the Jiaqing reign (1799) he was appointed Right Wing commander. In the fifth year (1800) he went to Hubei to suppress the White Lotus rebels, served as expeditionary commissioner, repeatedly defeated Gao Tiansheng and Ma Xueli along the Sichuan-Hubei border, and was made commander of the Yichang garrison. He also defeated Xu Tiande, Gou Wenming, and others. In the sixth year (1801) he was promoted to Hubei provincial military commander and served as acting governor-general. In the seventh year (1802) he defeated Fan Renjie, Zeng Zhixiu, and others and was granted the hereditary rank of Cloud Cavalry Captain. He returned to the capital on account of illness, later served as Left Wing commander, and was then posted as military commander at Gubeikou. In the ninth year (1804) he was appointed governor of Anhui and captured Yu Lian, a remnant rebel leader from Mengcheng. In the tenth year (1805) he was transferred to Shandong. In the twelfth year (1807) he was promoted to governor-general of Shaanxi and Gansu and suppressed the rebellious tribes at Xining. In the thirteenth year (1808) he was dismissed and banished to Ili for having, while governor of Shandong, supplied treasury funds to Imperial Commissioner Guang Xing. He was soon thereafter made a Blue Feather guardsman and appointed assistant military governor at Kobdo. In the sixteenth year (1811) he was appointed governor of Henan. In the eighteenth year (1813) he was reappointed governor-general of Shaanxi and Gansu, captured the southern mountain bandit leader Wan Wu and others, and was advanced to hereditary Cavalry Commandant.
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二十一年，予都統銜，充伊犁參贊大臣，命察治回匪圖爾邁善獄，劾罷將軍松筠，遂代之。 二十二年，复授陝甘總督。 道光元年，加太子少保，協辦大學士，留總督任。 二年，署直隸總督。 會青海野番滋事，命回陝甘，遣總兵穆爾泰、馬騰龍討平之，賜雙眼花翎，拜文華殿大學士，管理籓院事，召還京。 尋以青海奏凱後，野番复渡河劫掠，奪雙眼花翎。 三年，授軍機大臣，管理戶部三庫，充總諳達。 四年，出為雲貴總督，五年，調陝甘，改授伊犁將軍。
In the twenty-first year (1816) he received the brevet rank of commander-in-chief and served as Ili assistant military governor; ordered to investigate the Turmishan Muslim rebel case, he impeached and removed General Songyun and took his place. In the twenty-second year (1817) he was again appointed governor-general of Shaanxi and Gansu. In the first year of the Daoguang reign (1821) he was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent and Grand Secretary in attendance while remaining governor-general. In the second year (1822) he served as acting governor-general of Zhili. When wild tribes in Qinghai rose in revolt, he was ordered back to Shaanxi-Gansu and sent brigade commanders Muertai and Ma Tenglong to suppress them. He was awarded the double-eyed peacock feather, appointed Grand Secretary of the Hall of Literary Glory with charge of the Court of Colonial Affairs, and recalled to the capital. Soon afterward, because wild tribes again crossed the river to raid after his victory report from Qinghai, he was stripped of the double-eyed peacock feather. In the third year (1823) he was appointed a Grand Council minister, placed in charge of the Ministry of Revenue's three treasuries, and served as chief interpreter. In the fourth year (1824) he was posted as governor-general of Yunnan and Guizhou; in the fifth year (1825) he was transferred to Shaanxi-Gansu and then appointed general of Ili.
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初，回疆自乾隆中戡定後，歲徵貢稅頗約。 旋懲於烏什之亂，由辦事大臣縱肆激變，益慎選邊臣，回民賴以休息。 久之，法漸弛，蒞其任者，往往苛索伯克，伯克又斂之回民。 嘉慶末，參贊大臣斌靜尤淫虐，失眾心。 張格爾者，回酋大和卓木博羅尼都之孫也。 博羅尼都當乾隆中以叛誅，至是張格爾因眾怨糾安集延、布魯特寇邊。 道光二年，逮治斌靜，代以永芹，亦未能撫馭。 四年秋、五年夏兩次犯邊，領隊大臣巴彥圖敗績，遂益猖獗。
At first, after the Muslim frontier was pacified in the Qianlong reign, annual tribute and tax levies were kept fairly light. Then, chastened by the Ush rebellion, in which frontier commissioners had been abusive and provoked revolt, border officials were chosen with greater care and the Muslim populace was able to recover. Over time regulations grew lax: incoming officials often extorted the begs harshly, and the begs in turn squeezed the Muslim populace. At the end of the Jiaqing reign, Assistant Military Governor Bin Jing was especially cruel and debauched and lost the people's support. Jahangir Khoja was the grandson of Burhan al-Din, the Great Khoja Muslim chieftain. Burhan al-Din had been executed for rebellion in the Qianlong reign; now Jahangir Khoja, exploiting popular resentment, rallied Kokand and Kyrgyz forces to raid the frontier. In the second year of Daoguang (1822), Bin Jing was arrested and punished; Yong Qin replaced him but likewise failed to pacify the region. In the autumn of the fourth year (1824) and the summer of the fifth (1825) they twice invaded the frontier; Expeditionary Commissioner Bayantu was defeated, and the rebels grew bolder still.
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六年六月，張格爾大舉入卡，陷喀什噶爾、英吉沙爾、葉爾羌、和闐四城，命陝甘總督楊遇春駐哈密，督兵進剿。 長齡疏言：「逆酋已踞巢穴，全局蠢動。 喀城距阿克蘇二千里，四面回村，中多戈壁，非伊犁、烏魯木齊六千援兵所能克。 請速發大兵四萬，以萬五千分護糧台，以二萬五千進戰。」 詔授長齡揚威將軍，遇春及山東巡撫武隆阿為參贊，率諸軍討之。 十月，師抵阿克蘇。 時提督達凌阿等已敗賊渾巴什河，張格爾以眾三千踞柯爾坪，令提督楊芳襲破之。 大雪封山，兵止未進，疏言：「前奉旨兵分二路，正兵由中路台站、奇兵由烏什草地，繞出喀城，斷其竄遁。 惟烏什卡倫外直抵巴爾昌，山溝險狹，戈壁數百里，所經布魯特部落，半為賊煽，未可孤軍深入。 且留防阿克蘇、烏什、庫車兵八千餘，其延、綏、四川兵尚未到。 進剿之步騎止二萬二千，兩路相距二十餘站，聲息不通。 喀城賊眾不下數十萬，非全軍直搗，反正為奇，難期無失。 喀城邊外凡十卡，皆接外夷，恐賊敗遁，已諭黑回約眾邀截。」
In the sixth month of the sixth year (1826), Jahangir Khoja launched a major invasion through the passes and captured Kashgar, Yengisar, Yarkand, and Khotan. Shaanxi-Gansu Governor-General Yang Yuchun was ordered to station at Hami and direct the punitive campaign. Chang Ling memorialized: "The rebel chieftain has already seized his stronghold, and the entire region is in turmoil. Kashgar lies two thousand li from Aksu, ringed by Muslim villages with much desert between—not a target the six thousand relief troops from Ili and Urumqi can take. I urge that a main force of forty thousand be sent at once: fifteen thousand to guard the supply depots and twenty-five thousand to advance and fight." An edict appointed Chang Ling Pacification General, with Yang Yuchun and Shandong Governor Wulong'a as deputies, to lead the armies against the rebels. In the tenth month the army reached Aksu. By then Provincial Commander Dalin'a and others had already defeated the rebels at the Hunbash River. Jahangir Khoja held Korla with three thousand men, and Provincial Commander Yang Fang was ordered to attack and rout them. Heavy snow blocked the passes and the army halted. He memorialized: "I had previously been ordered to divide the army into two routes—the main force along the central relay stations and a flanking force through the Ush grasslands to circle behind Kashgar and cut off the rebels' escape. But beyond the Ush passes the route runs straight to Balchuan through narrow ravines and hundreds of li of desert; Kyrgyz tribes along the way are half incited by the rebels—a lone column cannot safely penetrate so far. Moreover, more than eight thousand troops are tied down garrisoning Aksu, Ush, and Kucha, while reinforcements from Yan'an, Suiyuan, and Sichuan have not yet arrived. Only twenty-two thousand infantry and cavalry are available for the advance; the two routes lie more than twenty relay stations apart and cannot coordinate. Rebel forces at Kashgar number at least several hundred thousand; unless the whole army strikes directly at them, relying on flanking maneuvers risks failure. Beyond Kashgar lie ten passes bordering foreign territory; fearing the rebels might flee in defeat, he had already instructed loyal Black Muslims to gather forces and intercept them."
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七年二月，師至巴爾楚軍台，為喀、葉二城分道處，复留兵三千以防繞襲。 進次大河拐，賊屯洋阿爾巴特，夜來犯營，卻之。 遂由中路進，殲賊萬餘，擒五千。 越三日，張格爾拒戰於沙布都爾，多樹葦，決水成沮洳，賊數万臨渠橫列。 乃令步卒越渠鏖鬥，騎兵繞左右橫截入陣，賊潰，追逾渾水河，擒斬萬計。 又越二日，進剿阿瓦巴特，分三路掩殺，俘斬二萬有奇。 追至洋達瑪河，距喀城僅十餘裡，賊悉眾十餘萬背城阻河而陣，亙二十餘裡，選死士夜擾其營。 會大風霾，用楊遇春策，遣索倫千騎繞趨下游牽賊勢，大兵驟渡上游蹙之，賊陣亂，乃大奔，乘勝抵喀什噶爾，克之。 時三月朔日也。 張格爾已先遁，獲其侄與甥，及安集延酋推立汗、薩木汗。 分兵令遇春下英吉沙爾、葉爾羌，芳下和闐，於是四城皆复。
In the second month of the seventh year (1827) the army reached the Balchuan military station, where routes divide toward Kashgar and Yarkand, and again left three thousand troops to guard against encirclement. Advancing to Daheguai, they found the rebels encamped at Yang'arbat; the rebels attacked by night and were repulsed. They then advanced along the central route, killing more than ten thousand rebels and capturing five thousand. Three days later Jahangir Khoja made a stand at Shabudur, planting reeds and breaching dikes to flood the ground; tens of thousands of rebels lined the canal in battle formation. He ordered infantry to cross the canal and fight at close quarters while cavalry circled to cut into the flanks; the rebels broke and were pursued beyond the Hunshui River, with tens of thousands captured or killed. Two days later they advanced on Awabat in a three-pronged assault and captured or killed more than twenty thousand. The pursuit reached the Yandama River, only a dozen li from Kashgar; the rebels massed more than a hundred thousand men with their backs to the city, blocking the river in a line over twenty li long, and sent suicide squads to harass the camp by night. A great dust storm arose; adopting Yang Yuchun's plan, he sent a thousand Solon cavalry downstream to draw the rebel force while the main army suddenly crossed upstream to press them. The rebel line collapsed in flight, and pressing the advantage they reached and captured Kashgar. This was on the first day of the third month. Jahangir Khoja had already fled; his nephew and nephew-by-marriage were captured, along with the Kokand chiefs Tuoli Khan and Samu Khan. Forces were divided: Yang Yuchun was sent to recover Yengisar and Yarkand, Yang Fang to Khotan—and all four cities were restored.
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上以元惡漏網，嚴詔詰責，限速捕獲。 六月，遇春、芳率兵八千出塞窮追，遇春屯色勒庫，芳屯阿賴，諭各部落擒獻。 浩罕遣諜誘官軍入伏，鏖戰幾殆，僅得出險。 詔斥諸將老師糜餉，留兵八千，餘命遇春率兵入關，芳代為參贊。 當大軍之出，密詔詢將軍、參贊：事平後，西四城可否仿土司分封。 至是，長齡疏言：「愚回崇信和卓，猶西番崇信達賴，即使張逆就擒，尚有兄弟之子在浩罕，終留後患。 八千留防之兵難制百萬犬羊之眾。 博羅尼都之子阿布都哈里尚羈在京師，惟有赦歸，令總轄西四城，可以服內夷、制外患。」 武隆阿亦以為言。 上切責其請釋逆裔之謬，並革職留任，命那彥成為欽差大臣，代長齡籌善後。
Because the chief villain had escaped, the emperor issued a stern reprimand with a deadline for his capture. In the sixth month Yang Yuchun and Yang Fang led eight thousand troops beyond the frontier in pursuit; Yuchun encamped at Serku and Fang at Alai, instructing the tribes to capture and hand over the fugitive. Kokand sent agents to lure the government forces into an ambush; after fierce fighting they were nearly wiped out and barely escaped. An edict rebuked the generals for prolonging the campaign and wasting supplies; eight thousand troops were left behind while Yang Yuchun was ordered to lead the rest back inside the frontier, with Yang Fang replacing him as deputy commissioner. When the main army set out, a secret edict asked the general and deputies whether, once pacified, the four western cities could be enfeoffed like native chieftaincies. At this point Chang Ling memorialized: "Muslims revere the Khojas as Tibetans revere the Dalai Lama; even if the Jahangir rebel were captured, his brother's sons remain in Kokand and would leave a lasting threat. Eight thousand garrison troops cannot control a million unruly subjects. Burhan al-Din's son Abduhari is still held in the capital; only by pardoning him and sending him back to govern the four western cities can internal tribes be won over and external threats checked." Wulong'a argued likewise. The emperor sharply rebuked their error in seeking to release a rebel heir, stripped them of rank but kept them in post, and appointed Na Yancheng Imperial Commissioner to replace Chang Ling in planning the aftermath.
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張格爾傳食諸部落，日窮蹙。 長齡等遣黑回誘之，率步騎五百，欲乘歲除襲喀城。 芳嚴兵以待，賊覺而奔，追至喀爾鐵蓋山，擊斬殆盡。 張格爾僅餘三十人，棄騎登山，副將胡超、都司段永福等擒之。 八年正月，捷聞，上大悅，錫封長齡二等威勇公，世襲罔替，賜寶石頂、四團龍補服、紫韁，授御前大臣。 諸將封賞有差。 五月，檻送張格爾於京師，上御午門受俘，磔於市。 晉長齡太保，賜三眼花翎，圖形紫光閣。 尋回京，命親王大臣迎勞，行抱見禮於勤政殿。 授閱兵大臣，管理籓院及戶部三庫，正大光明殿賜凱宴，賜銀幣，授領侍衛內大臣。 恩禮優渥，並用乾隆朝故事，時稱盛焉。
Jahangir Khoja lived off the tribes and grew daily more desperate. Chang Ling and others sent loyal Black Muslims to lure him; he led five hundred foot and horse, planning to strike Kashgar on New Year's Eve. Yang Fang held the army ready; the rebels sensed the trap and fled; pursuit to Mount Ka'ertiegai left nearly all dead. Jahangir Khoja had only thirty men left; he abandoned his horse and climbed the mountain, where Brigade Deputy Hu Chao, Company Commander Duan Yongfu, and others seized him. In the first month of the eighth year (1828) news of victory arrived; the emperor was greatly pleased and enfeoffed Chang Ling as Duke Weiyong of the second rank with perpetual hereditary succession, granted the jeweled finial, four-clawed dragon surcoat, and purple bridle, and appointed him Grand Minister in Attendance. The various generals received rewards in differing degrees. In the fifth month Jahangir Khoja was sent to the capital in a cage; the emperor received the captive at the Meridian Gate and had him dismembered in the marketplace. Chang Ling was advanced to Grand Guardian, granted the triple-eyed peacock feather, and his portrait was placed in the Hall of Purple Splendor. He soon returned to the capital; princes and grand ministers were ordered to welcome him, and the embrace-audience ceremony was performed at the Hall of Diligent Government. He was appointed Minister of Troop Review, placed in charge of the Court of Colonial Affairs and the Ministry of Revenue's three treasuries, given a victory banquet at the Hall of Great Brightness, granted silver coins, and appointed Chief Grand Minister of the Imperial Bodyguard. Favors and ceremonies were exceptionally generous, all following Qianlong-era precedents; contemporaries called it a grand occasion.
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十年秋，浩罕以內地安集延被驅逐，貲產皆鈔沒，積怨憤，遂挾張格爾之兄玉素普及其黨博巴克等復入邊，圍喀什噶爾、英吉沙爾二城，且犯葉爾羌。 復命長齡為揚威將軍，往督師。 會葉爾羌辦事大臣璧昌連破賊，長齡令參讚哈哴阿、提督胡超分路進援喀、英二城，賊聞風解圍遁出塞。 於是偕伊犁將軍玉麟合疏陳善後事，略曰：「此次入寇，與張格爾不同，不過烏合夷眾，挾驅逐鈔沒之憾，虜掠取償，無志於土地人民。 各白回畏賊騷掠，助順守禦，亦非上年甘心從逆之比。 此時戰緩而守急。 惟兵未至而賊已先逃，兵久駐而賊無一獲，戰守俱無長策。 諸臣條奏增兵廣屯，以省徵調，言之似易，行之實難，即收效亦在數十年之後。 若仿土司以西四城付阿奇木伯克，回性懦弱，非浩罕敵； 苟無官兵守禦，賊至必如入無人之境。 臣等再四籌商，統兵之人宜立不敗之地，斯能製人而不為人制，惟有移參贊大臣於葉爾羌，其地本回疆都會，距喀什噶爾六站，在不遠不近之間。 再移和闐領隊大臣備調遣。 喀什噶爾留換防總兵一，與英吉沙爾領隊為犄角。 巴爾楚克駐守總兵一，為樹窩子咽喉鎖鑰。 六城相距均不過數百里。 於西四城額兵六千之外，留伊犁騎兵三千，陝甘綠營兵四千，量分駐守，而以重兵隨參贊居中調度。 新兵糧餉，請於各省綠營兵額內裁百分之二，歲省三十餘萬，以為回疆兵餉。 俟屯田有效，即以回疆兵食守回疆，仍撤回內地餉額。」 又疏請招民開墾西四城閒地以供兵糈。 又請添設同知二、巡檢五，由陝、甘選勤能之員任之。 並下廷議，往復再三，罷設文員，減滿、漢兵二千五百名，新增餉需不過十萬兩，各城額徵糧科可敷供支，乃允行。 以璧昌為參贊大臣，各城聽節制。 其辦事、領隊各大臣，命長齡等保奏任用。
In the autumn of the tenth year (1830), Kokand, resenting the expulsion of its subjects from the interior and the confiscation of their property, rallied Jahangir Khoja's brother Yusupu and partisans such as Bobake to raid the frontier again, besieging Kashgar and Yengisar and attacking Yarkand. Chang Ling was again appointed Pacification General and sent to supervise the campaign. Meanwhile Yarkand Commissioner Bichang had repeatedly defeated the rebels; Chang Ling ordered Deputy Hal'a and Provincial Commander Hu Chao to advance by separate routes to relieve Kashgar and Yengisar, and the rebels, hearing of the relief force, lifted the siege and fled beyond the frontier. He then joined Ili General Yulin in a joint memorial on postwar arrangements, stating in summary: "This invasion differs from Jahangir Khoja's campaign; it is only a mob of tribesmen, nursing grievances over expulsion and confiscation, raiding for compensation, with no ambition to hold territory or people. White Muslims fear rebel raids and help loyal forces defend the cities—not comparable to last year when many willingly followed the rebels. At this moment offense can wait but defense cannot. Yet when troops arrive the rebels have already fled; when troops linger in the field not one rebel is captured—neither offense nor defense offers a sound strategy. Officials have proposed increasing troops and expanding frontier colonies to reduce levies; this sounds easy but is hard to implement, and even if it worked, results would come only decades later. If the four western cities were entrusted to aqim begs on the native-chieftain model, Muslims are by nature weak and no match for Kokand; without government troops to defend them, rebels would march in as if through empty land. We have deliberated repeatedly: the commander must establish an impregnable base so he can control others rather than be controlled—only by moving the assistant military governor to Yarkand, the Muslim frontier capital, six relay stations from Kashgar, at a manageable distance. Move the Khotan expeditionary commissioner as well to stand ready for deployment. Leave one rotating garrison commander at Kashgar to form a pincer with the Yengisar expeditionary force. Station one commander at Balchuan as the strategic choke point at Shuwazi. The six cities lie within several hundred li of one another. Beyond the six thousand allotted troops for the four western cities, retain three thousand Ili cavalry and four thousand Shaanxi-Gansu Green Standard troops in distributed garrisons, with a strong central force under the assistant military governor for coordination. For the new troops' pay and provisions, we request cutting two percent from each province's Green Standard quotas, saving more than three hundred thousand taels annually for Muslim frontier military expenses. Once frontier colonies become productive, Muslim frontier grain should support Muslim frontier troops and interior pay quotas can be restored." He also memorialized to recruit settlers to open idle land in the four western cities to supply military grain. He also requested adding two subprefects and five inspectors, to be filled by capable officials selected from Shaanxi and Gansu. The proposals went to court deliberation; after repeated debate, civil posts were dropped, Manchu and Han troops were cut by twenty-five hundred, new expenses would not exceed one hundred thousand taels, and allotted grain taxes from each city could cover costs—then the plan was approved. Bi Chang was appointed assistant military governor, with all cities placed under his authority. The court ordered Chang Ling and others to recommend and nominate the various resident and brigade commissioners.
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浩罕懼大軍出討，乞援俄羅斯，俄人拒之，乃遣頭人詣軍求通商。 長齡責縛獻賊目，釋還兵民，來報原還俘虜，复乞免稅，並給還所沒貲財。 上方欲示以寬大，且謂獻犯亦不足信，一切允之。 浩罕喜過望，進表納貢通商如故，邊境乃安。
Kokand, fearing a punitive expedition, appealed to Russia for aid; when the Russians refused, Kokand sent tribal leaders to the army to seek permission to resume trade. Chang Ling demanded bound rebel chieftains and the release of soldiers and civilians; their envoys reported captives restored, sought tax exemptions, and asked for the return of confiscated goods. The emperor wished to show clemency and held that surrendered criminals could not be trusted anyway; all requests were granted. Kokand rejoiced beyond all expectation, submitted memorials and tribute, and resumed trade as before; the frontier was pacified.
11
長齡駐回疆凡兩載，十二年，回京，晉太傅，管理兵部，調戶部，賜四開褉袍。 十七年，以病乞休，上親視其疾，溫詔慰留。 以八十壽，晉一等公爵。 次年，卒，上震悼，親奠，賜金治喪，入祀賢良祠、伊犁名宦祠，諡文襄。 十九年，命每次謁陵後，賜奠其墓。 子桂輪，襲公爵，官至烏里雅蘇台、杭州將軍，諡恪慎。 孫麟興，襲爵，亦官烏里雅蘇台將軍。
After two years on the Muslim frontier, in the twelfth year Chang Ling returned to Beijing, was promoted to Grand Preceptor, put in charge of the Board of War, transferred to the Board of Revenue, and granted a four-clawed dragon robe. In the seventeenth year he pleaded illness to retire; the emperor personally visited him, and with a warm edict urged him to stay on. On his eightieth birthday he was promoted to first-rank duke. The following year he died; the emperor was deeply grieved, offered sacrifices in person, granted gold for the funeral, and had him enshrined in the Worthies Shrine and the Ili shrine of distinguished officials, with the posthumous title Wenxiang. In the nineteenth year the court ordered that after each imperial tomb visit, sacrifices be offered at his tomb. His son Guilun inherited the dukedom, served as general at Uliasutai and Hangzhou, and received the posthumous title Kezhen. His grandson Linxing inherited the title and also served as general of Uliasutai.
12
那彥成，字繹堂，章佳氏，滿洲正白旗人，大學士阿桂孫。 乾隆五十四年進士，選庶吉士，授編修，直南書房。 四遷為內閣學士。 嘉慶三年，命在軍機大臣上行走。 遷工部侍郎，調戶部，兼翰林院掌院學士。 擢工部尚書，兼都統、內務府大臣。 那彥成三歲而孤，母那拉氏，守志，撫之成立，至是三十載，仁宗御書「勵節教忠」額表其門。
Na Yancheng, style Yetang, was of the Zhangjia clan, a Manchu of the Plain White Banner, and grandson of Grand Secretary Agui. In the fifty-fourth year of the Qianlong reign he passed the jinshi examination, was selected as a Hanlin bachelor, appointed compiler, and served in the Southern Study. He was promoted four times to Grand Secretariat academician. In the third year of Jiaqing he was ordered to serve on the Grand Council. He was made vice minister of works, transferred to the Board of Revenue, and concurrently served as chancellor of the Hanlin Academy. He was promoted to minister of works and concurrently served as commandant-in-chief and grand minister of the Imperial Household. Na Yancheng was orphaned at three; his mother, of the Nara clan, remained a widow and raised him to maturity. After thirty years the Jiaqing Emperor personally inscribed the plaque "Encouraging Integrity and Teaching Loyalty" for her household.
13
時教匪張漢潮久擾陝西，參贊大臣明亮及將軍慶成、巡撫永保同剿之，互有隙，師行不相顧。 是年秋，命那彥成為欽差大臣，督明亮軍，褫慶成、永保職，逮治。 那彥成以樞臣出膺軍寄，意銳甚。 明亮聞其將至，急擊賊敗之，漢潮伏誅。 帝嘉其先聲奪人，特詔褒美。 漢潮黨冉學勝亦狡悍，猶在陝。 冬，敗之五郎。 竄秦嶺老林，又迭敗之高關峪、夾嶺、鳳皇山。 賊乘間逸入湖北、河南境。 五年春，進兵漢中，遂入棧剿川匪，追出棧，大破之隴州隴山鎮，俘斬甚眾，授參贊大臣。 會經略額勒登保病，上以那彥成隴山捷後，軍威已振，命兼督各路兵。 高天升、馬學禮陷文縣，踞卡郎寨。 乘夜渡河破之，賊南竄，趨松潘、岷州。 額勒登保病起，合擊敗之，餘賊將竄川境，即陰平入蜀道也。 那彥成以地險不利騎兵，檄總兵百祥迎擊於農安，自率師回陝。 初，那彥成西行，以南山餘賊付巡撫台佈。 繼而川賊五家營至與合，欲東犯，台佈遣將扼之。 賊趨鎮安，張世龍、張天倫為經略大兵所驅，亦奔鎮安，群賊皆注漢北山內。 額勒登保追入老林，賊向商，雒，為楊遇春所破，始不敢東。 那彥成與會師鎮安。 商、雒賊折犯楚境。 上以軍事不得要領，召回京面詢方略，而高、馬二賊入川後益張，總兵施縉戰歿，詔斥那彥成縱賊，罷軍機、書房一切差使。 及至，召對，忤旨，再斥在陝漫無佈置，面詢兵事餉事，惟諉諸劫數未盡，且有忌額勒登保戰功意，褫尚書、講官、花翎，降翰林院侍講。 歷少詹事、內閣學士。
At the time the sect rebel Zhang Han-chao had long ravaged Shaanxi; Assistant Military Governor Mingliang, General Qingcheng, and Governor Yongbao were jointly suppressing him, but feuded among themselves and failed to coordinate on campaign. That autumn Na Yancheng was appointed Imperial Commissioner to supervise Mingliang's forces; Qingcheng and Yongbao were stripped of rank and arrested. Na Yancheng, a Grand Councilor now entrusted with military command, was full of fighting spirit. Mingliang, hearing of his approach, pressed the attack, defeated the rebels, and Han-chao was executed. The emperor praised his seizing the initiative and issued a special edict commending him. Han-chao's lieutenant Ran Xuesheng was likewise cunning and fierce and still held out in Shaanxi. In winter he was defeated at Wulang. He fled into the old-growth forests of the Qin Mountains and was repeatedly defeated at Gaoguanyu, Jialing, and Fenghuang Mountain. The rebels seized an opening and slipped into Hubei and Henan. In the spring of the fifth year he advanced on Hanzhong, entered the plank roads to suppress Sichuan bandits, pursued them beyond the passes, and routed them at Longshan Town in Longzhou, capturing and killing many; he was then appointed assistant military governor. Meanwhile Pacification Commissioner Eledengbao fell ill; the emperor, seeing that Na Yancheng's victory at Longshan had revived army morale, ordered him to supervise all routes concurrently. Gao Tiansheng and Ma Xueli seized Wen County and held Kalang Stockade. He crossed the river by night and routed them; the rebels fled south toward Songpan and Minzhou. Eledengbao recovered and joined forces to defeat them; the remnant rebels were about to flee into Sichuan by the Yinping route into Shu. Na Yancheng, finding the terrain too rugged for cavalry, ordered Brigadier Baixiang to intercept at Nong'an and led his own forces back to Shaanxi. Earlier, when Na Yancheng marched west, he left the remnant rebels in the southern mountains to Governor Taibu. Then Sichuan rebels of the Five Households Camp arrived to join them and planned an eastern thrust; Taibu sent generals to block them. The rebels moved on Zhen'an; Zhang Shilong and Zhang Tianlun, harried by the pacification commissioner's main force, also fled to Zhen'an, and rebel bands converged in the northern Han Mountains. Eledengbao pursued into the old forest; the rebels turned toward Shangzhou and Luonan but were defeated by Yang Yuchun and no longer dared advance east. Na Yancheng joined him and united forces at Zhen'an. The Shang and Luo rebels turned and raided Huguang territory. The emperor, finding the campaign lacked clear direction, recalled him to Beijing to discuss strategy in person; meanwhile, after Gao and Ma entered Sichuan they grew bolder, Brigadier Shi Jin was killed in battle, and an edict rebuked Na Yancheng for letting rebels escape and stripped him of all Grand Council and Southern Study appointments. On his arrival he was summoned to audience and gave offense; he was rebuked again for making no effective arrangements in Shaanxi, and when questioned on troops and supplies could only blame "unfinished fate"; he was also suspected of resenting Eledengbao's victories—stripped of his ministry, lectureship, and peacock feather, and demoted to Hanlin attendant lecturer. He served as junior mentor and Grand Secretariat academician.
14
七年，赴江西按巡撫張誠基被劾事，未定讞，兩廣總督吉慶以剿會匪被譴自戕，命往鞫。 八年，率提督孫全謀平會匪，條上善後，署吏部侍郎。 擢禮部尚書。 九年，复授軍機大臣，赴河南鞫獄，未畢，命署陝甘總督，治搜捕餘匪善後事宜，手詔戒之曰：「汝誠柱石之臣，有為有守。 惟自恃聰明，不求謀議，務資兼聽並觀之益，勿存五日京兆之見。」 未幾，調授兩廣總督。 廣東土匪勾結海寇為患，久不靖。 那彥成以兵不足用，乃招撫盜首黃正嵩、李崇玉，先後降者五千餘人，獎以千總外委銜及銀幣有差。 巡撫孫玉庭劾其賞盜，降藍翎侍衛，充伊犁領隊大臣。 既而李崇玉檻送京師，訊得與正嵩皆受四品銜守備劄，褫職戍伊衛。 十二年，复予二等侍衛，充領隊，調喀喇沙爾辦事大臣，又調西寧，平叛番，擢南河副總河。 以荷花塘漫口合而復決，降二等侍衛。 歷喀喇沙爾、葉爾羌辦事大臣，喀什噶爾參贊大臣。 十四年，复授陝甘總督。
In the seventh year he went to Jiangxi to investigate the impeachment of Governor Zhang Chengji, the case still undecided; when Guangdong Governor-General Jiqing, censured for suppressing secret-society bandits, committed suicide, Na Yancheng was ordered to conduct the inquest. In the eighth year he led Provincial Commander Sun Quanmou to pacify the secret-society bandits, submitted a program for pacification, and served as acting vice minister of personnel. He was promoted to minister of rites. In the ninth year he was again appointed to the Grand Council and sent to Henan to try cases; before he finished, he was ordered to serve as acting governor-general of Shaanxi-Gansu to hunt remnant bandits and handle aftermath, with a personal edict warning him: "You are truly a pillar of the state—capable and principled. Only do not trust too much in your own cleverness and neglect counsel; seek the benefit of hearing many views, and do not take the short-sighted outlook of a five-day capital magistrate." Before long he was transferred to governor-general of Guangdong and Guangxi. In Guangdong, bandits colluded with sea pirates and unrest had persisted for years. Finding his troops insufficient, Na Yancheng recruited and pacified bandit chiefs Huang Zhengsong and Li Chongyu; more than five thousand surrendered in succession and were rewarded with company-officer and platoon-leader ranks and silver in varying amounts. Governor Sun Yuting impeached him for rewarding bandits; he was demoted to blue-button guardsman and appointed brigade commander at Ili. Later Li Chongyu was escorted to the capital in the cangue; inquiry showed that he and Zhengsong had both received fourth-rank garrison-commander commissions—Na Yancheng was stripped of office and exiled to Ili. In the twelfth year he was restored to second-rank guardsman, served as brigade commander, was transferred to Karashahr resident commissioner, then to Xining where he pacified rebellious tribes, and was promoted to deputy director-general of the Southern Rivers. When the Lotus Pond breach was sealed and then burst again, he was demoted to second-rank guardsman. He served as resident commissioner at Karashahr and Yarkand and as assistant military governor at Kashgar. In the fourteenth year he was again appointed governor-general of Shaanxi-Gansu.
15
十八年，河南天理會教匪李文成等倡亂，陷滑縣，直隸、山東皆響應，林清糾黨犯禁門。 初，命總督溫承惠往剿，清既誅，乃發京兵，授那彥成欽差大臣，加都統銜，督師率楊遇春、楊芳等討之，迭詔責戰甚急。 那彥成以小丑不足平，惟慮遁入太行，勢且蔓延，十月，至衛輝，合師而後進。 賊踞桃源集、道口，與滑縣為犄角，連敗之於新鎮、丁欒集。 遇春擊破道口，殲賊萬餘，焚其巢； 尋破桃源集，追道口餘賊，抵滑縣。 文成遁輝縣司寨，楊芳、德英阿追破之，文成自焚死。 親督遇春等圍滑城數旬，以地雷攻拔之，獲首虜二萬餘。 山東賊亦平。 捷聞，加太子少保，封三等子爵，賜雙眼花翎，授直隸總督，賜祭其祖阿桂墓。
In the eighteenth year Li Wencheng and other Tiandihui rebels in Henan rose in revolt, seized Huaxian, and drew responses from Zhili and Shandong; Lin Qing mustered followers and attacked the Forbidden Gate. At first Governor-General Wen Chenghui was ordered to suppress them; after Lin Qing was killed, capital troops were sent out, Na Yancheng was made Imperial Commissioner with commandant rank to direct Yang Yuchun, Yang Fang, and others, and repeated edicts urgently pressed for action. Na Yancheng regarded the rebels as trifling foes but feared they might slip into the Taihang Mountains and spread; in the tenth month he reached Weihui, united the armies, and then advanced. The rebels held Taoyuanji and Daokou in mutual support with Huaxian; they were repeatedly defeated at Xinzhen and Dingluanji. Yang Yuchun broke Daokou, destroyed more than ten thousand rebels, and burned their lair; He soon took Taoyuanji, pursued the Daokou remnant rebels, and reached Huaxian. Li Wencheng fled to Sizhai in Huixian; Yang Fang and De'ying'a pursued and defeated him, and Wencheng burned himself to death. He personally directed Yang Yuchun and others in besieging Huacheng for several weeks, stormed it with land mines, and captured more than twenty thousand leaders and captives. The Shandong rebels were also pacified. On news of victory he was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, enfeoffed as third-rank viscount, granted the double-eyed peacock feather, appointed governor-general of Zhili, and granted sacrifice at his grandfather Agui's tomb.
16
二十一年，坐前在陝甘移賑銀津貼腳價，褫職逮問，論大辟； 繳完賠銀，改戍伊犁。 會丁母憂，詔援滑縣功，免發遣。 二十三年，授翰林院侍講。 歷理籓院、吏部、刑部尚書，授內大臣。 道光二年，青海野番甫定复擾，命那彥成往按，遂授陝甘總督。 驅私住河北番族回河南原牧，嚴定約束，緝治漢奸，乃漸平。 五年，調直隸。 七年，回疆四城既复，命為欽差大臣，往治善後事。 先後奏定章程，革各城積弊。 諸領隊、辦事大臣歲終受考覈於參贊大臣，又總考覈於伊犁將軍，互相糾察； 增其廉俸，許其攜眷，久其任期。 印房章京由京揀選，不用駐防。 除伯克賄補之弊，嚴制資格，保舉迴避。 五城叛產歸官收租，歲糧五萬六千餘石，支兵餉外，餘萬八千石為酌增各官養廉鹽米銀之用，有餘則變價解阿克蘇採買儲倉。 改建城垣，增卡堡，練戍兵。 浩罕為逋逃藪，所屬八城，安集延即其一。 嚴禁茶葉、大黃出卡。 盡逐內地流夷，收撫各布魯特，待其款關求貢，然後撫之。 詔悉允行。 張格爾既誅，加太子太保，賜紫韁、雙眼花翎，繪像紫光閣，列功臣之末。
In the twenty-first year, for having diverted relief silver in Shaanxi-Gansu to subsidize porter fees, he was stripped of office and arrested, and sentenced to death; After paying the indemnity in full, the sentence was commuted to exile in Ili. He then entered mourning for his mother; citing his service at Huaxian, the court remitted his exile by edict. In the twenty-third year he was appointed Hanlin attendant lecturer. He served as minister of the Court of Colonial Affairs, the Board of Personnel, and the Board of Punishments, and was appointed grand minister. In the second year of Daoguang the wild tribes of Qinghai, barely pacified, rose again; Na Yancheng was sent to investigate and was then appointed governor-general of Shaanxi-Gansu. He drove tribes that had encroached north of the Yellow River back to their original pastures in Henan, tightened regulations, and suppressed Han collaborators, and the region gradually calmed. In the fifth year he was transferred to Zhili. In the seventh year, after the four frontier cities were recovered, he was appointed Imperial Commissioner to handle pacification and aftermath. He submitted regulations in succession and reformed long-standing abuses in each city. All brigade and resident commissioners were examined yearly by the assistant military governor and then collectively by the Ili general, with mutual oversight; Their integrity stipends were increased, they were permitted to bring their families, and their terms of office were lengthened. Seal-office clerks were selected from Beijing rather than from garrison troops. He eliminated the abuse of buying bek posts, tightened qualifications, and applied rules for recommendation and avoidance. Rebel property in the five cities was confiscated for state rent; annual grain exceeded fifty-six thousand shi; beyond military rations, the remaining eighteen thousand shi were allotted to augment officials' integrity stipends; surplus grain was sold and sent to Aksu for purchase and storage. City walls were rebuilt, frontier forts added, and garrison troops drilled. Kokand was a haven for fugitives; of its eight subject cities, Andijan was one. Export of tea and rhubarb beyond the frontier posts was strictly forbidden. All stray foreigners in the interior were expelled; various Kirghiz were brought under allegiance; only when they sincerely came to the passes to seek tribute were they then received. An edict approved all measures for implementation. After Jahangir Khoja was executed, he was made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, granted the purple bridle and double-eyed peacock feather, had his portrait placed in the Hall of Purple Splendor, and was listed last among the meritorious ministers.
17
浩罕匿張格爾妻孥，詐使人投書伺隙。 那彥成禁不使與內地交接，絕其貿易。 九年，使人出卡搜求逆屬，上慮其邀功生事，召還京，仍回直隸總督任。 未及兩歲，西陲復不靖。 論者謂那彥成驅內地安集延，沒貲產、絕貿易所致。 十一年，詔斥誤國肇釁，褫職。 十三年，卒，宣宗追念平教匪功，賜尚書銜，依例賜卹，諡文毅。
Kokand harbored the wife and children of Jahangir Khoja and sent agents under false pretenses with letters to watch for an opening. Na Yancheng forbade contact with the interior and cut off trade. In the ninth year he sent men beyond the passes to hunt rebel kin; the emperor, fearing he would court merit and stir trouble, recalled him to Beijing and restored him as governor-general of Zhili. Within less than two years the western frontier was again unsettled. Commentators blamed Na Yancheng for driving Andijan merchants from the interior, confiscating their property, and severing trade. In the eleventh year an edict rebuked him for misleading the state and provoking conflict, and stripped him of office. In the thirteenth year he died; the Daoguang Emperor, recalling his service in pacifying the sect rebels, granted ministerial rank, mourning benefits by precedent, and the posthumous title Wenyi.
18
那彥成遇事有為，工文翰，好士，雖屢起屢躓，中外想望風采。 子容安、容照。
Na Yancheng was enterprising, skilled in letters, and fond of scholars; though he rose and fell repeatedly, men at court and beyond still looked to him with respect. His sons were Rong'an and Rongzhao.
19
容安，廕戶部主事，襲子爵。 歷侍衛、副都統。 從長齡徵回疆有功，歷伊犁參贊大臣。 亂事再起，容安率兵四千五百赴援，抵阿克蘇，遷延不進。 由和闐繞道，又分兵烏什，致喀、英二城圍久不解。 褫職逮治，讞大辟。 尋以二城未失，從寬改監候，罰繳和闐軍需，貸死戍吉林。 父喪，釋還。 數年卒。
Rong'an inherited a clerkship in the Ministry of Revenue by privilege and succeeded to the viscountcy. He served as guardsman and vice commandant-in-chief. He accompanied Chang Ling on the Muslim frontier campaign with distinction and served as assistant military governor of Ili. When rebellion broke out again, Rong'an led forty-five hundred men to the relief, reached Aksu, and lingered without advancing. By detouring through Khotan and splitting forces to Ush, he left the sieges of Kashgar and Yengisar unresolved for months. He was stripped of office and arrested; the verdict was death. Because neither city had fallen, the sentence was eased to imprisonment awaiting execution; he was fined for Khotan military supplies and his death sentence was commuted to exile garrison duty in Jilin. On his father's death he was released to return home. He died a few years later.
20
容照，以大臣子予侍衛。 累擢內閣學士。 亦從征回疆，隨父治善後。 擢理籓院侍郎。 容安既獲罪，襲子爵。 繼因那彥成被譴，同褫職。 起，歷馬蘭鎮總兵。 治獄失入，复褫爵職。 以侍衛從揚威將軍奕經防廣東。 充庫倫辦事大臣，復為馬蘭鎮總兵。 咸豐中，從尚書恩華剿捻匪有功，加副都統銜。 以疾回京，卒，賜血卩。 孫鄂素，襲爵。
Rongzhao, as a minister's son, was appointed imperial guardsman. He rose in repeated promotions to Grand Secretariat academician. He too joined the Muslim frontier campaign and assisted his father in pacification work. He was promoted to vice president of the Court of Colonial Affairs. When Rong'an was condemned, he succeeded to the viscountcy. He was later stripped of office along with Na Yancheng when the latter was punished. Restored to service, he served as commander of Mulan Garrison. A judicial error in sentencing cost him his rank and office again. As guardsman he accompanied Commissioner Yijing in the defense of Guangdong. He served as resident commissioner at Urga and again as commander of Mulan Garrison. In the Xianfeng reign he distinguished himself suppressing Nian bandits under Minister En Hua and was given vice commandant-in-chief rank. He returned to Beijing on account of illness, died, and was granted mourning benefits by precedent. His grandson Esu inherited the title.
21
玉麟，字子振，哈達納喇氏，滿洲正黃旗人。 乾隆六十年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。 嘉慶初，三遷為祭酒。 歷詹事、內閣學士。 纂修實錄久，特詔充總纂，奏事列名總裁後。 入直上書房。 歷禮部、吏部侍郎，典會試。 奉使鞫安徽壽州獄，及湖北官銀匠侵虧錢糧事，大吏並被嚴譴。 後歷赴湖南、江西、直隸、河南按事，時稱公正。 十二年，督安徽學政，調江蘇。 十六年，兼右翼總兵。 坐吏部銓序有誤，奪職。 未幾，授內閣學士，兼護軍統領、左翼總兵，遷戶部侍郎。 十八年八月，車駕自熱河回蹕，迎至白澗，先還京。 會林清逆黨犯禁門，率所部擊捕； 坐門禁懈弛，褫職。 十九年，予三等侍衛，赴葉爾羌辦事。 二十二年，加副都統銜，充駐藏大臣。 歷左翼總兵、鑲白旗漢軍副都統，遷左都御史，禮部、吏部、兵部尚書。
Yu Lin, whose style was Zizhen, was of the Hadanara clan, a Manchu of the Plain Yellow Banner. A jinshi of the sixtieth year of the Qianlong reign, he was selected as a Hanlin bachelor and appointed compiler. Early in the Jiaqing reign he was promoted three times until he became Libationer of the Imperial Academy. He served as Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent and Grand Secretariat academician. After long service compiling the veritable records, he was specially ordered to serve as chief compiler; when reporting to the throne his name was listed after the chief directors. He entered the Southern Study attached to the throne room. He served as vice minister in the Ministries of Rites and Personnel and presided over metropolitan examinations. Commissioned to try the Shouzhou case in Anhui and the Hubei silversmiths' embezzlement of grain taxes, he secured severe rebukes for the senior officials involved. He was later sent repeatedly to Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhili, and Henan to investigate cases, and at the time was praised for his fairness. In the twelfth year he supervised education in Anhui and was transferred to Jiangsu. In the sixteenth year he also served as Right Wing commander. He lost office after being censured for errors in the Ministry of Personnel's ranking order. Before long he was appointed Grand Secretariat academician, concurrently commander of the Guard Corps and Left Wing commander, and promoted to vice minister of Revenue. In the eighth month of the eighteenth year he welcomed the imperial carriage returning from Rehe as far as Baijian, then went back to Beijing ahead of it. When Lin Qing's rebels stormed the Forbidden Gate, he led his troops to attack and capture them; yet he was censured for lax gate security and stripped of office. In the nineteenth year he was given third-rank guardsman and sent to Yarkand as resident commissioner. In the twenty-second year he was given vice commandant rank and served as resident commissioner in Tibet. He served as Left Wing commander and vice commandant of the Bordered White Banner Chinese forces, then rose to Left Censor-in-Chief and minister of Rites, Personnel, and War in succession.
22
道光四年，命在軍機大臣上行走。 六年，回疆亂起，西四城皆陷。 阿克蘇辦事大臣長清獨能固守卻賊，先由玉麟論薦，詔特嘉之，賜花翎。 七年，兼翰林院掌院學士，充上書房總師傅，加太子少保。 八年，回疆既定，晉太子太保，繪像紫光閣。
In the fourth year of Daoguang he was ordered to serve on the Grand Council. In the sixth year rebellion broke out on the Muslim frontier and all four western cities fell. Aksu resident commissioner Chang Qing alone held firm and repelled the rebels; Yu Lin had first recommended him in memorial, and an edict specially praised him and granted the peacock feather. In the seventh year he became Hanlin Academy chancellor and chief tutor of the Southern Study and was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the eighth year, after the Muslim frontier was pacified, he was advanced to Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent and had his portrait placed in the Hall of Purple Splendor.
23
上方廑顧西陲，以玉麟悉邊務，九年，特命出為伊犁將軍。 疏言：「浩罕將作不靖，請緩南路換防。 阿坦台、汰劣克屢請投順，包藏禍心，添巡邊兵以備禦。 伊薩克忠勇能事，責令乘機謀之。 近夷布呼等愛曼恭順，重賞以固其心，則卡外動靜俱悉。」 詔如議行，並令喀什噶爾參贊大臣札隆阿為之備。 札隆阿誤信汰劣克等，不之疑也。 十年秋，安集延果引浩罕內犯，喀什噶爾幫辦大臣塔斯哈率兵出禦，遇伏陷歿。 札隆阿將棄城退守阿克蘇，玉麟急疏聞，請責長清等速籌糧儲，哈豐阿速進攻，發伊犁兵四千五百名，令容安率之赴援。 容安至阿克蘇，與長清議，中途有朵蘭回子梗阻，令哈豐阿、孝順岱由和闐草地進兵。 玉麟疏劾曰：「喀、英兩城被困兩月，賊勢尚單，易於援剿，由大路直赴葉爾羌，二城之圍自解。 迂道和闐，須一月方至，賊勢漸厚，哈豐阿軍未必得力。 阿克蘇現集兵不下萬人，僅以三千人繞路進發，留兵坐糜餉糧，實屬非計。 札催十數次，該大臣等始以糧運遷延，後又稱蒙兵、民遣皆不足恃。 計程裹糧二十日足用，後路轉運已源源而來。 前年克復四城，民遣得力，渾巴什河之捷，土爾扈特出力較多。 近日璧昌以少勝眾，豈沿邊零匪轉不能就地殲除？ 請將長清等嚴行申飭。」 上韙其言，仍促哈豐阿進兵。 及長齡督楊芳、胡超等大兵至喀、英二城，賊已遠遁。 玉麟疏言：「賊勢渙散，現調官兵不止四萬，月需糧萬五千石，運費十餘萬兩。 請停止續調四川、陝、甘兵，並飭回疆各城採買糧餉，較之戈壁轉輸，節省不止倍蓰。」 從之。
The emperor was deeply concerned for the western frontier; because Yu Lin knew border affairs thoroughly, in the ninth year he was specially appointed Ili general. He memorialized: "Kokand is about to stir trouble; I request that rotation of the southern-route garrisons be slowed. Atantai and Taulik have repeatedly sought to submit while harboring hostile intent; add frontier patrol troops for defense. Yisak is loyal, brave, and capable; charge him to seize the opportunity to deal with them. The aymans of nearby tribes such as Buqu are respectful; reward them generously to secure their loyalty, and all movements beyond the passes will be known." An edict approved the proposal and ordered Kashgar assistant military governor Zhalong'a to make preparations. Zhalong'a mistakenly trusted Taulik and the others and did not suspect them. In the autumn of the tenth year Andijan indeed led Kokand in an invasion; Kashgar assistant commissioner Taskha led troops out to resist, was ambushed, and perished. Zhalong'a was about to abandon the city and fall back on Aksu; Yu Lin urgently memorialized the throne, demanding that Chang Qing and others quickly stock grain, that Ha Feng'e advance at once, and despatching forty-five hundred Ili troops under Rong'an to the relief. Rong'an reached Aksu and consulted Chang Qing; because Dolan Muslims blocked the route midway, he ordered Ha Feng'e and Xiaoshundai to advance by the Khotan pasture road. Yu Lin memorialized in impeachment: "Kashgar and Yengisar have been besieged for two months; rebel strength is still slight and easy to relieve; by the main road straight to Yarkand, the sieges of both cities will lift of themselves. Detouring through Khotan will take a month to arrive, rebel strength will grow, and Ha Feng'e's force may not prevail. At Aksu nearly ten thousand troops are already assembled, yet only three thousand are sent by a detour while the rest sit wasting rations—this is truly no plan at all. He urged them in memorial more than ten times; those grandees at first pleaded delayed grain transport, then claimed that Mongol troops and local levies were all unreliable. By route calculation twenty days' carried rations suffice, and rear supply transport is already arriving in steady streams. When the four cities were recovered the year before last, local levies proved effective; at the victory on the Hunbash River the Torghuts contributed the greater part. Only recently Bichang defeated a larger force with fewer men—are scattered frontier bandits then beyond destroying on the spot? I request that Chang Qing and the others be sternly rebuked." The emperor approved his argument but still urged Ha Feng'e to advance. By the time Chang Ling led Yang Fang, Hu Chao, and the main armies to Kashgar and Yengisar, the rebels had already fled far away. Yu Lin memorialized: "Rebel strength is scattered; more than forty thousand regular troops are now mobilized, requiring fifteen thousand shi of grain a month and transport costs of more than one hundred thousand taels. I request that further mobilization of troops from Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Gansu be stopped and that each Muslim frontier city be ordered to purchase grain and pay locally; compared with transport across the Gobi, the savings would be more than double." The proposal was approved.
24
初張格爾之就擒也，回子郡王銜貝子伊薩克實誘致，諸夷忌之，亂起，兵民謀劫掠，事泄，誅首犯，逐流民。 怨者譌言伊薩克通賊，遂圍劫其家，並殺避亂回眾二百餘人。 札隆阿不能制，反附和劾囚之。 玉麟以伊薩克身膺王封，助亂得不償失，子孫在阿克蘇，家業在庫車，豈無顧慮？ 疏陳其可疑，命偕長齡會鞫，得札隆阿懼罪欲殺之以掩跡，及委員章京等捏奏迎合誣證狀，札隆阿以下坐罪有差，复伊薩克爵職，回眾大服。
When Jahangir Khoja was first captured, the Hui prince-rank beizi Yisak had in fact lured him in; various tribes envied him. When rebellion broke out, soldiers and civilians plotted plunder; the plot was exposed, the chief offenders executed, and stray people expelled. Malcontents spread slander that Yisak was in league with the rebels, besieged and plundered his household, and also killed more than two hundred Hui civilians who had taken refuge from the fighting. Zhalong'a could not control the mob and instead joined in impeaching and imprisoning him. Yu Lin argued that Yisak held princely rank and would gain nothing by aiding rebellion; his descendants were in Aksu and his estates in Kucha—would he not have scruples? He memorialized his doubts; Yu Lin was ordered to try the case jointly with Chang Ling. It was found that Zhalong'a, fearing guilt, had wished to kill Yisak to cover his tracks, and staff clerks had fabricated memorials and false testimony to suit him. Zhalong'a and his subordinates were punished in varying degrees, Yisak's rank and office were restored, and the Hui populace was deeply impressed.
25
時諸臣議回疆事宜，玉麟上疏曰：「閱固原提督楊芳添兵招佃奏稿，稱四川總督鄂山有請西四城改照土司之議。 伏思回疆自入版圖，設官駐兵，不惟西四城為東道籓籬，南八城為西陲保障，即前後藏及西北沿邊蒙古、番子部落，皆賴以鞏固。 若西四城不設官兵，僅令回人守土，誠恐回性無恆，又最畏布魯特強橫，轉瞬即為外夷所有，則阿克蘇又將為極邊矣。 其迤東之庫車、喀喇沙爾、吐魯番、哈密等城，必至漸不安堵。 以形勢論，脣亡則齒寒； 以地利論，喀什噶爾、葉爾羌、和闐三處為回疆殷實之區。 舍沃壤而守瘠土，是藉寇兵而齎盜糧也。 楊芳所謂守善於棄，實不易之論。 至請將喀什噶爾參贊移遷阿克蘇，殊非善計。 該處幅員狹隘，不足為重鎮。 且距喀城二千里，有鞭長不及之患。 其所陳招佃通商各條，則為治邊良法，請用之。」 於是詔髮長齡密陳十條及中外奏議，交玉麟悉心籌畫。 十一年，偕長齡會疏，上定以參贊大臣移駐葉爾羌，暨善後諸政，具詳長齡傳。 十二年，事定，回伊犁，調劑番戍官兵以均勞逸。 惠遠城南瀕河，定歲修之例； 以待種之地租給回民，收租充兵食，並為贍孤寡備差操諸用。 拓敬業官學學舍，創建文廟。 宣宗特頒扁額以重其事，邊徼士風漸蒸蒸焉。 十三年，命回京，以特依順保代之。 行至陝西，卒於途次。 上聞震悼，優詔賜卹，贈太保，入祀賢良祠。 柩至京，親臨賜奠，諡文恭。 伊犁請祠祀，允之。
At the time ministers were debating Muslim frontier policy; Yu Lin memorialized: "Having read the draft memorial of Guyuan commander Yang Fang on adding troops and recruiting colonists, it states that Sichuan governor-general E Shan has proposed treating the four western cities like native chieftaincies. Reflecting on this: since the Muslim frontier entered the empire, officials and garrisons have been stationed there. The four western cities are not only the screen of the eastern route; the eight southern cities are the bulwark of the western frontier. Even Tibet and the Mongol and tribal peoples along the northwestern border all depend on this region for their security. If no official troops are stationed in the four western cities and only the Hui are left to guard the land, I truly fear that, given the inconstancy of the Hui and their dread of Kirghiz power, the region would in an instant fall to foreign tribes and Aksu would again become the outermost frontier. The cities farther east—Kucha, Karashahr, Turfan, and Hami—would in turn grow unsettled. In strategic terms, when the lips are gone the teeth grow cold; in terms of terrain, Kashgar, Yarkand, and Khotan are the wealthiest districts of the Muslim frontier. To abandon fertile land and hold barren soil is to arm the enemy and provision thieves. Yang Fang's doctrine that holding territory is better than abandoning it is indeed sound and not easily refuted. As for the proposal to move the Kashgar assistant military governor to Aksu, it is by no means a sound plan. That place is too narrow in extent to serve as a major stronghold. Moreover it lies two thousand li from Kashgar, with the affliction that authority cannot reach so far. His proposals on recruiting colonists and opening trade, however, are sound methods of frontier governance and should be adopted." Thereupon an edict sent Chang Ling's ten confidential articles and memorials from court and frontier alike to Yu Lin for careful planning. In the eleventh year he and Chang Ling submitted a joint memorial; the court fixed that the assistant military governor should be stationed at Yarkand, along with other pacification measures detailed in Chang Ling's biography. In the twelfth year, after affairs were settled, he returned to Ili and adjusted frontier garrison troops to balance their burdens. South of Huiyuan city, along the riverbank, he established the precedent of annual repairs; rented out land awaiting cultivation to Hui tenants, collected rent for military rations, and also to support widows and orphans and meet corvée and service needs. He expanded the buildings of the Jingye official school and founded a Confucian temple. The Daoguang Emperor specially issued a commemorative plaque to honor the undertaking, and scholarly custom on the frontier gradually flourished. In the thirteenth year he was ordered back to Beijing and Te Yishunbao was appointed in his place. He reached Shaanxi and died on the road. The emperor was deeply grieved on hearing the news, granted favored mourning benefits by edict, posthumously made him Grand Guardian, and ordered his entry into the Hall of Worthies. When the coffin reached Beijing the emperor came in person to offer libation; his posthumous title was Wengong. Ili requested that he be worshipped in a local temple, and the request was granted.
26
特依順保，鈕祜祿氏，滿洲正白旗人。 由吉林前鋒長從征廓爾喀，有功。 嘉慶中，從長齡剿教匪，屢破高天升、馬學禮，賜號安成額巴圖魯。 累擢甘肅西寧鎮總兵。 十八年，從那彥成討滑縣教匪，力戰，數破賊，克司寨，殲首逆李文成，克滑縣，執賊渠，予雲騎尉世職。 移剿陝西三才峽匪。 事平，擢黑龍江將軍。 調烏里雅蘇台將軍、塔爾巴哈台參贊大臣、葉爾羌辦事大臣。 召授正白旗蒙古都統。 張格爾之亂，命赴阿克蘇。 尋署甘肅提督，兼西寧辦事大臣。 歷綏遠城、黑龍江、寧夏、西安將軍。 調伊犁，承玉麟之後，休息邊氓，撫馭夷部。 巴爾楚克諸地屯田漸興，酌撤防兵。 在任五年，邊疆無事。 道光十八年，入覲，詔嘉其治邊措施悉當，加太子太保，授內大臣，留京供職。 尋授領侍衛內大臣。 二十年，病，請解職。 未幾，卒，賜卹如例。 論曰：回疆之役，削平易而善後難。 長齡持重於始，老成之謀。 那彥成力袪積弊，善矣，而操切肇釁，未竟厥功。 玉麟以樞臣自請治邊，補救綢繆，西陲乃得乂安無事。 紫閣銘勳，蓋非幸已。
Te Yishunbao was of the Niohuru clan, a Manchu of the Plain White Banner. Starting as a Jilin vanguard chief, he joined the Gurkha campaign with distinction. In the Jiaqing reign he followed Chang Ling in suppressing the sect rebels, repeatedly defeated Gao Tiansheng and Ma Xueli, and was granted the title Ancheng'e Batulu. He rose in repeated promotions to commander of the Xining Garrison in Gansu. In the eighteenth year (1813) he followed Na Yancheng against the Huaxian sect rebels, fought fiercely and repeatedly defeated them, captured Sizhai, destroyed the chief rebel Li Wencheng, took Huacheng, seized rebel leaders, and was granted the hereditary rank of Cloud Cavalry Captain. He was then transferred to suppress the bandits of Sancaixia in Shaanxi. After pacification he was promoted to general of Heilongjiang. He served as general at Uliasutai, assistant military governor at Tarbagatai, and resident commissioner at Yarkand. He was recalled and appointed commandant of the Mongol Plain White Banner. During the Jahangir Khoja rebellion he was ordered to Aksu. He soon served as acting Gansu provincial military commander and concurrently as resident commissioner at Xining. He successively served as general at Suiyuan, Heilongjiang, Ningxia, and Xi'an. Transferred to Ili after Yu Lin, he allowed the frontier populace to recover and pacified the foreign tribes. As frontier colonies around Balchuan gradually prospered, garrison troops were judiciously reduced. During his five years in office the frontier remained peaceful. In the eighteenth year of Daoguang (1838) he came to audience; the emperor praised his frontier policies as entirely sound, made him Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent and grand minister, and retained him at the capital. He was soon appointed chief grand minister of the Imperial Bodyguard. In the twentieth year (1840) he fell ill and requested retirement. He died soon afterward and received the usual condolence grants. The commentators observed: In the Muslim frontier campaigns, conquest was easy but securing the aftermath was hard. Chang Ling was prudent at the outset, offering the counsel of experience. Na Yancheng worked hard to remove accumulated abuses, which was admirable, but his harsh precipitancy provoked new troubles and he did not finish what he had begun. Yu Lin, a Grand Council minister, volunteered to govern the frontier, repaired oversights, and the western borderlands were restored to lasting peace. Their portraits in the Hall of Purple Splendor were honors earned, not mere luck.