Volume 368 Biographies 155: Yang Fang, Wu Longa, Qing Xiang, Bi Chang

列傳一百五十五

Biography 155

楊芳胡超齊慎郭繼昌段永福武隆阿哈★阿巴哈布

Yang Fang, Hu Chao, Qi Shen, Guo Jichang, Duan Yongfu, Wu Long'a, Halar'a, and Bahubu

長清達凌阿哈豐阿慶祥舒爾哈善烏凌阿穆克登布多隆武

Changqing, Daleng'a, Hafeng'a, Qing Xiang, Shuerhashan, Uling'a, Mukedengbu, and Duolongwu

壁昌恆敬

Bi Chang and Hengjing

楊芳，字誠齋，貴州松桃人。少有幹略，讀書通大義。應試不售，入伍，充書識。楊遇春一見奇之，薦補把總。從征苗疆，戰輒摧鋒。洊擢台拱營守備。

Yang Fang, styled Chengzhai, came from Songtao in Guizhou. Even as a young man he showed talent and resolve, and in his studies he grasped the larger meaning of what he read. He failed the civil examinations, enlisted in the army, and was appointed camp clerk. Yang Yuchun took one look at him and knew he was extraordinary; he recommended him for promotion to platoon commander. On campaign in the Miao frontier, he again and again broke the enemy's front ranks in battle. He was promoted in succession to garrison commander of the Taigong Camp.

嘉慶二年，從額勒登保剿教匪，敗張漢潮於南漳，賜花翎。轉戰川、陝，常充偵騎，深入得賊情地勢，額勒登保連破劇寇，賴其鄉導之力。四年，殲冷天祿於人頭堰。大軍追餘賊，芳以九騎前行，至石筍河，見賊數千爭渡，後逼陡崖，左右無路，芳遣二騎回報，自將七騎大呼馳下，賊驚潰，陷淺洲中，其先渡者無由回救。五舟離岸，群賊蟻附，舟重，每發一矢覆一舟，五發五覆。俄，楊遇春、穆克登布至，浮馬渡，追擊賊盡，軍中稱為奇捷。連擢平遠營都司、下江營游擊、兩廣督標參將。

In the second year of the Jiaqing reign, he joined Eleuth in the campaign against the White Lotus rebels, routed Zhang Hanchao at Nanzhang, and was awarded a peacock feather. Fighting across Sichuan and Shaanxi, he often rode ahead as a scout, pushing deep into enemy country to learn rebel movements and the lay of the land. Eleuth's string of victories over the hardest rebel bands owed much to Yang Fang's guidance. In the fourth year, Leng Tianlu was destroyed at Rentouyan. As the main force pursued the remaining rebels, Yang Fang rode ahead with nine men. At the Shizun River he found several thousand rebels fighting to cross a ford, their rear pressed against sheer cliffs with no escape on either flank. He sent two riders back with word of what he had seen, then led the other seven in a shouting charge down the slope. The rebels panicked and broke, floundering in the shallows while those already across the river could not turn back to help. Five boats had already pushed off, swarming with rebels clinging to them like ants. The boats rode low in the water; Yang Fang loosed one arrow for each vessel, and each arrow sent a boat under—five shots, five boats sunk. Before long Yang Yuchun and Mukedengbu arrived, swam their horses across the river, and pursued until every rebel was killed or captured. The army hailed it as a miraculous victory. He was promoted in turn to military inspector of the Pingyuan Camp, vice commander of the Xiajiang Camp, and colonel in the Guangdong-Guangxi governor-general's command.

五年，楊開甲、張天倫趨雒南，芳以千騎扼東路，繞出賊前。賊折而西，黎明追及，見馬跡中積水猶潢，急馳之。甫轉山灣，見賊擁塞平川，芳率數十騎衝突，後騎至，乘勢蹂躪，賊倉卒奔潰，擒斬無算。賜號誠勇巴圖魯，擢廣西新泰協副將。尋從穆克登布擊伍懷志，連敗之成縣、階州。賊渡白水河窺四川龍安，旁入老林，冒雨追擊，及之於磨刀石，手刃十餘賊，傷足墜馬，徒步殺賊，复傷臂，射傷伍懷志，大軍乘之，大破賊眾。仁宗聞而嘉之，詔問傷狀。六年，冉學勝趨甘肅，偕札克塔爾要擊於固原，賊反奔，芳輕騎摧其後隊，又敗之於漢江南岸，賊由平利走洵陽。時張天倫踞高唐嶺，芳破之，餘賊與學勝合，東出楊柏坡，芳先至，設伏敗之，而李彬、苟文明、高見奇、姚馨佐合竄平利。彬走南江，天倫隨之，見奇、馨佐入寧羌。額勒登保自追之，囑芳以南江之賊，擊天倫，擒其黨張良祖、馬德清、劉奇；复破見奇、馨佐於桂門關，追及黑洞溝，擒其黨辛鬥：擢陝西寧陝鎮總兵。又敗李彬於太平，賊棄老弱逸，獲彬妻及其悍黨冉天璜。七年，苟文明犯寧陝，其黨劉永受、宋應伏分佈秦嶺北。芳由五郎口進，殲應伏之眾過半，永受遁，為寨民所殺，文明尋亦授首。額勒登保入楚，檄芳剿陝境餘匪，先後擒郭士嘉、苟文學等，賊黨潰散。

In the fifth year, Yang Kaijia and Zhang Tianlun marched on Luonan. Yang Fang took a thousand horsemen to hold the eastern road and swung around to cut in ahead of the rebels. The rebels turned west. At dawn he overtook them, saw water still pooled and churned muddy in the hoofprints, and pressed the pursuit at full speed. Hardly had he rounded a bend in the mountains when he saw the rebels packed across an open plain. Yang Fang led several dozen horsemen in a headlong charge; when the rest of his cavalry caught up, they rode the momentum and trampled the enemy ranks. The rebels broke in panic. Captured and slain, they were beyond number. He was given the honorific title Chengyong Batulu, Sincere and Brave Champion, and promoted to lieutenant colonel of the Guangxi Xintai Brigade. Soon afterward he joined Mukedengbu in the attack on Wu Huaizhi and defeated him again and again at Chengxian and Jiezhou. The rebels crossed the White Water River, aiming for Long'an in Sichuan, then veered into the deep old forests. Yang Fang pursued through the rain and caught them at Madaoshi, where he personally killed more than ten rebels with his blade. Shot in the foot, he fell from his horse; he kept fighting on foot, was wounded again in the arm, and put an arrow into Wu Huaizhi. The main army pressed the advantage and shattered the rebel force. When Emperor Renzong heard of this, he praised Yang Fang and issued an edict asking after his wounds. In the sixth year, Ran Xuesheng marched on Gansu. Yang Fang joined Zaktar in an ambush at Guyuan; when the rebels turned to flee, he led light cavalry against their rear guard and defeated them again on the south bank of the Han River. The rebels retreated from Pingli toward Xunyang. Zhang Tianlun was then holding Gaotangling; Yang Fang broke his position. The survivors joined Ran Xuesheng and moved east through Yangbaipo. Yang Fang got there first, laid an ambush, and routed them. Li Bin, Gou Wenming, Gao Jianqi, and Yao Xinyou fled together into Pingli. Li Bin fled toward Nanjiang, with Tianlun close behind; Gao Jianqi and Yao Xinyou slipped into Ningqiang. Eleuth pursued in person and charged Yang Fang with the rebels at Nanjiang: strike Tianlun and capture his followers Zhang Liangzu, Ma Deqing, and Liu Qi. He again defeated Gao Jianqi and Yao Xinyou at Guimen Pass, pursued them to Heidong Gully, and captured their follower Xin Dou. For this he was promoted to commanding general of the Ningshan garrison in Shaanxi. He defeated Li Bin again at Taiping. The rebels abandoned the old and weak and fled, leaving behind Li Bin's wife and his fierce lieutenant Ran Tianhuang, both of whom Yang Fang captured. In the seventh year, Gou Wenming attacked Ningshan while his followers Liu Yongshou and Song Yingfu spread out north of the Qinling range. Yang Fang advanced from Wulangkou and destroyed more than half of Song Yingfu's force. Liu Yongshou fled and was killed by villagers in a stockaded settlement; Gou Wenming soon surrendered his own head as well. Eleuth entered Hubei and ordered Yang Fang to mop up the remaining rebels in Shaanxi. In time he captured Guo Shijia, Gou Wenxue, and others, and the rebel bands scattered and collapsed.

八年，總督惠齡檄芳還剿南山賊，芳由洵陽壩深入，冒雨捫崖攀葛，狝薙無遺，遂大搜秦嶺南北，陝西賊垂盡。忽有李彪者，自太白山突出，合苟文潤擾洋縣。芳截剿勿及，坐奪翎頂。賊逼川境，德楞泰至，令芳歸防山內。苟文明餘黨自竹谿竄陝，芳嚴守漢江，卻之，复翎頂。是年秋，三省悉平，凱撤諸軍。

In the eighth year, Governor-general Huiling ordered Yang Fang back to suppress the rebels in the southern mountains. From Xunyangba he pushed deep into the hills, clawing up cliffs and hauling himself over vines through the rain until no hideout was left untouched. He then swept both sides of the Qinling range, and the rebels in Shaanxi were nearly wiped out. Then a man named Li Biao burst out of Taibai Mountain, joined forces with Gou Wenrun, and raided Yang County. Yang Fang moved to intercept them but arrived too late, and as punishment his peacock feather and cap button were stripped from him. When the rebels pressed toward the Sichuan border, Delengtai arrived and ordered Yang Fang back to hold the inner mountain passes. Gou Wenming's remaining followers slipped from Zhuxi into Shaanxi, but Yang Fang held the Han River line firmly and drove them back, and his peacock feather and cap button were restored. That autumn the three provinces were fully pacified, and the victorious armies were withdrawn.

寧陝鎮標皆選鄉勇精銳充伍，凡五千人，號新兵，芳馭之素寬。十一年，芳代楊遇春署固原提督，去鎮，副將楊之震攝。以包穀充糧，又鹽米銀未時給，眾鼓譟，營卒陳達順、陳先倫遂倡亂，戕之震，其黨蒲大芳護芳家屬出而復從賊。芳聞變，馳赴石泉，詔德楞泰率楊遇春等討之。秋，賊大掠洋縣、留壩，脅眾盈萬，推大芳為魁。攻孝義，窺子午谷，圍鄠縣急。芳馳救，鏖戰終夜，傷臂。旦日，賊辨為芳，自引去。遇春督諸軍戰於方柴關，不利。芳與遇春計，賊尚感舊恩，可勸諭，單騎入賊，曉以順逆利害，猶倔強，與語數年共生死情，聲淚俱下，眾感泣原降，遂宿賊壘。大芳縛達順、先倫以獻；复率大芳追斬不聽命者硃貴等數百人，乃定。德楞泰疏請降兵歸伍，被譴責，大芳等二百餘人免死戍伊犁。芳坐馭兵姑息，亦褫職遣戍。明年，釋還，以守備、千總用。十五年，授廣東右翼鎮總兵，調陝西西安鎮。母憂，去官。

The Ningshan garrison was filled with picked village militia, five thousand men in all, known as the New Soldiers. Yang Fang had always ruled them lightly. In the eleventh year, Yang Fang replaced Yang Yuchun as acting commander at Guyuan. He left the garrison, and Vice-general Yang Zhizhen took charge in his stead. The men were fed on corn instead of grain, and their salt-and-rice stipends were paid late. The troops raised a clamor, and garrison soldiers Chen Dashun and Chen Xianlun led a mutiny, killing Yang Zhizhen. Their comrade Pu Dafang saw Yang Fang's family to safety, then rejoined the rebels. When Yang Fang heard of the mutiny, he raced to Shiquan. An edict ordered Delengtai to lead Yang Yuchun and others against the rebels. That autumn the rebels looted Yang and Liuba counties on a wide scale, forced more than ten thousand followers into their ranks, and made Pu Dafang their leader. They attacked Xiaoyi, probed the Ziwu Valley, and laid a fierce siege to Hu County. Yang Fang raced to the rescue and fought through the night, taking a wound to the arm. At dawn the rebels recognized Yang Fang and withdrew on their own. Yang Yuchun led the combined armies into battle at Fangchaiguan, but the fight went badly. Yang Fang and Yang Yuchun agreed that the rebels still remembered old kindnesses and might be talked down. Yang Fang rode alone into the rebel camp and explained what submission would win and rebellion would cost. At first they remained stubborn, but as he spoke of the years they had shared in life and death his voice broke and tears fell. Moved to weeping, the men agreed to surrender, and he spent the night in the rebel camp. Pu Dafang bound Chen Dashun and Chen Xianlun and handed them over; He then had Dafang lead the pursuit and execute several hundred men who still refused to obey, including Zhu Gui, and with that the disturbance was finally settled. Delengtai submitted a memorial asking that the surrendered soldiers be sent back to their original units; he was rebuked for it, while Dafang and over two hundred others were spared execution and instead exiled to garrison duty at Yili. Fang was found guilty of having handled his troops too leniently and was likewise dismissed from office and banished to frontier garrison service. The following year he was pardoned and recalled, and was reemployed in posts as garrison commandant and company captain. In 1810 he was made major general of Guangdong's Right Wing Brigade and then transferred to command the Xi'an Brigade in Shaanxi. He resigned from office to observe mourning for his mother.

十八年，服闋，入都，至河南，會教匪李文成踞滑縣，總統那彥成留之勦賊，授河北鎮總兵。偕楊遇春克道口，進薄滑縣。巡撫高杞有兵六千，與總統不協，戰不力，芳說杞，盡領其眾。文成走踞輝縣司寨，偕特依順保追擊之，賊死鬥，芳手刃退卒，大捷，以火攻破碉樓，文成自焚死，予雲騎尉世職。大兵隧地攻滑城，賊多方御之，歷四十日不得下。芳复於西南隅穿穴深入，九日而成。地雷發，城圮，殄賊二萬餘。蕆功優敘，調西安鎮。移師剿平三才峽匪，复勇號，調漢中鎮。二十年，擢甘肅提督。

In 1813, after his mourning period ended, he set out for the capital; in Henan he found the sect rebel Li Wencheng holding Huaxian. Commander-in-chief Nayancheng kept him there to suppress the uprising and appointed him major general of the Hebei Brigade. He and Yang Yuchun took Daokou and pressed forward to the outskirts of Huaxian. Governor Gao Qi commanded six thousand men but failed to cooperate with the commander-in-chief and fought half-heartedly. Fang persuaded him to yield command and then took all of his troops under his own leadership. Li Wencheng fled to Sizhai in Huixian; Fang joined Te Yishunbao in the pursuit. The rebels fought to the last man, and Fang himself cut down soldiers who tried to flee. In a great victory he used fire to storm their blockhouse, after which Wencheng burned himself to death. Fang was awarded a hereditary Yunqiwei title. The main force began tunneling against Huacheng, but the rebels countered on every side, and after forty days the city still had not fallen. Fang opened another tunnel from the southwest corner and drove it deep beneath the walls; the work was finished in nine days. When the mine was detonated the wall gave way, and more than twenty thousand rebels were wiped out. His achievements were rewarded with a special promotion, and he was transferred back to command the Xi'an Brigade. He then marched to crush the bandits in Sancai Gorge, had his honorary title of bravery restored, and was transferred to the Hanzhong Brigade. In 1815 he was promoted to governor-general of Gansu.

道光初，歷直隸、湖南、固原提督。六年，回疆軍事急，芳自請從征，許之。十月，會軍阿克蘇。柯爾坪為要衝，芳先進，一鼓破之，焚回莊，斬賊酋伊瞞及安集延偽帥約勒達什，大軍無阻。七年二月，偕參贊楊遇春、武隆阿進師，三戰皆捷，抵喀什噶爾渾河北，合擊大破之，遂復其城；率兵六千趨和闐，三月，戰於毗拉滿，分軍繞賊後夾擊，擒賊酋噶爾勒，復和闐：加騎都尉世職，授乾清門侍衛。張格爾已遁，命楊遇春偕芳出卡掩捕，芳軍阿賴，檄諸夷部縛獻。芳言賊遁愈遠，道險餉艱，諸夷貪賞妄報不足信，至秋，詔班師。會芳追博巴克之眾，入險遇伏，數戰始拔全軍出，協領都凌阿死之。遇春先入關，芳代為參贊，遣黑回用間言大兵全退。張格爾俟歲將除，率五百騎來襲，中途覺而反奔。芳急馳一晝夜，追及於喀爾鐵蓋山，殲其從騎殆盡。餘賊擁張格爾登山，棄騎走，芳率胡超、段永福等擒之，錫封三等果勇侯，賜紫韁、雙眼花翎，晉御前侍衛，賜其子承注舉人。張格爾械京伏誅，加太子太保。九年，入覲，晉二等侯，加太子少傅。十年，浩罕、安集延复擾喀什噶爾、葉爾羌等城，偕長齡往剿，仍為參贊。兵至，賊已遁。疏言移城屯田事，下長齡等議行。尋回鎮。

Early in the Daoguang reign he served in turn as governor-general of Zhili, Hunan, and Guyuan. In 1826, as the crisis in the Muslim borderlands intensified, Fang asked to join the campaign and was allowed to do so. That October he rendezvoused with the main force at Aksu. Korla was the key choke point. Fang led the advance, overran it at the first blow, burned the Muslim villages, and killed the rebel leader Iman along with Yoledash, the pretender sent from Andijan, clearing the way for the main army. In February 1827 he marched with counselors Yang Yuchun and Wu Long'a; they won three battles in succession, reached the north bank of the Konqi River outside Kashgar, and in a combined assault routed the enemy and retook the city. Leading six thousand men toward Khotan, he fought at Pilaman in March, sent part of his force around the enemy rear in a pincer attack, captured the rebel chief Garle, and recovered Khotan. He was granted an additional hereditary Cavalry Commandant title and appointed an attendant of the Qianqing Gate. Jahangir Khoja had already escaped, and Yang Yuchun was ordered to join Fang in a pursuit beyond the border passes. Fang encamped at Alai and sent notices to the surrounding tribes demanding that they seize Jahangir and hand him over. Fang argued that the rebels were retreating ever deeper into the mountains, that the routes were treacherous and supplies scarce, and that the tribes, eager for bounty, could not be trusted to report truthfully. By autumn the court ordered the army to withdraw. While pursuing Bobak's band, Fang entered difficult terrain and walked into an ambush; only after several hard fights did he extricate the entire force, though Assistant Commander Du Ling'a was killed. When Yuchun returned through the pass first, Fang took over as counselor and sent black Hui agents to spread disinformation that the whole army had already withdrawn. Jahangir waited until the year was almost over, then led five hundred horsemen in a surprise raid, but sensing the trap halfway through he wheeled about and fled. Fang drove hard for a full day and night, overtook them at Kar Tagh Mountain, and nearly wiped out their entire escort. The surviving rebels dragged Jahangir up the mountain, abandoned their mounts, and tried to escape on foot. Fang, with Hu Chao, Duan Yongfu, and others, captured him. He was ennobled as third-rank Marquis Guoyong, awarded purple reins and a double-eyed peacock feather, promoted to attendant before the throne, and his son Chenzhu was granted juren status. Jahangir was sent in chains to the capital and executed, and Fang was further honored with the title Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In 1829 he returned to court for an audience and was raised to second-rank marquis, with the additional title Junior Tutor to the Heir Apparent. In 1830, when Kokand and Andijan once more raided Kashgar, Yarkand, and neighboring cities, he joined Chang Ling on a punitive expedition and again served as counselor. By the time the army reached the scene, the rebels had already withdrawn. He submitted a memorial on relocating garrison towns and opening military colonies, and the court referred the proposal to Chang Ling and the others for deliberation and implementation. He soon returned to his brigade post.

十三年，四川清溪、越巂、瓘邊諸夷叛，提督桂涵卒於軍，以芳代之。至則清溪、越巂皆平，進攻瓘邊賊巢，斬其酋，十二姓熟夷皆降，山內倮夷亦就撫。與按察使花傑籌治善後，晉一等侯。逾年，諸夷复時出擾，降二等侯，褫御前侍衛，以甘肅總兵候補。引疾歸。十六年，起為湖南鎮筸總兵，撫定變兵。歷廣西、湖南提督。

In 1833, when tribes in Qingxi, Yuexi, and Qianbian in Sichuan rose in revolt, Governor-General Gui Han died in the field and Fang was appointed to succeed him. When he arrived, Qingxi and Yuexi were already quiet; he then advanced on the rebel base at Qianbian, killed their leader, and brought all twelve pacified Yi clans to surrender, while the unassimilated Yi in the mountains also accepted government control. Working with surveillance commissioner Hua Jie on the post-campaign settlement, he was promoted to first-rank marquis. Within a year the tribes were raiding again; he was demoted to second-rank marquis, stripped of his attendant before the throne, and reduced to await appointment as major general of Gansu. He pleaded illness and retired. In 1836 he was recalled to serve as major general at Zhenbian in Hunan, where he pacified mutinous soldiers. He later served in turn as governor-general of Guangxi and Hunan.

二十年，海疆事起，定海既陷，琦善赴廣東議撫，英吉利要挾，攻奪砲台。二十一年春，命奕山為靖逆將軍，芳及隆文為參贊，率師防剿。奕山等不知兵，惟倚芳。先至廣州，英兵入犯虎門、烏湧，提督關天培戰死。敵兵逼省城，嚴備守禦。芳見兵不可恃，而洋商久停貿易，亦原休戰，美利堅商人居間，請通商，詔不許；又偕巡撫怡良疏請準港腳商船貿易，詔斥有意阻撓，怠慢軍心，嚴議奪職，改留任。奕山至，戰亦不利。四月，英艦退，收復砲台，奕山等遂請班師。芳以老病乞解職，溫諭慰之，命回湖南本任。二十三年，許致仕，在籍食全俸。二十六年，卒於家，詔念前勞，賜金治喪，依例賜卹，予其諸孫官有差，諡勤勇。子承注先卒，孫恩科襲侯爵。

In 1840, as the coastal crisis erupted, Dinghai fell; Qishan was sent to Guangdong to negotiate, but Britain pressed its demands and stormed the coastal batteries. In the spring of 1841 Yishan was named Pacification General, with Fang and Longwen as his counselors, to command the forces in defense and counterattack. Yishan and his colleagues knew nothing of war and depended entirely on Fang. Fang reached Guangzhou ahead of the others; British forces then struck Humen and Wuyong, and Admiral Guan Tianpei was killed in the fighting. As the enemy closed on the provincial capital, the city was placed under the strictest defensive preparations. Fang judged that his troops could not be counted on, while foreign merchants, weary of the prolonged trade shutdown, also wanted fighting to stop. American merchants offered to mediate and asked that commerce be reopened, but the court refused. He and Governor Yiliang then jointly memorialized asking that anchored merchant vessels be allowed to trade. The court denounced the proposal as deliberate obstruction that undermined morale; although his dismissal was seriously debated, he was ultimately permitted to keep his post. When Yishan finally arrived, the battles went no better. In April the British warships withdrew, the forts were retaken, and Yishan and his colleagues memorialized the throne to bring the army home. Citing age and illness, Fang asked to be relieved of duty. The court answered with a gracious edict of consolation and sent him back to his original post in Hunan. In 1843 he was allowed to retire and continued to draw his full stipend while living at home. He died at home in 1846. The throne remembered his long service, granted gold for his funeral and the usual mourning honors, appointed several of his grandsons to office, and gave him the posthumous title Qinyong, Diligent and Brave. His son Chenzhu had predeceased him, and the marquisate passed to his grandson Enke.

芳自剿三省教匪，勳名亞於楊遇春。至回疆之役，以生擒首逆，先封侯，繪像紫光閣，論功超列遇春上。漢臣同列者凡九人：署固原提督胡超，貴州提督餘步雲，直隸提督齊慎，安徽壽春鎮總兵郭繼昌，陝西西固營都司段永福，陝西馬兵升甘肅寧遠堡守備楊發，陝西馬兵升撫標左營守備田大武。發、大武並從擒張格爾，以伍卒躋列，異數也。

Ever since he helped put down the sect rebels in Sichuan, Hubei, and Shaanxi, his reputation for martial achievement had stood second only to Yang Yuchun's. In the war for the Muslim borderlands, his capture of the rebel leader alive won him an early enfeoffment as marquis and a place among the portraits in the Hall of Purple Splendor; when honors were tallied, he was placed above even Yuchun. Nine Han ministers were honored together: Acting Governor Hu Chao of Guyuan; Governor Yu Buyun of Guizhou; Governor Qi Shen of Zhili; Brigade General Guo Jichang of the Shouchun garrison in Anhui; Regimental Commander Duan Yongfu of Shaanxi's Xigu Camp; Yang Fa, a Shaanxi trooper raised to garrison commander at Ningyuan Fort in Gansu; and Tian Dawu, likewise a Shaanxi trooper promoted to garrison commander of the provincial command's Left Battalion. Yang Fa and Tian Dawu had both helped capture Jahangir Khoja. That common soldiers should stand among such company was a rare distinction.

胡超，四川長壽人。初讀書應試不售，入伍，從征苗疆有功。嘉慶中，川、楚、陝教匪起，率鄉勇轉戰，屢殲悍賊，以勇健名。累擢都司，坐事奪職。入都，考充國史館供事。十八年，林清逆黨犯禁城，手殺數賊，大學士勒保薦赴河南軍營。從楊遇春勦賊，單騎入賊壘，與數十賊搏戰，殲其二，搴旗而出；又敗賊於中市，率勁騎前驅，克道口，復原官。克滑城，擒賊首，上功居最。十九年，從遇春平三才峽匪，殪賊目麻大旗、劉二，擒龔貴等，賜號勁勇巴圖魯。累擢陝西循化營參將。

Hu Chao came from Changshou in Sichuan. He first tried the civil examinations and failed, then enlisted. On campaign in the Miao frontier he distinguished himself. During the Jiaqing reign, when sect rebels erupted across Sichuan, Hubei, and Shaanxi, he led local militia through one campaign after another, repeatedly annihilating the hardest fighters, and won a name for boldness and stamina. He rose step by step to regimental commander, then was stripped of rank after an offense. He went to the capital, passed an examination, and was appointed a clerk in the Imperial Historiography Institute. In 1813, when Lin Qing's rebels broke into the Forbidden City, he killed several of them himself. Grand Secretary Lebao recommended him for duty with the Henan army. Serving under Yang Yuchun against the rebels, he rode alone into their camp, grappled with dozens of bandits, killed two, tore down a banner, and fought his way out. He routed the rebels again at Zhongshi, led the vanguard with elite cavalry, took Daokou, and was restored to his former rank. He took Huacheng and captured the rebel leader, and when merits were submitted his stood first. In 1814 he joined Yuchun in crushing the rebels at Sancai Gorge, killed the bandit leaders Ma Daqi and Liu Er, captured Gong Gui and others, and was given the honorific Jingyong Baturolu. He rose in turn to colonel of Shaanxi's Xunhua Camp.

道光元年，從征叛番，戰博洛托亥、烏蘭哈達皆捷，夜襲凍雪嶺賊帳，擢甘肅永昌協副將，駐防西寧。六年，回疆事起，楊遇春檄赴軍。從楊芳攻柯爾坪，先破賊於和色爾湖，次日攻北莊，持矛步戰，殺賊過半，陣斬賊首伊瞞，加總兵銜。七年，連戰皆捷，抵渾河，賊夜來襲，擊敗之，遂渡河薄賊壘，賊大潰。四城既复，追和闐逸賊，出卡至瑪雜敗之，截擊於新地溝，盡殲其眾，擢四川重慶鎮總兵。是年冬，追張格爾至喀爾鐵蓋山，舍騎步躡山巔，張格爾窮蹙欲自剄，超與段永福奪其刀，生縛之，予騎都尉世職，授乾清門侍衛。與功臣宴，御製贊有「雄勇超群，名實克稱」之褒。歷署古北口、固原提督，授甘肅提督。

In 1821, on campaign against rebel tribes, he won victories at Boluotuohe and Ulanhada, then in a night raid on the rebel camp at Dongsnow Ridge earned promotion to deputy commander of the Yongchang garrison in Gansu and was posted to Xining. In 1826, when war erupted in the Muslim borderlands, Yang Yuchun called him to the front. Under Yang Fang at Korla he first routed the enemy at Heser Lake; the next day he stormed Beizhuang on foot with spear in hand, cut down more than half the rebels, and killed their chief Iman in the fighting, winning promotion to brigade general. In 1827 he fought victory after victory until he reached the Konqi River, beat back a night assault, crossed the river, closed on the rebel camp, and broke them completely. After the four cities were retaken, he pursued the Khotan fugitives beyond the border pass, defeated them at Mazha, cut them off at Xindigou and destroyed them to the last man, and was promoted to brigade general of Chongqing in Sichuan. That winter he chased Jahangir Khoja to Kar Tagh Mountain, dismounted, and climbed the peak on foot. Cornered, Jahangir tried to kill himself; Hu Chao and Duan Yongfu seized his blade and took him alive. Hu Chao was granted a hereditary Cavalry Commandant title and appointed an attendant of the Qianqing Gate. At the banquet for the victorious ministers, the emperor's own verse praised him with the words, "Heroic courage beyond the common run; fame and merit alike deserved." He served in turn as acting governor at Gubeikou and Guyuan, then received appointment as governor of Gansu.

十年，浩、安集延复犯邊，超率兵四千馳剿，至英吉沙爾，賊已遁，遂解喀什噶爾圍。分兵追薩漢莊竄匪，俘戮殆盡。凱旋，調固原提督。十六年，入覲，命在御前行走。二十一年，命率兵二千赴山海關駐防。尋以浙江海防急，授參贊大臣赴援，未行，留防天津。從郡王僧格林沁視直隸、山東海口防務，逾年撤防歸伍。尋調甘肅提督。二十六年，以西寧番叛，調援不力，褫職，仍留騎都尉。乞病歸，食半俸。二十九年，卒。

In 1830, when Kokand and Andijan again raided the frontier, Hu Chao hurried north with four thousand men. By the time he reached Yengisar the enemy had already fled, and the siege of Kashgar was relieved. He sent detachments after the rebels hiding at Sahanchuang and captured or killed almost every one of them. After his victorious return he was reassigned as governor of Guyuan. In 1836 he came to court for an audience and was granted the privilege of walking in attendance before the throne. In 1841 he was ordered to take two thousand men to garrison Shanhaiguan. When the coastal crisis in Zhejiang grew acute, he was appointed counselor-minister to reinforce the province; before he could leave, he was held at Tianjin on garrison duty. He accompanied Prince Sengge Rinchen on an inspection of the coastal defenses of Zhili and Shandong; after a year the emergency garrison was stood down and he returned to regular duty. Shortly afterward he was reassigned once more as governor of Gansu. In 1846, after tribes around Xining rose in revolt and he was judged to have responded too weakly, he was dismissed from office though he kept his Cavalry Commandant title. He asked leave for illness, went home, and drew half salary. He died in 1849.

齊慎，河南新野人。以武生率鄉團擊教匪。入伍，隸慶成部下，轉戰三省，以勇聞。比教匪平，洊擢至陝安鎮右營游擊，楊遇春甚器之。嘉慶十八年，滑縣亂，檄慎從征。賊踞道口，遇春初至，直前搏戰，慎從之，賊氣奪，入巢。明日，慎獨破賊於衛河西岸。賊掠中市，率騎斷其歸路，夾擊，毀浮橋，遂克道口，破桃源集援賊。進薄滑縣，駐營未定，賊萬餘由西北門出來犯，力戰，相持竟夜；遲明，城賊二千餘復出，慎躍馬衝賊陣中斷，乃大潰。又破賊新鄉牛市，首逆李文成走踞司寨，慎由淇縣大廟山右進，鏖戰白土岡，會攻司寨，克之。自道口至此凡十三戰，敘功最，賜號健勇巴圖魯。克滑城，先登受傷，擢副將；遂從遇春平三才峽匪，授神木協副將。歷西安、陝安兩鎮總兵。

Qi Shen came from Xinye in Henan. A military licentiate, he raised local militia to fight the sect rebels. He enlisted under Qingcheng, fought across three provinces, and made a name for courage. When the sect rebellion was finally crushed he had risen to raid commander of the Right Battalion at Shen'an, and Yang Yuchun held him in high regard. In 1813, when Huaxian erupted in rebellion, he was ordered to join the campaign. The rebels held Daokou. Yuchun had only just arrived when he charged straight into the fight; Shen followed, the enemy's nerve broke, and they fell back into their stronghold. The next day Shen, fighting alone, routed the rebels on the west bank of the Wei River. When the rebels sacked Zhongshi, he led cavalry to sever their retreat, struck them from both sides, destroyed the pontoon bridge, retook Daokou, and smashed the relief column from Taoyuanji. As he closed on Huaxian, his camp scarcely pitched, more than ten thousand rebels poured out the northwest gate to attack. The fighting was fierce and lasted through the night. At first light another two thousand rebels sallied from the city. Shen spurred his horse into their ranks, split their line, and they collapsed in full flight. He beat the rebels again at the cattle market outside Xinxiang. The rebel leader Li Wencheng fled to Sizhai and dug in. Shen came up on the right by Damiao Mountain in Qixian, fought a bitter engagement at Baitugang, then joined the combined assault on Sizhai and took it. From Daokou to this point he fought thirteen battles in all, was credited with the highest merit, and was given the honorific title Jianyong Batulu, Vigorous and Brave Champion. When Huacheng was taken he was the first man over the wall and was wounded; he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. He then followed Yang Yuchun in crushing the bandits at Sancaixia and was appointed lieutenant colonel of the Shenmu Brigade. He served in turn as commanding general of the Xi'an and Shaan'an garrisons.

道光元年，擢甘肅提督。二年，西寧插帳番擾河北，慎率本標兵迭戰於烏蘭哈達、哈錫山、落它灘，擒斬數百，番眾乞降，放還河南。詔褒獎，被珍賚。六年，從征回疆，長齡令充翼長，駐守阿克蘇。父喪，留軍。特奇里克愛曼布魯特助逆擾烏什，慎戰屢捷，擒其酋庫圖魯克。七年，出哈蘭德卡倫，駐倭胡素魯，遏賊內犯。事平，調古北口提督，改號強謙巴圖魯。十二年，病歸。起授甘肅提督，調四川。十七年，平雷波叛夷，調雲南，復調四川。

In 1821 he was promoted to governor-general of Gansu. In 1822 the Chaizhang Tibetans near Xining raided the area north of the river. Qi Shen led his personal banner troops in repeated battles at Wulanhada, Haxishan, and Luotatan, capturing and killing several hundred. The tribes surrendered and were sent back to the region south of the river. The court issued an edict commending him and he received imperial gifts. In 1826 he joined the campaign in the Western Regions. Chang Ling appointed him wing commander and posted him to garrison Aksu. When his father died, he stayed with the army rather than return home. Tekes Aiman Bruts joined the rebels in raiding Ush. Qi Shen won battle after battle and captured their chief Qutuluoke. In 1827 he took up position at the Haland pass outpost and garrisoned Wohusuru, blocking rebel incursions into the interior. After the campaign ended he was transferred to governor-general at Gubeikou and given the new honorific title Qiangqian Batulu, Strong and Modest Champion. In 1832 he retired because of illness. He was recalled from retirement, appointed governor-general of Gansu, and then transferred to Sichuan. In 1837 he put down the rebellious Yi of Leibo, was transferred to Yunnan, and then transferred again to Sichuan.

二十一年，命率川兵五百赴廣東參贊靖逆將軍奕山軍務，守佛山鎮。楊芳病，移守省城，會罷戰。二十二年，赴湖北剿崇陽亂民，未至已定，命赴浙江會辦揚威將軍奕經軍務，駐上虞，扼曹娥江。移防江蘇鎮江。英兵來犯，力戰卻敵。城卒陷，退守新豐。奕山、奕經先後被譴，慎奪職留任，回四川。二十四年，出閱伍，卒於馬邊，贈太子太保，諡勇毅。

In 1841 he was ordered to lead five hundred Sichuan troops to Guangdong, where he served as counselor on Pacification General Yishan's staff and defended Foshan garrison. When Yang Fang fell ill, Qi Shen shifted to defend the provincial capital; shortly afterward the fighting was called off. In 1842 he was sent to Hubei to suppress the rebels at Chongyang, but before he arrived the uprising had already been put down. He was then ordered to Zhejiang to assist Displaying-Might General Yijing, garrisoned at Shangyu, and held the line at the Cao'e River. He was redeployed to defend Zhenjiang in Jiangsu. When British troops attacked, he fought hard and drove them back. The city eventually fell, and he withdrew to hold Xinfeng. Yishan and Yijing were censured one after another. Qi Shen was stripped of rank but kept in post and sent back to Sichuan. In 1844, while out reviewing troops, he died at Mabian. He was posthumously granted Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent and given the posthumous name Yongyi, Brave and Steadfast.

郭繼昌，直隸正定人。以行伍從慶成剿教匪於襄陽，繼從恆瑞入川，擊羅其清、冉文儔等於龍鳳坪，殲冉文富於馬鞍山，功皆最。又赴陝、甘剿張漢潮，擢龍固營都司。累遷陝西宜君營參將。道光元年，赴喀什噶爾換防，授定邊協副將，調安西協。六年，換防葉爾羌，抵阿克蘇，值亂起，駐守托什罕，擊敗渡河賊。協領都倫布被圍，繼昌兵少不能救，借調額爾古倫騎隊三百，夜率馳往，突賊營，殲其酋庫爾班素皮，追及河上，擒斬千餘，擢總兵，賜號幹勇巴圖魯。七年，從大軍戰大河拐，夜襲賊營，破之。從復喀什噶爾城，追賊至塔里克達坡，分兵繞山後狙擊，賊驚潰，授壽春鎮總兵。調陝西延榆綏鎮。十年，再赴喀什噶爾剿餘孽，還署固原提督。十七年，調廣東陸路提督。洎海防急，往來廣、惠間籌守禦。二十一年，以勞卒。

Guo Jichang came from Zhengding in Zhili. Rising from the ranks, he followed Qing Cheng in suppressing the religious rebels at Xiangyang, then entered Sichuan with Heng Rui and fought Luo Qiqing, Ran Wenchou, and others at Longfengping. At Ma'anshan he destroyed Ran Wenfu. In each case his merit was rated highest. He then went to Shaanxi and Gansu to suppress Zhang Hanchao and was promoted to military inspector of the Longgu Camp. Through successive promotions he rose to colonel of the Yijun Camp in Shaanxi. In 1821 he went to Kashgar for a garrison rotation, was appointed lieutenant colonel of the Dingbian Brigade, and was transferred to the Anxi Brigade. In 1826 he rotated to the Yarkand garrison, reached Aksu as rebellion broke out, garrisoned Toshkan, and defeated rebels crossing the river. Brigade Lieutenant Dulenbu was surrounded. Guo Jichang had too few men to relieve him, so he borrowed three hundred Ergulun cavalry, led a night march against the rebel camp, and killed their chief Kurban Sufi. Pursuing to the riverbank, he captured and killed more than a thousand. He was promoted to commanding general and given the honorific title Ganyong Batulu, Capable and Brave Champion. In 1827 he joined the main army at Daheguai, raided the rebel camp by night, and routed it. He took part in recovering Kashgar, pursued the rebels to Talik Daba, sent troops around the mountains for a flanking ambush, and the rebels broke and fled in panic. He was appointed commanding general of the Shouchun garrison. He was transferred to the Yan-Yu-Sui garrison in Shaanxi. In 1830 he returned to Kashgar to mop up remaining rebels, and on his way back served as acting governor-general at Guyuan. In 1837 he was transferred to land-route governor-general of Guangdong. As coastal defense grew urgent, he shuttled between Guangzhou and Huizhou organizing the defenses. In 1841 he died from overwork.

段永福，陝西長安人，原籍四川。以鄉勇從征教匪，積功至千總。嘉慶十八年，滑縣教匪起，從楊遇春轉戰直隸、河南，克道口、司寨，复滑縣，皆有功。復從遇春剿陝西郿縣賊，率騎兵追至柏楊嶺，殲賊目麻大旗、劉二於陣。累擢甘肅張義營都司。道光七年，從楊芳徵回疆，洋阿爾巴特、沙布都爾、阿瓦巴特三戰皆力，賜號利勇巴圖魯。張格爾就擒於喀爾鐵蓋山，永福從胡超步上山嶺，直前奪其刀，手縛之，予騎都尉世職。擢參將，歷甘肅永固協副將，陝西寧夏鎮總兵，調貴州安義鎮。二十年，命赴廣東防海，英吉利兵艦初至，永福扼虎門，砲擊退之。二十二年，命赴浙江佐揚威將軍奕經軍，寧波、鎮海已陷，令永福分路往攻，漏師期，他路先挫，永福師不得進，遂無功。擢廣西提督，未赴，調浙江。未幾，卒，諡勇毅。

Duan Yongfu was from Chang'an in Shaanxi, though his original household registration was in Sichuan. He joined the campaigns against the religious rebels as local militia and rose through merit to the rank of platoon commander. In 1813, when the religious rebels rose at Huaxian, he followed Yang Yuchun through Zhili and Henan, helped capture Daokou and Sizhai, and recover Huaxian, distinguishing himself in each action. He again followed Yang Yuchun against the rebels in Meixian, Shaanxi, led cavalry in pursuit to Baiyangling, and in battle killed the rebel leaders Ma Daqi and Liu Er. Through successive promotions he rose to military inspector of the Zhangyi Camp in Gansu. In 1827 he followed Yang Fang on the Western Regions campaign and fought with full force at Yang Arbatt, Shabdur, and Awabatt. He was given the honorific title Liyong Batulu, Sharp and Brave Champion. When Jahangir was taken at Karateghai Mountain, Duan Yongfu followed Hu Chao on foot up the ridge, rushed forward, seized his knife, and bound him with his own hands. He was granted a hereditary Cavalry Commandant rank. He was promoted to colonel, served as lieutenant colonel of the Yonggu Brigade in Gansu and then commanding general of the Ningxia garrison in Shaanxi, and was transferred to the Anyi garrison in Guizhou. In 1840 he was ordered to Guangdong for coastal defense. When English warships first arrived, Duan Yongfu held the Humen strait and drove them back with artillery. In 1842 he was sent to Zhejiang to assist Displaying-Might General Yijing. Ningbo and Zhenhai had already fallen, and he was ordered to attack by a separate route, but he missed the appointed rendezvous. The other column was beaten first, his own force could not advance, and the operation came to nothing. He was promoted to governor-general of Guangxi, but before he could take up the post he was transferred to Zhejiang. He died soon afterward and was given the posthumous name Yongyi, Brave and Steadfast.

武隆阿，瓜爾佳氏，滿洲正黃旗人，提督七十五子。嘉慶初，以健銳營前鋒從征湖北教匪，後隨父勦賊四川，功多，累擢副都統。七十五以病去，武隆阿代領所部留川，為勒保所忌，父喪，乃還京。十年，授廣東潮州鎮總兵。時海盜充斥，仁宗以武隆阿勇敢，故使治之。既而總督那彥成招降盜首李崇玉，予四品銜守備劄，而以武隆阿捕獲聞。事覺，坐降二等侍衛，赴台灣軍營效力。十一年，偕王得祿等擊蔡牽於鹿耳門，敗之，遷頭等侍衛，授台灣鎮總兵。二十五年，母憂，回旗。尋充喀什噶爾參贊大臣。道光元年，疏陳八旗生計，請以綠營兵半為旗額，由駐防子弟挑補，詔斥紊言亂政，降二等侍衛，調西寧辦事大臣。三年，召還，授內閣學士。出為直隸提督，授江西巡撫，調山東。

Wu Long'a, of the Guwalgiya clan, was a Manchu of the Plain Yellow Banner and the son of Governor-General Qi Shi Wu. Early in the Jiaqing reign he marched into Hubei as a Vanguard Camp vanguard to fight the sect rebels, then followed his father into Sichuan on the bandit-suppression campaigns. His record of service was long, and he rose step by step to deputy lieutenant-general. When Governor-General Qi Shi Wu retired on grounds of illness, Wu Long'a took over his command and remained in Sichuan, but Le Bao came to resent him. After his father's death he returned to Beijing. In 1805 he was appointed commanding general of the Chaozhou garrison in Guangdong. Pirates were then rampant along the coast, and because Wu Long'a had a reputation for bravery, the Jiaqing Emperor put him in charge of suppressing them. Governor-General Na Yancheng soon induced the pirate leader Li Chongyu to surrender and gave him a garrison commandant's commission with fourth-rank brevet rank—yet it was Wu Long'a who was known to have actually captured him. When the truth came out, he was demoted two ranks to second-class bodyguard and ordered to redeem himself by service in the Taiwan garrison. In 1806, fighting alongside Wang Delu and others, he defeated Cai Qian at Luermen. He was promoted to first-class bodyguard and appointed commanding general of the Taiwan garrison. In 1820, after his mother's death, he returned to Beijing for mourning. He was soon appointed counselor of Kashgar. In 1821 he memorialized on the economic plight of the Eight Banners, proposing that half the Green Standard troops be converted into banner slots filled by garrison youths. The court denounced the idea as reckless meddling, demoted him to second-class bodyguard, and transferred him to Xining as frontier commissioner. In 1823 he was recalled to court and appointed grand secretary of the Grand Secretariat. He left the capital to serve as governor-general of Zhili, was appointed governor of Jiangxi, and was then transferred to Shandong.

六年，台灣奸民張丙作亂，詔武隆阿往督師，未行而回疆亂急，授欽差大臣，與楊遇春同參讚揚威將軍長齡軍務，率吉林、黑龍江騎兵三千出關。七年二月，戰於洋阿爾巴特，武隆阿將右軍，扼其前，賊敗走，追至排子巴特，又敗之，進克沙布都爾回莊，乘勝至渾水河，悍賊數千來援，迎擊破之，斬其酋色提巴爾第等。進次阿瓦巴特，賊伏精銳以待，遣羸師挑戰，佯敗，武隆阿整隊進，以連環槍聚擊，別遣藤牌軍由山谷間道沖出，賊馬驚卻走，伏賊自林中出，不復成列，縱擊之，殪賊萬餘，斬其酋阿瓦子邁瑪底、那爾巴特阿渾等。捷聞，加太子少保。賊壘踞渾河南岸，列大砲山穴，死守以拒，武隆阿軍至不得進。日暮，偕楊遇春乘風潛渡上游襲賊後，賊數進數退，卒不支，始潰走，遂復喀什噶爾城。

In 1826, when the Taiwan agitator Zhang Bing rebelled, Wu Long'a was ordered to take command; before he could depart, the crisis in the Muslim borderlands worsened. He was named imperial commissioner and, with Yang Yuchun, served as counselor to Displaying-Might General Chang Ling, leading three thousand Jilin and Heilongjiang cavalry through the pass. In February 1827 he fought at Yang Arbatt, where Wu Long'a commanded the right wing and blocked the enemy's advance. The rebels broke and fled; he pursued them to Paizi Bat and routed them again, then took the Muslim villages of Shabdur and pressed on to the Konqi River. When several thousand hardened rebels came up in relief, he met them head-on, shattered their force, and killed their chiefs Seti Bardi and others. At Awabatt the rebels lay in wait with their best troops, sent out a weak detachment to provoke a fight, and then pretended to retreat. Wu Long'a advanced in good order and poured concentrated fire from linked muskets; at the same time he sent rattan-shield troops bursting out through a mountain side path. The rebel horses panicked and fell back; when the hidden force rushed out of the woods it could no longer hold formation, and he drove the pursuit home, killing more than ten thousand men and beheading the chiefs Awaz Maimadi, Narbat Ahun, and others. When news of the victory reached the court, he was honored with the title Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. The rebels held the south bank of the Konqi River, emplaced heavy guns in mountain caves, and dug in to resist; Wu Long'a's army could not get through when it arrived. At dusk he and Yang Yuchun used a favorable wind to cross upstream in secret and hit the rebels from behind. The enemy advanced and fell back several times but at last gave way, broke, and fled; Kashgar was retaken.

張格爾聞敗先遁，詔斥將軍、參贊不能生致首逆，並被譴，奪武隆阿宮銜，責擒張格爾以自贖。武隆阿病留喀城，授喀什噶爾參贊大臣。詔詢善後方略，長齡請以逆裔阿布都哈里管西四城回部事。武隆阿亦疏言：「留兵少則不敷戰守，留兵多則難繼度支。前此大兵進剿，幸克捷迅速，奸謀始息。臣以為西四城環逼外夷，處處受敵，地不足守，人不足臣，非如東四城為中路不可少之保障。與其糜有用兵餉於無用之地，不如歸併東四城，省兵費之半，即可鞏如金甌，似無需更守此漏卮。」詔切責其附和長齡。會諜報張格爾潛居達爾瓦，武隆阿率師往擊之，侍衛色克精阿等歿於陣，上愈怒，議革職，從寬留任。尋以病亟請解職，允之，命在喀城調理，病癒仍署原官。八年，張格爾就擒，免前後吏議。尋實授喀什噶爾參贊大臣，奏招撫歸順部落額提格訥布魯特，安置依劣克達坂地。詔以「受降易，安撫難」勉之。召回京。

Jahangir Khoja fled as soon as he heard of the defeat. The court rebuked the commanding general and counselors for failing to take the rebel leader alive, censured them all, stripped Wu Long'a of his court rank, and ordered him to capture Jahangir as his own redemption. Ill, Wu Long'a remained in Kashgar and was appointed counselor of the city. The court asked for plans for the aftermath of the war. Chang Ling proposed putting the rebel descendant Abd al-Khaliq in charge of the four western Muslim cities. Wu Long'a also wrote: "Keep too few troops and we cannot both fight and hold the cities; keep too many and the treasury cannot bear the cost. When the main army marched in before, we were fortunate to win quickly, and only then did the plots subside. The four western cities are surrounded by foreign powers and exposed on every side; the ground is not worth holding and the people are not worth governing. They are nothing like the four eastern cities, which guard the central route and cannot be spared. Rather than pour good military funds into worthless ground, we should fold the territory back into the four eastern cities, cut the military budget in half, and keep the realm whole as a golden bowl—there is no need to go on guarding this leaking cup." The court sharply rebuked him for echoing Chang Ling. When intelligence placed Jahangir in Darwaz, Wu Long'a led troops against him; Bodyguard Sekjing'a and others fell in battle. The emperor's anger deepened, and though dismissal was considered, he was allowed to keep his post as a leniency. Soon his illness worsened and he asked to be relieved; the request was granted, and he was told to convalesce in Kashgar, resuming his former post in an acting capacity once he recovered. In 1828, when Jahangir was captured, the earlier disciplinary actions against the officials were set aside. He was soon confirmed as counselor of Kashgar and memorialized to win over the surrendered Etegen Kirghiz tribe, resettling them at Yilek Daban. The court encouraged him with the admonition: "Taking surrender is easy; keeping the peace is hard." He was recalled to Beijing.

九年，陝、甘兵凱撤，給鹽糧銀依內地防軍舊例，軍士意不滿，譁噪。那彥成疏言：「武隆阿戰陣勇敢，而多疑少斷，未洽人心。陝軍囂爭，實其意存節省、拘泥成例所致，慮不勝參贊任。」及至京召對，語复掩飾，降頭等侍衛。尋充和闐辦事大臣。十年，召還。逾年，卒。

In 1829, when the Shaanxi and Gansu troops marched home in triumph, they were paid salt and grain allowances at the old interior garrison rates. The men were dissatisfied and broke into noisy protest. Na Yancheng wrote: "Wu Long'a is brave in the field, but he is suspicious, slow to decide, and has not won the men's trust. The uproar among the Shaanxi troops came from his wish to save money and his rigid adherence to old precedent; I fear he is not equal to the counselor's duties." When he was summoned to court he again glossed over the matter, and was demoted to first-class bodyguard. He was soon appointed commissioner of Khotan. In 1830 he was recalled. A little over a year later he died.

武隆阿回疆戰功與二楊相埒，以言棄地獲譴，未膺優賞。宣宗念前勞，仍列功臣，繪像紫光閣。八旗諸將同列者：都統威勇侯哈哴阿，護軍統領阿勒罕保，庫爾烏蘇領隊大臣副都統巴哈布，副都統蘇清阿，阿克蘇辦事大臣副都統長清，塔爾巴哈台參贊大臣達凌阿，察哈爾都統安福，頭等侍衛巴清德，吉林副都統吉勒通阿，喀什噶爾幫辦大臣副都統銜額爾古倫，頭等侍衛塔爾巴哈台辦事大臣德勒格爾桑，頭等侍衛華山泰，寧夏副都統伊勒通阿，吉林協領壽昌，黑龍江協領鄂爾克彥、全凌阿，黑龍江總管副都統銜舒凌阿，伊犁察哈爾總管烏齊拉爾，三等侍衛得勝額，吉林佐領烏凌額、德成額，黑龍江佐領佔布、阿勒吉訥，伊犁錫伯佐領德克精阿，伊犁索倫副總管哈丹保，伊犁錫伯馬甲防禦銜驍騎校訥松阿、舒興阿，而回子郡王伊薩克亦與焉。

Wu Long'a's service in the Muslim borderlands matched that of the two Yangs, but because he had argued for abandoning territory he was censured and never received the highest honors. Mindful of his earlier service, the Daoguang Emperor still counted him among the meritorious ministers and had his portrait painted in the Hall of Purple Splendor. The Eight Banner commanders honored alongside him included Commander Halar'a, Marquis Weiyong; Guard Commander Alehanbao; Kurusu expedition leader and deputy lieutenant-general Bahubu; Deputy Lieutenant-General Su Qing'a; Aksu Commissioner Changqing; Tarbagatai Counselor Daleng'a; Chahar Commander Anfu; First-Class Bodyguard Ba Qingde; Jilin Deputy Lieutenant-General Jiletong'a; Kashgar Assistant Commissioner Eergulun; First-Class Bodyguard and Tarbagatai Commissioner Dele'gersang; First-Class Bodyguard Huashantai; Ningxia Deputy Lieutenant-General Yiletong'a; Jilin Assistant Commander Shouchang; Heilongjiang Assistant Commanders E'erkeyan and Quan Ling'a; Heilongjiang Director Shuling'a; Ili Chahar Director Uqilar; Third-Class Bodyguard Desheng'e; Jilin Company Commanders Uling'e and Decheng'e; Heilongjiang Company Commanders Zhanbu and Alejine; Ili Xibe Company Commander Dekejing'a; Ili Solon Deputy Director Hadanbao; Ili Xibe Corporals Nesong'a and Shuxing'a; and the Muslim Prince Yisake was also among them.

哈哴阿，瓜爾佳氏，滿洲正黃旗人。由世襲雲騎尉為伯父額勒登保嗣，襲一等威勇侯，授頭等侍衛、乾清門行走。嘉慶十八年，從剿滑縣教匪有功，賜號繼勇巴圖魯。二十一年，晉御前侍衛，兼副都統、武備院卿，歷護軍前鋒統領。

Halar'a, of the Guwalgiya clan, was a Manchu of the Plain Yellow Banner. By hereditary yunqiwei rank he succeeded his uncle Eledengbao, inherited the first-rank Marquisate Weiyong, and was appointed first-class bodyguard with duty at the Qianqing Gate. In 1813 he helped suppress the religious rebels at Huaxian and was granted the honorific Jiyong Batulu, Continuing Brave Champion. In 1816 he was promoted to attendant before the throne, concurrently deputy lieutenant-general and director of the Armory, and later commanded the vanguard guard.

道光六年，從長齡赴回疆，充領隊大臣，將騎兵。連戰洋阿爾巴特、沙布都爾、阿瓦巴特，擒安集延頭目阿瓦子邁瑪底等，复喀什噶爾，擒逆屬及從逆伯克阿布都拉、安集延頭目推立汗。從楊芳破玉努斯於毗拉滿，復和闐，擢鑲紅旗蒙古都統。八年，檻送張格爾至京，獻俘闕下，禮成，賜蟒袍、大緞。十年，喀什噶爾復被圍，授參贊大臣，從長齡視師，至則賊已遁，命偕楊芳察各城戰守及回眾助逆者，捕誅百餘人，被脅免罪，獎賞有功，並如議行。留回疆駐守，訓練屯兵。十二年，浩罕遣使進表，送還所掠回民，率貿易人進卡，哈哴阿受之，宣示通商免稅恩詔，賜予筵宴，事畢還京。

In 1826 he followed Chang Ling to the Muslim borderlands as expedition leader in command of the cavalry. He fought at Yang Arbatt, Shabdur, and Awabatt in succession, captured the Andijan leader Awaz Maimadi and others, retook Kashgar, and seized rebel kinsmen and collaborating begs including Abdulla and the Andijan chieftain Toli Khan. With Yang Fang he routed the enemy at Pilaman and recovered Khotan, and was promoted to commander of the Bordered Red Mongol Banner. In 1828 Jahangir was sent in a cage to Beijing; after the captive was presented at court and the rites completed, Halar'a was granted python robes and great bolts of silk. In 1830, when Kashgar was besieged again, he was appointed counselor and marched with Chang Ling; by the time they arrived the rebels had fled. He and Yang Fang were ordered to review each city's defense and identify Muslims who had aided the rebels. More than a hundred were arrested and executed, the coerced were pardoned, the deserving were rewarded, and the plan was carried out in full. He stayed on in the Muslim borderlands to garrison the region and drill the agricultural garrison troops. In 1832 Kokand sent envoys bearing tribute, returned captured Muslims, and led traders through the border pass. Halar'a received them, proclaimed the imperial favor of duty-free trade, entertained them at a banquet, and returned to Beijing when the mission was complete.

台灣匪起，授參贊大臣，偕將軍瑚松額往剿，未至，事平，旋師。十五年，命赴山、陝閱兵，擢領侍衛內大臣。尋以閱兵不慎，降二等侍衛。累遷都統。二十一年，海疆戒嚴，駐防山海關，复授參贊大臣，偕奕經赴浙江防剿。未幾，仍回山海關防守。和議成，回京，授領侍衛內大臣。二十五年，以病請解職，食侯爵全俸。二十九年，卒，贈太子少保，諡剛恪。子那銘，孫榮全，襲爵。榮全官至副都統，自有傳。

When unrest broke out in Taiwan he was appointed counselor and set out with General Husong'e to suppress it, but the trouble was over before they arrived and the column returned. In 1835 he was ordered to inspect troops in Shanxi and Shaanxi and was promoted to chief commandant of the bodyguard. Soon afterward he was demoted to second-class bodyguard for a careless troop inspection. Through successive promotions he rose to banner commander. In 1841, when the coast was placed on alert, he garrisoned Shanhaiguan, was again appointed counselor, and joined Yijing in Zhejiang for coastal defense. Before long he was back on duty at Shanhaiguan. After the peace settlement he returned to Beijing and was again appointed chief commandant of the bodyguard. In 1845 he asked to retire on grounds of illness and was granted the full salary of his marquisate. He died in 1849 and was posthumously honored as Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent with the posthumous name Gangke, Stern and Respectful. His son Naming and grandson Rongquan succeeded to the title in turn. Rongquan rose to deputy lieutenant-general and has a separate biography.

巴哈布，伍彌特氏，蒙古正黃旗人。以健銳營前鋒、藍翎長從征教匪，又赴台灣勦賊，累遷前鋒參領。以克滑縣功，授右翼翼長，擢鑲藍旗蒙古副都統。道光五年，出為哈喇沙爾辦事大臣。六年，率土爾扈特、和碩特、蒙古兵援阿克蘇，賊潛渡渾巴什河犯阿城，迎擊，殲其渠庫爾班素皮，被優敘。偕提督達凌阿援烏什，敗賊於沙坡樹窩。尋撤蒙古兵，自請留軍前。七年，和闐回眾縛賊酋乞降，往撫之。洋阿爾巴特之戰，偕哈哴阿率勁騎進擊，所向披靡。沙布都爾、阿瓦巴特連戰皆力，署葉爾羌幫辦大臣。凱旋，予雲騎尉世職。九年，授塔爾巴哈台參贊大臣。十二年，召還京。尋擢江寧將軍，治軍有聲。十七年，卒於官，優恤，諡勤勇。

Bahubu, of the Umit clan, was a Mongol of the Plain Yellow Banner. As a Vanguard Camp vanguard and blue-plume squad leader he fought the religious rebels and later went to Taiwan against the bandits, rising step by step to vanguard battalion commander. For his part in taking Huaxian he was made right-wing wing commander and promoted to deputy lieutenant-general of the Bordered Blue Mongol Banner. In 1825 he was appointed commissioner of Karashahr. In 1826 he led Torghut, Khoshut, and Mongol troops to relieve Aksu. The rebels secretly crossed the Konbash River to strike the city; he met them, destroyed their leader Kurban Sipi, and was specially commended. With Governor-General Daleng'a he relieved Ush and defeated the rebels at Shapo Shuwo. When the Mongol troops were withdrawn he asked to stay at the front. In 1827 the people of Khotan seized their rebel chief and offered surrender; Bahubu went to accept and pacify them. At Yang Arbatt he and Halar'a led elite cavalry in the assault and swept everything before them. He fought with full force at Shabdur and Awabatt and was appointed acting assistant commissioner of Yarkand. After the victorious return he was granted a hereditary yunqiwei rank. In 1829 he was appointed counselor of Tarbagatai. In 1832 he was recalled to Beijing. He was soon promoted to general of Jiangning and earned a reputation for strict and effective command. He died in office in 1837, received special posthumous honors, and was given the posthumous name Qinyong, Diligent and Brave.

長清，鈕祜祿氏，滿洲鑲紅旗人，內大臣策楞孫，副都統特成額子也。以廕生入貲，銓授兵部主事。累遷郎中。嘉慶二十四年，出為廣西左江道。母憂去官。仍為兵部郎中。道光五年，加副都統銜，充阿克蘇辦事大臣。六年，張格爾入寇，西四城相繼陷。長清截留各城換防，又發銅廠錢局官兵，扼渾巴什河。參將王鴻儀戰歿於都齊特，賊糾眾五六千自葉爾羌來犯，屢撲渡，皆擊退。踞城百餘裡，波斯圖拉、哈爾塔兩地多朵蘭回莊，附逆抗拒，分兵進剿。賊復由托什罕渡河，逼城二十里，長清令數十騎馳騁揚塵，鼓譟東來，賊疑大軍至，退走河南。乃進軍，渡河結營，賊來攻，連敗之，擒斬千餘，賊始不敢窺河北。阿克蘇城小，擴關廂，開壕築壘為外郭，民、回安堵。遣兵五百助守烏什為犄角，東四城恃以無恐。宣宗初慮長清未諳軍事，命特依順保往領其職而長清副之，猶未至，至是詔嘉長清防剿深合機宜，賜花翎，予優敘，遂寢前命。大軍進討，滿、漢兵三萬數千皆集阿克蘇，長清置局供支運輸，鑄錢增驛，規畫甚備，授鑲白旗蒙古副都統，仍留任。七年，四城复，詔：「長清於大軍未到，力捍孤城，厥功甚偉，予雲騎尉世職，擢其子富春為主事。」八年，疏言：「長齡議於阿克蘇添兵一千，柯爾坪添兵五百。柯爾坪距阿城三百里，回眾數万，兵少無益，請歸併阿克蘇，練成勁旅，可以總治兩路所屬。乃塔爾達巴罕及阿爾通霍什皆有小路可通伊犁，請並封禁。」從之。張格爾就擒，械送至京。予優敘。

Changqing, of the Niohuru clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Red Banner, grandson of Grand Minister Celeng and son of Deputy Lieutenant-General Techeng'e. By purchased yinsheng status he entered the ranks and was appointed a secretary in the Ministry of War. Through successive promotions he rose to department director. In 1819 he was appointed intendant of Zuojiang in Guangxi. He left office to mourn his mother. He returned to service as a director in the Ministry of War. In 1825 he was given brevet deputy lieutenant-general rank and appointed commissioner of Aksu. In 1826 Jahangir invaded and the four western cities fell in succession. Changqing held back the rotating garrisons from the other cities and mobilized the copper mint and money bureau troops to block the Konbash River. Colonel Wang Hongyi was killed in action at Duqite. The rebels gathered five or six thousand men from Yarkand and attacked, repeatedly trying to force a crossing, but each attempt was repulsed. More than a hundred li from the city, the Duolan Muslim villages around Bostura and Harta had joined the rebels; he sent detachments to suppress them. The rebels crossed the Toxkan River again and came within twenty li of the city. Changqing sent a few dozen horsemen to ride in circles, raising dust and shouting as if a great army were approaching from the east. The rebels took it for the main force and withdrew south of the river. He then advanced, crossed the river, and made camp. When the rebels attacked he beat them back again and again, capturing and killing more than a thousand, and they ceased to threaten the north bank. Aksu was a small city; he expanded the outer wards, dug moats, and built outer ramparts, and both Chinese and Muslim residents lived in security. He sent five hundred men to help hold Ush as a flank position, and the four eastern cities rested easier because of it. The Daoguang Emperor had first worried that Changqing knew little of war and ordered Teishunbao to take command with Changqing as deputy, but before Teishunbao arrived the court praised Changqing's defense as exactly what the situation required, granted him a peacock feather, gave him special commendation, and canceled the earlier order. When the main army marched to suppress the rebellion, more than thirty thousand Manchu and Han troops assembled at Aksu. Changqing set up supply and transport offices, minted coin, added courier stations, and planned the logistics with great care. He was appointed deputy lieutenant-general of the Bordered White Mongol Banner while remaining at his post. In 1827, when the four cities were recovered, the court declared: "Before the main army arrived, Changqing held the isolated city with all his strength—a feat of extraordinary merit. He is granted a hereditary yunqiwei rank and his son Fuchun is promoted to secretary." In 1828 he wrote: "Chang Ling proposes adding one thousand troops at Aksu and five hundred at Korla. Korla lies three hundred li from Aksu and holds tens of thousands of Muslims; a small garrison would be useless. I propose folding Korla back under Aksu and training one strong force to govern both routes together. Tar Daban and Altun Khoja also have small paths leading to Ili, and I ask that these be closed off as well. The court approved the proposal. Jahangir was captured and sent to the capital in chains. He received special commendation.

十年，喀什噶爾諸城復告警，容安率伊犁兵赴援，命至阿克蘇與長清會商進兵。疏請分兵和闐、烏什，待哈豐阿、胡超兩路兵至進剿，詔斥容安畏葸，長清並下嚴議。尋原之，降二等侍衛，仍留任。十二年，加提督銜，充葉爾羌辦事大臣，馭夷開屯，措施並稱職。十四年，授烏魯木齊都統。逾年，召回京。尋授福州將軍，加太子太保。十七年，卒，晉太子太傅，賜金治喪，諡勤毅。

In 1830 the Kashgar cities were alarmed again. Rong'an led Ili troops to the relief and was ordered to Aksu to consult with Changqing on how to advance. He memorialized proposing to detach forces for Khotan and Ush and to hold off the advance until Hafeng'a and Hu Chao arrived. The court rebuked Rong'an for cowardice and also censured Changqing severely. He was soon pardoned, demoted two ranks of bodyguard, and allowed to remain in office. In 1832 he was given provincial commander-in-chief rank and appointed commissioner of Yarkand. His measures in governing the tribes and opening colonies were all praised as fitting. In 1834 he was appointed commander-in-chief of Urumqi. The following year he was recalled to the capital. He was soon appointed general of Fuzhou and made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In 1837 he died. He was posthumously promoted to Grand Mentor of the Heir Apparent, granted gold for his funeral, and given the posthumous name Qinyi, "Diligent and Resolute."

達凌阿，佟佳氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人。以健銳營前鋒從永保剿湖北教匪，繼隨楊遇春戰川、陝，數有功。累擢靜寧協副將，署西安鎮總兵。三才峽匪起，率兵四百御之澇峪、八里坪，大敗其眾。追尤九餘黨至黑水峪，攻克之，又敗之傅家河；擊萬五於辛峪口，連敗之，萬五率殘卒遁，尋就擒：加總兵銜，擢巴里坤總兵，調西安鎮。

Da Ling'a, of the Tonggiya clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Yellow Banner. As a vanguard of the Jianrui Camp he joined Yongbao in suppressing the Hubei sect rebels, then served under Yang Yuchun in Sichuan and Shaanxi and won distinction repeatedly. Through successive promotions he became deputy commander of the Jingning Garrison and acting commander of the Xi'an Garrison. When rebels rose at Sanzai Gorge he led four hundred men to hold Laoyu and Baliping and crushed them. He pursued You Jiu's remnant followers to Heishuiyu, took the place, and defeated them again at Fujiahe; he struck Wan Wu at Xinyukou and beat him back again and again. Wan Wu fled with his shattered force and was soon captured. Da Ling'a was given provincial commander rank, promoted to commander of Barkul, and transferred to the Xi'an Garrison.

道光二年，擢烏魯木齊提督。六年，率兵四千援阿克蘇，軍次庫車，遣錫伯兵扼柯爾坪，分守庫車、烏什。九月，與賊夾渾巴什河而軍，持數日，賊分走烏什，偕巴哈布迎擊，敗之於阿拉爾，追至沙坡樹窩，破伏賊。其自托什罕渡河者，方圍協領都倫布營，遏副將郭繼昌援路。達凌阿還軍馳救，奮擊敗之，賊爭渡，死者相藉，河水為之不流。迨長齡至，河北已無賊，被優敘。七年，從大軍三戰复喀城，駐守葉爾羌，署辦事大臣，予雲騎尉世職。是年秋，聞邊警，調防烏什，張格爾就擒，回本鎮。歷塔爾巴哈台參贊大臣、西安將軍。十年，卒，優恤，諡武壯。

In 1822 he was promoted to provincial commander-in-chief of Urumqi. In 1826 he led four thousand men to relieve Aksu, halted at Kucha, sent Xibo troops to hold Korla, and split his force to guard Kucha and Ush. In the ninth month his army faced the rebels across the Konbash River for several days. When the rebels divided and moved toward Ush, he and Bahubu intercepted them, defeated them at Aral, pursued them to Shaposhuwo, and broke up an ambush. Meanwhile rebels crossing from Toshihan were besieging Assistant Commander Dulunbu's camp and cutting off Vice Commander Guo Jichang's line of relief. Da Ling'a raced back to the rescue, fought fiercely, and routed them. As the rebels scrambled to cross the river, the dead piled so thick that the water ceased to flow. When Chang Ling arrived the north bank was already clear of rebels, and Da Ling'a received special commendation. In 1827 he joined the main army in three battles to recover Kashgar, garrisoned Yarkand as acting commissioner, and was granted a hereditary yunqiwei rank. That autumn, when a border alarm was reported, he was shifted to defend Ush. After Jahangir was captured he returned to his post. He later served as Imperial Agent at Tacheng and as general of Xi'an. In 1830 he died. He received special posthumous benefits and the posthumous name Wuzhuang, "Valiant and Stalwart."

哈豐阿，富察氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人。嘉慶初，以健銳營前鋒從剿襄陽教匪，轉戰川、陝，累遷前鋒侍衛。搜捕南山餘匪甚力，事平，授貴州定廣協副將。擢威寧鎮總兵，歷浙江處州，陝甘涼州、漢中諸鎮。道光八年，擢烏魯木齊提督。十年，回疆复警，命馳赴阿克蘇，偕長清防剿。十一月，進攻葉爾羌賊營，賊潰，潛伏哈拉布扎什軍台，分道要擊，破之。進圍黑色爾，擒其酋巴拉特，乘勝至英吉沙爾，喀什噶爾圍亦解，予雲騎尉世職，賜號進勇巴圖魯。初詔哈豐阿倍道馳援葉爾羌，聽容安計，繞道和闐，失期，議奪職，原之，責償軍費十之二，仍留任。

Hafeng'a, of the Fuca clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Early in the Jiaqing reign he served as a Jianrui Camp vanguard in suppressing the Xiangyang sect rebels, fought in Sichuan and Shaanxi, and rose to vanguard bodyguard. He pursued the Nanshan remnant rebels with great vigor, and after the rebellion was pacified he was appointed deputy commander of the Dingguang Garrison in Guizhou. He was promoted to commander of the Weining Garrison and served at Chuzhou in Zhejiang and at Liangzhou and Hanzhong in Shaanxi and Gansu. In 1828 he was promoted to provincial commander-in-chief of Urumqi. In 1830 the Muslim frontier was alarmed again. He was ordered to hurry to Aksu and join Changqing in defending and suppressing the rebels. In the eleventh month he attacked the rebel camp at Yarkand. The rebels fled and hid at the Halabuzhashi courier station, and he divided his force to cut them off and defeated them. He pressed the siege of Heiser, captured its chief Balat, and pushed on to Yengisar, lifting the siege of Kashgar as well. He was granted a hereditary yunqiwei rank and the title Jinyong Baturu. He had first been ordered to rush to Yarkand by forced marches, but on Rong'an's advice he detoured through Khotan and arrived late. Deprivation of office was proposed, but he was pardoned, fined two tenths of the campaign costs, and allowed to remain in office.

擢廣州將軍。疏請鑄巨砲百，選精銳五百人，嚴守望以重海防。十四年，英吉利兵船二，號稱護商，入廣州海口，縱砲擊之。船停黃埔，調兵建閘，制其出入，英酋謝罪，事乃解。調黑龍江將軍，舉發御前大臣高克鼐囑託私書，詔獎其持正，授內大臣，加太子少保。請添練馬隊，增置官吏，補助布特哈生計，並允行。調西安將軍。二十年，卒，諡愨勤。

He was promoted to general of Guangzhou. He memorialized requesting a hundred great guns, five hundred picked troops, and tighter coastal watch to strengthen sea defense. In 1834 two British warships, claiming to protect trade, entered the Guangzhou estuary, and he opened fire on them. The ships anchored at Whampoa. He mobilized troops and built a barrier to control their movements. The British commander apologized, and the matter was settled. Transferred to general of Heilongjiang, he exposed a private letter from Grand Minister Gao Kennai soliciting favors. The court praised his integrity, appointed him Grand Minister of State, and made him Lesser Tutor of the Heir Apparent. His requests to add a trained cavalry corps, increase officials, and subsidize the Buteha people were all approved. He was transferred to general of Xi'an. In 1840 he died and was given the posthumous name Queqin, "Sincere and Diligent."

慶祥，圖博特氏，蒙古正白旗人，大學士保寧子。授藍翎侍衛。嘉慶十三年，襲三等公爵，授散秩大臣、鑲白旗蒙古副都統，兼正藍旗護軍參領。尋授理籓院侍郎，調工部。十八年，率京營兵從那彥成剿滑縣教匪，凱旋，擢正黃旗漢軍都統，歷熱河、烏魯木齊都統。二十五年，授伊犁將軍。八月，逆回張格爾擾喀什噶爾，官軍剿捕，乃引去。參贊大臣斌靜以聞，不言釁由，宣宗疑之，命慶祥往勘，得斌靜縱容家奴凌辱伯克、交通姦利狀，褫逮論罪。疏陳善後六事，又密請羈縻浩罕部落，許遣使入覲，以安夷心，詔俞之。

Qing Xiang, of the Tubote clan, was a Mongol of the Plain White Banner and the son of Grand Secretary Baoning. He was appointed a blue-plume bodyguard. In 1808 he inherited a third-rank dukedom, was appointed minister without portfolio and deputy lieutenant-general of the Bordered White Mongol Banner, and also commanded the guards of the Plain Blue Banner. He was soon appointed vice president of the Lifanyuan and transferred to the Ministry of Works. In 1813 he led capital garrison troops with Nayancheng against the Huaxian sect rebels. After his triumphant return he was promoted to commander of the Plain Yellow Han-Chinese Banner and later served as commander-in-chief at Rehe and Urumqi. In 1820 he was appointed general of Ili. In the eighth month the rebel Muslim Jahangir harassed Kashgar. Government troops pursued him, and he withdrew. Imperial Agent Binjing reported the disturbance but said nothing of its cause. The Daoguang Emperor was suspicious and sent Qing Xiang to investigate. Qing Xiang found that Binjing had allowed his household slaves to insult the begs and trade in illicit profit. Binjing was stripped of rank, arrested, and punished. He memorialized six measures for pacification and also secretly proposed keeping Kokand in check by allowing tribute missions to court so as to reassure the tribes. The court approved.

道光五年夏，張格爾复擾邊，內地回戶多與通。幫辦大臣巴彥巴圖率兵出塞掩之，不遇，即縱殺游牧布魯特而還。其酋汰列克追覆官軍於山谷，賊遂猖獗，褫參贊大臣永芹職，命慶祥代之。慶祥至，誤信姦回阿布都拉，反為賊耳目。六年夏，張格爾遣其黨赫爾巴什潛赴綽勒薩雅克愛曼，糾合夷眾，復令奇比勒迪至巴雅爾開渠佔地，遣兵擒斬之。張格爾率眾五百由開齊山路突至回城，拜其先和卓木之墓，回人所謂「瑪雜」也。慶祥令幫辦大臣舒爾哈善及領隊大臣烏凌阿往剿，夜雷雨，張格爾潰圍走，白帽回眾紛起應之。張格爾復由大河沿合眾數万進犯喀城，慶祥盡調各營卡兵為三營，令烏凌阿、穆克登布分率之，迎戰，先後沒於陣。先是張格爾求助於浩罕，約四城破，分所掠，且割喀城以報。及見官軍無援，悔欲背約，浩罕酋怒，自以所部攻城未下，尋引去；張格爾追擊之，收其降眾數千，遂益強。八月，圍喀城凡七十日，城陷，慶祥自經死。事聞，贈太子太保，晉封一等公，兼雲騎尉世職，以子文煇嗣，諡壯直，祀昭忠祠。逾年，回疆平，詔於喀什噶爾建昭忠祠祀之，舒爾哈善、烏凌阿、穆克登布俱從祀，御製憫忠詩勒諸石。八年，張格爾伏誅，命其子文煇看視行刑，摘心於墓前致祭。

In the summer of 1825 Jahangir again harassed the frontier, and many inland Muslim households colluded with him. Assistant Commissioner Bayanbatu led troops beyond the passes to ambush him, found no one, and then slaughtered nomadic Kirghiz before returning. Chief Tilek caught the government army in a gorge and routed it. The rebels grew bold. Assistant Commissioner Yongqin was dismissed, and Qing Xiang was ordered to replace him. When Qing Xiang arrived he mistakenly trusted the traitor Abdulla, who then served as the rebels' informant. In the summer of 1826 Jahangir sent his follower Herbash secretly to Cholesayak to rally the tribes and also sent Qibiledi to Baiyar to dig canals and seize land. Qing Xiang sent troops who captured and executed Qibiledi. Jahangir led five hundred men down the Kaiqi mountain route in a sudden strike on the Muslim city and worshipped at the tomb of his Khoja ancestor—the mazar, as the Muslims call it. Qing Xiang ordered Assistant Commissioner Shu Erhashan and Expedition Commander Uling'a to suppress them. That night a thunderstorm broke, Jahangir burst through the encirclement and fled, and white-capped Muslims rose in response throughout the region. Jahangir gathered tens of thousands along the great river and marched on Kashgar. Qing Xiang mustered all outpost troops into three battalions under Uling'a and Mukedengbu. Both commanders fell in battle, one after the other. Earlier Jahangir had sought Kokand's aid, promising to divide the spoils when the four cities fell and to cede Kashgar in return. Seeing that no relief force was coming, Jahangir regretted the bargain and tried to break it. The Kokand chief was furious, and when his own troops failed to take the city he soon withdrew; Jahangir pursued him, absorbed several thousand defectors, and grew stronger still. In the eighth month Kashgar was besieged for seventy days. The city fell, and Qing Xiang hanged himself. When word reached the court he was posthumously made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent and elevated to a first-class duke with a hereditary yunqiwei rank. His son Wenhui succeeded to the title. He received the posthumous name Zhuangzhi and was enshrined in the Zhao Zhong Shrine. The next year, when the frontier was pacified, the court ordered a Zhao Zhong Shrine built at Kashgar for his worship, with Shu Erhashan, Uling'a, and Mukedengbu enshrined alongside him. The emperor composed a lament for the loyal dead and had it carved in stone. In 1828 Jahangir was executed. Qing Xiang's son Wenhui was ordered to witness the execution and tear out his heart as an offering before the tomb.

舒爾哈善，葛哲勒氏，滿洲鑲白旗人。以驍騎校從征川、陝教匪有功，予巴圖魯勇號。累擢布特哈烏拉協領。克滑縣，加副都統銜。坐事褫職。道光初，予三等侍衛，充庫爾喀喇烏蘇領隊大臣。六年，張格爾入犯，調喀什噶爾幫辦大臣。與賊戰，身先士卒，受槍傷，仍麾兵前進，殺數百人。城陷，被戕，予騎都尉世職。

Shu Erhashan, of the Gezhele clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered White Banner. As a cavalry captain he fought the Sichuan and Shaanxi sect rebels with distinction and was granted a Baturu title of courage. Through successive promotions he rose to assistant commander of Buteha Wula. When Huaxian was taken he was given brevet deputy lieutenant-general rank. He was dismissed for an offense. Early in the Daoguang reign he was made a third-class bodyguard and appointed expedition commander at Kurlk Uusu. In 1826, when Jahangir invaded, he was transferred to assistant commissioner of Kashgar. He fought at the head of his men, was shot, yet still drove his troops forward and killed several hundred rebels. When the city fell he was killed in action and granted a hereditary jiduwei rank.

烏凌阿，瓜爾佳氏，滿洲鑲白旗人。由前鋒從征教匪，累擢頭等侍衛。道光三年，授伊犁領隊大臣、正紅旗蒙古副都統。六年，賊逼喀城，慶祥檄令回援，遇賊於渾河，力戰至晡，沒於陣。贈都統銜，諡壯武，予騎都尉兼雲騎尉世職。

Uling'a, of the Guwalgiya clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered White Banner. Starting as a vanguard in the campaign against the sect rebels, he rose to first-class bodyguard. In 1823 he was appointed expedition commander of Ili and deputy lieutenant-general of the Plain Red Mongol Banner. In 1826, when rebels pressed Kashgar, Qing Xiang ordered him back to relieve the city. He met the rebels at the Hun River, fought until evening, and fell on the field. He was posthumously given commander-in-chief rank, the posthumous name Zhuangwu, and hereditary jiduwei and yunqiwei ranks.

穆克登布，季氏，滿洲鑲紅旗人，伊犁駐防。由委前鋒校累擢協領。道光元年，慶祥密令誘捕張格爾於托雲山內，獲其黨蒙達拉克等，予議敘。二年，充庫爾喀喇烏蘇領隊大臣，調伊犁。五年，率兵至喀什噶爾，駐防圖舒克塔什卡倫。張格爾犯喀城，撤兵回戰於七里河，死之。贈都統銜，諡壯節，予騎都尉兼雲騎尉世職。

Mukedengbu, of the Ji clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Red Banner on garrison duty in Ili. From acting vanguard he rose to assistant commander. In 1821 Qing Xiang secretly ordered him to lure Jahangir into capture in the Tuyun Mountains. He seized Jahangir's followers Mondalak and others and was recommended for commendation. In 1822 he served as expedition commander at Kurlk Uusu and was transferred to Ili. In 1825 he led troops to Kashgar and garrisoned the Tushiktash outpost. When Jahangir attacked Kashgar he withdrew and fought at Qilihe, where he was killed. He was posthumously given commander-in-chief rank, the posthumous name Zhuangjie, and hereditary jiduwei and yunqiwei ranks.

多隆武，烏素爾氏，滿洲鑲白旗人。由筆帖式補驍騎校，累擢協領。道光四年，加副都統銜，充葉爾羌幫辦大臣。六年，喀什噶爾被圍急，遣兵赴援。賊由阿色爾布依岳坡爾湖而南，分兵防禦。姦回阿布都拉等潛通賊，多隆武盡誅之。喀、英兩城相繼陷，賊趨葉爾羌，參將吳亨佑扼單板橋，戰歿；遂由黑子舖入，防師盡熸，回兵半為賊脅。伊犁道梗不能救，葉城乃陷，多隆武死之。依都統例賜卹，於葉爾羌建專祠，予騎都尉兼雲騎尉世職。

Duolongwu, of the Usuer clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered White Banner. From clerk he was promoted to cavalry captain and rose to assistant commander. In 1824 he was given brevet deputy lieutenant-general rank and appointed assistant commissioner of Yarkand. In 1826, when Kashgar was urgently besieged, he sent troops to its relief. The rebels came south from Lake Asirbuyuepoer, and he divided his troops to meet them. Traitors such as Abdulla secretly communicated with the rebels, and Duolongwu had them all executed. Kashgar and Yengisar fell in succession. The rebels pressed toward Yarkand, and Major Wu Hengyou held Danbanqiao and died fighting; They then entered by way of Heizi Post. The defending force was wiped out, and half the Muslim troops were forced to join the rebels. The route to Ili was cut and no relief could come. Yarkand fell, and Duolongwu died in the fighting. He received posthumous benefits under the commander-in-chief precedent, a private shrine was built for him at Yarkand, and he was granted hereditary jiduwei and yunqiwei ranks.

葉爾羌辦事大臣印登、英吉沙爾領隊大臣蘇倫保、和闐領隊大臣奕湄、幫辦大臣桂斌同殉難，追論死事諸臣，並贈卹有差，惟喀什噶爾幫辦大臣巴彥巴圖坐濫殺陷師，奪其卹典。

Yarkand Commissioner Yindeng, Yengisar Expedition Commander Sulunbao, Khotan Expedition Commander Yimei, and Assistant Commissioner Guibin all died with the city. The court reviewed the fallen officials and granted posthumous benefits in varying degrees, but Kashgar Assistant Commissioner Bayanbatu—held responsible for indiscriminate killing that had ruined his army—was stripped of his posthumous honors.

壁昌，字東垣，額勒德特氏，蒙古鑲黃旗人，尚書和瑛子。由工部筆帖式銓選河南陽武知縣，改直隸棗強，擢大名知府。道光七年，從那彥成赴回疆，佐理善後。壁昌有吏才，以父久官西陲，熟諳情勢，事多倚辦。九年，擢頭等侍衛，充葉爾羌辦事大臣。壁昌至官，於奏定事宜復有變通，清出私墾地畝新糧萬九千餘石，改徵折色，撥補阿克蘇、烏什、喀喇沙爾俸餉，餘留葉城充經費，以存倉二萬石定為額貯，歲出陳易新，於是倉庫兩益。葉爾羌喀拉布札什軍台西至英吉沙爾察木倫軍台，中隔戈壁百數十里，相地改驛，於黑色熱巴特增建軍台，開渠水，種苜蓿，士馬大便。所屬塔塔爾及和沙瓦特兩地新墾荒田，皆回戶承種，奏免第一年田賦，以卹窮氓。新建漢城，始與回城隔別，百貨輻輳，倍於往時。以回城官房易新城南門外曠土，葺屋設肆，商民便之。訪問疾苦，聯絡漢、回，人心益定。

Bi Chang, courtesy name Dongyuan, of the Eldete clan, was a Mongol of the Bordered Yellow Banner and the son of Minister He Ying. Starting as a clerk in the Board of Works, he was selected as magistrate of Yangwu in Henan, transferred to Zaoqiang in Zhili, and promoted to prefect of Daming. In 1827 he followed Nayancheng to the Muslim frontier and helped manage the post-campaign pacification. Bi Chang was an able administrator. His father had long served on the western frontier, and Bi Chang knew the region well, so many matters were entrusted to him. In 1829 he was promoted to first-class bodyguard and appointed commissioner of Yarkand. When Bi Chang took office he adjusted settled policy further: he cleared more than nineteen thousand shi of new grain tax from privately reclaimed land, converted collection to cash, used the proceeds to supplement salaries at Aksu, Ush, and Karashahr, and kept the rest at Yarkand for expenses. He fixed stored grain at twenty thousand shi as the quota reserve and rotated old stock for new each year, so both granary and treasury gained. Between the Kalabuzash courier station west of Yarkand and the Chaimulun station at Yengisar lay more than a hundred li of desert. He surveyed the route, reorganized the relay stations, added a station at Heise Rebat, opened irrigation channels, and planted alfalfa, greatly easing travel for troops and horses. In the newly reclaimed wasteland of the Tartar and Heshawate districts under his jurisdiction, Muslim households took up cultivation. He memorialized exemption from the first year's land tax to relieve the poor. A new Chinese city was built, finally separated from the Muslim city, and trade flourished as never before. He exchanged official buildings in the Muslim city for vacant land outside the new city's south gate, built shops, and made trade easier for merchants and residents. He inquired into local hardships and strengthened ties between Chinese and Muslims, and popular sentiment grew steadier.

十年八月，浩罕糾諸部寇邊，圍喀什噶爾、英吉沙爾兩城，遂犯葉爾羌。容安率援師遷延不至，壁昌撫諭回酋，同心守禦，分扼科熱巴特、亮噶爾諸要隘。賊萬餘撲城，迎戰於東門外，擊破之，賊宵遁，詔嘉其援師未至之先即獲全勝，加副都統銜，尋授鑲黃旗漢軍副都統。自九月至十一月，賊復三次來犯，迭擊敗走之。最後賊攻城，相持五日，而哈豐阿援兵至，賊望風遁，追破之於哈拉布札什。越數日，進兵英吉沙爾，而喀什噶爾之賊已飽颺出塞，大軍至，則無賊矣。壁昌素得回眾心，是役尤得阿奇木伯克阿布都滿之助，賴以戰守。事定，奏請仍襲其祖郡王封爵。長齡、玉麟奉命會籌善後事，盡諮於璧昌。

In the eighth month of 1830 Kokand rallied the tribes to raid the frontier, besieged Kashgar and Yengisar, and then attacked Yarkand. Rong'an's relief force delayed and never arrived. Bi Chang soothed the Muslim chiefs, rallied them to defend together, and posted troops at the key passes of Kerebat and Lianggar. More than ten thousand rebels rushed the city. He met them outside the east gate, routed them, and the rebels fled by night. The court praised him for winning a complete victory before relief arrived, granted him brevet deputy lieutenant-general rank, and soon appointed him deputy lieutenant-general of the Bordered Yellow Han Army Banner. From the ninth month through the eleventh the rebels attacked three more times, and each time he defeated them and drove them off. At last the rebels besieged the city and the standoff lasted five days. Then Hafeng'a's relief troops arrived, the rebels fled at the sight of them, and he pursued and routed them at Kalabuzash. Several days later he advanced on Yengisar, but the Kashgar rebels had already fled beyond the passes with their plunder. When the main army arrived, there were no rebels left. Bi Chang had long won the hearts of the Muslim populace, and in this campaign he was especially aided by Aqim Beg Abu Duman, on whom he relied for both attack and defense. When the affair was settled he memorialized asking that Abu Duman's hereditary princely title be restored. Changling and Yulin were ordered to meet and plan subsequent pacification, and they consulted Bi Chang on everything.

十一年，擢參贊大臣，改駐葉爾羌，遂專回疆全局。興喀拉赫依屯田，招練民戶五百人，修渠築壩，以牌博為界，不侵回地，凡墾屯地二萬二百四十畝。十二年，和闐回民塔瓦克戕伯克多拉特、依斯瑪伊勒等為亂，捕其黨盡置諸法。疏言：「長齡等奏增南路防兵三千屯巴爾楚克，因其地築城未竣，遂以二千人分屯葉、喀二城。二城形勝較巴爾楚克尤要，請以暫時分屯之兵永為定額。喀城更增綠營兵三千五百，分屯七里河為犄角，葉城增烏魯木齊滿洲兵五百、綠營兵一千。」詔從之。十三年，召還京。十四年，復出為烏什辦事大臣。歷涼州副都統、阿克蘇辦事大臣、察哈爾都統。緣事降調，充伊犁參贊大臣。授陝西巡撫，擢福州將軍。

In 1831 he was promoted to imperial agent, transferred his post to Yarkand, and thus took charge of the entire Muslim frontier. He opened military colonies at Karahay, recruited five hundred civilian settlers, repaired canals and built dams, used the pai boundaries as limits so as not to encroach on Muslim land, and reclaimed twenty thousand two hundred forty mu in all. In 1832 the Khotan Muslim Tawake murdered the begs Dorat, Ismail, and others and raised a revolt. Bi Chang captured the ringleaders and punished them all according to law. He memorialized: "Changling and others proposed adding three thousand frontier troops to garrison Barkul, but because fortifications there were unfinished they temporarily divided two thousand men between Yarkand and Kashgar. The strategic importance of the two cities is even greater than Barkul's. I ask that the troops temporarily posted there be made a permanent quota. Kashgar should further add three thousand five hundred Green Standard troops garrisoned at Qilihe as a supporting force, and Yarkand should add five hundred Manchu troops from Urumqi and one thousand Green Standard troops. The court approved. In 1833 he was recalled to the capital. In 1834 he went out again as commissioner of Ush. He served successively as deputy lieutenant-general of Liangzhou, commissioner of Aksu, and commander of the Chahar garrison. For an offense he was demoted and transferred, and appointed imperial agent of Ili. He was appointed governor of Shaanxi and promoted to general of Fuzhou.

二十三年，署兩江總督，尋實授。英吉利和議初成，壁昌奏設福山鎮水師總兵，沿江形勢，扼險設防，請於五龍、北固兩山及圌山關、鵝鼻嘴修築砲台砲堤，是為籌江防之始。言官請團練鄉兵，以窒礙無益，奏寢其議。淮北已改票鹽，御史劉良駒疏請推廣於淮南試行。疏言其不便，略謂：「淮南地廣引多，價昂課重，行銷之不齊，堵緝之難易，與淮北迥別。灶戶成本不能驟減至三四倍，民販更非一時可集，而課項皆常年要需。如改票議行，應納課銀孰肯再繳？應追積欠亦當豁除。此後攤帶錢糧亦將盡停，利猶未見，害已先形。為今之計，但能肅清場灶以杜偷漏之源，整飭口岸以廣行銷之路，嚴禁浮濫以除在官之蠹，顧惜成本以冀商力之紓，庶淮鹺漸有起色。」疏入，如所請。二十七年，入覲，留京授內大臣，復出為福州將軍。數月，以疾請回旗。咸豐三年，粵匪北犯，逼近畿，命為巡防大臣。四年，卒，贈太子太保，諡勤襄。子恆福，直隸總督。孫錫珍，同治七年進士，由翰林院編修歷官吏部尚書。

In 1843 he served as acting governor-general of the Two Jiangs and was soon given the full appointment. When the Anglo-Chinese peace treaty was first concluded, Bi Chang memorialized establishing a naval commander at Fushan Town. Surveying the river's terrain he seized strategic points for defense and asked that fortifications and gun batteries be built at Mount Wulong, Mount Beigu, Chuanshan Pass, and Ebizui—this was the beginning of planning river defense. Censorial officials asked to organize local militia. He held that the proposal was obstructive and useless and memorialized to shelve it. North of the Huai the salt monopoly had already switched to ticket sales, and Censor Liu Liangju memorialized asking to extend the trial to south of the Huai. He memorialized on the inconvenience, saying in summary: "South of the Huai the territory is broad, the sources of supply many, prices high, and levies heavy. Uneven sales and the difficulty of blocking smuggling differ entirely from conditions north of the Huai. Producers' costs cannot suddenly be cut by three or four times, civilian dealers cannot be assembled at once, and the tax revenue is needed every year. If the ticket system were adopted, who would willingly pay the taxes again? Accumulated arrears would also have to be written off. After that, apportioned land tax would also have to stop entirely. The benefits are not yet seen, but the harm would appear first. The plan for the present is only to clean up the salt fields and furnaces to cut off leakage at the source, tighten the ports to widen sales, strictly forbid excess charges to remove official corruption, and respect producers' costs so as to ease merchants' burdens. Then Huai salt may gradually recover." When the memorial reached the throne, the request was granted. In 1847 he came to court for audience, remained in the capital as an inner minister, and went out again as general of Fuzhou. Several months later he asked to return to his banner on account of illness. In 1853 the Cantonese rebels raided north and drew near the capital region. He was appointed frontier defense commissioner. In 1854 he died and was posthumously made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent with the posthumous name Qinxiang. His son Hengfu became governor-general of Zhili. His grandson Xizhen passed the metropolitan examination in 1868, and from compiler in the Hanlin Academy rose to minister of the Board of Personnel.

當壁昌初蒞葉爾羌，實繼恆敬之後。恆敬原名恆敏，伊爾根覺羅氏，滿洲正藍旗人。嘉慶初，為四川打箭爐同知。治軍需糧餉有功，擢綏定知府。累遷江寧布政使。道光初，授光祿寺卿，充哈密辦事大臣。大軍徵張格爾，命督辦轉運，鑄錢購糧，增設台站，供軍無缺。七年，調烏什辦事大臣。命赴喀什噶爾幫辦善後，授葉爾羌辦事大臣。遷建新城於罕那里克，勘墾官荒田，歲增糧供防兵二千口食，复於西北隅跴荒地一百餘裡，水土肥饒，疏請試墾。壁昌至，始墾成。八年，乞病歸。尋授正白旗漢軍副都統，出為西寧辦事大臣。十二年，卒。

When Bi Chang first arrived at Yarkand he in fact succeeded Hengjing. Hengjing's original name was Hengmin. Of the Irgen Gioro clan, he was a Manchu of the Plain Blue Banner. At the beginning of the Jiaqing reign he was subprefect of Dajianlu in Sichuan. For merit in managing military supplies and provisions he was promoted to prefect of Suining. By successive promotions he rose to financial commissioner of Jiangning. At the beginning of the Daoguang reign he was appointed vice minister of the Court of Imperial Entertainments and commissioner of Hami. When the main army campaigned against Jahangir he was ordered to supervise transport, cast coin to purchase grain, and add courier stations. The army was supplied without shortage. In 1827 he was transferred to commissioner of Ush. He was ordered to go to Kashgar to assist in subsequent pacification and was appointed commissioner of Yarkand. He moved the new city to Hananrike, surveyed and reclaimed official wasteland, and each year increased grain supplies to feed two thousand frontier troops. He also found more than a hundred li of wasteland in the northwest corner where water and soil were rich and fertile, and memorialized asking to trial-reclaim it. When Bi Chang arrived it was finally brought under cultivation. In 1828 he asked leave to retire on account of illness. Soon he was appointed deputy lieutenant-general of the Plain White Han Army Banner and went out as commissioner of Xining. In 1832 he died.

論曰：平定回疆，多用川、楚、陝舊將，百戰之餘，以臨犬羊烏合，摧枯拉朽，旬月而告功成，何其易哉！及后海疆事起，授鉞分麾，莫能禦侮，蓋所當堅脆不同，而勝之不可以狃也。楊芳一時名將之冠，差知彼己，晚伍庸帥，依違召譏，其以恩禮終，猶為幸焉。慶祥心知危局，身殉孤城，壁昌力捍寇氛，卒安邊徼，回疆安危之所繫也，並著於篇。

The editors comment: In pacifying the Muslim frontier the court relied heavily on veteran generals from Sichuan, Huguang, and Shaanxi. After a hundred battles they faced a rabble like dogs and sheep and crushed them as rotten wood—victory was declared within weeks. How easy it seemed! Later, when trouble arose on the coast, command was entrusted and banners divided, yet none could repel insult. What was firm and what was brittle differed, and victory must not be taken for granted. Yang Fang stood at the head of the generals of his day and understood himself and the enemy better than most. Yet in his later years he served under mediocre commanders, wavered, and drew ridicule—that he still ended in honor was fortunate indeed. Qing Xiang saw the peril clearly and died with the isolated city; Bi Chang fought hard against the invaders and at last secured the frontier. The safety of the Muslim region hung on them both, and both are recorded in this chapter.

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