1
=顏伯燾=顏伯燾，字魯輿，廣東連平人，巡撫希深孫，總督檢子。 嘉慶十九年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。 道光二年，出為陝西延榆綏道、督糧道。 歷陝西按察使，甘肅、直隸布政使。 大軍徵回疆，以轉運勞，賜花翎。 署陝西巡撫。 十七年，授雲南巡撫，改建滇池石徬，農田賴之。 兼署雲貴總督。 伯燾累世膺疆寄，嫺習吏治，所至有聲。
Yan Bozao, whose style was Luyu, came from Lianping in Guangdong. He was the grandson of Governor Xishen and the son of Governor-General Yan Jian. He became a metropolitan graduate in the nineteenth year of Jiaqing, entered the Hanlin as a bachelor, and received appointment as a compiler. In Daoguang 2 he was posted as intendant of Shaanxi's Yan-Yu-Sui Circuit and as grain transport intendant. He rose through the posts of Shaanxi judicial commissioner and provincial treasurer in Gansu and Zhili. During the campaign in the Western Regions he earned a peacock feather for his work on supply transport. He served as acting governor of Shaanxi. In year 17 he became governor of Yunnan and rebuilt the stone dike at Dianchi Lake, which the surrounding fields depended on. He also served as acting governor-general of Yunnan and Guizhou. His family had held frontier posts for generations, and he was adept at governance; wherever he served he won renown.
2
二十年，擢閩浙總督。 時定海已陷，伯燾至，劾水師提督陳階平於英兵前次攻廈門告病規避，又論琦善主款僨事，及林則徐守粵功罪。 二十二年，奏請餉銀二百萬，造船募新兵及水勇八千，以備出洋禦敵。 复疏陳廣東兵事，略曰：「閩、粵互為脣齒，呼吸相通。 自正月虎門不守，粵事幾不可問。 四月內夷船駛泊省西泥城，防勇望風潰遁，兵船被焚，砲台棄去。 當事者以洋銀六百萬元令知府餘保純重啗敵人，始允罷戰，猶報勝仗，指為就撫，以欺朝廷。 夫撫非不可，然必痛剿之後，始能帖伏。 今逆勢方張，資之庫藏，何不以養士卒？ 如謂曲徇商民所請，何不於誓師之始，申效死之義，與之同守？ 粵民非不可用，前有蕭關、三元里等鄉數千人圍困義律，乃餘保純出城彈壓，始漸散去。 保純以議撫之後，不應妄生枝節，是謂六百萬之資可以求安也。 奕山、隆文已遠避數十里，楊芳，齊慎亦退入城。 奕山、隆文等閱歷未深，楊芳年老耳聾，皆不足當重任。 斯時惟有特簡親信重臣，督造船砲，用本省之人，作本省之兵，懸以重賞，未有不堪一用者。 臣移駐廈門，督修戰具，但使船砲稍備，即當奮力攻擊，不敢老師糜餉，以取咎戾。」 又薦裕謙、林則徐可任粵事。
In year 20 he was promoted to governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang. Dinghai had already fallen by then. On reaching his post Bozao impeached Naval Commander Chen Jieping for feigning illness to avoid fighting when the British had earlier attacked Xiamen, and he also weighed Qishan's leadership of peace talks and borrowing against Lin Zexu's record in defending Guangdong. In year 22 he asked for two million taels of pay, new warships, recruits, and eight thousand naval militia so the fleet could go out to meet the enemy at sea. He sent another memorial on the fighting in Guangdong, writing in part: "Fujian and Guangdong are as lip to teeth; what touches one is felt at once in the other. Since Humen fell in the first month, affairs in Guangdong have been all but hopeless. In the fourth month foreign vessels anchored at Nicheng west of the provincial capital. The defenders broke and ran, warships were burned, and the batteries were abandoned. The officials in charge paid six million dollars in foreign silver and sent Prefect Yu Baochun to bribe the enemy heavily before fighting stopped. They still reported victories and called it a successful pacification, deceiving the court. Pacification is not impossible, but the enemy will submit only after they have been struck hard. The enemy's power is still rising. Why fill their coffers when the same treasure could feed our soldiers? If the plea was that merchants and townspeople had to be indulged, why at the oath-taking before battle did the commanders not call on everyone to die in defense and stand with them? The people of Guangdong are not useless. Thousands from Xiaoguan, Sanyuanli, and other villages had once surrounded Elliot, but Yu Baochun went out of the city to suppress them, and only then did the crowd slowly disperse. Baochun argued that once peace talks had begun there must be no fresh trouble—that six million dollars could simply buy safety. Yishan and Longwen had already withdrawn dozens of li away, and Yang Fang and Qi Shen had retreated into the city as well. Yishan and Longwen lacked experience, and Yang Fang was old and hard of hearing; none of them was fit for so grave a charge. At such a moment the court should appoint a trusted senior minister to oversee ships and guns, raise troops from the province itself, and offer rich rewards—then there would be no force that could not be made useful. I shall move my headquarters to Xiamen and oversee the repair of weapons. As soon as ships and guns are even partly ready I shall strike with all my strength and will not keep the army idle wasting pay to invite reproach." He also recommended Yijing and Lin Zexu as men fit to handle Guangdong.
3
伯燾主戰甚力，欲一當敵。 七月，英兵三十餘艘犯廈門，投書索為外埠，即駛入攻擊，接戰，毀敵輪船一、兵艇五，敵遂聚攻砲台，總兵江繼芸、游擊凌志、都司張然、守備王世俊皆死之。 伯燾所募水勇，以節餉議遣，未有安置。 當戰時，呼噪應敵，英兵登岸，以台砲回擊，廈門官署街市並毀，伯燾退保同安。 英人得廈門不之守，越數日，移船赴浙洋，惟留數艘泊鼓浪嶼。 詔斥不能豫防，倉猝失事，以廈門收復，免其治罪，議革職，從寬降三品頂戴留任。 尋命侍郎端華至閩察勘，坐未能進剿罷職，時論仍右之。 咸豐三年，召來京，將起用，道梗不得至，尋病卒。 子鍾驥，宣統初，官至浙江布政使。
Bozao pressed hard for war and was eager to give the enemy a decisive fight. In the seventh month more than thirty British vessels attacked Xiamen, demanded in writing that it be opened as an outer port, and at once sailed in to fight. In the engagement one enemy steamer and five gunboats were destroyed. The British then concentrated on the batteries. Regional Commander Jiang Jiyun, Mobile Corps Commander Ling Zhi, Brigade Commander Zhang Ran, and Garrison Commander Wang Shijun were all killed. The naval militia Bozao had raised were under discussion for dismissal to save pay and had not yet been settled anywhere. In the fighting they shouted and rushed to meet the enemy. When British troops landed, battery guns were turned on them, but Xiamen's offices and markets were wrecked together, and Bozao fell back to Tong'an. The British took Xiamen but did not garrison it. A few days later they shifted their fleet toward Zhejiang, leaving only a few ships at Gulangyu. An edict rebuked him for failing to prepare and for the sudden disaster, but because Xiamen was recovered he was spared criminal punishment. Dismissal was considered, yet he was leniently reduced to third-rank insignia and kept in office. Soon Vice Minister Duanhua was sent to Fujian to investigate. Bozao was dismissed for failing to press the attack, but opinion still favored him. In Xianfeng 3 he was called to the capital for reappointment, but the roads were blocked and he could not reach Beijing. He soon died of illness. His son Zhongji rose early in the Xuantong reign to provincial treasurer of Zhejiang.
4
=怡良=怡良，瓜爾佳氏，滿洲正紅旗人。 刑部筆帖式，洊升員外郎。 道光八年，出為廣東高州知府，調廣西南寧。 歷雲南鹽法道，山東鹽運使，安徽、江蘇按察使，江西、江蘇布政使。
Yi Liang, of the Guwalgiya clan, was a Manchu of the Plain Red Banner. He began as a clerk in the Ministry of Justice and rose step by step to vice director. In Daoguang 8 he was posted as prefect of Gaozhou in Guangdong and then transferred to Nanning in Guangxi. He served in turn as Yunnan salt intendant, Shandong salt transport commissioner, judicial commissioner of Anhui and Jiangsu, and provincial treasurer of Jiangxi and Jiangsu.
5
十八年，擢廣東巡撫。 禁煙事起，林則徐、鄧廷楨主之，怡良偕預其事。 二十年，兼署粵海關監督。 及琦善至，撤防議撫，疏請暫示羈縻，怡良及將軍阿精阿皆不列銜。 二十一年正月，沙角、大角砲台既失，琦善私許通商，並給香港，義律行文大鵬協撤回營汛。 怡良疏陳曰：「自琦善到粵以後，辦理洋務，未經知會。 忽聞傳說義律已在香港出示，令民人歸順彼國。 提臣移諮副將鈔呈偽示，臣不勝駭異。 大西洋自前明寄居澳門，相沿已久，均歸中國同知、縣丞管轄，議者猶以為非計。 今英人竟佔踞全島，去虎門甚近，片帆可到。 沿海之地，防不勝防，犯法之徒，必以為藏納之藪，地方因之不靖，法律有所不行。 更恐洋情反覆，要求不遂之時，仍以非禮相向，雖欲追悔，其何可及！ 聖慮周詳，無遠不照，何待臣鰓鰓過計。 但忽聞海疆要地，外人公然主掌，天朝百姓，稱為英國之民，臣實不勝憤恨。 一切駕馭機宜，臣無從悉其顛末。 惟上年十二月二十八日欽奉諭旨，調集兵丁，預備進剿，並令琦善同林則徐、鄧廷楨妥辦，均經宣示。 臣等請添募兵勇，固守虎門，防堵要隘。 今英人窺伺多端，實有措手莫及之勢。 不敢緘默，謹以上聞。」 於是詔斥琦善專擅之罪，褫職逮治，怡良兼署總督。 英兵尋陷虎門，命怡良會同參贊大臣楊芳進剿，合疏請許英屬港腳商船貿易，詔斥怠慢軍心，奪職留任。
In year 18 he was promoted to governor of Guangdong. When the opium suppression campaign began, Lin Zexu and Deng Tingzhen led it, and Yi Liang took part with them. In year 20 he also served as acting superintendent of the Guangdong customs. When Qishan arrived he pulled back the defenses and sought peace, memorializing for a temporary show of restraint. Yi Liang and General Ajing'a were not even named on the memorial. In the first month of year 21, after the Shajiao and Dajiao batteries fell, Qishan privately allowed trade and ceded Hong Kong. Elliot sent orders through the Dapeng assistant commander to withdraw the garrisons. Yi Liang memorialized: "Since Qishan reached Guangdong he has handled foreign affairs without informing us. Suddenly we hear that Elliot has posted proclamations in Hong Kong ordering the people to submit to Britain. The provincial commander forwarded a copy of the spurious notice from the deputy general, and I am appalled beyond measure. Westerners have lived at Macao since the Ming, and even that arrangement, under Chinese subprefects and county aides, was long criticized as unwise. Now the British have seized the whole island, close enough to Humen that a single sail can reach it. The coast cannot be guarded everywhere. Criminals will treat it as a refuge, the region will grow restless, and the law will no longer reach everywhere it should. We must also fear that foreigners may turn capricious and, when their demands are refused, treat us discourteously again. By then repentance will come too late. Your Majesty's foresight is complete and reaches every distance. Why should I offer anxious, excessive warnings? Yet to hear suddenly that a vital maritime post is openly ruled by foreigners and that the emperor's people are called subjects of Britain fills me with unbearable anger. As for every measure of control and policy, I have no way to learn how matters began or where they stand. Only last year, on the twenty-eighth day of the twelfth month, we received an imperial edict to gather troops for a punitive advance and to have Qishan work with Lin Zexu and Deng Tingzhen to settle affairs properly. That order was proclaimed to all. We asked to recruit more troops, hold Humen firmly, and block the vital passes. Now the British watch us from many angles, and the situation has truly grown beyond our reach. I dare not keep silent and respectfully report this to Your Majesty." The court then rebuked Qishan for acting on his own authority, stripped him of office, and ordered his arrest. Yi Liang was made acting governor-general. British forces soon took Humen. Yi Liang was ordered to advance with Grand Minister Consultant Yang Fang, but together they asked permission for British merchant shipping to trade. The court rebuked them for weakening morale, stripped their ranks, yet kept them in office.
6
是年秋，授欽差大臣，會辦福建軍務，署閩浙總督，尋實授。 時英兵已去廈門，其留泊鼓浪嶼者僅數艘。 及和議成，福州、廈門皆開口岸，命偕巡撫劉鴻翱議善後事宜，籌辦通商，兼署福州將軍。 先是台灣鎮、道禦敵，迭有擒斬，英人追訴其妄殺冒功，命怡良渡台灣查辦，總兵達洪阿、道員姚瑩逮京。 當和議初定，怡良不能為之剖雪，為時論所譏。 二十三年，乞病歸。
That autumn he became Imperial Commissioner for Fujian military affairs, served as acting governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang, and soon received the substantive post. By then the British had left Xiamen, and only a few ships remained at Gulangyu. After peace was concluded Fuzhou and Xiamen were opened as treaty ports. He was ordered with Governor Liu Hong'ao to settle postwar affairs, organize trade, and also serve as acting commander at Fuzhou. Earlier the Taiwan commander and intendant had won repeated captures and killings in battle. The British complained of false kills and bogus merit claims, and Yi Liang was sent to Taiwan to investigate. Regional Commander Da Hong'a and Circuit Intendant Yao Ying were brought to Beijing. When peace was first concluded Yi Liang failed to clear their names, and public opinion mocked him for it. In year 23 he asked to retire on grounds of illness and went home.
7
咸豐二年，起授福州將軍，偕協辦大學士杜受田治山東賑務。 三年，授兩江總督。 江寧、鎮江已陷，暫駐常州。 粵匪方熾，兵事由欽差大臣琦善、向榮主之，分駐大江南北。 上海逆匪劉麗川踞城，連陷川沙、青浦、南匯、嘉定、寶山。 麗川，粵人，商於滬。 初起，冒用洋行公司鈐記出示，眾論洶洶，疑有通洋情事。 怡良疏請閩、浙、江西絲茶暫行停運，使洋商失自然之利，急望克復，自能嚴斷濟賊。 巡撫吉爾杭阿率兵進剿，逾年乃平。 時各國因在廣東爭入城，與總督葉名琛齟齬，每赴上海有所陳議，諭怡良隨時妥辦，勿徇要求。
In Xianfeng 2 he was recalled as regional commander at Fuzhou and, with Associate Grand Secretary Du Shoutian, directed famine relief in Shandong. In year 3 he was appointed governor-general of the Two Jiangs. Jiangning and Zhenjiang had already fallen, so he made his temporary headquarters at Changzhou. Guangdong rebels were raging, and military affairs were led by Imperial Commissioners Qishan and Xiang Rong, who were posted on opposite sides of the Yangzi. The Shanghai rebel Liu Lichuan seized the city and in quick succession overran Chuansha, Qingpu, Nanhui, Jiading, and Baoshan. Lichuan was a Cantonese merchant in Shanghai. At the outset he issued proclamations under a foreign firm's seal, and rumor swirled that he was in league with foreigners. Yi Liang asked that silk and tea shipments from Fujian, Zhejiang, and Jiangxi be halted for a time so foreign merchants would lose their profits, press for the city's recovery, and themselves cut off aid to the rebels. Governor Ji'erhang'a led the campaign to suppress them, and the rising was not put down until more than a year later. Foreign powers were then quarreling with Governor-General Ye Mingchen over entry into Guangzhou and often brought their petitions to Shanghai. Yi Liang was told to handle each case properly and not yield to their demands.
8
五年，粵匪攻金壇，遣總兵傅振邦、虎嵩林會西安將軍福興、漳州鎮總兵張國樑進剿，連捷，解圍。 國樑進克東壩，福興與之不洽，詔怡良密察以聞。 奏言：「國樑勇戰，福興所不及，人皆重張輕福。 因有芥蒂，請分調以免貽誤。」 尋命福興赴江西勦賊。 大軍圍江寧，久無功，賊勢益蔓。 七年，以病請解，允之。 同治六年，卒。
In year 5 Guangdong rebels attacked Jintan. He sent Regional Commanders Fu Zhenbang and Hu Songlin to join with Xi'an General Fuxing and Zhangzhou Commander Zhang Guoliang. They won repeated victories and raised the siege. Guoliang advanced and took Dongba, but he and Fuxing were at odds. The court ordered Yi Liang to investigate quietly and report back. He reported: "Guoliang fights bravely as Fuxing cannot, and everyone esteems Zhang while slighting Fu. Because they bear a grudge against each other, I ask that they be posted apart so the campaign is not harmed." Fuxing was soon ordered to Jiangxi to suppress the rebels. The main force besieged Jiangning for a long time without success, and the rebels spread ever wider. In year 7 he asked to be relieved on grounds of illness, and the request was granted. He died in the sixth year of Tongzhi.
9
=祁𡎴=祁𡎴，字竹軒，山西高平人。 嘉慶元年進士，授刑部主事，遷員外郎。 督廣西學政，任滿補原官。 以承審宗室敏學獄不實，褫職。 尋予刑部七品小京官，累遷郎中。 道光四年，出為河南糧鹽道。 遷浙江按察使，覆檢德清徐倪氏獄，得官吏受賄蒙蔽狀，尚書王鼎覆訊，如𡎴議。 遷貴州布政使。 九年，召授刑部侍郎。 尋出為廣西巡撫。 十二年，湖南、廣東瑤匪並起，𡎴遣兵防富川、恭城、賀縣，搜捕竄匪，追擊於芳林渡，斬擒千餘。 瑤平，加太子少保。 疏陳善後策，扼要移駐文武，稽查化導，如所議行。 十三年，調廣東巡撫。 時盧坤為總督，和衷撫馭，籌修海防。 十五年，代坤兼署總督。 十八年，召為刑部尚書。 宣宗知𡎴習練法律，故有此授。 京察，被議敘。
Qi Jun, whose style was Zhuxuan, came from Gaoping in Shanxi. He became a metropolitan graduate in Jiaqing 1, entered the Ministry of Justice as a director, and was later promoted to vice director. He served as educational commissioner of Guangxi and, when his term ended, returned to his former post. He was dismissed for mishandling the trial of the imperial clansman Minxue. He was soon given a seventh-rank post in the Ministry of Justice and rose step by step to bureau director. In Daoguang 4 he was posted as Henan grain-and-salt intendant. He became judicial commissioner of Zhejiang and reopened the Deqing Xu-Ni clan case, uncovering officials who had taken bribes and concealed the truth. Minister Wang Ding reviewed the case and upheld Jun's findings. He was transferred to provincial treasurer of Guizhou. In year 9 he was recalled to the capital and appointed vice minister of justice. He was soon posted as governor of Guangxi. In year 12 Yao rebels rose in both Hunan and Guangdong. Jun sent troops to guard Fuchuan, Gongcheng, and Hexian, hunted down fugitives, pursued them at Fanglin Ford, and killed or captured more than a thousand. After the Yao were pacified he was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. He memorialized on postwar measures, proposing to station civil and military officials at key points and to inspect and guide local reform. His plan was adopted. In year 13 he was transferred to governor of Guangdong. Governor-General Lu Kun was then in office. They worked in harmony to govern the province and plan coastal defenses. In year 15 he replaced Lu Kun and also served as acting governor-general. In year 18 he was recalled to serve as minister of justice. The Xuanzong Emperor knew Jun's mastery of law and gave him the post for that reason. At the capital inspection his performance was formally rated.
10
二十一年，靖逆將軍奕山督師廣東，命𡎴往治餉。 琦善既黜，授兩廣總督。 時英兵踞虎門，省城遷避過半，𡎴示以鎮靜，稍稍安集。 參贊大臣楊芳主持重勿浪戰，奕山為其下所慫恿，商之𡎴。 𡎴以敵方恣哃喝，大軍新至，乘銳而用，冀挫其焰，未阻止，遂突攻英艦於省河，敵猝未備，義律夜遁。 遲明，英兵大至，逼砲台，守兵潰，英兵進踞城北耆定台，高瞰城中。 𡎴與巡撫怡良亟守西南兩門，城外市屋盡毀，客兵皆撤入城。 商民知兵不足恃，環請為目前計，款議遂決，予洋銀六百萬元。 英艦退出虎門，而耆定台兵未去，船泊泥城，登岸侵擾，其兵目伯麥闖入三元里，民憤，磔之。 義律馳救，受圍，遣廣州知府餘保純護之出，令率眾盡退虎門外。 於是鄉團日盛，紳士黃培芳、餘廷槐等合南海、番禺諸鄉立七社，萬人一呼而集儲穀十餘萬石，不動官帑。 𡎴用林則徐堵塞省河之法，以資守禦。
In year 21 Pacification General Yishan took command in Guangdong and sent Jun to manage supplies. After Qishan was dismissed, Jun was appointed governor-general of Guangdong and Guangxi. British troops then held Humen, and more than half the provincial capital had fled. Jun projected calm, and the population slowly returned. Grand Minister Consultant Yang Fang urged caution against reckless fighting. Yishan was urged on by his staff and consulted Jun. Jun argued that the enemy were swaggering and that the newly arrived main force should strike while morale was high to break their momentum. He failed to stop the attack on British ships in the provincial river. The enemy were caught unprepared, and Elliot fled overnight. At dawn a large British force arrived, pressed the batteries, and routed the defenders. They seized Qiding Terrace north of the city and looked down on Guangzhou from above. Jun and Governor Yi Liang rushed to hold the southwest gates. The markets outside the walls were wrecked, and all outside troops were pulled back into the city. Merchants and townspeople, seeing that the army could not be trusted, pressed for an immediate settlement. Peace talks were agreed and six million dollars in foreign silver were paid. British ships withdrew from Humen, but troops remained on Qiding Terrace. Others anchored at Nicheng and raided ashore. Officer Burkill entered Sanyuanli, and enraged villagers killed and dismembered him. Elliot rushed to rescue his men but was surrounded. He sent Prefect Yu Baochun to escort him out and ordered the crowd to withdraw entirely beyond Humen. Village militia then flourished. Gentry such as Huang Peifang and Yu Tinghuai united villages in Nanhai and Panyu into seven societies. Ten thousand men could be summoned at a call, and they stored more than a hundred thousand shi of grain without touching public funds. Jun adopted Lin Zexu's method of blocking the provincial river to strengthen the defenses.
11
是年夏，英人交還虎門砲台，偕奕山疏陳：「現練水陸義勇三萬六千餘名，並各鄉丁壯，分成團練。 前調各省官兵，遵旨陸續分撤。」 詔促規复香港，責𡎴與奕山各抒所見。 𡎴奏：「欲收復香港，必先修虎門砲台，然非設險省河，虎門亦難興工。 先於獅子洋、蚺蛇洞諸要隘築堡守戍。」 疏上，報聞。 是時粵師實無力進剿，英人既得賂而去，兵勢趨重江、浙，得以苟安。 奕山屢被嚴詰，麾下招誘海盜，獻計襲攻敵艦，奕山又為所動，𡎴勸寢其議。
That summer the British returned the Humen batteries. Jun and Yishan reported: "We now have more than thirty-six thousand trained land and water volunteers, together with able men from the villages organized as militia. The troops earlier transferred from other provinces are being withdrawn in succession as ordered." The court urged plans to recover Hong Kong and ordered Jun and Yishan each to submit his views. Jun wrote: "To recover Hong Kong we must first repair the Humen batteries, but work at Humen cannot begin until the provincial river is fortified. Forts should first be built and garrisoned at key points such as the Lion Sea and Python Cave." The memorial was submitted and acknowledged. Guangdong forces then had no real strength to take the offensive. Once the British took their payment and left, the war shifted to Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and the province settled into an uneasy peace. Yishan was repeatedly rebuked by the court. His staff recruited pirates who offered plans to attack enemy ships, and Yishan was swayed until Jun persuaded him to drop the idea.
12
二十二年，和議成，英商開市益驕，民怨益深，焚其館，擲貨於衢，濮鼎查責言，𡎴撫慰之，得無事。 二十三年，虎門砲台工竣，疏言：「舊式砲台僅可禦海盜，今仿洋法，以三合土築人字形，砲牆量宜增移改建。」 又請就海壖圍沙成田一百六十餘頃，可給屯丁二千人，且耕且守防要隘。 並陳粵民義奮、團練可用狀，諭責事期經久，俾濟實用。 以病乞休，累疏乃得請。 二十四年，卒，優詔依尚書例賜卹，諡文恪。
In year 22 peace was concluded. British merchants at the opened markets grew arrogant, popular anger deepened, their warehouses were burned and goods thrown into the streets. Pottinger protested, but Jun calmed matters and prevented a crisis. In year 23 the Humen batteries were finished. He reported that the old forts could repel only pirates and that new works should follow foreign methods, with rammed-earth batteries in chevron form and walls rebuilt to proper scale." He also asked to reclaim coastal sand into more than 160 qing of fields to support two thousand garrison colonists who would farm while guarding the vital passes. He also described the zeal of Guangdong people and the usefulness of militia training. The court replied that such measures must be sustained over time if they were to be truly useful. He asked to retire on grounds of illness and was granted leave only after repeated memorials. He died in year 24. The court granted condolence payments according to the precedent for a minister and gave him the posthumous title Wenge.
13
=黃恩彤=黃恩彤，字石琴，山東寧陽人。 道光六年進士，授刑部主事，治獄數有平反。 充提牢，以疏防越獄降調，尋復之。 充熱河理刑司員，卻翁牛特蒙古公賄，黜其爵。 累遷郎中。 二十年，出為江南鹽巡道，遷按察使，署江寧布政使。 英兵犯江寧，耆英、伊里布令恩彤偕侍衛咸齡赴敵艦議款，隨同定約。 事竣，复隨伊里布赴廣東，籌議通商。 改番舶互市歸官辦，增減稅則，稽查偷漏，悉由恩彤與粵海關監督文豐商定。 調廣東按察使，遷布政使。 美利堅人顧盛請入京，恩彤赴澳門辯折，止其行，賜花翎。
Huang Entong, whose style was Shiqin, came from Ningyang in Shandong. He became a metropolitan graduate in Daoguang 6 and entered the Ministry of Justice as a director, winning several reversals in criminal cases. As prison superintendent he was demoted when a prisoner escaped through lax security, but was soon restored. While serving in the Rehe judicial bureau he refused a bribe from the Ujimqin Mongol prince and stripped him of his title. He rose step by step to bureau director. In year 20 he was posted as Jiangnan salt patrol intendant, became judicial commissioner, and served as acting treasurer at Jiangning. When British forces attacked Jiangning, Qiying and Yilibu sent Entong with Bodyguard Xianling to the enemy ships to negotiate terms and conclude the treaty. When that business was finished he went with Yilibu to Guangdong to organize trade. Placing foreign trade under official management, revising the tax schedule, and inspecting smuggling were all arranged by Entong with Customs Superintendent Wen Feng. He was transferred to judicial commissioner of Guangdong and then promoted to provincial treasurer. When the American diplomat Cushing sought entry to Beijing, Entong went to Macao to argue him out of it and was rewarded with a peacock feather.
14
二十五年，就擢巡撫。 恩彤疏陳洋務，略曰：「欲靖外侮，先防內變。 粵民性情剽悍，難與爭鋒，亦難與持久。 未可因三元里一戰，遽信為民足禦侮也。 該夷現雖釋怨就撫，而一切駕馭之方與防備之具，不可一日不講。 但當示以恩信，妥為羈縻，一面慎固海防，簡練軍實。 尤必撫柔我民，所欲與聚，所惡勿施，以固人心而維邦本。 庶在我有隱然之威，因以折彼囂凌之氣。」 疏入，上韙之。 尋屆京察，與耆英並被議敘。 籌備海防，裁虎門屯丁，以沙田租稅充戰船砲台歲修之費。 二十六年，英人爭入城，議久不決，粵民憤不可諭，恩彤前疏不為時論所與，被劾。 會監臨文武鄉試，疏請年老武生給予武職虛銜，詔斥其違例，褫職，交耆英差遣。 尋以同知銓選。
In year 25 he was promoted directly to provincial governor. Entong memorialized on foreign affairs, writing in part: "To end foreign aggression we must first guard against internal disorder. The people of Guangdong are fierce by nature. They are hard to match in a sudden clash and harder still to keep in a long fight. We must not believe from the fight at Sanyuanli alone that the people are enough to repel foreign aggression. Though the foreigners have for now laid aside their grievances and accepted pacification, methods of control and means of defense must be discussed every day. We should show them favor and trust and keep them on a loose rein, while at the same time strengthening coastal defenses and streamlining the army. Above all we must win over our own people, giving them what they desire and withholding what they hate, so as to secure popular loyalty and the foundation of the state. Then we may possess a quiet authority that will in turn curb their arrogance." The emperor approved the memorial. At the next capital inspection he and Qiying were both formally rated. He prepared coastal defenses, reduced the Humen garrison colonists, and funded annual repairs to warships and batteries from sand-field rents. In year 26 the British pressed to enter the city. Talks dragged on, Cantonese anger could not be calmed, and Entong's earlier cautious memorial won no support. He was impeached. While supervising the provincial examinations he asked that elderly military licentiates receive nominal military titles. The court rebuked this as irregular, stripped his office, and placed him under Qiying's orders. He was soon appointed subprefect through regular selection.
15
二十九年，告養歸。 咸豐初，在籍治團練。 天津議和，命隨耆英往，恩彤至，則款議已定，仍請終養，同治中，以御捻匪功，予三品封典。 光緒七年，鄉舉重逢，加二品銜。 尋卒。
In year 29 he retired to care for his parents and returned home. Early in the Xianfeng reign he organized local militia at home. When peace was negotiated at Tianjin he was ordered to accompany Qiying, but by the time he arrived the treaty was already settled. He again asked to finish caring for his parents. In the Tongzhi era he earned third-rank ennoblement privileges for fighting the Nian rebels. In Guangxu 7, on the anniversary of his provincial examination, he was given second-rank insignia. He soon died.
16
=劉韻珂=劉韻珂，字玉坡，山東汶上人。 由拔貢授刑部七品小京官，洊遷郎中。 道光八年，出為安徽徽州知府，調安慶。 歷雲南鹽法道，浙江、廣西按察使，四川布政使。 二十年，擢浙江巡撫。 定海已陷，韻珂於寧波收撫難民。 沿海設防，欽差大臣伊里布駐鎮海督師，琦善方議以香港易還定海，韻珂疏言：「定海為通洋適中之地，英人已築砲台、開河道，經營一切。 彼或餌漁、盜為羽翼，其患非小。 浙江為財賦之區，寧波又為浙省菁華所在，宜預杜覬覦。」 尋詔斥伊里布附和琦善，罷去，以裕謙代之，命韻珂偕提督余步雲治鎮海防務。 二十一年，英兵退出定海，仍遊奕浙洋，裕謙督師赴剿。 定海再陷，鎮海、寧波相繼失守，裕謙死之。 韻珂檄在籍布政使鄭祖琛率師扼曹娥江，總兵李廷揚、按察使蔣文慶、道員鹿澤良駐防紹興，募勇二萬人守省城，庀守具，清內奸，撫沙匪十麻子投誠效用，人心以安。 英艦窺錢塘江，尋退去。 揚威將軍奕經援浙。
Liu Yunke, whose style was Yupou, came from Wenshang in Shandong. After passing the tribute student examination he entered the Ministry of Justice as a seventh-rank official and rose to bureau director. In Daoguang 8 he was posted as prefect of Huizhou in Anhui and then transferred to Anqing. He served in turn as Yunnan salt intendant, judicial commissioner of Zhejiang and Guangxi, and provincial treasurer of Sichuan. In year 20 he was promoted to governor of Zhejiang. After Dinghai fell, Yunke received and cared for refugees at Ningbo. Coastal defenses were organized while Imperial Commissioner Yilibu commanded at Zhenhai. Qishan was discussing trading Hong Kong for Dinghai. Yunke wrote: "Dinghai lies at a central point on the sea routes. The British have already built batteries, opened waterways, and developed the place fully. They may win over fishermen and pirates as allies, and the danger would be grave. Zhejiang is a rich province, and Ningbo holds its finest resources. We should forestall any covetous designs." The court soon rebuked Yilibu for siding with Qishan and dismissed him, replacing him with Yijing. Yunke was ordered to manage Zhenhai defenses with Provincial Commander Yu Buyun. In year 21 British troops left Dinghai but still ranged the Zhejiang coast. Yijing took command to drive them off. Dinghai fell again, then Zhenhai and Ningbo in succession. Yijing died in the fighting. Yunke ordered home-domiciled Treasurer Zheng Zuchen to block the Cao'e River. Regional Commander Li Tingyang, Judicial Commissioner Jiang Wenqing, and Circuit Intendant Lu Zeliang held Shaoxing. He recruited twenty thousand militia to defend the provincial capital, prepared defenses, rooted out collaborators, won over the sand-bandit Shimazi, and steadied public morale. British ships probed the Qiantang River but soon withdrew. Campaign General Yijing arrived to reinforce Zhejiang.
17
二十二年春，規復寧波，不克，擾及奉化、慈谿，戰數不利，命韻珂偕欽差大臣耆英籌辦防務。 韻珂疏言：「浙事有十可慮，皆必然之患，無可解之憂，若不早為籌畫，國家大事豈容屢誤？ 現在奕經赴海寧查看海口，文蔚留駐紹興調置前路防守，究竟此後作何籌辦，奕經等亦無定見。 臣若不直陳，後日倘省垣不守，粉身碎骨，難蓋前愆。 伏乞俯念浙省危急，獨操乾斷，飭令將軍等隨機應變，俾浙省危而復安，天下胥受其福。」 又力荐伊里布「不貪功、不好名，為洋人所感戴。 其家人張喜亦可用。 儻令來浙，或英兵不復內犯。」 疏入，上頗採其言，命伊里布隨耆英赴浙，相機辦理。
In the spring of year 22 they tried to recover Ningbo but failed. Fighting spread to Fenghua and Cixi with repeated defeats. Yunke was ordered to plan defenses with Imperial Commissioner Qiying. Yunke wrote: "There are ten grave worries in Zhejiang, each an inevitable danger with no easy remedy. If we do not plan early, how can the state afford repeated mistakes? Yijing has gone to Haining to inspect the harbor mouth while Wenwei stays at Shaoxing arranging the forward defenses. Even they have no settled plan for what comes next. If I do not speak plainly now and the provincial capital later falls, no punishment will be enough to atone for my earlier failure. I beg Your Majesty to consider Zhejiang's peril, decide alone with firm authority, and order the generals to act as circumstances require, so that Zhejiang may recover and the empire share the benefit." He also strongly recommended Yilibu as "free of ambition for merit or fame and respected by the foreigners. His servant Zhang Xi is also useful. If he were sent to Zhejiang, the British might not invade inland again." The emperor largely accepted his advice and ordered Yilibu to follow Qiying to Zhejiang and act as circumstances required.
18
四月，乍浦陷，伊里布往說英人退兵，於是改犯吳淞，入大江，乃於江寧定和議。 韻珂貽書耆英、伊里布等曰：「撫局既定，後患頗多，有不能不鰓鰓過慮者。 英船散處粵、閩、浙、蘇較多，其中有他國糾約前來者，粵東又有新到。 倘退兵之後，或有他出效尤，或即英人託名復出，別肆要求，變幻莫測。 此不可不慮者一也。 洋人在粵，曾經就撫，迨給銀後，滋擾不休，反覆性成，前車可鑑。 或復稱國主之言，謂馬、郭辦理不善，撤回本國，別生枝節。 此不可不慮者二也。 上所獲之郭逆義子陳祿，皆云雖給銀割地，決不肯不往天津，而現索馬頭不及天津，殊為可疑。 能杜其北上之心，方免事後之悔。 此不可不慮者三也。 通商既定，自必明立章程，各省關口應輸稅課，萬一洋人仍向商船攔阻，勢不能聽其病商攘課，一經阻止，又啟釁端。 此不可不慮者四也。 民人與洋人獄訟，應聽有司訊斷，萬一抗不交犯，又如粵東林如美之案，何以戢外暴而定民心？ 此不可不慮者五也。 罷兵之後，各處海口仍須設防，修造戰船砲台，添設兵伍營卡，倘洋人猜疑阻擾，以致海防不能整頓。 此不可不慮者六也。 今日漢奸盡為彼用，一經通商，須治奸民。 內地民人投往者，應令全數交出，聽候安插。 否則介夫洋漢之間，勢必恃洋犯法，不逞之徒，又將投入，官法難施，必尋釁隙。 此不可不慮者七也。 既定馬頭，除通商地面不容泊岸，倘有任意闖入，取掠牲畜婦女，民人不平，糾合抗拒，彼必歸咎於官，而興問罪之師。 此不可不慮者八也。 名曰通商，本非割地，而定海拆毀城垣，建造洋樓，挈眷居住，倘各省均如此，恐非通商體制，腹內之地，舉以畀人，轉瞬即非我有。 此不可不慮者九也。 中國凋敝，由於漏銀出洋。 今各省有洋船，漏銀更甚，大利之源，勢將立竭。 會子、交子之弊政將行，國用、民用之生計已絕。 此不可不慮者十也。 至於議給之款，各省分撥。 浙省自軍興以來，商民捐餉賑災，寧波菁華為洋人搜括，歲事歉收，責以賂敵之款，勢必不應。 若如四川之議增糧賦，江、浙萬不能行。 故剿敵之款可捐，賂敵之款不可捐，他省完善之地可捐，浙省殘破之餘不可捐。 惟亮虓之！」 所言並切利害。
In the fourth month Zhapu fell. Yilibu went to persuade the British to withdraw, but they turned instead to Wusong, entered the Yangzi, and concluded peace at Jiangning. Yunke wrote to Qiying, Yilibu, and the others: "Peace is settled, but many troubles remain, and some cannot be ignored. British ships are scattered widely across Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu, including vessels from other treaty powers, and fresh arrivals continue in eastern Guangdong. After the troops withdraw, others may imitate them, or the British themselves may reappear under another name with fresh demands. Such shifts are impossible to predict. This is the first worry that cannot be ignored. Foreigners in Guangdong once accepted pacification, yet after payment they harassed without end. Their fickleness is well known, and the past is warning enough. They may again claim their sovereign's word that Ma and Guo handled affairs badly, recall them home, and raise new complications. This is the second worry that cannot be ignored. Chen Lu, adopted son of the captured rebel Guo, says that even after payment and cession they will still insist on going to Tianjin, yet they now demand a wharf short of Tianjin. This is highly suspicious. Only by blocking their desire to move north can we avoid later regret. This is the third worry that cannot be ignored. Once trade is established, regulations must be set and customs dues collected at every pass. If foreigners still intercept merchant ships, we cannot let them harm trade and seize revenue, yet stopping them may reopen conflict. This is the fourth worry that cannot be ignored. Cases between Chinese and foreigners should be tried by local officials. If offenders are refused, as in the Lin Rumei case in Guangdong, how can foreign violence be restrained and public order secured? This is the fifth worry that cannot be ignored. After the troops stand down, every port must still be defended, warships and batteries rebuilt, and garrisons reinforced. If foreigners suspect and obstruct us, coastal defense cannot be restored. This is the sixth worry that cannot be ignored. Chinese collaborators now serve the foreigners entirely. Once trade opens, traitors among our people must be controlled. All Chinese who have gone over to them from the interior should be required to return and await resettlement. Otherwise go-betweens between foreigners and Chinese will rely on foreign protection to break the law. Unruly men will flock to them, official justice will fail, and trouble will surely follow. This is the seventh worry that cannot be ignored. Once the wharf is fixed, foreigners must not land outside the trade zone. If they raid livestock and seize women, the people will rise in anger. The foreigners will blame the officials and send punitive forces. This is the eighth worry that cannot be ignored. Trade in name is not cession of territory, yet at Dinghai they tore down the walls, built foreign houses, and settled their families. If every province followed suit, this would no longer be trade but the surrender of the heartland itself. This is the ninth worry that cannot be ignored. China's exhaustion comes from silver draining overseas. Now foreign ships reach every province, silver drains faster still, and the nation's great source of wealth will soon run dry. The evils of paper currency will follow, and both state revenue and people's livelihood will be destroyed. This is the tenth worry that cannot be ignored. As for the indemnity agreed upon, each province must bear its share. Since the war began Zhejiang's merchants and people have donated pay and relief funds. Ningbo's wealth has been stripped by foreigners and the harvest failed. To demand indemnity payments now is impossible. Raising grain taxes as proposed in Sichuan is utterly impossible in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Funds to fight the enemy may be raised by donation, but not funds to bribe them. Intact provinces may contribute, but ruined Zhejiang cannot. I beg Your Majesty to consider this clearly!" His words all struck at the heart of the matter.
19
韻珂機警多智，數見浙兵不可恃，以戰事委之裕謙、奕經，專固省防，浙人德之。 及事急，再創調停之說，而慮成議於浙，為天下詬，移禍於江蘇。 然世多譏其巧於趨避。 二十三年，擢閩浙總督。 疏言：「浙江舊未與外洋交易，與廣東情事不同。 應於耆英等所議章程稍加變通，先申要約。」 又籌海疆善後事宜二十四則，下議行。 二十四年，疏報廈門開市，鼓浪嶼尚有英兵棲止，恐久假不歸，請諭禁，與領事面訂預杜偷漏稽查洋眾條款。 又奏天主教流弊，請稽查傳教之地，不令藏奸； 或有藉端滋事，據事懲辦，不牽及習教，俾無藉口。
Yunke was shrewd and resourceful. Seeing repeatedly that Zhejiang troops could not be trusted, he left fighting to Yijing and Campaign General Yijing while focusing on provincial defense. The people of Zhejiang were grateful. When crisis came he again urged mediation, fearing that if peace were made in Zhejiang he would be reviled nationwide for shifting the disaster to Jiangsu. Yet many criticized his talent for evasion. In year 23 he was promoted to governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang. He wrote: "Zhejiang never traded with foreigners before and its situation differs from Guangdong's. The regulations Qiying negotiated should be adapted somewhat, with essential terms stated first." He also drafted twenty-four measures for postwar coastal administration, which were ordered for implementation. In year 24 he reported the opening of Xiamen. British troops still remained on Gulangyu, and fearing they would stay indefinitely he asked for orders to remove them. With the consul he agreed on clauses to prevent smuggling and regulate foreigners. He also reported abuses of Catholic missions and asked that preaching sites be inspected so traitors could not hide there; if troublemakers used religion as a pretext, they should be punished on the facts without implicating ordinary converts, leaving no excuse for complaint.
20
二十五年，英人始至福州，請於南台及城內烏石山建洋樓，韻珂難之。 士紳見廣東爭議久不決，亦援以拒。 英人訴諸耆英，謂不踐原約，則鼓浪嶼且不退還，往復辯論，卒不能阻，而閩人歸咎於韻珂。 三十年，文宗即位，以病乞假，特旨罷職回籍。 咸豐二年，坐泉州經歷何士邠犯贓逃逸，追論寬縱，褫職。 同治初，召來京，以三品京堂候補。 復乞病歸，卒於家。
In year 25 the British first reached Fuzhou and asked to build foreign houses at Nantai and on Wushishan inside the city. Yunke resisted. Local gentry, seeing Guangdong's entry dispute drag on unresolved, cited that precedent to refuse as well. The British appealed to Qiying, saying that if the original treaty were not honored Gulangyu would not be returned. After repeated argument Yunke could not stop them, and the people of Fujian blamed him. In year 30, when the Wenzong Emperor ascended the throne, Yunke asked for sick leave and was specially ordered dismissed and sent home. In Xianfeng 2 he was stripped of office for leniency toward Quanzhou clerk He Shibin, who had taken bribes and fled. Early in Tongzhi he was recalled to Beijing as a third-rank capital official awaiting appointment. He again asked to retire on grounds of illness, went home, and died there.
21
=牛鑑=牛鑑，字鏡堂，甘肅武威人。 嘉慶十九年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。 遷御史、給事中。 道光十一年，出為雲南糧儲道。 歷山東按察使、順天府尹、陝西布政使，與巡撫不合，乞病歸。 十八年，起授江蘇布政使，署巡撫。
Niu Jian, whose style was Jingtang, came from Wuwei in Gansu. He became a metropolitan graduate in Jiaqing 19, entered the Hanlin as a bachelor, and was appointed compiler. He was promoted to censor and supervising secretary. In Daoguang 11 he was posted as Yunnan grain storage intendant. He served as judicial commissioner of Shandong, metropolitan governor of Shuntian, and provincial treasurer of Shaanxi. After falling out with the governor he retired on grounds of illness. In year 18 he was recalled as provincial treasurer of Jiangsu and served as acting governor.
22
十九年，擢河南巡撫。 整頓吏治，停分發，止攤捐； 籌銀二十萬兩，津貼瘠累十五縣； 築沁河堤，濬衛河：甚有政聲。 二十一年六月，河決祥符，水圍省城。 鑑率吏民葺城以守，規地勢洩水，賑撫災黎。 時水分二流，一環城西南，一由東南行，均注歸德、陳州，入江南境。 鑑以正河斷流，決口難遽塞，議急衛省城。 水漲不已，西北隅尤當衝，城垣坍陷十餘處，拋磚石成壩，絙鉅舟以御之。 奇險迭出，晝夜臨陴，民感其誠，同心守護，有不受僱值者。 當事急，河督文沖奏省城卑濕不可復居，請擇地遷移。 鑑疏言：「一月以來，困守危城，幸保無虞者，實由人心維繫。 若一聞遷徙。 各自逃生，誰與防守？ 恐遷徙未及，水已灌城，變生俄頃，奸民乘機搶掠，法令不行，情狀不堪設想。 節交白露，水將漸消，惟有殫竭血誠，堅忍守禦，但得料物應手，自可化險為平。」 命大學士王鼎、侍郎慧成往勘。 鑑與合疏言省城可守不可遷，決口可堵不可漫，並劾文沖漠視延誤狀，於是褫文沖職。 秸料大集，繕治堤壩，水亦漸退，守城凡六十餘日而卒完。 命偕王鼎等興工塞決。
In year 19 he was promoted to governor of Henan. He cleaned up local administration, halted routine assignments of officials, and stopped surcharge levies; raised two hundred thousand taels to subsidize fifteen impoverished counties burdened with tax arrears; built dikes on the Qin River and dredged the Wei River, winning a strong reputation for effective governance. In the sixth month of year 21 the Yellow River burst at Xiangfu and flooded around the provincial capital. Jian led officials and people to repair the walls for defense, planned drainage according to the terrain, and relieved the flood victims. The flood split into two streams, one circling the southwest of the city and one running southeast. Both flowed toward Guide and Chenzhou and into Jiangnan. Jian argued that with the main channel cut off and the breach impossible to close quickly, the urgent task was to defend the provincial capital. The water kept rising, and the northwest corner bore the brunt. The walls collapsed in more than ten places. They threw brick and stone to form dams and moored large boats as barriers. Perils came one after another. He stood on the walls day and night. The people were moved by his sincerity and defended together; some refused even to take wages. At the height of the crisis River Director Wen Chong reported that the capital was too low and damp to remain in and asked to relocate it elsewhere. Jian wrote: "For a month we have held this endangered city and kept it safe only because the people's morale has held together. If word of relocation spreads, everyone will flee for his life. Who will remain to defend the city? Before relocation could be completed the flood might already enter the city. Disaster would come in an instant, criminals would loot, and order would collapse beyond imagining. White Dew is near and the waters will subside. If we exhaust ourselves in honest defense and supplies are at hand, danger can still be turned to safety." Grand Secretary Wang Ding and Vice Minister Huicheng were sent to inspect. Jian jointly reported that the capital could be held and must not be abandoned, that the breach could and must be closed, and impeached Wen Chong for neglect and delay. Wen Chong was then dismissed. Straw and timber were gathered in quantity, dikes were repaired, the waters gradually fell, and after more than sixty days of defense the city was saved. He was ordered with Wang Ding and others to begin closing the breach.
23
會英兵犯浙江，裕謙殉於寧波，命鑑代署兩江總督，尋實授。 十月，至蘇州受事，閱海口，偕提督陳化成治防，繕台增砲，沿海以土塘為蔽，駐四營居中策應。 二十二年四月，英兵既陷乍浦，遂窺吳淞口。 五月，敵艦七十餘艘來攻，鑑偕化成督戰，擊沉賊船三，西砲台及戰艦皆被毀。 敵以小舟載兵由小沙背登陸，徐州鎮總兵王志元兵先潰，化成死之。 鑑退嘉定，而寶山、上海相繼陷。 又退崑山，收集潰兵。 壽春鎮總兵尤渤守松江，敵兩次來犯，皆擊卻之。 英艦聚泊吳淞口外，揚言將北犯天津。 六月，突入江，乘潮上駛，直越圌山關，鑑由京口退保江寧。 提督齊慎、劉允孝迎戰京口，不利，退守新豐。 鎮江陷，副都統海齡死之。 敵艦分薄瓜洲，揚州震動，鹽運使但明倫聽商人江壽民計，賂以六十萬金，遂犯江寧，艦泊下關。
When British forces attacked Zhejiang and Yijing died at Ningbo, Jian was made acting governor-general of the Two Jiangs and soon received the substantive post. In the tenth month he took office at Suzhou, inspected the coastal defenses, and with Provincial Commander Chen Huacheng organized the fortifications, repaired batteries, added guns, built earthen ramparts along the coast, and stationed four camps to support one another. In the fourth month of year 22, after the British took Zhapu, they turned toward Wusong. In the fifth month more than seventy enemy ships attacked. Jian and Huacheng directed the battle, sank three enemy vessels, but the western battery and the warships were destroyed. The enemy landed troops in small boats at Xiaoshabei. Regional Commander Wang Zhiyuan's force broke first, and Huacheng was killed. Jian withdrew to Jiading as Baoshan and Shanghai fell in turn. He withdrew again to Kunshan and gathered the routed troops. Regional Commander You Bo held Songjiang and twice beat back enemy attacks. British ships gathered off Wusong and announced they would strike north toward Tianjin. In the sixth month they burst into the Yangzi, rode the tide upstream past Tushan Pass, and Jian fell back from Jingkou to defend Jiangning. Provincial Commanders Qi Shen and Liu Yunxiao fought at Jingkou, were defeated, and withdrew to Xinfeng. Zhenjiang fell and Vice Commander-in-Chief Hailing was killed. Enemy ships pressed Guazhou and Yangzhou was shaken. Salt Commissioner Dan Minglun followed merchant Jiang Shoumin's advice and paid six hundred thousand taels in bribes. The British then advanced on Jiangning and anchored at Xiaguan.
24
鑑初專防海口，倚陳化成，沿江鵝鼻嘴、圌山關諸要隘倉猝調兵，益無足恃。 化成既死事，鑑知不能復戰，連疏請議撫。 耆英、伊里布先後奉命至，英人索五處通商及償款，諸臣未敢遽允； 敵兵遂登岸，置大砲臨城，乃悉許之。 合疏以保全民命為請，略曰：「江寧危急，呼吸可虞，根本一摧，鄰近皖、贛、鄂、湘皆可航溯。 彼所請雖無厭，而通市外無他圖。 與其結兵禍而毒生靈，曷若捐鉅帑以全大局？ 廈門敵軍雖退，尚未收復。 香港、鼓浪嶼、定海、招寶山仍未退還，使任其久踞逡巡，不如歸我土地。 既原循例輸稅，即為悔禍鄉風。 此後彼因自護租岸，我即以捍蔽海疆，未始非國家之福。 所請平禮虛文，不妨假借。 事定之後，亦應釋俘囚以堅和好，寬脅從以安反側。」 並附詳條目以聞。 八月，和議成，英兵悉退出海洋。
Jian had focused on the coastal mouth and relied on Chen Huacheng. Vital posts along the river such as Ebi Mouth and Tushan Pass were manned only by troops rushed in at the last moment and could not be trusted. After Huacheng's death Jian knew the fight was lost and sent repeated memorials asking for peace negotiations. Qiying and Yilibu arrived in turn on imperial orders. The British demanded five treaty ports and an indemnity, and the officials did not dare agree at once; the enemy landed, placed heavy guns facing the city, and then every demand was granted. They jointly memorialized to save the people's lives, writing: "Jiangning is in immediate peril. If this root is lost, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, and Hunan can all be reached by river. Their demands may be endless, but beyond opening markets they appear to have no other design. Better to pay a great indemnity and preserve the whole situation than to prolong war and ruin the people. The enemy has withdrawn from Xiamen, but the place is not yet recovered. Hong Kong, Gulangyu, Dinghai, and Zhaobaoshan are still not returned. Better to have our land back than let them linger in occupation. If they are willing to pay customs duties as before, that itself shows repentance and a return to proper relations. Thereafter, as they protect their leased ports for their own trade, we may use that to shield the coast. That need not be a loss to the state. The ceremonial concessions they request may be granted in form if necessary. After peace is settled, prisoners should be released to strengthen goodwill, and those coerced into service treated leniently to calm unrest." Detailed articles were attached to the memorial. In the eighth month peace was concluded and all British forces withdrew to sea.
25
尋以貽誤封疆罪，褫職逮問，讞大辟，二十四年，釋之，命赴河南中牟河工效力。 工竣，予七品頂戴，以六部主事用，回籍。 咸豐三年，粵匪北擾，予五品頂戴，署河南按察使。 四年，命卸任，勸捐募勇，赴陳州，偕徐廣縉剿捻匪，破潁州賊李士林於阜陽方家集，焚其巢，加按察使銜。 五年，又破之於霍丘三河，士林尋於湖北就撫。 鑑深得河南民心，前勸捐中牟大工，得錢二百萬緡，至是集軍餉复及百萬。 敘功，加二品頂戴。 以病乞歸。 八年，卒。
He was soon stripped of office and arrested for having failed the frontier. Sentence was death, but in year 24 he was released and ordered to serve on the Zhongmou river works in Henan. When the work was finished he was given seventh-rank insignia and appointed a director in one of the Six Ministries, then returned home. In Xianfeng 3, when Guangdong rebels raided northward, he was given fifth-rank insignia and served as acting judicial commissioner of Henan. In year 4 he left office, raised donations and recruits, went to Chenzhou, and with Xu Guangjin fought the Nian rebels. He defeated Li Shilin at Fangjiaji in Fuyang, burned his base, and was given judicial commissioner rank. In year 5 he defeated him again at Sanhe in Huoqiu. Shilin soon submitted in Hubei. Jian had won the hearts of the people of Henan. His earlier fund drive for the Zhongmou works had raised two million strings of cash, and he now raised another million for army funds. For his merit he was given second-rank insignia. He asked to retire on grounds of illness. He died in year 8.
26
=【論】=論曰：顏伯燾懷抱忠憤，而無克敵致果之具。 怡良不附和琦善，亦無建樹。 祁𡎴依違和戰之間，苟全而已。 劉韻珂以術馭人，陰主和議。 牛鑑以循吏處危疆，身敗名裂。 要之籌邊大計，朝廷無成算，則膺封圻之寄者為益難，況人事之未盡乎？ 嗚呼！ 論世者當觀其微也。
The commentary says: Yan Bozao was full of loyal indignation but lacked the means to defeat the enemy and win victory. Yi Liang did not side with Qishan, yet he too achieved nothing of note. Qi Jun wavered between war and peace and sought only to save himself. Liu Yunke manipulated others by craft and secretly favored peace. Niu Jian, a conscientious local official placed on a desperate frontier, ended in ruin and disgrace. In short, when the court had no settled frontier policy, those entrusted with border posts faced an even harder task—and how much harder when human effort fell short? Alas! Those who judge an age must read its subtle signs.