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列傳一百六十六
Biography 166
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趙慎畛盧坤曾勝陶澍
Zhao Shenzhen, Lu Kun, Ceng Sheng, and Tao Shu
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趙慎畛，字笛樓，湖南武陵人。 為諸生時，學政錢灃器之，曰：「人英也！」 嘉慶元年，成進士，選庶吉士，授編修。 遷御史、給事中。 條上川、楚善後屯田保甲事宜。 巡通州漕，革陋規，廉得楊村通判科索剝船，奏褫其職。 湖南學政徐松矜愎失士心，欲附慎畛自固，常列其弟子優等，慎畛列款糾劾罷之。 兩廣總督蔣攸銛薦其才可大用。
Zhao Shenzhen, whose courtesy name was Dilou, came from Wuling in Hunan. While still a licentiate student, the educational commissioner Qian Feng took him in high regard and said, "Here is a paragon among men!" In the first year of the Jiaqing reign he passed the jinshi examination, entered the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor, and received appointment as a compiler. He was promoted to censor and then to supervising secretary. He laid out in detail proposals on garrison farming and the baojia system for the post-rebellion administration of Sichuan and Huguang. While inspecting grain transport at Tongzhou he abolished entrenched abuses, uncovered the Yangcun assistant prefect's extortion and stripping of transport boats, and memorialized for his dismissal. The Hunan educational commissioner Xu Song was arrogant and had lost the regard of the scholarly community; hoping to secure himself by currying favor with Shenzhen, he habitually ranked Shenzhen's pupils in the top grade. Shenzhen set out the facts in a memorial of impeachment and had him removed from office. Jiang Youxian, governor-general of Liangguang, recommended him as a man whose ability warranted high appointment.
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十七年，出為廣東惠潮嘉道。 嚴治械鬥，捕南澳、澄海、潮陽盜甚眾； 沿海民寮居為逋逃藪，悉編入保甲。 逾年，擢廣西按察使。 天地會匪結黨構亂，脅有貲者入其中，慎畛惟嚴罪匪首，被脅者不坐。 廣東洋匪投誠後，漸入廣西為盜。 設水路巡船以護商旅，督守令以捕盜多少為殿最。 遠郡招解重囚煩費，吏因諱盜，省文法，嚴舉劾，緝捕始力。 二十年，遷廣東布政使。 州縣多積虧，展轉相承，悉心鉤稽，除其糾轕，庫儲頓增。 南海、高要瀕河堤防多圮，民苦水患，籌款生息資歲修，屯田五千餘頃。 賦重為累，請減糧額，攤抵於沙坦輕則之地。 粵俗奢靡，刊發陳宏謀行政訓俗遺規，躬行節儉以示勸。
In his seventeenth year of service he was posted as intendant of the Huizhou, Chaozhou, and Jiazhou circuit in Guangdong. He cracked down hard on armed clan fights and captured large numbers of bandits at Nan'ao, Chenghai, and Chaoyang; along the coast, Miao and Yao communities had become havens for fugitives, and he registered them all under the baojia system. A year later he was promoted to provincial judge of Guangxi. Heaven and Earth Society bandits formed factions and plotted rebellion, forcing wealthy men to join them; Shenzhen punished only the ringleaders severely, and those who had been coerced were not charged. After coastal pirates in Guangdong had surrendered, they gradually crossed into Guangxi and turned to banditry. He set up patrol boats on the waterways to protect merchants and travelers, and ranked prefects and magistrates by the number of bandits they captured for rewards and penalties. In remote prefectures the cost of escorting serious criminals was so burdensome that officials concealed crimes; he streamlined legal formalities, enforced strict impeachment, and only then did pursuit and arrest become effective. In the twentieth year he was transferred to provincial treasurer of Guangdong. Prefectures and counties carried heavy deficits passed from one term to the next; he painstakingly audited the books, untangled the accounts, and treasury reserves rose sharply. River dikes at Nanhai and Gaoyao along the Pearl River were largely in ruins and the people suffered chronic flooding; he raised capital to generate interest for annual repairs and reclaimed more than five thousand qing of garrison land. Heavy tax quotas were crushing the people; he petitioned to reduce grain assessments and spread the burden onto lightly taxed sandy flats. Cantonese customs were notoriously extravagant; he published Chen Hongmou's surviving regulations on administration and moral instruction, and himself practiced frugality to set an example.
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二十三年，擢廣西巡撫。 習知粵西地勢如建瓴，旬日不雨即旱竭，勸民修隄塘，造龍骨車，開廕井，設井筒架，皆頒式俾仿行。 地連黔、楚，群盜出沒，宜山會匪廖五桂、藍耀青分踞新、舊兩墟，糾眾分黨，偽立名目，勒索殷戶，爭利相擾，親往捕誅之。 飭屬行保甲，置望樓，練民壯互相守望，縣建卡房數十座，府各督屬會營巡緝。 柳州至省千餘裡，設水汛四十三所，終任凡獲盜千七百餘人。 盜多出於流匪，編客民籍，驅其單身遊蕩者，礦廠窯榨傭丁皆立冊，有保者留，否則逐。 故事，梧、潯二關，巡撫例得動用盈餘。 慎畛曰：「吾家衣食粗足，身為大臣，取盈將安用之？ 當為國家布仁澤耳。」 乃於桂林設預備倉，增設書院，柳州、慶遠、思恩三府皆創設之； 繕城濬河，廣置棲流所，並取給焉。
In the twenty-third year he was promoted to governor of Guangxi. Well aware that Guangxi's terrain was like water in a tilted jar—ten days without rain and drought followed—he urged the people to repair dikes and ponds, build dragon-bone water wheels, dig shaded wells, and erect well-shelf frames, issuing models for each so they could be copied everywhere. The province bordered Guizhou and Huguang, and bandits roamed freely. At Yishan, Heaven and Earth Society bandits Liao Wugui and Lan Yaoqing held the new and old market towns, mustering followers in rival factions under false titles, extorting wealthy households and fighting over spoils—Shenzhen went in person and captured and executed them. He ordered his subordinates to enforce the baojia system, erect watch towers, and train local militia for mutual defense; each county built dozens of checkpoint stations, and each prefecture supervised its subordinates in joint patrols with the garrison. From Liuzhou to the provincial capital was more than a thousand li; he established forty-three river checkpoints, and over his entire term captured more than seventeen hundred bandits. Most bandits were roaming fugitives; he registered guest populations, expelled rootless drifters, and required all mine, kiln, and press workers to be entered in registers—those with guarantors could remain, the rest were expelled. By long-standing custom, the governor was entitled to use surplus revenue from the Wuzhou and Xunzhou customs stations. Shenzhen said, "My family's food and clothing are already adequate; as a senior minister, what would I do with surplus profits? They ought to be used to spread the state's benevolence." Accordingly he established a reserve granary at Guilin, expanded the provincial academy, and founded new academies in Liuzhou, Qingyuan, and Sinan; repaired city walls and dredged rivers, greatly expanded shelters for the destitute, and drew on these funds for all of it.
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道光二年，入覲，宣宗嘉其誠實不欺，溫諭褒勉，擢閩浙總督。 嚴申軍律，課諸鎮營汛勤訓練。 浙江提督沈添華玩縱，劾罷之。 責水師緝海盜，盜多就擒。 上游四府多山，客民租山立廠，遊匪群聚，遣兵搜山，捕誅其魁。 閩安所轄有瑯琦島，居民多為奸利，擒治之，移駐水師，建砲台，遂為省城門戶。 台灣自來多亂，動煩大兵，慎畛尤以為慮，盡選賢能以治。 鳳山莠民楊良斌煽眾起事，檄巡道孔昭虔、知府孔傳穟剿治，未一月而定，不煩一兵渡海。 驩瑪蘭初設治，部議賦則較重，奏減之。 民入山伐木，歲供道廠船料，匠首苛斂激變，捕誅首亂，更定採木章程，乃相安。 戍兵萬四千，更代時皆赴廈門，由提督點驗，遠者千里，改由各提鎮分驗，兵困以蘇。 台灣產米，漳、泉數郡仰給商運，江、浙、天津民無蓋藏，米貴輒生亂，於海口稽米船出數，酌豐歉為限制，常留有餘。 疏請漳浦明儒黃道周從祀文廟，下廷臣議行。 侯官謝金鑾、德化鄭兼才皆以學行著，素所敬禮，歿而舉祀鄉賢。 又旌表義烈，以振風俗。
In the second year of Daoguang he had an audience with the throne; the Daoguang Emperor praised his honesty and sincerity, spoke warmly in encouragement, and promoted him to governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang. He strictly enforced military discipline and pressed every garrison and post to train diligently. The Zhejiang provincial commander Shen Tianhua was negligent and indulgent; Shenzhen impeached him and had him removed. He ordered the navy to hunt down sea pirates, and many were captured. The four upstream prefectures were mountainous; migrant tenants rented hillsides for mines and roaming bandits gathered there; he sent troops to sweep the mountains and captured and executed the ringleaders. Under Min'an jurisdiction lay Langqi Island, whose inhabitants mostly pursued illicit gain; he arrested and punished them, stationed naval forces there, built batteries, and turned the island into the gateway of the provincial capital. Taiwan had long been turbulent and often required large military expeditions; Shenzhen was especially concerned about this and selected the ablest officials he could find to govern it. A troublemaker of Fengshan named Yang Liangbin incited a popular uprising; Shenzhen dispatched orders to the circuit intendant Kong Zhaoqian and the prefect Kong Chuansui to suppress it, and within a month the affair was settled without a single soldier crossing the strait. Huanmalan had only recently been brought under civil administration; the Board had set comparatively heavy tax rates, and he memorialized for their reduction. When the people went into the mountains to cut timber they supplied shipbuilding timber to the circuit yard each year; the head craftsmen's harsh exactions provoked an uprising—he captured and executed the ringleaders, revised the regulations for timber cutting, and order was restored. There were fourteen thousand garrison troops; when rotations came due they all had to report to Xiamen for inspection by the provincial commander, and some traveled a thousand li—he changed the rule so each regional commander inspected his own men locally, and the soldiers' hardship was eased. Taiwan produced rice on which Zhangzhou and Quanzhou depended through merchant shipping; in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Tianjin the people had no reserves, and dearth of rice often sparked unrest—at the seaports he tallied rice exports, adjusted limits according to harvest conditions, and always kept a reserve on hand. He memorialized that the Ming scholar Huang Daozhou of Zhangpu should be admitted to the Confucian temple; the memorial was referred to the court for deliberation and carried out. Xie Jinzuan of Houguan and Zheng Jian'ai of Dehua were both renowned for learning and moral conduct and had long been men he honored; when they died he recommended them for worship in the local worthies' shrines. He also honored the righteous and the martyred to uplift public morals.
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五年，調雲貴總督。 銅礦、鹽務積疲，疏陳變通整頓之法。 以邊防莫便於屯田，方考訪形勢利便，未及議行而疾作。 病中拜疏劾貪黷不職者數十人。 未幾，遂卒。 代者急遞追回原疏，滇人惜之。 遺疏上，優詔賜卹，贈太子少保，諡文恪，祀名宦、鄉賢祠。
In the fifth year he was transferred to governor-general of Yunnan and Guizhou. Copper mining and the salt monopoly had long been in decline; he memorialized methods for flexible reform and consolidation. Believing that garrison farming was the best means of border defense, he was still surveying terrain and advantages when illness struck before he could submit his proposals. From his sickbed he submitted a memorial impeaching several dozen corrupt and negligent officials. Before long he died. His successor urgently recalled the original memorial by express relay; the people of Yunnan deeply regretted the loss. When his death memorial reached the throne, an edict graciously granted funeral honors, posthumously appointed him Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, gave him the posthumous title Wenge, and ordered his enshrinement in the shrines of eminent officials and local worthies.
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慎畛服膺儒先，凡有益身心可致用者，皆身體力行。 好善嫉惡，體恤屬僚，訓懇切，如師之於弟子。 所至於文武官吏，常能識別其才否，人亦樂為之用。 所著奏議、從征錄、載年錄、讀書日記、惜日筆記等書及詩文集凡數十卷。
Shenzhen devoted himself to the Confucian sages; whatever could benefit mind and body and be put to practical use, he practiced in his own person. He loved virtue and hated vice, was considerate toward his subordinates, and instructed them earnestly, like a teacher with his pupils. Wherever he served he could usually discern the abilities of civil and military officials, and men were glad to work for him. His writings—including memorials, a campaign record, a chronological memoir, a reading diary, notes on cherishing time, and collected poetry and prose—amounted to several dozen fascicles in all.
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盧坤，字厚山，順天涿州人。 嘉慶四年進士，選庶吉士，散館授兵部主事，洊遷郎中。 扈隨木蘭，校射，賜花翎。 十八年，出為湖南糧儲道，丁本生父母憂，服闋，歷廣東惠潮嘉道、山東兗沂曹濟道、湖北按察使、甘肅布政使。 道光元年，護理陝西巡撫。 二年，擢廣東巡撫，未之任，調陝西。 議者謂南山老林易藪姦，不宜開墾。 坤歷陳漢、蜀、唐、宋史事，及漢李翕郙閣頌，以徵墾治之利； 專任嚴如熤，假以便宜，墾務大興。 勘修南山各屬城工，漢江堤岸，築壩濬淤，審度形勢，移駐文武，增改官制。 又修復咸寧、長安、涇陽、盩厔、岐山、寶雞、華州、榆林河渠水利，籌補榆林、綏德兩屬常平倉穀，勸民捐建社倉。 疏陳：「察吏之要，不獨親民，官貪廉為民身家所繫，其勤惰、明昧、寬嚴，皆關民生休戚。」 宣宗深韙之。 五年，以母憂去官。
Lu Kun, whose courtesy name was Houshan, came from Zhuozhou in Shuntian. In the fourth year of Jiaqing he passed the jinshi examination, entered the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor, and after leaving the academy was appointed a principal clerk in the Board of War, rising steadily to director. While attending the emperor on the Mulan hunt he distinguished himself in archery and was granted a peacock feather. In the eighteenth year he was posted as grain intendant of Hunan; after mourning his adoptive mother he served successively as intendant of the Huizhou-Chaozhou-Jiazhou circuit in Guangdong, intendant of the Yan-Yi-Cao-Ji circuit in Shandong, provincial judge of Hubei, and provincial treasurer of Gansu. In the first year of Daoguang he served as acting governor of Shaanxi. In the second year he was promoted to governor of Guangdong but never took up the post, being transferred instead to Shaanxi. Critics argued that the old forests of the southern mountains easily sheltered bandits and ought not to be opened for reclamation. Kun cited one historical precedent after another from the histories of Han, Shu, Tang, and Song, as well as Li Xi's Han inscription on the Efu Pavilion, to demonstrate the benefits of reclamation; he put Yan Ruyi solely in charge with full discretionary authority, and reclamation work flourished. He surveyed and repaired city fortifications throughout the southern mountain districts, strengthened the Han River dikes, built dams and dredged silt, assessed the terrain, redeployed civil and military officials, and revised the local administrative structure. He also restored irrigation works in Xianning, Chang'an, Jingyang, Zhouzhi, Qishan, Baoji, Huazhou, and Yulin, replenished the ever-normal granaries of Yulin and Suide, and urged the people to donate grain and establish community granaries. He memorialized: "The key to inspecting officials is not merely whether they are close to the people—an official's probity or corruption is bound up with the people's livelihood, and his diligence or sloth, clarity or obtuseness, leniency or severity all bear on their welfare." The Daoguang Emperor strongly approved his view. In the fifth year he left office to mourn his mother.
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六年，回疆用兵，特起駐肅州，偕總督鄂山治轉餉。 以托古遜為運糧首站，自烏魯木齊至阿克蘇，置三十二站，大兵五萬餘，日需糧五百石，每站備駝五百有奇，由山西、陝西採購； 又蒙古阿拉善部進駝千，烏里雅蘇台調撥官駝四千。 疏請軍需從寬籌備； 兵丁量增口糧； 給皮衣皮帽，以御寒； 出口駝馬芻秣； 時給買補缺額營馬，預備續調； 監造軍械務期堅實； 撥運陝省制錢，平市價； 添設台站夫馬； 僱用車輛，定例價； 招募護台民丁； 後路糧台亦添兵守護：凡十一事，並如議行。 回疆平，加太子少保。 及張格爾就擒，賜頭品頂戴。 服闋，授山東巡撫，調山西。 八年，裁撤肅州軍局。 始抵任，尋調廣東巡撫。
In the sixth year, when the campaign in the western regions began, he was specially recalled from mourning to station at Suzhou and, together with Governor-General E Shan, managed the transport of supplies. With Tuogusiun as the first grain depot, he established thirty-two relay stations from Urumqi to Aksu; the main force of more than fifty thousand men required five hundred shi of grain a day, and each station was supplied with over five hundred camels purchased from Shanxi and Shaanxi; in addition, a thousand camels were contributed by the Alashan Mongols, and four thousand government camels were transferred from Uliassutai. He memorialized that military supplies should be prepared generously; soldiers' rations should be increased as needed; fur coats and hats issued against the cold; fodder supplied for camels and horses along the route; periodic funds to purchase replacements for camp horses lost on campaign, in preparation for further deployments; strict supervision of arms manufacture to ensure durability; shipment of Shaanxi minted cash to stabilize market prices; additional couriers and horses at relay stations; hired transport at fixed regulated rates; recruitment of civilian guards for relay stations; added troops to guard the rear supply depots as well—all eleven proposals were approved and carried out. When the western regions were pacified, he was promoted to Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. When Zhang Ge'er was captured, he was granted the first-grade finial. After completing his mourning period he was appointed governor of Shandong, then transferred to Shanxi. In the eighth year the Suzhou military supply bureau was abolished. He had scarcely taken up his post when he was transferred to governor of Guangdong.
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十年，又調江蘇，未至，擢湖廣總督。 兩湖鹺務，狃於封輪之例，道光初議散輪，七年復因加價，仍改封輪，引滯商疲。 坤至，疏請實行散輪，建鹽倉於漢岸，俾商船源源攬運。 尋量減售價，以銷楚岸積鹽。 設塘角總卡，按船編號，以杜內私外私之弊。 复湖南永興粵鹽定額，以保淮綱。 湖北水災，請免米稅，借帑十萬兩，購川米平糶。 疏調前兩淮鹽運使王鳳生綜理水利，擇要疏濬河道，修築堤堰，皆以次舉行。
In the tenth year he was transferred to Jiangsu, but before he could take up the post he was promoted to governor-general of Huguang. Salt administration in the two Hu had long clung to the sealed-lot system; in early Daoguang open lots were proposed, but in the seventh year price increases led to a return to sealed lots, causing stagnation and exhausting the merchants. When Kun arrived he memorialized to implement open lots in earnest, built salt warehouses on the Han River shore, and enabled merchant boats to transport salt in a steady stream. He soon reduced selling prices in proportion to clear the accumulated salt stocks on the Chu River bank. He established a master checkpoint at Tangjiao and registered boats by number to stop both internal and external smuggling. He restored the fixed Guangdong salt quota for Yongxing in Hunan to protect the Huai salt monopoly zone. When Hubei was struck by flooding he requested exemption of rice taxes, borrowed one hundred thousand taels from the treasury, and purchased Sichuan rice for sale at fair prices to the people. He memorialized to assign the former Lianghuai salt transport commissioner Wang Fengsheng to oversee water conservancy, selecting the most critical points for river dredging and dike repair, all of which were carried out in turn.
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十二年，湖南江華瑤趙金龍作亂，粵瑤應之，湖南提督海凌阿及副將、游擊等皆戰歿，坤親往督師，密陳湖北提督羅思舉能辦賊。 時桂陽、常德諸瑤蜂起應賊，常德水師、荊州駐防兵皆不習山戰，坤至，悉罷之，改調鎮筸苗疆兵，分屯要隘，堅壁清野，與賊相持。 俟兩湖兵大集，貴州提督餘步雲、雲南副將曾勝亦率軍至，乘雷雨襲擊洋泉街。 羅思舉督諸將晝夜環攻，斃賊數千，破其巢，擒金龍子女及頭目數百人。 金龍乘間逸，為亂軍所殲，獲其屍及劍印木偶諸物。 捷聞，賜雙眼花翎，世襲一等輕車都尉。 尚書禧恩、將軍瑚松額方奉命視師，未至，賊已平。 粵瑤趙青仔糾眾數千入楚界，聲言為金龍復仇，連敗之於濠江、銀江，擒青仔磔於市。 廣東連山黃瓜寨瑤猶猖獗，兩廣總督李鴻賓剿治不力，以罪逮，調坤代之。 偕禧恩等先後往督諸將進剿，瑤疆悉平。 合疏陳兩省善後事宜，改移文武官制駐所，並允行。
In the twelfth year the Yao leader Zhao Jinlong of Jianghua in Hunan rose in rebellion, and Yao in Guangdong rose in response; the Hunan provincial commander Hailing'a and his vice commanders and brigade officers were all killed in battle. Kun went in person to take command and secretly memorialized that the Hubei provincial commander Luo Siju was the man to defeat the rebels. At that time Yao in Guiyang, Changde, and other districts rose in support of the rebels; the Changde naval forces and the Jingzhou garrison troops were unskilled in mountain warfare—when Kun arrived he dismissed them all, transferred troops from the Zhenxiong Miao frontier, garrisoned the strategic passes, practiced scorched-earth defense, and held the rebels at bay. When the armies of the two Hu had massed in strength, the Guizhou provincial commander Yu Buyun and the Yunnan vice commander Zeng Sheng also brought their forces; they took advantage of a thunderstorm to strike Yangquan Street. Luo Siju directed the generals in round-the-clock encirclement attacks, killing several thousand rebels, destroying their stronghold, and capturing Jinlong's children and several hundred subordinate leaders. Jinlong slipped away in the confusion and was killed by his own disorderly troops; his corpse was recovered along with his sword, seals, wooden idols, and other objects. When news of victory arrived he was granted the double-eyed peacock feather and a hereditary rank as first-class light chariot commandant. The minister Xien and the general Husong'e had been ordered to take command of the campaign, but before they arrived the rebels had already been suppressed. The Guangdong Yao leader Zhao Qingzai mustered several thousand men and crossed into Hunan, claiming to avenge Jinlong; he was repeatedly defeated at Haojiang and Yinjiang, captured, and dismembered in the marketplace. The Yao of Huangguazhai in Lianshan, Guangdong, were still rampant; Governor-General Li Hongbin's campaign against them had failed, and he was arrested on criminal charges; Kun was transferred to replace him. Together with Xien and others he went in turn to direct the generals in the campaign, and the Yao territories were entirely pacified. In a joint memorial they laid out post-pacification measures for both provinces, including the relocation of civil and military posts—all of which were approved.
13
十三年，越南盜陳加海結邊地遊民嘯聚狗頭山，潛入內洋，遣水師擊沉八船，擒加海誅之。 尋越南內訌，慎固邊防，拒其請兵，詔嘉得大體。
In the thirteenth year the Vietnamese pirate Chen Jiahai joined with border vagabonds and gathered at Goutoushan, secretly entering coastal waters; Kun dispatched the navy, sank eight of their ships, captured Jiahai, and executed him. Soon afterward Vietnam fell into civil strife; he firmly guarded the frontier and refused their request for military aid; an edict praised his grasp of the larger situation.
14
英吉利兵船擅入海口，要乞推廣通商，坤依故事停其貿易。 領事律勞卑挾二船入虎門，砲擊不退，且以砲拒，進泊黃埔。 坤設方略扼其歸路，斷其接濟，集水陸師臨以兵威，律勞卑窮蹙，引罪求去。 澳門洋商代請命，坤持之良久，乃驅之出口。 疏聞，詔嘉獎，先奪宮銜、花翎並復之。 於是嚴海防，勤訓練，自南山至大虎分三段，與沙角、大角相聯絡。 省河中流沙地增建砲台，以資保障，夷情斂懾。 坤久任封圻，所皆有名績，宣宗深倚之。 十五年，卒，贈太子太師、兵部尚書，從優恤，諡文肅。 子端黼，襲世職。
English warships entered the estuary without authorization and demanded expanded trade; Kun, following established precedent, suspended their commerce. The consul Napier forced two ships into Humen; cannon fire failed to drive them back, and they returned fire with their own guns before advancing to anchor at Huangpu. Kun devised a strategy to block their line of retreat and cut off their supplies, assembled land and naval forces to overawe them, and Napier, cornered, confessed his offense and begged to withdraw. Macao merchants interceded on Napier's behalf; Kun held firm for a long time before finally driving the ships out of port. When the memorial reached the throne, an edict praised and rewarded him, having first stripped and then restored his rank insignia and peacock feather. Thereupon he tightened coastal defenses and pressed training; from Nanshan to Dahu he divided the coast into three sections linked with Shajiao and Dajiao. He built additional batteries on the shifting sandbanks in the provincial river channel for added protection, and foreign conduct became noticeably restrained. Kun had long held high provincial office with distinguished achievements wherever he served, and the Daoguang Emperor relied on him deeply. In the fifteenth year he died; he was posthumously appointed Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent and Minister of War, granted generous funeral honors, and given the posthumous title Wensu. His son Duandian inherited the hereditary office.
15
曾勝，廣西馬平人。 以行伍從剿湖南苗匪、川、楚教匪，積功至都司。 累遷雲南參將，以計擒梟渠徐黑二及宣威小梁山匪首，為時稱。 遷維西協副將。 瑤匪趙金龍之亂，率師會剿，擢湖南永州鎮總兵，殲金龍，及擒粵瑤趙青仔，戰皆力。 尋赴廣東剿連山瑤，迭戰大拱橋、分水嶺、砲台山、火燒坪、軍僚裡、大厓衝、上坻園。 瑤平，論功最，加提督銜，賜號瑚爾察圖巴圖魯，予雲騎尉世職。 調南韶連鎮，擢廣東陸路提督。 當英吉利兵船入內河，水師提督李增堦不能阻，勝獻策，以巨船載石沉塞海口老洲岡隘道，聚草船數百橫內河，備火攻，勝率兵臨之，英領事律勞卑悚懼聽令，事乃定。 十七年，卒於官，諡勤勇。
Zeng Sheng came from Maping in Guangxi. Rising through the ranks, he took part in suppressing Miao bandits in Hunan and the secret-society rebels of Sichuan and Huguang, accumulating merit until he reached the rank of commandant. He rose to colonel in Yunnan; by stratagem he captured the ringleader Xu Hei'er and the bandit chief of Xiaoliangshan in Xuanwei, winning acclaim at the time. He was transferred to vice commander of the Weixi brigade. During the Yao rebellion of Zhao Jinlong he led troops in the joint campaign, was promoted to commander of the Yongzhou garrison in Hunan, destroyed Jinlong, and captured the Guangdong Yao leader Zhao Qingzai—fighting with great vigor in every engagement. He soon went to Guangdong to suppress the Lianshan Yao, fighting successive battles at Dagong Bridge, Fenshuiling, Paotaishan, Huoshaoping, Junliaoli, Dayachong, and Shangdiyuan. When the Yao were pacified his merit was judged the greatest; he was given the rank of provincial commander, granted the title Hurcitu Baturu, and awarded a hereditary Yunqiwei office. He was transferred to the Nanshaolian garrison and promoted to provincial commander of Guangdong's land forces. When English warships entered the inner river the naval commander Li Zengjie could not stop them; Sheng proposed loading great ships with stone to block the Laozhougang pass at the estuary, assembling hundreds of straw boats across the inner river for a fire attack, and leading troops to press them; the English consul Napier, fearful, submitted to orders, and the crisis was resolved. In the seventeenth year he died in office and was given the posthumous title Qinyong.
16
陶澍，字云汀，湖南安化人。 嘉慶七年進士，選庶吉士，授編修，遷御史、給事中。 疏劾吏部重簽，河工冒濫，及外省吏治積弊。 巡中城，決滯獄八百有奇。 巡南漕，革陋規，請濬京口運河。 二十四年，出為川東道，日坐堂皇，剖決獄訟如流。 請減鹽價，私絕課增。 總督蔣攸銛薦其治行為四川第一。 歷山西按察使、安徽布政使。
Tao Shu, whose courtesy name was Yunting, came from Anhua in Hunan. In the seventh year of Jiaqing he passed the jinshi examination, entered the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor, was appointed a compiler, and was promoted to censor and supervising secretary. He memorialized against duplicate signatures in the Board of Civil Office, fraud in river conservancy projects, and long-standing abuses in provincial administration. While patrolling the central city he cleared more than eight hundred backlogged cases. While inspecting southern grain transport he abolished entrenched abuses and petitioned to dredge the Jingkou transport canal. In the twenty-fourth year he was posted as intendant of eastern Sichuan, sitting daily in court and dispatching lawsuits with remarkable fluency. He petitioned to reduce salt prices and on his own authority halted unauthorized tax increases. Governor-General Jiang Youxian recommended his administration as the finest in Sichuan. He served successively as provincial judge of Shanxi and provincial treasurer of Anhui.
17
道光三年，就擢巡撫。 安徽庫款，五次清查，未得要領。 澍自為籓司時，鉤覈檔案，分別應劾、應償、應豁，於是三十餘年之糾轕，豁然一清。 嚴交代，禁流攤，裁捐款，至是奏定章程，俾有司釋累，得專力治民。 瀕江水災，購米十萬石，勸捐數十萬金，賑務覈實，災民賴之無失所。 治壽州城西湖、鳳臺蕉岡湖、鳳陽花源湖； 又懷遠新漲沙洲阻水，並開引河，導之入淮。 淮水所經，勸民修隄束水，保障農田。 各縣設豐備倉於鄉村，令民秋收後量力分捐，不經吏役，不減糶，不出易，不假貸，歲歉備賑，樂歲再捐，略如社倉法而去其弊。 創輯安徽通志，旌表忠孝節烈以勵風俗。
In the third year of Daoguang he was promoted directly to governor. Anhui's treasury accounts had been audited five times without reaching a clear resolution. While still provincial treasurer Shu audited the archives, distinguishing cases requiring impeachment, repayment, or remission, and thereby cleared away more than thirty years of accumulated entanglements at a stroke. He enforced strict account handovers, banned spreading levies among the people, and cut unauthorized donations; he then memorialized fixed regulations so that local officials could shed their burdens and devote themselves wholly to governing the people. When floods struck along the Yangzi he purchased one hundred thousand shi of rice, urged donations totaling several hundred thousand taels, verified relief accounts rigorously, and the disaster victims were saved from destitution. He undertook works on the West Lake at Shouzhou, Jiaogang Lake at Fengtai, and Huayuan Lake at Fengyang; at Huaiyuan, newly formed sandbars were blocking the water, so he opened diversion channels to guide it into the Huai River. Along the course of the Huai he urged the people to repair dikes to contain the water and protect their farmland. In each county he established abundance reserve granaries in the villages, requiring the people after the autumn harvest to contribute according to their means without passing through clerks, without price reductions, exchange, or loans—in lean years the grain was used for relief, in good years they contributed again, following the community granary model but eliminating its abuses. He initiated compilation of the Anhui provincial gazetteer and honored the loyal, filial, and chaste to uplift public morals.
18
五年，調江蘇。 先是洪澤湖決，漕運梗阻，協辦大學士英和陳海運策，而中外紛議撓之。 澍毅然以身任，奏請蘇、松、常、鎮、太五府州漕糧百六十餘萬石歸海運，親赴上海，籌僱商船，體恤商艱，群情踴躍。 六年春，開兌，至夏全抵天津，無一漂損者，驗米色率瑩潔，過河運數倍。 商船回空，載豆而南，兩次得值船餘耗米十餘萬石，發部帑收買，由漕項協濟天津、通倉之用，及調劑旗丁，尚節省銀米各十餘萬。 事竣，優詔褒美，賜花翎。 明年，遂偕總督蔣攸銛合疏陳海運章程八條，冀垂令甲，永紓漕累，格於部議，未果行。 又以紳衿包完漕米，橫索陋規，為漕務之害，奏請懲辦。 學政辛從益意不合，爭之。 澍复疏言：「陋規日增，勢必取償小民。 若預計有司不減浮收，置陋規於不問，非釜底抽薪之計。」 仍執前議，治包抗從嚴焉。
In the fifth year he was transferred to Jiangsu. Earlier the Hongze Lake dike had burst, blocking grain transport; the grand secretary Yinghe had jointly proposed sea transport, but debate at court and in the provinces frustrated the plan. Shu resolutely took personal responsibility, memorializing that the grain tribute of more than 1.6 million shi from Suzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou, Zhenjiang, and Taicang be shifted to sea transport; he went in person to Shanghai, arranged the hiring of merchant vessels, showed consideration for the merchants' difficulties, and won widespread enthusiasm. In the spring of the sixth year shipping began; by summer the entire cargo had reached Tianjin without a single loss at sea; inspection showed the grain uniformly bright and clean, several times superior to canal transport. On their return voyages merchant ships carried beans southward; twice they brought back more than one hundred thousand shi of surplus transport grain, which was purchased with ministry funds and applied from grain-tribute revenues to supply Tianjin and Tongzhou granaries and adjust banner soldiers' rations, while still saving more than one hundred thousand taels of silver and shi of grain respectively. When the project was completed, an edict warmly praised him and granted him a peacock feather. The following year he and Governor-General Jiang Youxian jointly memorialized eight articles governing sea transport, hoping to establish a lasting precedent and permanently ease the burden of the grain tribute system; the Board blocked the proposal and it was never implemented. He also found that gentry who contracted to deliver the grain tribute extorted illegal fees, a serious abuse of the transport system, and memorialized for their punishment. The educational commissioner Xin Congyi disagreed and argued against him. Shu memorialized again: "These corrupt practices grow daily and will inevitably be recovered from the common people. If we assume in advance that officials will not reduce excessive levies and leave these corrupt practices unaddressed, that is not a plan to remove the fuel from under the cauldron." He held to his earlier proposal and punished contractors who resisted with severity.
19
江蘇頻遭水患，由太湖水洩不暢。 疏言：「太湖尾閭在吳淞江及劉河、白茆河，而以吳淞江為最要。 治吳淞以通海口為最要。」 於是以海運節省銀二十餘萬興工，擇賢任事，至八年工竣。 又以江以南運道，徒陽運河最易淤阻，而練湖為其上游，孟瀆為其旁支。 澍自巡漕時，條奏利害，至是先濬徒陽河，將以次舉劉河、白茆、練湖、孟瀆諸工。 後在總督任，與巡撫林則徐合力悉加疏濬，吳中稱為數十年之利，語詳則徐傳。
Jiangsu suffered frequent flooding because the outflow from Tai Lake was obstructed. He memorialized: "Tai Lake drains through the Wusong River and the Liu and Baimao rivers, of which the Wusong is the most important. The essential task is to manage the Wusong so that it opens freely to the sea." Accordingly he launched the project with more than two hundred thousand taels saved from the sea transport reform, selecting capable men to carry it out; by the eighth year the work was completed. He also found that south of the Yangzi the Tuyang Canal on the transport route was most prone to silting, with Lian Lake as its upper reach and the Mengdu channel as a branch. Shu had laid out the advantages and disadvantages in detail while inspecting grain transport; now he first dredged the Tuyang River, planning in turn to undertake works on the Liu and Baimao rivers, Lian Lake, and the Mengdu channel. Later, as governor-general, he and the governor Lin Zexu worked together to dredge them all thoroughly; the people of the Wu region called it a benefit not seen in decades—the details are given in Lin Zexu's biography.
20
十年，以捕獲戶部私造假照要犯，加太子少保銜，署兩江總督，尋實授。 時淮鹽敗壞，商困課絀，岌岌不可終日。 澍疏陳積弊，請大刪浮費，以為補救。 議者多主改法課歸場灶，命尚書王鼎、侍郎寶興赴江南查議。 澍謂除弊即以興利，無事輕改舊制，偕鼎等合疏臚陳利害，條上十五事。 鼎等復請裁鹽政歸總督管理，報可。 澍受事，繳還鹽政養廉五千兩，裁減衙門陋規十六萬兩有奇，凡淮南之窩價，淮北之壩槓，兩淮之岸費，分別減除，歲計數百萬兩，分設內外二庫，正款貯內庫，雜項貯外庫，杜絕挪墊。 革總商以除把持，散輪規以免淹滯，禁糧船回空帶蘆鹽，及商船借官行私，令行禁止，弊肅風清。 淮北尤疲累，先借款官督商運，繼仿山東、浙江票引兼行之法，於海州所屬中正、板浦、臨興三場擇要隘設局給票，註明斤數運地，無票越境以私論。 仍留暢銷之岸，江運八州縣、湖運十一州縣，歸商運。 十二年，奏准開辦，越半歲，溢銷逾額，复推廣於江運、湖運各岸，減價裁費，商販爭趨，而窩商蠹吏、壩夫岸胥一旦盡失其中飽需索之利，群議沸騰。 言官摭浮言，屢事彈劾，賴宣宗鑑其忠誠，倚畀愈專。 屢請復鹽政專職，皆不許，澍益感奮，力排眾議，毅然持之，卒獲成效。 道光元年至十年，淮南行六綱，淮北僅行三綱。 澍承極弊之後，自十一年至十七年，淮南已完六綱有餘，淮北率一歲行兩綱之鹽，盡完從前滯欠，且割淮南懸引，兩淮共完正雜銀二千六百四十餘萬兩，庫貯實存三百餘萬兩。 兩屆京察，並被褒獎優敘。 晚年將推淮北之法於淮南，已病風痺，未竟其施，然天下皆知票鹽減價敵私，為正本清源之計。 後咸豐中乃卒行之。 十九年，卒。 遺疏上，優詔軫惜，稱其「實心任事，不避嫌怨」，晉贈太子太保，依尚書例賜卹，賜其子桄主事，諡文毅。 祝名宦祠，於海州建專祠。
In the tenth year, for capturing a major criminal who had forged Ministry of Revenue credentials, he was given the rank of Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, served as acting governor-general of the Two Jiangs, and soon received formal appointment. At that time the Huai salt administration was in ruins, merchants were in distress and tax revenues in deficit, and the system seemed on the verge of collapse. Shu memorialized on the accumulated abuses and petitioned for drastic cuts in superfluous expenses as a remedy. Many deliberators favored changing the law to assign tax collection directly to the salt fields and furnaces; the emperor ordered the minister Wang Ding and the vice minister Bao Xing to go to Jiangnan to investigate. Shu argued that eliminating abuses was itself a way to increase revenue and that there was no need to alter the old system lightly; together with Ding and others he submitted a detailed joint memorial setting forth fifteen proposals. Ding and others further petitioned to abolish the salt commissioner and place management under the governor-general; the request was approved. Shu took charge, returned the salt commissioner's five-thousand-tael integrity stipend, and cut yamen corrupt fees by more than one hundred sixty thousand taels; nest prices in Huainan, dam fees in Huaibei, and bank charges in the Two Hu were all reduced, saving several million taels a year; he established separate inner and outer treasuries, with regular funds in the inner treasury and miscellaneous items in the outer, thereby stopping diversions. He abolished the chief merchants to break their monopolistic grip, adopted open-lot rules to prevent stagnation, forbade grain ships returning empty to carry smuggled reed salt and merchant ships using official cover for private trade—all were strictly prohibited, and abuses were swept away. Huaibei was especially exhausted; he first borrowed government funds to supervise merchant transport, then adopted the Shandong and Zhejiang method of combining ticket and quota systems, establishing bureaus at strategic passes in the Zhongzheng, Banpu, and Linxing salt fields under Haizhou to issue tickets noting weight and destination—anyone crossing borders without a ticket was treated as a smuggler. He retained the banks with brisk sales, and returned eight counties and prefectures on the river route and eleven on the lake route to merchant transport. In the twelfth year the memorial was approved and the system launched; within half a year sales exceeded quotas; he extended the scheme to the river and lake transport banks, cut prices and fees, and merchants flocked to it—while nest merchants, corrupt clerks, dam workers, and bank runners suddenly lost all their illicit profits, and public controversy erupted. Censorial officials seized on rumors and repeatedly impeached him; the Daoguang Emperor, recognizing his loyalty, relied on him ever more exclusively. He repeatedly petitioned to restore the separate salt commissioner—all were denied; Shu grew only more determined, forcefully rejected opposition, held firmly to his course, and finally achieved results. From the first to the tenth year of Daoguang, Huainan completed six quota cycles while Huaibei completed only three. Taking charge after the system had reached its lowest point, from the eleventh to the seventeenth year Shu saw Huainan complete six full quota cycles with a surplus, while Huaibei on average moved two cycles' worth of salt a year, clearing all previous arrears and applying Huainan's suspended quotas; the Two Hu together collected more than 26.4 million taels in regular and miscellaneous revenues, with more than three million taels actually in the treasury. In two rounds of the capital evaluation he received both praise and preferential promotion. In his later years he planned to extend the Huaibei methods to Huainan, but was already stricken with paralysis and could not complete the work; yet everyone knew that ticket salt at reduced prices was meant to counter smuggling—a plan to attack the problem at its root. It was finally implemented in full during the Xianfeng reign. In the nineteenth year he died. When his death memorial reached the throne, an edict mourned him warmly, praising him as "sincere in office and unafraid of resentment," posthumously promoting him to Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, granting funeral honors according to the precedent for ministers, appointing his son Guang as a principal clerk, and giving him the posthumous title Wenyi. He was enshrined in the shrine of eminent officials, and a dedicated shrine was built for him at Haizhou.
21
澍見義勇為，胸無城府。 用人能盡其長，所拔取多至方面節鉞有名。 在江南治河、治漕、治鹽，並賴王鳳生、俞德源、姚瑩、黃冕諸人之力。 左宗棠、胡林翼皆識之未遇，結為婚姻，後俱為名臣。 所著奏議、詩文集、蜀輶日記、陶桓公年譜、陶淵明詩輯註並行世。
Shu acted boldly whenever he saw a righteous cause and harbored no hidden agendas. In employing men he brought their strengths fully into play; many of those he promoted rose to become famous provincial governors and commanders. In Jiangnan his work on rivers, grain transport, and salt all depended on the efforts of Wang Fengsheng, Yu Deyuan, Yao Ying, Huang Mian, and others. Zuo Zongtang and Hu Linyi both knew him before he had risen to prominence, and marriage ties were formed between their families; both later became famous statesmen. His writings—including memorials, collected poetry and prose, a Sichuan travel diary, a chronological biography of Duke Huan of Tao, and collected annotations on Tao Yuanming's poetry—have all circulated widely.
22
論曰：趙慎畛學有本源，察吏治民，嚴而能恕，所至政無不舉。 盧坤治回疆軍需，平湖南瑤，馭廣東夷商，皆有殊績。 陶澍治水利、漕運、鹽政，垂百年之利，為屏為翰，庶無媿焉。 道光中年後，海內多事，諸臣並已徂謝，遂無以紓朝廷南顧之憂。 人之雲亡，邦國殄瘁，其信然哉！
The historians comment: Zhao Shenzhen's learning had deep roots; in inspecting officials and governing the people he was strict yet forgiving, and wherever he served every undertaking was brought to completion. Lu Kun's management of military supplies in the western regions, pacification of the Hunan Yao, and handling of foreign merchants in Guangdong were all marked by exceptional achievement. Tao Shu's work on water conservancy, grain transport, and the salt monopoly left benefits that would last a century; as a shield and a pillar of the state, he had little to be ashamed of. After the middle years of the Daoguang reign troubles multiplied across the empire; these ministers had all passed away, and there was no one left to ease the court's anxious concern for the south. When worthy men depart like clouds dispersing, the state is brought to ruin—how true that saying is!