Volume 380 Biographies 167: Chen Ruolin, Dai Sanxi, Sun Erzhun, Cheng Zuluo, Ma Jisheng, Yu Tai, He Zhangling

列傳一百六十七

Biography 167

陳若霖戴三錫孫爾準程祖洛馬濟勝裕泰賀長齡

Chen Ruolin, Dai Sanxi, Sun Erzhun, Cheng Zuluo, Ma Jisheng, Yu Tai, and He Zhangling

陳若霖，字宗覲，福建閩縣人。乾隆五十二年進士，選庶吉士，散館授刑部主事，累遷郎中。束鹿縣民王洪中為人聚毆，訟不得直，自經死。若霖鞫得其實，被議敘。秩滿當外用，仍留部。數從大臣赴各省讞獄，以寬恕稱。嘉慶十三年，出為四川鹽茶道，擢山東按察使。調廣東，署布政使，以佐總督百齡平海盜，賜花翎。調湖北，復調四川，就遷布政使。二十年，擢雲南巡撫。水尾土州目黃金珠結內地奸民，殺副州目李文政，掠其家，鞫實，置於法。

Chen Ruolin, whose style was Zongqin, came from Min County in Fujian. He passed the jinshi examination in the fifty-second year of the Qianlong reign (1787), entered the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor, and after completing his academy term was posted to the Ministry of Punishments as a principal secretary, rising in due course to bureau director. Wang Hongzhong, a commoner of Shulu County, was beaten by a mob; unable to win redress in court, he took his own life by hanging. Ruolin investigated the case, established what had actually happened, and was recorded for merit in the official review. When his term expired he should have received an outside appointment, yet he was kept on at the ministry. He repeatedly accompanied senior officials on provincial tours to re-examine serious criminal cases and earned a reputation for leniency. In the thirteenth year of the Jiaqing reign (1808) he left the capital as Sichuan salt controller and was promoted to surveillance commissioner of Shandong. Transferred to Guangdong as acting financial commissioner, he aided Governor-General Bai Ling in suppressing piracy at sea and was awarded the peacock feather. After postings in Hubei and then Sichuan again, he was promoted on the spot to financial commissioner. In the twentieth year of Jiaqing (1815) he was appointed governor of Yunnan. Huang Jinzhu, the native chieftain of Shuwei Tuzhou, colluded with ruffians from the interior, murdered Vice-Chieftain Li Wenzheng, and looted his family; once the facts were proved in court, he was executed according to law.

歷廣東、河南、浙江巡撫。浙省南北新關科罰無度，限以半正額為止，卹商而課裕。修蕭山新廟堤，建盤頭以御潮。次年，新林塘圮，親往勘，疏言：「新林塘舊為險工，今距海日遠，塘以外為灶地，外復為牧地，中有馬塘，足為新林屏蔽，宜補築以遏潮汐。疏通灶地各溝洫，引入牧地之莫家等灣以排泄之，即以灶地之土培護新林堤基。西築橫塘以御江水。責令灶牧各戶及蕭山、山陰、會稽三縣，分別修築。」又奏修會稽、上虞等縣塘堤，並如議行。二十四年，擢湖廣總督。湖南鳳凰等廳屯丁額多為官佔，失業者眾，悉清釐發還徵租。官入苗寨多婪索，或冒名詐財，嚴禁之。又以屯地磽瘠租額重，為奏減苗租二萬餘石，免逋賦七萬餘石，苗民感之。

He went on to govern Guangdong, Henan, and Zhejiang in turn. At Zhejiang's northern and southern Xinguan customs posts, fines had been levied without restraint; he limited them to half the regular quota, easing the burden on merchants while keeping the tax yield healthy. He repaired the Xinmiao dike at Xiaoshan and built a headwork to hold back the tide. The following year the Xinlin seawall gave way; he inspected the site himself and memorialized: "The Xinlin dike was once a critical floodwork, but the shoreline has been receding. Beyond the dike lie salt evaporation pans, and beyond those grazing lands; Mataang Pond in between can shield Xinlin. The dike should be rebuilt to hold back the tides. He proposed clearing the drainage channels through the salt pans and directing the water into bays such as Mojia on the pasture side for discharge, using earth from the pans to buttress the Xinlin dike foundation. To the west, a cross-dike should be built to hold back the river. He assigned the salt-pan and pasture households and the counties of Xiaoshan, Shanyin, and Kuaiji to carry out the repairs in their respective sectors." He also memorialized for repairs to the seawalls of Kuaiji, Shangyu, and other counties, and everything was implemented as he had proposed. In the twenty-fourth year of Jiaqing (1819) he was appointed governor-general of Huguang. In Hunan, at Fenghuang and other military colonies, much of the settlers' allotted land had been appropriated by officials, leaving many without livelihood; he cleared the records completely and restored the plots so rents could be collected again. Officials entering Miao villages often extorted bribes or used false names to swindle money; he strictly prohibited such conduct. Finding the colony lands barren while rent quotas remained heavy, he memorialized to cut Miao rents by more than twenty thousand piculs and to remit over seventy thousand piculs in arrears, winning the gratitude of the Miao people.

道光二年，調四川。中江覃萬典、犍為道士蕭來修等假神惑眾，捕誅首犯，不坐株連。九姓長官司不諳吏治，奏請考試，獄訟別由瀘州及州判兼理。四年，召授工部尚書，調刑部，兼管順天府尹事。文安縣地形如釜底，自道光初堤防衝決，積水不能耕種，議請急行修築。七年，命勘湖北京山黃家陵堤工，疏言：「下游災民籥請修治潰堤，上游居民謂口門下游乃襄河故道，復請廢之。河流經行二百餘年，捨此不由，而別尋二百年以前故道，其說殊謬。潛江、天門、漢川俱屬下游，而天門、漢川尤當衝要，何忍委之巨浸？惟有開通江流，堵合口門，因勢利導。胡家灣沙洲當下游之衝，以四十餘丈之地束全江之水，下壅上潰，理有必然。今洲已衝潰，乘勢挑濬新灘，展寬水道，使江流無衝突之患，然後增築京山、鍾祥口門堤壩，再於潰口築石壩二，以護堤攻沙，庶可經久。」報可。十二年，乞休歸，卒於途，賜卹。

In the second year of the Daoguang reign (1822) he was transferred to Sichuan. Tan Wandian of Zhongjiang and the Daoist priest Xiao Laixiu of Qianwei, among others, pretended supernatural powers to delude the people; the leaders were arrested and put to death without punishing their followers by association. The chieftain's office of the Nine Surnames was unversed in regular administration; he memorialized that its officers should be examined, with legal cases handled separately by Luzhou and the subprefectural judge. In the fourth year of Daoguang (1824) he was recalled to the capital as minister of Works, transferred to the Ministry of Punishments, and given concurrent charge of the Shuntian metropolitan prefecture. Wen'an County lies in a basin-like depression; since the start of the Daoguang reign its dikes had been breached and fields lay under standing water; he urged that repairs be undertaken at once. In the seventh year (1827) he was ordered to inspect the Huangjialing dike at Jingshan in northern Huguang and wrote: "Downstream flood victims pleaded urgently for the breached dike to be repaired, while upstream residents claimed the breach outlet led to the old bed of the Xiang River and petitioned again to leave it open. The river has run along its present course for more than two hundred years; to abandon it and hunt for a channel from two centuries ago is utterly absurd. Qianjiang, Tianmen, and Hanchuan all lie downstream, and Tianmen and Hanchuan are especially exposed—how could we abandon them to deep floodwaters? The only course is to clear the river channel, close the breach, and guide the current along its natural course. The sandbar at Hujiawan sits squarely in the downstream current; squeezing the entire river into a channel barely forty zhang wide will inevitably dam the flow below and force breaches above. Now that the bar has been washed out, we should seize the moment to dredge a new channel and widen the waterway so the river flows without conflict; then raise the outlet dikes at Jingshan and Zhongxiang and build two stone dams at the breach to shield the dikes and scour away silt—only then can the works last." The memorial was approved. In the twelfth year (1832) he asked to retire and started for home, but died on the journey; the court granted funeral honors.

戴三錫，順天大興人，原籍江蘇丹徒。乾隆五十八年進士，授山西臨縣知縣。連丁父母憂，嘉慶六年，服闋，發四川，補南充。歷馬邊、瓘邊兩廳通判，署資州、眉州、卭州，並有政聲。卭州民黃子賢以治病為名，倡立鴻鈞教，捕治之。事聞，仁宗命送部引見，擢茂州直隸州知州。歷寧遠知府、建昌道、四川按察使。道光二年，遷江寧布政使，迴避本籍，仍調四川。三年，署總督，五年，實授，兼署成都將軍。

Dai Sanxi was registered in Daxing, Shuntian, though his ancestral home was Dantu in Jiangsu. A jinshi of the fifty-eighth year of Qianlong (1793), he was appointed magistrate of Lin County in Shanxi. He twice went into mourning for his parents; when the second mourning period ended in the sixth year of Jiaqing (1801), he was posted to Sichuan and assigned to Nanchong. He served as subprefect of the Mabian and Fanbian departments and as acting prefect of Zizhou, Meizhou, and Qiongzhou, earning a reputation for sound administration at every post. Huang Zixian of Qiongzhou had founded the Hongjun sect under the guise of healing; Sanxi arrested and punished him. When the case was reported, the Jiaqing Emperor ordered him brought to the capital for audience and promoted him to magistrate of Maozhou. He rose through the posts of prefect of Ningyuan, intendant of Jianchang circuit, and surveillance commissioner of Sichuan. In the second year of Daoguang (1822) he was appointed financial commissioner of Jiangning, but because that was his home province he was transferred back to Sichuan. In the third year (1823) he served as acting governor-general; in the fifth year (1825) he received the full appointment and concurrently acted as regional commander at Chengdu.

三錫自牧令洊陟封疆，二十餘年，未離蜀地。盡心民事，興復通省書院，增設義學三千餘所。四川舊有義田，積儲備賑，穀多則變價添置良田。三錫以歲久將膏腴多成官產，留穀太多，又虞霉變虧挪，差定三千至萬石為額。溢額者出糶，價存司庫，以備兇歲賑恤之用。又以蜀地惟成都附近俱平疇沃野，餘多山谷磽瘠，遇水沖塞，膏腴轉為砂石，因地制宜，多設渠堰，以資捍衛宣洩。新都奸民楊守一倡立邪教，造妖書惑眾，擒誅之。越巂生番劫奪商旅，掠漢民婦女，捕駔黠者數十人置之法，救出被掠男婦，給貲安撫。屢被詔褒獎。九年，因年老召來京，署工部侍郎。尋致仕，未幾，卒。詔嘉其「宣力有年，官聲素好」，贈尚書銜，依贈銜賜卹。

Sanxi had risen from county and prefectural posts to a frontier governorship, and for more than twenty years he never left Sichuan. He devoted himself to civil administration, restored provincial academies, and established more than three thousand charity schools. Sichuan had long maintained charity fields whose grain reserves were kept for famine relief; when stores grew large, grain was sold and the proceeds used to buy better farmland. Sanxi found that over the years much of the best land had passed into government hands, reserves had grown excessive, and grain risked spoilage and embezzlement; he fixed a quota of between three thousand and ten thousand piculs per fund. Any surplus above the quota was sold, with the proceeds held in the provincial treasury for relief in years of dearth. He also observed that only the Chengdu plain was level and fertile, while most of the province was hilly and poor, with floods depositing silt until good land turned to gravel; accordingly he built canals and weirs suited to each locality for protection and drainage. Yang Shouyi, a ruffian of Xindu, founded a heterodox sect and wrote seditious tracts to mislead the people; Sanxi had him arrested and executed. Raw tribesmen of Yuexi had been robbing merchants and abducting Han women; Sanxi arrested several dozen of the ringleaders and punished them by law, rescued the captives, and provided funds to settle them. He received repeated imperial commendations. In the ninth year of Daoguang (1829), owing to his age he was recalled to the capital and appointed acting vice minister of Works. He soon retired from office and died not long after. An edict praised him for "many years of devoted service and a consistently good official reputation," conferred the honorary rank of minister, and granted funeral honors appropriate to that rank.

孫爾準，字平叔，江蘇金匱人，廣西巡撫永清子。嘉慶十年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。十九年，出為福建汀州知府。寧化民斂錢集會，大吏將治以叛逆。爾準訊無他狀，論誅首要，鮮所株連。歷鹽法道、江西按察使，調福建，就遷布政使。道光元年，調廣東布政使，擢安徽巡撫。河南邪匪邢名章等糾眾竄潁州，檄按察使惠顯率兵馳剿，格殺名章，殲其餘黨。蠲緩被災各屬，災甚者賑恤之。先是有言賑務積弊，毋得以銀折錢，爾準疏其弗便，仍循舊章。

Sun Erzhun, whose style was Pingshu, came from Jin'gui in Jiangsu and was the son of Yongqing, governor of Guangxi. A jinshi of the tenth year of Jiaqing (1805), he entered the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor and was appointed reviser. In the nineteenth year of Jiaqing (1814) he was appointed prefect of Tingzhou in Fujian. The people of Ninghua had been pooling money for communal gatherings, and senior officials were preparing to prosecute them for treason. Erzhun investigated and found no treasonous intent; he punished only the ringleaders, with scarcely anyone else implicated. He served as salt controller and surveillance commissioner of Jiangxi, was transferred to Fujian, and was promoted on the spot to financial commissioner. In the first year of Daoguang (1821) he was transferred to financial commissioner of Guangdong and then appointed governor of Anhui. The heterodox leader Xing Mingzhang of Henan rallied followers and fled into Yingzhou; Erzhun dispatched Surveillance Commissioner Hui Xian with troops in pursuit, killed Mingzhang in battle, and destroyed the remaining band. He remitted or deferred taxes in all stricken districts and provided relief where the damage was worst. Earlier reformers had argued that relief operations were riddled with abuse and that silver payments must not be converted to copper cash; Erzhun memorialized that this would be impracticable and continued under the established rules.

三年，調福建巡撫。延、建各屬山徑叢錯，多盜劫，以萬金為緝捕費，連獲賊首置之法，盜風衰息。巡閱台灣，疏言：「台灣南北袤延千餘裡，初抵鹿耳門，可行舟楫。嗣增設鹿仔港，而淺狹多沙，內山溪水赴海，別開港在嘉彰間，曰五條港，頗利商船。又噶瑪蘭山峻路險，負戴難行，其地有烏石港、加禮遠港，可通五六百石小舟，皆宜設為正口。」

In the third year of Daoguang (1823) he was appointed governor of Fujian. In the Yanzhou and Jianning districts the mountain paths were tangled and banditry rampant; he allocated ten thousand taels for pursuit, captured successive ringleaders and punished them by law, and robbery subsided. On an inspection tour of Taiwan he wrote: "Taiwan stretches more than a thousand li from north to south. Ships first reach Lu'ermen, where vessels can navigate freely. Later Luzai Harbor was opened, but it is shallow, narrow, and sandy. Streams from the interior mountains reach the sea, and another port was opened between Jia and Zhang, called Wutiao Harbor, which serves merchant shipping well. In Gamelan the mountains are steep and the roads dangerous, making overland transport arduous; Wushi Harbor and Jialiyuan Harbor there can accommodate small vessels of five or six hundred piculs capacity—all should be designated official ports."

五年，擢閩浙總督。奏請噶瑪蘭收入版藉，設官治理。彰化匪徒械鬥焚劫，旁近蜂起，全台震動，檄水師提督許松年剿捕，副將邵永福等趨艋舺，阻其北竄；總兵陳化成以兵渡鹿仔，防其入海。爾準親駐廈門，遣副將佟樞等分往彰化、淡水，搜山圍捕，诇知賊黨煽誘日眾，移陸路提督馬濟勝守廈門，自渡海駐彰化督剿，賊首李通遁，捕得伏誅。令各莊舉首事，緝餘匪，閩人捕閩人，粵人捕粵人，以免誣累。

In the fifth year of Daoguang (1825) he was appointed governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang. He memorialized to bring Gamelan under civil administration and establish regular government there. Ruffians in Zhanghua rioted with arms, burning and looting; neighboring districts erupted and all Taiwan was shaken. Erzhun ordered Naval Commander Xu Songnian to suppress them, while Brigadier Shao Yongfu and others rushed to Mengjia to block their escape north; Major General Chen Huacheng crossed at Luzai with troops to keep them from fleeing by sea. Erzhun took personal command at Xiamen and sent Brigadier Tong Shu and others to Zhanghua and Danshui to sweep the hills and encircle the rebels. Learning that agitation was spreading daily, he left Land Forces Commander Ma Jisheng to hold Xiamen, crossed to Zhanghua himself to direct operations, and though the rebel leader Li Tong initially escaped, he was eventually captured and executed. He ordered each village to elect headmen to hunt down remaining rebels—Fujian natives to arrest Fujian natives, Cantonese to arrest Cantonese—so that innocent people would not be swept up.

台人有與生番貿易遂娶番婦者，俗名「番割」，其魁黃斗乃等久踞三灣，潛出為盜。當亂起時，誘生番出山助鬥，遣參將黃其漢等分路偵擊。番竄後山，士卒攀藤躡葛而登，擒黃斗乃等二十一人，斬以徇。爾準疏陳匪徒起事，由於造謠焚掠，非叛逆，當以強盜論；淡水以北分黨報復，當以械鬥論；焚殺有據者始坐闢，餘俱末減。其脅從旋解散者，多所保全。又奏台灣北路至艋舺幾五百里，僅有守備一員，巡防難週。調南路游擊一員駐竹塹，並於大甲、銅鑼灣、鬥換坪諸處添駐營汛，改建淡水土城。頭道溪為生番出入總路，亦建土城，以屯丁駐守。事平，加太子少保。七年，入覲，宣宗嘉其治台灣匪亂悉合機宜，迅速蕆功，賜其子慧翼官主事。

Some Taiwanese who traded with raw tribesmen and married tribal women were known as "Fan-ge." Their leader Huang Dounai and his followers had long held Sanwan and raided the countryside in secret. When the uprising broke out they incited raw tribesmen to join the fighting; Erzhun sent Colonel Huang Qihan and others along separate routes to scout and attack. The tribesmen fled into the rear mountains; soldiers climbed by vine and creeper, captured Huang Dounai and twenty others, and beheaded them as a public warning. Erzhun memorialized that the outbreak arose from rumor-mongering, arson, and looting rather than rebellion, and should be prosecuted as brigandage; north of Danshui, where factions took revenge on one another, the cases should be treated as armed affray; only those with proven arson and murder were sentenced to execution, while the rest received reduced sentences. Many who had been coerced and soon dispersed were spared. He also memorialized that the northern Taiwan route to Mengjia ran nearly five hundred li, yet only one garrison commandant was stationed there, making patrol coverage impossible. He transferred a brigade commander from the southern route to Zhuqian, added garrison posts at Dajia, Tongluowan, Douhuanping, and other points, and rebuilt the earthen fort at Danshui. Toudao Stream was the main route by which raw tribesmen entered and left Han territory; there too he built an earthen fort manned by military colonists. When order was restored he was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the seventh year (1827) he came to the capital for audience; the Daoguang Emperor praised his handling of the Taiwan disturbances as entirely apt and swiftly concluded, and granted his son Huiyi the rank of principal secretary.

木蘭陂者，創自宋熙寧間，溉民田四十萬畝，築石堤千一百餘丈以御海潮，歲久傾壞，爾準道經莆田，親勘修復。工蕆，以宋長樂室女錢創陂實功首，建祠列入祀典。爾準治閩最久，諳悉其風土人情，吏民皆相習，政從寬大，閩人安之。九年，坐失察家僕收賄，鐫二級留任。十一年，以病乞休。逾年，卒，贈太子太師，賜子慧惇進士，慧翼員外郎，諡文靖，祀福建名宦及鄉賢祠。

The Mulan Barrage, first built in the Xining era of the Song, irrigated four hundred thousand mu of farmland behind a stone dike more than eleven hundred zhang long to hold back the tide. After centuries of decay, Erzhun inspected the site in person when passing through Putian and oversaw its restoration. When the work was finished, he built a shrine to Qian, the maiden of Changle who had first funded the barrage in Song times, and entered her in the official register of sacrifices. Erzhun governed Fujian longer than any other post; he knew its customs and people intimately, officials and commoners alike were accustomed to him, his rule was lenient, and the Fujianese were content. In the ninth year (1829) he was demoted two ranks but kept in office for failing to detect that a household servant had accepted bribes. In the eleventh year (1831) he asked to retire on grounds of illness. He died the following year. The court posthumously made him Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent, granted his son Huidun jinshi status and Huiyi the rank of bureau director, gave him the posthumous title Wenjing, and enshrined him in Fujian's halls of eminent officials and local worthies.

程祖洛，安徽歙縣人。嘉慶四年進士，授刑部主事，洊遷郎中。諳練刑名，為仁宗所知。京察記名道府，久未外簡，以截取銓授甘肅平涼知府。部臣請留，詔斥規避邊遠，撤銷記名，留部永不外用。久之，擢內閣學士。尋授江西按察使，遷湖南布政使，調山東。

Cheng Zuluo came from She County in Anhui. A jinshi of the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), he was appointed a principal secretary in the Ministry of Punishments and rose in due course to bureau director. Skilled in penal law, he won the notice of the Jiaqing Emperor. Marked in the capital evaluation for circuit and prefectural promotion, he waited long for an outside posting until a special selection assigned him prefect of Pingliang in Gansu. When ministry officials asked to retain him, an edict rebuked him for evading a frontier post, struck his name from the promotion list, and ordered him kept at the ministry with no further outside appointment. After a long interval he was promoted to grand secretary of the Grand Secretariat. He was soon appointed surveillance commissioner of Jiangxi, then financial commissioner of Hunan, and transferred to Shandong.

道光二年，擢陝西巡撫，調河南。教匪硃麻子由新蔡竄安徽阜陽，捕獲置之法。與直隸、山東、安徽、湖北毗連諸縣素多盜，撥庫帑五萬兩生息，為緝捕經費。漳水決安陽樊馬坊，河流北徙，命大學士戴均元往會勘。祖洛週曆上下游，合疏言：「漳水自乾隆五十九年南徙合洹以來，衛水為所遏，每致潰溢。今河流既分，不可使復合。議於樊馬坊上下距洹水最近處，及南岸衝決成溝，並築土壩，使二河分流，冀減漫溢之勢。」至四年春，積水消涸，地形顯露。田市之北，漫水與溝隔斷，不能引歸正河。乃就其上游龍家莊窪地抽溝啟放，复於內黃馬家窪開引河，添築田家營大壩，使溜勢南趨。自是漳、衛合併之患遂息。虞城橫河、惠民溝，夏邑巴清河，永城減水溝，舊為豫東宣洩潦水要區，迭經黃河漫淤，濱河連歲被災，並疏濬之。初，河南、安徽治捻匪從重典，嗣部議有所減改。祖洛疏言：「匪徒結捻，倡劫黨眾，一呼而集，其豫謀早在結捻之時。新例以是否豫謀分別輕重，諸多窒礙，請復舊例。」並論匪徒拒捕及捕人治罪各條。又言：「獲盜究出舊案，免究從前失察處分。請遵嘉慶間諭旨，俾除瞻顧。」並從之。

In the second year of Daoguang (1822) he was appointed governor of Shaanxi and then transferred to Henan. The sect rebel known as Zhuma-zi fled from Xincai into Fuyang in Anhui; Zuluo captured him and had him executed. The counties bordering Zhili, Shandong, Anhui, and Hubei had long been plagued by banditry; he set aside fifty thousand taels from the treasury to earn interest as a standing fund for pursuit and capture. When the Zhang River burst its banks at Fanmafang in Anyang and shifted northward, Grand Secretary Dai Junyuan was ordered to inspect the site jointly with him. Zuluo surveyed the upper and lower reaches and jointly memorialized: "Since the Zhang River shifted south to join the Huan in the fifty-ninth year of Qianlong (1794), it has blocked the Wei River and caused repeated breaches and floods. Now that the rivers have divided, they must not be allowed to merge again. We propose building earthen dams at the points above and below Fanmafang nearest the Huan, and where the south bank was breached into a channel, so the two rivers may flow separately and reduce the risk of spreading flood." By the spring of the fourth year (1824) the floodwaters had receded and the terrain lay exposed. North of Tianshi, floodwater was cut off from the drainage channel and could not be returned to the main river. He opened a drainage ditch at the depression upstream at Longjiazhuang, cut a diversion channel at Majiawa in Neihuang, and added the great dam at Tianjiaying to drive the current southward. From that point the danger of the Zhang and Wei merging was ended. The Heng River at Yucheng, Huimin Ditch, the Baqing River at Xiayi, and the Jianshui Ditch at Yongcheng had long been the main drainage channels of eastern Henan; repeatedly silted by Yellow River floods, the river districts suffered disaster year after year, and Zuluo had them all dredged. At first Henan and Anhui had prosecuted Nian bandits under the severest statutes, but later the ministry revised the penalties downward. Zuluo memorialized: "When bandits form Nian associations and incite robbery, a crowd gathers at a single call; their conspiracy begins the moment they form the association. The new regulations distinguish severity by whether conspiracy can be proved, which creates many obstacles in practice; I ask that the old regulations be restored." He also addressed the articles governing bandits who resist arrest and the punishment of arresting officers. He further proposed: "When captured bandits reveal old cases, officials should be exempted from prior penalties for failure to detect them. I ask that the edicts of the Jiaqing period be followed so that officials need no longer hold back out of fear of punishment." All was approved.

七年，丁母憂，服闋，署工部侍郎。尋署湖南巡撫，調江蘇。十二年，擢閩浙總督。命查辦浙江鹽務，嚴定裁汰浮費章程，下部議行。台灣奸民張丙、陳辦等倡亂，命將軍瑚松額督兵進剿，祖洛專治後路軍需。十三年，提督馬濟勝破賊，張丙等就擒，赴台灣籌辦善後事宜，劾戰守不力之都司週進龍等，褫黜有差。改營製，增防守。優敘，賜花翎。疏陳福建吏治，略曰：「安民必先懲蠹，不可以回護瞻顧而曲縱奸惡。閩省吏治無子惠之政，而務寬大之名，始因官之庸劣，釀成頑梗之風，今又因民之譸張，遂有疲難之勢。官曰民刁，民曰吏虐，互相傳播，漸失其真。官不執法，幕不守法，因而愚民犯法，書役弄法，棍徒玩法。必先懲不執法之官，然後能治犯法、弄法、玩法之人。」於是連劾官吏不職者，略無假貸，吏治始肅。已革縣丞秦師韓京控提督馬濟勝矇奏邀功，並訐祖洛偏袒欺矇，命侍郎趙盛奎偕學攻張鱗按鞫，白其誣，師韓遣戍新疆。十五年，疏陳閩洋形勢，以漳州之南澳、銅山為籓籬，泉之廈門、金門為門戶，興化之海壇為右翼，閩安為省會咽喉，福寧之銅山為後戶。巡緝守禦，全資寨城砲台。就最要者四十四處，由官民捐貲修築。十六年，丁父憂去官，服闋，引疾不出。二十八年，卒，宣宗甚惜之，贈太子太保，諡簡敬。

In the seventh year (1827) he went into mourning for his mother; when the mourning period ended he served as acting vice minister of Works. He soon served as acting governor of Hunan and was transferred to Jiangsu. In the twelfth year of Daoguang (1832) he was appointed governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang. He was ordered to investigate Zhejiang salt administration and draw up strict regulations for cutting superfluous expenses; the ministry approved and implemented them. When the ruffians Zhang Bing, Chen Ban, and others raised a rebellion in Taiwan, General Husa was ordered to lead the campaign while Zuluo was charged with rear-area logistics. In the thirteenth year (1833) Naval Commander Ma Jisheng defeated the rebels and Zhang Bing was captured; Zuluo went to Taiwan to handle postwar affairs, impeached Colonel Zhou Jinlong and others for ineffective conduct in battle, and stripped or demoted them as appropriate. He reformed the garrison system and strengthened defenses. He received a superior merit citation and was awarded the peacock feather. He memorialized on Fujian official governance, writing in summary: "To secure the people's welfare one must first punish corruption; officials must not shield the wicked out of fear of consequences. Fujian governance offers no policies that truly benefit the people, yet pursues a reputation for leniency. Mediocre officials first bred a stubborn popular temper, and now popular exaggeration has made administration weary and difficult. Officials call the people crafty; the people call the clerks cruel. Each side spreads its complaint until the truth is lost. When officials do not enforce the law and secretaries do not observe it, ignorant commoners break the law, clerks manipulate the law, and ruffians mock the law. One must first punish officials who fail to enforce the law; only then can one govern those who break, manipulate, or mock it." Thereupon he impeached incompetent officials in succession without mercy, and official discipline was restored. The dismissed assistant magistrate Qin Shihan memorialized from the capital accusing Naval Commander Ma Jisheng of deceiving the throne to claim merit and Zuluo of partiality and cover-up. Vice Minister Zhao Shengkui and Hanlin examiner Zhang Lin were ordered to investigate; the charges proved false and Shihan was banished to Xinjiang. In the fifteenth year (1835) he memorialized on Fujian's maritime defenses: Nan'ao and Tongshan at Zhangzhou formed the outer barrier, Xiamen and Jinmen at Quanzhou the gateway, Haitan at Xinghua the right flank, Min'an the throat of the provincial capital, and Tongshan at Funing the rear gate. Patrol and coastal defense relied entirely on stockades, walled posts, and batteries. At the forty-four most critical points, officials and private donors contributed funds for construction. In the sixteenth year (1836) he left office to mourn his father; when the mourning period ended he pleaded illness and declined further appointment. He died in the twenty-eighth year (1848). The Daoguang Emperor deeply regretted his loss, posthumously made him Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, and gave him the posthumous title Jianjing.

馬濟勝，山東菏澤人。以武生入伍，從剿川、陝教匪，積功累擢江蘇撫標參將。嘉慶十八年，會剿山東教匪，擢河北鎮總兵。道光初，擢浙江提督，調福建陸路提督。張丙等倡亂嘉義，台灣鎮總兵劉廷斌困守孤城。濟勝率兵二千渡海赴援，戰於嘉義城下，大破賊，追至蘋港尾，擒斬甚眾；進屯鹽水港，分兵搜剿，張丙及其悍黨先後就擒。時命將軍瑚松額督師猶未至，詔褒成功迅速，賜雙眼花翎。餘匪萬餘復來犯，俟其怠，擊之大潰，擒頭目賴滿等，追剿盡毀其巢，賊遂平。宣宗深嘉其謀勇，錫封二等男爵。又以馭兵安靖，御書「忠勇廉明」四字賜之。召入覲，年逾七旬，猶壯健，溫詔褒獎，晉二等子爵，在御前侍衛上行走。十六年，卒於官，贈太子太保，諡昭武，四子皆予官。

Ma Jisheng came from Heze in Shandong. Entering service as a military licentiate, he fought against the White Lotus rebels in Sichuan and Shaanxi and rose through merit to colonel of the Jiangsu provincial army. In the eighteenth year of Jiaqing (1813) he joined the suppression of sect rebels in Shandong and was promoted to regional commander of Hebei Garrison. At the start of the Daoguang reign he was promoted to naval commander of Zhejiang and transferred to land forces commander of Fujian. When Zhang Bing and others rebelled at Jiayi, Taiwan Garrison Commander Liu Tingbin was besieged in an isolated city. Jisheng led two thousand troops across the strait to relieve the siege, routed the rebels below Jiayi city, pursued them to Pinggangwei, and killed or captured many; he advanced to Yanshui Harbor, divided his forces to hunt down the rebels, and Zhang Bing and his chief followers were captured in turn. General Husa, who had been ordered to take command, had not yet arrived; an edict praised Jisheng's swift success and granted him the double-eyed peacock feather. More than ten thousand remaining rebels attacked again; he waited until they grew careless, routed them completely, captured the chieftain Lai Man and others, pursued them and destroyed all their hideouts, and the rebellion was pacified. The Daoguang Emperor deeply praised his strategy and courage and ennobled him as a second-rank baron. Because he kept his troops disciplined and the region at peace, the emperor personally wrote the four characters "Loyal, Brave, Incorrupt, and Clear-sighted" and bestowed them on him. Summoned to audience, he was still vigorous though over seventy; a warm edict praised him, promoted him to second-rank viscount, and appointed him to serve in the imperial guard before the throne. He died in office in the sixteenth year (1836). The court posthumously made him Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, gave him the posthumous title Zhaowu, and granted offices to all four of his sons.

裕泰，滿洲正紅旗人。由官學生考授內閣中書，遷侍讀。嘉慶末，出為四川成綿龍茂道，歷四川、湖南、安徽按察使，湖南、陝西、安徽布政使。道光十一年，擢盛京刑部侍郎，調工部，兼管奉天府尹事。查勘科爾沁蒙旗荒地，奏禁私墾。十三年，召授刑部侍郎，尋出為貴州巡撫。十六年，古州、黎平土匪起，擒其渠徐玉貴等誅之。

Yu Tai was a Manchu of the Plain Red Banner. A graduate of the Imperial Academy, he passed examination and was appointed a secretary in the Grand Secretariat, then promoted to reader. At the end of the Jiaqing reign he was posted as intendant of the Cheng-Mian-Long-Mao circuit in Sichuan, then served as surveillance commissioner of Sichuan, Hunan, and Anhui and as financial commissioner of Hunan, Shaanxi, and Anhui in turn. In the eleventh year of Daoguang (1831) he was promoted to vice minister of Punishments at Mukden, transferred to Works, and given concurrent charge of the Fengtian metropolitan prefecture. He inspected wasteland on the Khorchin Mongol banner and memorialized to forbid unauthorized cultivation. In the thirteenth year (1833) he was recalled and appointed vice minister of Punishments, then soon sent out as governor of Guizhou. In the sixteenth year (1836) bandits rose at Guzhou and Liping; their leader Xu Yugui and others were captured and executed.

調湖南巡撫。鎮筸標兵滋事，劾總兵向遵化、辰沅道常慶不職，罷之。疏言：「苗疆屯田，嘉慶中道員傅鼐所經營，寓兵於農，籌邊良策。治安日久，諸弊叢生。今鎮筸標兵因借餉倡亂，苗人遂生觀望。重以苗官苛刻，屯長侵欺，後患堪虞。急應清釐損益，妥定章程，俾將弁兵練咸知經費有常，絕其覬覦，仍責成鎮道實力整飭，恩威並行。」尋議定苗疆兵勇不准客民充補，預借銀穀限以定制，拔補備弁屯長，嚴絕苞苴。辰沅道缺，以湖南知府題升。並如所議行。十七年，調江西，復調湖南。

He was transferred to governor of Hunan. When garrison troops at Zhenqian mutinied, he impeached Regional Commander Xiang Zunhua and Circuit Intendant Chang Qing for incompetence and dismissed them. He memorialized: "The military colonies on the Miao frontier were established in the Jiaqing period by Circuit Intendant Fu Nai, who settled soldiers among farmers—a sound strategy for frontier defense. After long peace many abuses have sprung up. Now the Zhenqian garrison has mutinied over borrowed pay, and the Miao people have begun to watch and wait. Compounded by harsh Miao officials and colony headmen who extort and cheat, the risk of future trouble is grave. We must urgently clear the accounts, weigh what should be kept or cut, and fix sound regulations so that officers and soldiers know funds are fixed and temptation is removed; the regional commander and circuit intendant must still be held responsible for real discipline, combining leniency and severity." Regulations were soon fixed: frontier soldiers could not be recruited from outsiders, advance loans of silver and grain were capped, selection of officers and colony headmen was regulated, and bribery was strictly forbidden. The Chen-Yuan circuit post was to be filled by promotion from among Hunan prefects. All was implemented as proposed. In the seventeenth year (1837) he was transferred to Jiangxi, then back to Hunan.

二十年，擢湖廣總督。二十一年，湖北崇陽逆匪鍾人傑作亂，踞縣城，陷通城。裕泰馳駐咸寧，檄按察使郭熊飛率都司玉貴等進剿。崇陽在萬山中，賊盡塞孔道，築砦抗拒，選精銳出賊後夾攻，分股犯蒲圻，連為官軍所敗，踞崇陽西嶺為負嵎計。提督劉允孝迭敗之石盤山、黑橋，進毀其巢，擒人傑及其黨陳寶銘、汪敦族等。尋复通城，盡俘其孥。事平，加太子太保，賜雙眼花翎。時英吉利兵由海入江，詔募勇習水戰。裕泰仿粵艇造大船六、快船四，簡漢陽水師，每船百人，按旬操練。裁舊有巡船，以節經費。荊州駐防每出營滋事，奏請飭地方官拘拿，報將軍秉公嚴懲。乾州苗竄擾，剿撫解散。

In the twentieth year of Daoguang (1840) he was appointed governor-general of Huguang. In the twenty-first year (1841) the rebel Zhong Renjie of Chongyang in Hubei seized the county seat and captured Tongcheng. Yu Tai hastened to Xianning and ordered Surveillance Commissioner Guo Xiongfei to lead Colonel Yugui and others in pursuit. Chongyang lies deep in the mountains; the rebels blocked every pass, built stockades to resist, and sent elite troops to attack from the rear while detachments raided Puqi. Repeatedly defeated by government forces, they held the western ridge of Chongyang in a last stand. Naval Commander Liu Yunxiao defeated them repeatedly at Shipan Mountain and Heiqiao, advanced and destroyed their lair, and captured Renjie along with Chen Baoming, Wang Dunzu, and other followers. Tongcheng was soon recovered and the rebels' families were all taken captive. When order was restored he was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent and awarded the double-eyed peacock feather. At the time British forces were advancing up the Yangzi from the sea; an edict ordered the recruitment of militia trained in naval combat. Yu Tai modeled Guangdong war junks to build six large ships and four fast boats, selected naval troops from Hanyang, manned each vessel with a hundred men, and drilled them every ten days. He eliminated the old patrol boats to save funds. Garrison troops at Jingzhou frequently left camp to make trouble; he memorialized that local officials should arrest them and report to the regional commander for impartial punishment. When Miao from Qianzhou raided the borderlands, he suppressed and pacified them until they dispersed.

二十九年，李沅發倡亂新寧，踞城戕官。巡撫馮德馨、提督英俊往剿，复縣城。妄傳沅發已死，而賊竄山中，勾結黔、粵交界伏莽，勢益蔓延。馮德馨逮治，專任裕泰往督師，與黔、粵諸軍合擊，數捷。三十年春，搜剿山內，擒殲多名。賊竄永福草奚塘，四面抄圍，漸窮蹙。裕泰度賊不南趨廣西全州，即入新寧瑤峒，令提督向榮由武岡進屯廣西懷遠，遇賊擊破之。賊退踞金峰嶺，分三路進擊於深箐陡石間，斬獲殆盡，沅發就擒，晉太子太傅。尋調閩浙總督。咸豐元年，調陝甘，入覲，卒，優詔以尚書例賜卹，諡莊毅。子長善，廣州將軍；長敘，侍郎。

In the twenty-ninth year of Daoguang (1849) Li Yuanfa rebelled at Xinning, seized the city, and killed the officials. Governor Feng Dexin and Naval Commander Yingjun marched to suppress them and recovered the county seat. A false report claimed Yuanfa was dead, but the rebels fled into the mountains, linked with bandits hidden on the Guizhou-Guangdong border, and their strength spread further. Feng Dexin was arrested and punished; Yu Tai alone was placed in command, joined forces from Guizhou and Guangdong, and won several victories. In the spring of the thirtieth year (1850) he swept the mountains and killed or captured many rebels. The rebels fled to Caoxitang at Yongfu; surrounded on all sides, they were gradually cornered. Yu Tai judged that if the rebels did not flee south toward Quanzhou in Guangxi they would enter the Yao ravines of Xinning; he ordered Naval Commander Xiang Rong to advance from Wugang and encamp at Huaiyuan in Guangxi, where he met and defeated them. The rebels retreated to Jinfeng Ridge; government forces advanced on three routes through deep ravines and steep rocks, killed or captured nearly all of them, and took Yuanfa alive; Yu Tai was promoted to Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent. He was soon transferred to governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang. In the first year of Xianfeng (1851) he was transferred to Shaanxi-Gansu, came to the capital for audience, and died; the court granted funeral honors at ministerial rank and the posthumous title Zhuangyi. His son Changshan became regional commander at Guangzhou; Changxu, vice minister.

賀長齡，字耦耕，湖南善化人，原籍浙江會稽。高祖上振，官湖南司獄，卹囚有隱德，貧未能歸，遂家湖南。

He Zhangling, whose style was Ougeng, came from Shanhua in Hunan, though his ancestral home was Kuaiji in Zhejiang. His great-grandfather Shangzhen had served as jail warden in Hunan; known for quietly showing mercy to prisoners, he was too poor to return home and the family settled in Hunan.

長齡，嘉慶十三年進士，選庶吉士，授編修，遷贊善。道光元年，出為江西南昌知府。歷山東兗沂曹濟道、江蘇按察使，就遷布政使，佐巡撫陶澍創行海運。調山東。七年，署巡撫。臨清州教匪馬進忠為逆伏誅，復有揭帖偽立名號，刻期舉事，臚列旁州縣民名數百。長齡曰：「謀不軌詎以姓名月日告？此移禍也。」诇知果出邀功者，欲藉興大獄，遂置不問。調江寧布政使，乞歸養親。十五年，母喪服闋，補福建布攻使，調直隸。

Zhangling passed the jinshi examination in the thirteenth year of Jiaqing (1808), entered the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor, was appointed reviser, and rose to tutor of the heir apparent. In the first year of Daoguang (1821) he was appointed prefect of Nanchang in Jiangxi. He served as intendant of the Yan-Yi-Cao-Ji circuit in Shandong and surveillance commissioner of Jiangsu, was promoted on the spot to financial commissioner, and assisted Governor Tao Shu in establishing grain transport by sea. He was transferred to Shandong. In the seventh year of Daoguang (1827) he served as acting governor. The sect rebel Ma Jinzhong of Linqing had been executed for treason; afterward placards appeared falsely proclaiming a rebel title, fixing a date for action, and listing hundreds of names from neighboring counties. Zhangling said: "Would real conspirators announce their names and the date of their plot? This is an attempt to shift blame onto others." Investigation showed the placards came from someone seeking credit; hoping to launch a major prosecution, he had posted them. Zhangling left the matter alone. Transferred to financial commissioner of Jiangning, he asked to retire and care for his parents. In the fifteenth year (1835), when his mourning for his mother ended, he was appointed financial commissioner of Fujian and transferred to Zhili.

十六年，擢貴州巡撫。黔民苦訟累而多盜，以聽斷緝捕課吏，設旬報為考覈。十八年，仁懷奸民穆繼賢糾四川綦江匪肆劫，遣兵與川軍會剿，焚其巢，首從並就殲擒。郎岱、普安、清鎮諸縣多種罌粟，拔除申禁，勸民種木棉，玉屏、婺川皆有成效。黔省安置流犯三千餘人，與苗民錯處，釁隙易生，疏請改發新疆；又以鎮遠、黎平、都勻、古州苗俗桀驁，以盜為生，州縣差役緝捕難週，疏請綠營每百名內精選數名，分隸府、廳、州、縣文員管轄，勤加訓練，專司捕盜：並下部議行。

In the sixteenth year (1836) he was appointed governor of Guizhou. The people of Guizhou were burdened by litigation and banditry was rampant; he made case adjudication and bandit pursuit the standard for evaluating officials and required ten-day progress reports. In the eighteenth year (1838) the ruffian Mu Jixian of Renhuai rallied bandits from Qijiang in Sichuan for widespread robbery; Zhangling sent troops to join Sichuan forces, burned their hideout, and killed or captured leaders and followers alike. Langdai, Pu'an, Qingzhen, and other counties widely grew opium poppy; he uprooted the crops, enforced the ban, urged the people to plant cotton, and achieved results at Yuping and Wuchuan. More than three thousand exiles were settled in Guizhou, living intermixed with Miao people and breeding friction; he memorialized to transfer them to Xinjiang; He also memorialized that because the Miao of Zhenyuan, Liping, Duyun, and Guzhou were fierce and lived by robbery while county runners could not patrol effectively, several elite soldiers should be selected from every hundred Green Standard troops, assigned to civil officials at each level, trained diligently, and charged solely with catching bandits—all referred to the ministry for approval.

長齡治黔九載，振興文教，貴陽、銅仁、安順、石阡四府，普安、八寨、郎岱、松桃四廳，黃平、普定，天柱、永從、甕安、清平、興義、普安諸州縣，皆建書院義學；省會書院分上內外三舍，親試考覈，刊刻經籍，頒行州縣。

During nine years governing Guizhou, Zhangling revived culture and education, establishing academies and charity schools in the prefectures of Guiyang, Tongren, Anshun, and Shiqian, the departments of Pu'an, Bazhai, Langdai, and Songtao, and the districts and counties of Huangping, Puding, Tianzhu, Yongcong, Weng'an, Qingping, Xingyi, and Pu'an; at the provincial capital academy he divided students into upper, inner, and outer halls, examined them personally, printed classical texts, and distributed them throughout the province.

二十五年，擢雲貴總督，兼署雲南巡撫。漢、回連歲互鬥，永昌回變敗退後，复圖攻城，城回謀內應，迤西道羅天池悉捕誅之。長齡親往督剿，擊走叛回，以肅清入告。二十六年，回眾藉口善良不別，复叛，自請議處，撤銷獎敘，赴大理、永昌督剿。匪尋竄散，請免投誠張富罪，軍犯王芝異團練出力，亦請釋回。詔斥其庸懦，降補河南布政使。二十七年，乞病歸。滇回复擾雲州，多屬永昌遺孽，且得羅天池濫殺狀，追論長齡，褫職。逾年，卒。

In the twenty-fifth year of Daoguang (1845) he was appointed governor-general of Yunnan and Guizhou and concurrently acted as governor of Yunnan. Han and Hui communities had fought year after year; after the Yongchang Muslim rebellion was defeated and withdrew, rebels again plotted to storm the city, and Muslims inside the walls planned to open the gates; Circuit Intendant Luo Tianchi captured and executed them all. Zhangling went in person to direct operations, drove off the rebel Muslims, and reported the region pacified. In the twenty-sixth year (1846) the Muslims rebelled again, claiming the innocent had not been distinguished from the guilty; Zhangling asked to be disciplined, surrendered his merit rewards, and went to Dali and Yongchang to direct operations. The rebels soon scattered; he asked pardon for Zhang Fu, who had surrendered, and for the military convict Wang Zhiyi, who had aided the militia, requesting that he too be released. An edict rebuked his weakness and cowardice and demoted him to financial commissioner of Henan. In the twenty-seventh year (1847) he asked to retire on grounds of illness. Yunnan Muslims again raided Yunzhou, mostly remnants of the Yongchang rebellion; when Luo Tianchi's indiscriminate killings came to light, Zhangling was investigated and stripped of office. He died the following year.

論曰：陳若霖、戴三錫盡心民事，而三錫久任蜀疆，治效較多。孫爾準、程祖洛先後治閩有聲，寬嚴殊途，其相濟之道乎？裕泰兩殄楚寇，勳施爛然。賀長齡儒而不武，不足以奠岩疆也。

The historians comment: Chen Ruolin and Dai Sanxi both devoted themselves to civil administration, but Sanxi's long service in Sichuan produced the greater results. Sun Erzhun and Cheng Zuluo governed Fujian in turn with distinction; one lenient, one severe—was that how they complemented each other? Yu Tai twice crushed rebellions in Huguang, and his achievements shone brightly. He Zhangling was a scholar without military ability, unfit to secure a troubled frontier.

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