1
=帥承瀛=帥承瀛，字仙舟，湖北黃梅人。 嘉慶元年一甲三名進士，授編修，累遷國子監祭酒。 先後督廣西、山東學政，歷太僕寺卿、通政使、副都御史，署倉場侍郎。 授禮部侍郎，調工部、吏部。 丁母憂，服闋，補原官，調刑部。 論劾郎中寶齡婪賄狀，仁宗以承瀛到官浹月，釐剔宿弊，予議敘。 奉命按山西雁平道福海、陝甘總督先福，罷之。 又按山東徐文誥冤獄，得平反，劾承審官吏，降黜有差。
Shuai Cheng Ying, whose courtesy name was Xianzhou, came from Huangmei in Hubei. In Jiaqing 1 he finished third in the top tier of the metropolitan examinations and was made a Hanlin compiler, rising step by step to become Director of the Imperial Academy. He later superintended education in Guangxi and Shandong in turn, and held the offices of Minister of the Imperial Stud, Commissioner of Communications, and Vice Censor-in-Chief, besides serving as acting Vice Minister for the grain depots. He was made Vice Minister of Rites, then transferred to the Ministries of Works and Personnel. After mourning his mother and completing the mourning period, he returned to his former office and was moved to the Ministry of Punishments. He submitted a memorial impeaching Director Bao Ling for greedy bribery. Emperor Renzong noted that although Cheng Ying had been in office only a month, he had already rooted out entrenched abuses, and ordered that his service be entered for merit consideration. On imperial commission he investigated Fu Hai, intendant of Shanxi's Yanping Circuit, and Xian Fu, governor-general of Shaanxi-Gansu, and secured their dismissal. He also reinvestigated the wrongful conviction of Xu Wengao in Shandong, obtained a reversal, and impeached the trial officials, who were demoted or dismissed to varying degrees.
2
十五年，授浙江巡撫。 浙鹽疲敝，議裁浙江鹽政，歸巡撫兼理，詔責承瀛整頓，疏言：「浙江運庫尚無虧挪，惟多移墊。 擬以報存餘價追補，須足額後撥解。 至收支數目，務劃清綱款，即有急務，不再以內款墊支。 每年加價，應許停輸。 向例灑帶鹽引，豫佔年額，愈積愈多，請並停止，以紓商力。」 又酌改章程十事：定鹽務官制，裁鹽政養廉，革掣規供應，灶課由場徵解，銷引先正後餘，引目通融行銷，收支力杜弊混，梟私商私並禁，掣驗改复兩季，甲商酌裁節費，下部議行。 浙鹺自此漸有起色。 寧波、溫、台諸府濱海，土盜出沒，令兵船巡緝以遏其外，嚴诇口岸以防其內，洋面漸安。
In the fifteenth year of the reign he was appointed governor of Zhejiang. Zhejiang's salt trade was in decline. The court proposed abolishing the Zhejiang salt commissioner and placing salt affairs under the governor's concurrent management. An edict ordered Cheng Ying to set matters right. In a memorial he wrote: "Zhejiang's transport treasury has not yet been plundered outright, but accounts are constantly shifted and padded. I propose to make up the deficit from reported surplus balances, and to remit funds only after the full quota has been restored. Receipts and disbursements must be kept strictly separated by category; even urgent business must no longer be covered by advances from internal funds. The annual surcharges should be permitted to stop. Under longstanding practice extra salt certificates were issued ahead of the annual quota, and the backlog kept growing; I ask that this practice be stopped as well, to ease the burden on merchants." He also drafted ten revised regulations: fixing the official structure of salt administration, cutting the salt commissioner's supplemental salary, abolishing inspection fees and perquisites, collecting furnace taxes at the salterns for direct remittance, selling regular certificates before surplus ones, allowing certificate quotas to be marketed flexibly, strictly separating receipts and disbursements to block fraud, banning both smuggling and private dealing, changing inspections to twice a year, and trimming head-merchant expenses where appropriate. The ministries deliberated and put them into effect. From then on Zhejiang's salt administration gradually recovered. The coastal prefectures of Ningbo, Wenzhou, and Taizhou were plagued by local bandits. He ordered armed patrol vessels to intercept them at sea and tightened surveillance at the ports to block them inland, and the coastal waters gradually grew secure.
3
兩江總督孫玉庭上八折收漕之議，廷臣多言其不可，下疆臣覆議。 承瀛疏言：「漕弊始由州縣浮收，以致幫丁需索，而幫丁沿途用費亦因以漸增。 迨幫丁用費愈大，需索愈多，州縣迫於幫費，有難循舊例徵收之勢，其究耗費歸之小民。 由此包戶侵漁，刁衿挾制，積弊至不可回。 八折之議，原以去其太甚，補救目前。 無如因弊立法，而弊即因法以生。 誠有如廷臣所議，惟嚴禁官役需索，沿途之規費除，即幫丁之用費省，而州縣浮收勒折之弊，亦力絕其萌，庶愛民卹丁兩有裨益。」 疏上，前議遂寢。 清釐倉庫虧缺，奏請先就現任各官次第彌補； 又以浙西頻遭水患，應與江蘇合力疏濬，察勘形勢，偕孫玉庭等疏陳兩省水道原委，實共一流，請專任大員綜攬全局：詔韙之。 尋去官。 後陶澍至江蘇，乃先治吳淞江焉。
Sun Yuting, governor-general of Liangjiang, proposed collecting grain transport tax at eighty percent of the levy. Many court officials argued that this would not work, and the matter was referred to the frontier governors for further discussion. Cheng Ying memorialized: "Abuses in the grain transport system began when prefectures and counties collected more than the statutory amounts, which led transport coolies to make ever greater demands, and their expenses along the route therefore rose steadily in turn. As coolie expenses grew and their demands multiplied, prefectures and counties, squeezed by transport costs, found it increasingly difficult to collect according to the old quotas, and in the end ordinary people bore the waste. Contract brokers then encroached for profit, crafty degree-holders used their leverage to coerce officials, and accumulated abuses became impossible to reverse. The eighty-percent proposal was originally meant to cut away the worst excesses and provide a stopgap remedy. Yet when laws are made to cure abuses, new abuses spring from the laws themselves. If, as the court officials argued, we strictly forbid exactions by clerks and runners and abolish customary fees along the route, coolie expenses will fall and we can also cut off at the root the abuses of over-collection and forced discounting by prefectures and counties, benefiting both the people and the transport workers." Once the memorial was submitted, the earlier proposal was dropped. He cleared up granary deficits and memorialized that serving officials should make restitution in turn; Because western Zhejiang had suffered repeated floods, he argued that the province should join Jiangsu in dredging works. After surveying the terrain, he and Sun Yuting and others memorialized that the waterways of the two provinces shared a single source and course and asked that a senior official be placed solely in charge of the whole project. The court approved. Before long he left office. Later, when Tao Zhu took office in Jiangsu, he began by tackling the Wusong River.
4
承瀛治浙數年，以廉勤著。 陸名揚者，歸安鄉民，以抗浮收得一鄉心，久為官吏所嫉，請兵掩捕，鄉民集眾抗拒，而名揚逸。 巡撫陳若霖遽以入告，遣兵往治，久之名揚始就獲。 承瀛初至浙，誅名揚，後乃知由於官吏之釀變，深悔之。 道光四年，丁父艱，服闋，至京，以目疾久不愈，乃乞歸。 二十一年，卒於家。 優詔軫惜，依總督例加卹，賜其孫遠燡舉人，尋祀浙江名宦祠。
Cheng Ying governed Zhejiang for several years and was known for integrity and diligence. Lu Mingyang was a villager of Gui'an who, by resisting over-collection, won the loyalty of his township and had long been resented by local officials. When troops were sent to seize him, villagers gathered to resist and Mingyang escaped. Governor Chen Ruolin hastily reported the affair to the throne and sent troops to suppress it. Only after a long time was Mingyang finally captured. When Cheng Ying first arrived in Zhejiang he had Mingyang executed, but later learned that officials had provoked the crisis and deeply regretted it. In Daoguang 4 he entered mourning for his father. When mourning ended he went to the capital, but because his eye ailment would not heal he asked to retire. In the twenty-first year of the reign he died at home. The court issued a gracious edict of sympathy, added posthumous honors according to the precedent for governors, granted his grandson Yuanyi the rank of provincial graduate, and soon enshrined him in Zhejiang's shrine of eminent officials.
5
遠燡，成道光二十七年進士，官編修。 咸豐初，上書言軍事。 納貲為道員，奏留江西勸辦捐輸。 七年，總兵李定為粵匪困於東鄉，遠燡募勇往援。 戰歿，予騎都尉世職，建專祠，諡文毅。
Yuanyi passed the metropolitan examinations in Daoguang 27 and served as a Hanlin compiler. Early in the Xianfeng reign he submitted a memorial on military affairs. He purchased office as an intendant and was kept in Jiangxi to promote war contributions. In the seventh year Brigadier Li Ding was trapped at Dongxiang by Guangdong rebels. Yuanyi raised volunteers to relieve him. He was killed in battle. The court granted the hereditary rank of Cavalry Commandant, built him a special shrine, and gave him the posthumous title Wenyi.
6
承瀛弟承瀚，嘉慶十年進士，由翰林院檢討歷官至副都御史，方正負時譽，名亞於承瀛。 歿，祀鄉賢。
Cheng Ying's younger brother Chenghan passed the metropolitan examinations in Jiaqing 10 and rose from Hanlin reviser to Vice Censor-in-Chief. Upright and widely respected, his reputation was second only to his brother's. After his death he was enshrined in the local worthies' temple.
7
=左輔=左輔，字仲甫，江蘇陽湖人。 乾隆五十八年進士，授安徽南陵知縣，調霍丘。 勤政愛民，坐催科不力免官，嘉慶四年，復之，補合肥，復以緝私役為鹽販毆斃獄坐奪職。 尋初彭齡為安徽巡撫，薦輔人才可用，仁宗亦素知輔循名，能得民心，送部引見，復職，仍發安徽，補懷寧，遷泗州直隸州知州。 河決，州境被災，輔躬親賑撫，民無失所。 總督百齡疏保洁己奉公，政聲為一時最，以應升升用，擢潁州知府。 十八年，盱眙民孫國柱誣周永泰謀逆，疆吏以聞。 詔那彥成俟滑縣匪平，移師會剿，檄輔先率兵往。 輔力言泗州屬縣無邪教，單騎往按之，得國柱誣告狀，大獄以息。 尋捕誅阜陽教匪李珠、王三保等，予議敘。 擢廣東雷瓊道，遷浙江按察使、湖南布政使。 二十五年，就擢巡撫。
Zuo Fu, whose courtesy name was Zhongfu, came from Yanghu in Jiangsu. He passed the metropolitan examinations in Qianlong 58 and was appointed magistrate of Nanling in Anhui, then transferred to Huoqiu. Diligent in office and devoted to the people, he was dismissed for ineffective tax collection. In Jiaqing 4 he was restored and appointed to Hefei, but lost his post again when a salt smuggler died in prison after being beaten while he was suppressing illegal salt runners. Soon afterward Chu Pengling became governor of Anhui and recommended Fu as a man of talent. Emperor Renzong had long known that Fu cultivated his reputation and won the people's hearts. Fu was sent to the capital for audience, restored to office, and posted again to Anhui as magistrate of Huaining, then promoted to prefect of Sizhou. When the river burst its banks and the prefecture was stricken, Fu went in person to relieve and comfort the people, and none were left homeless. Governor-General Bai Ling memorialized that Fu was self-restrained and devoted to public duty and that his reputation for governance was the best of the day. On grounds of merit for promotion he was made prefect of Yingzhou. In the eighteenth year a man of Xuyi named Sun Guozhu falsely accused Zhou Yongtai of plotting rebellion, and frontier officials reported the case. An edict ordered Na Yancheng, once the bandits at Huaxian were suppressed, to move his forces for a joint campaign and directed Fu to lead troops there first. Fu insisted that there was no heterodox sect in the counties under Sizhou, rode alone to investigate, obtained proof of Guozhu's false accusation, and the major case was closed. Soon afterward he captured and executed the sect rebels Li Zhu and Wang Sanbao of Fuyang, among others, and was entered for merit consideration. He was promoted to intendant of Guangdong's Lei-Qiong Circuit, then transferred to provincial judge of Zhejiang and provincial treasurer of Hunan. In the twenty-fifth year he was promoted directly to governor.
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苗疆稅重，又苦官役苛擾，侍郎張映漢陳其弊，命輔偕總督陳若霖察治。 奏減租穀二萬餘石，籌款買補倉儲六萬餘石，免民、苗積逋租穀七萬餘石。 復挑補兵勇，裁撤委員，禁差役不得入苗寨，聽苗食川鹽，民、苗便之。 長沙妙高★有宋儒張栻城南書院舊址，康熙中移建城內，已圮，規復重建，課通省士子，疏請御書扁額，以示嘉惠士林，詔嘉許焉。
Taxes in the Miao frontier were heavy and the people also suffered harsh exactions by officials and runners. Vice Minister Zhang Yinghan reported these abuses, and Fu was ordered to investigate and remedy them together with Governor Chen Ruolin. He memorialized a reduction of more than twenty thousand shi of rent grain, raised funds to purchase more than sixty thousand shi to replenish the granaries, and remitted more than seventy thousand shi of accumulated arrears owed by Han and Miao alike. He also selected and replenished troops, abolished supernumerary commissioners, forbade runners to enter Miao villages, and allowed the Miao to consume Sichuan salt, to the benefit of both Han and Miao. At Miaogaofeng in Changsha stood the old site of the Chengnan Academy founded by the Song scholar Zhang Shi. In the Kangxi reign it had been moved inside the city walls and had since fallen into ruin. Fu planned to restore and rebuild it to instruct scholars throughout the province and memorialized for an imperial inscription on the tablet to show favor to the scholarly community. The court commended the proposal.
9
輔官安徽最久，時稱循吏，晚被拔擢，數年中至封圻，年已老。 道光三年，召來京，原品休致。 十三年，卒於家。
Fu had served longest in Anhui and was known as a model official of his day. Late in life he was suddenly promoted, and within a few years rose to a frontier governorship, though he was already old. In Daoguang 3 he was summoned to the capital and retired at his former rank. In the thirteenth year of the reign he died at home.
10
=姚祖同=姚祖同，字亮甫，浙江錢塘人。 乾隆四十九年，南巡，召試，賜舉人，授內閣中書，充軍機章京，累遷兵部郎中。 以纂輯剿平教匪方略，擢四五品京堂，補鴻臚寺少卿。 歷通政司參議、內閣侍讀學士、鴻臚寺卿。 二十年，出為河南布政使。 請限制河工提款，清釐州縣交代，庫儲頓充。
Yao Zutong, whose courtesy name was Liangfu, came from Qiantang in Zhejiang. In Qianlong 49, during the southern tour, he was summoned for examination, granted the rank of provincial graduate, appointed Secretariat drafter, served as a Grand Council clerk, and rose step by step to director in the Ministry of War. For compiling the strategic record of suppressing the sect rebels he was promoted to a fourth- or fifth-rank capital official and appointed Vice Minister of the Court of State Ceremonial. He held the posts of counselor in the Office of Transmission, reader in the Grand Secretariat, and Minister of the Court of State Ceremonial. In the twentieth year of the reign he was appointed provincial treasurer of Henan. He requested limits on withdrawals for river works, cleared up handovers between prefectures and counties, and the treasury stores were quickly replenished.
11
二十一年，調山西，又調直隸。 嚴查虧空，令州縣自報虧數，凡新任不得私受前任舊虧，其新虧者，勒停升補。 倉穀自經飢祲，兼軍需支領，蕩然無餘。 祖同飭各屬糴補數十萬石。 雄縣、安州、高陽諸縣水道淤阻，連年漫溢，並遴員治理，相機疏濬。 二十二年，畿輔旱災，重者二十有九州縣。 先令停徵，截漕備賑； ★歷災區，劾屬吏辦賑不實者； 發米賈囤積數十萬石，責令平糶，民賴以濟。 二十三年，仁宗東巡，灤河漲溢，祖同督造橋工成，賜花翎。 面諭曰：「是非為橋工，因汝能實心辦事耳。」
In the twenty-first year he was transferred to Shanxi, then to Zhili. He strictly investigated deficits, ordered prefectures and counties to report their own shortfalls, forbade incoming officials from privately accepting old deficits from predecessors, and blocked promotion for those who incurred new deficits. Granary stocks, depleted by famine and military requisitions, had been utterly exhausted. Zutong ordered his subordinates to purchase grain and replenish several hundred thousand shi. In Xiongxian, Anzhou, Gaoyang, and other counties the waterways were silted and blocked and overflowed year after year. He selected officials to manage them and dredged them as circumstances allowed. In the twenty-second year drought struck the capital region, severely affecting twenty-nine prefectures and counties. He first ordered tax collections suspended and diverted grain transport for relief; toured the disaster areas in person and impeached subordinate officials who handled relief dishonestly; and released several hundred thousand shi hoarded by grain merchants, ordering them sold at fair prices so the people were saved. In the twenty-third year Emperor Renzong toured east. The Luan River rose in flood, Zutong supervised completion of the bridge works, and he was granted the peacock feather. The emperor addressed him in person: "This is not for the bridge works. It is because you handle affairs with a sincere heart."
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二十四年，擢安徽巡撫。 會河南大水，灌入渦河，下游諸縣被災，祖同乘小舟巡視賑恤。 二十五年，調河南。 時儀封大工未竣，黃、沁並漲，漫及馬營工壩尾，祖同相機堵禦。 疏陳政務雖多，河工為重； 學習河務，以履勘為先。 宣宗初即位，命祖同每屆旬以大工進占丈尺奏聞。 及冬，口門漸狹，而大河冰堅，祖同親乘小舟督工鑿冰，歲杪大工始告蕆。 道光元年，祖同疏陳河南情形，略曰：「河工之敝壞顯而易見，民生之凋瘵隱而難治。 河工加價，自常賦三百六十餘萬外，逾額攤徵。 衡工未已，睢工繼之； 睢工未已，馬工、儀工又相繼接徵。 此外復有各處堤工隨時攤徵之款，民力其何以堪？ 請概停緩三年，以紓積困。」 從之。 開封護城大堤，河溢時半圮，請繕完以資保障。
In the twenty-fourth year he was promoted to governor of Anhui. When great floods in Henan poured into the Wo River and stricken downstream counties, Zutong toured the disaster areas in a small boat to oversee relief. In the twenty-fifth year he was transferred to Henan. At that time the major works at Yifeng were unfinished. The Yellow and Qin Rivers rose together and overflowed to the tail of the Maying works dam, and Zutong blocked the flood as circumstances allowed. He memorialized that although civil affairs were many, river works were paramount; and in studying river affairs, on-the-ground inspection must come first. When Emperor Xuanzong first ascended the throne, he ordered Zutong to report progress measurements of the major works every ten days. By winter the mouth was gradually narrowing while the great river froze solid. Zutong himself took a small boat to supervise workers breaking ice, and only at year's end were the major works declared complete. In Daoguang 1 Zutong memorialized on conditions in Henan, writing in summary: "The decay of river works is obvious and easy to see; the exhaustion of the people's livelihood is hidden and hard to cure. Surcharges for river works, beyond the regular levy of more than 3.6 million, were assessed in excess of quota. The Heng works had not ended before the Sui works followed; the Sui works had not ended before the Ma and Yi works levied assessments in turn. Besides these there were assessments levied at various times for dike works everywhere. How could the people's strength bear it? He requested that all be generally suspended for three years to relieve accumulated distress." The request was approved. The great protective dike around Kaifeng had been half destroyed when the river overflowed. He requested that it be repaired to provide security.
13
二年，河督嚴烺奏請馬營壩工拋護碎石，已奉俞允，復命祖同籌度。 祖同言時當大堤放淤，遏其奔衝，既非順水之性，伏秋盛漲，壩西水勢加高，上游堤埝愈險，則河北可虞，且慮攔沁轉致攔黃，於實事為未便。 乃下烺覆議，卒如祖同言。 初，儀工經費，自祖同嚴覈弊竇，省帑金甚鉅。 迨工員報銷，截長補短，蘄合成例，言官以浮冒入奏。 是年，命左都御史玉麟、王鼎按之，事得白，而以八子錢五萬六千餘緡責祖同償補。 八子錢者，工員以雜用不敷，議以銀易錢，銀一兩加扣八十文，祖同置弗問，卒以罣議，降補太常寺少卿。
In the second year River Commissioner Yan Huang memorialized to cast protective rubble at the Maying dam works. Approval had already been granted, and Zutong was again ordered to plan the matter. Zutong argued that at this time the great dike should be allowed to discharge silt and restrain the rush of water, which was against the river's nature. At the summer and autumn flood season the water west of the dam would rise higher, upstream dikes and embankments would grow more dangerous, and Hebei would be at risk. He also feared that blocking the Qin might end by blocking the Yellow River, which would be impractical. The matter was referred back to Huang for further deliberation, and in the end it followed Zutong's view. Earlier, in the funds for the Yi works, once Zutong strictly investigated abuses, a very large sum of treasury silver was saved. When the works staff submitted accounts, they cut long figures short and patched gaps to piece together precedents, and censorial officials memorialized inflated claims. That year the court ordered Left Censor-in-Chief Yulin and Wang Ding to investigate. The matter was cleared, but Zutong was ordered to compensate more than 56,000 strings of "eight-son" money. "Eight-son" money was a scheme in which works staff, when miscellaneous expenses fell short, proposed exchanging silver for cash with an extra deduction of eighty wen per tael. Zutong ignored it and was eventually censured and demoted to Vice Minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices.
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五年，授陝西按察使。 請建流芳祠以祀關中士女之死節義者。 六年，詔來京另候簡用。 七年，授廣東按察使。 尋偕尚書陳若霖赴湖北察勘京山王家營堤工。 未幾，召授通政司副使，累遷左副都御史。 十八年，以年老重聽，原品休致。 二十二年，卒。
In the fifth year he was appointed provincial judge of Shaanxi. He requested building a Liufang Shrine to honor women of Guanzhong who died for chastity and righteousness. In the sixth year an edict summoned him to the capital to await another appointment. In the seventh year he was appointed provincial judge of Guangdong. Soon afterward he went with Minister Chen Ruolin to Hubei to inspect the dike works at Wangjiaying in Jingshan. Before long he was summoned and appointed vice commissioner of the Office of Transmission, then rose step by step to Left Vice Censor-in-Chief. In the eighteenth year, because he was old and severely hard of hearing, he retired at his former rank. In the twenty-second year he died.
15
=程含章=程含章，雲南景東人。 其先佐官吏捕殺土寇，懼禍，改姓羅。 乾隆五十七年舉人。 嘉慶初，大挑知縣，分廣東，署封川。 坐回護前令諱盜，革職，投效海疆，屢殲獲劇盜，擢知州，署雷州府同知，率鄉勇破海盜烏石大，遷南雄直隸州； 又坐失察屬縣虧空，革職，尋复官。 以勘丈南雄州屬田畝，總督蔣攸銛疏薦，擢知府，補惠州。 歷山東兗沂曹道、按察使、河南布政使。 道光二年，疏言：「欲治河南，必以治河為先務。 正本清源之道，在河員大法小廉，實心修築，加意堤防，自能久安長治。」 宣宗韙其言，命每屆汛期，赴工稽查工料及工員才否。 擢廣東巡撫，入覲，面奏請復姓，許之。 調山東，又調江西。 修築德化諸縣被水圩堤，設義倉，行平糶。
Cheng Hanzhang came from Jingdong in Yunnan. His ancestor had assisted officials in capturing and killing local bandits. Fearing retribution, the family changed its surname to Luo. He became a provincial graduate in Qianlong 57. Early in the Jiaqing reign he was selected as magistrate and assigned to Guangdong, serving as acting magistrate of Fengchuan. He was dismissed for shielding his predecessor in concealing banditry, then offered service on the coast, repeatedly captured major pirates, was promoted to prefect, served as acting sub-prefect of Leizhou, led militia to defeat the pirate Wushi Da, and was transferred to Nanxiong; He was again dismissed for failing to detect deficits in a subordinate county, but was soon restored to office. For surveying the fields under Nanxiong Prefecture, Governor-General Jiang Youqian recommended him in a memorial. He was promoted to prefect and appointed to Huizhou. He held the posts of intendant of Shandong's Yan-Yi-Cao Circuit, provincial judge, and provincial treasurer of Henan. In Daoguang 2 he memorialized: "To govern Henan, river works must come first. The way to cure the root is for river officials to observe the law strictly and remain incorruptible, repair works sincerely, and pay special attention to dikes, so that lasting peace and order may follow." Emperor Xuanzong approved his words and ordered that every flood season he go to the works to inspect materials and the competence of the staff. He was promoted to governor of Guangdong. On audience he asked in person to restore his original surname, and the request was granted. He was transferred to Shandong, then to Jiangxi. He repaired flooded polder dikes in Dehua and other counties, established charity granaries, and carried out fair-price grain sales.
16
四年，召署工部侍郎，治直隸水利，上疏略曰：「雍正、乾隆間四次興大工，皆歷數年蕆事，費帑數百萬，自此畿內無水患者數十年。 迨嘉慶六年後，河道漸淤。 道光二三兩年淫雨，被水者多至百餘州縣。 治水如治病，必先明病之源流，急則治標，緩則治本。 循古人經驗之良方，參今時變遷之證候，然後疾可得而治也。 天津為眾水出海孔道，諸減河皆所以洩水入海。 東淀★環數百里，大清、子牙、永定、南運、北運五大川流貫其中。 西淀容納順天、保定、河間三府二十餘河之水，南北兩泊容納正定、順德、廣平三十餘河之水，各有河道為傳送之區。 今則消洩之尾閭無不阻塞，停蓄之腹部無不淺溢，流貫之腸無不壅滯，收納之脾胃無不平淺，傳送之機軸無不淤積，吐納之咽喉無不填閼，疏通之血脈無不凝滯，加以堤埝、閘壩、橋樑無不殘缺，霪潦一至，輒虞泛溢。 此畿輔水道受病之情形也。 伏思直隸河渠淀泊，前代不聞大患。 自康熙三十九年以後，乃恆苦水潦，則永定、子牙二濁河築堤之所致耳。 孫嘉淦有言，永定、子牙向皆無隄，泥塗得流行田間，而水不淤淀。 自永定築堤束水，而勝芳、三角淀皆淤； 自子牙築堤束水，而台頭等淀亦淤。 淀口既淤，河身日高，則田水入河之道阻，於是淀病而全局皆病。 即永定一河，亦已不勝其弊，總因濁水入淀，溜散泥沉，以致斯疾。 此又畿輔水道致病之根原也。 永定河自築堤以來，於今百有餘年。 河身高出平地一丈有餘，既不能挑之使平，又不能廢堤不用，明知痼疾所在，無術可治。 亦惟見病治病，多開閘壩以分其勢，高築堤埝以御其衝，使不致潰決為害而已。 至通省全局工段繁多，自不能同時並舉。 惟有用治標之法，先將各河淀挑挖寬深，取出之土即以築堤，使窪水悉得下注，然後廓清中部。 俟大端就理，乃用治本之策，諸州縣支港溝渠，逐一疏通，俾民間灌溉有資，旱潦有備，三五年後，元氣漸復。 此又辦理之先後次第也。 造端宏大，倍於乾隆時，與其緩辦費多，不如速辦費少，計非一二百萬所能成事。 請飭部寬籌經費，庶不致有始無終。」 又疏陳應修各工，略謂：「治水在一'導'字。 欲治上游，先治下游； 欲治旁流，先治中流。 挑賈家口以洩永定、子牙、北運、大清四河之水。 挑西堤頭引河以洩塌水淀之水，挑邢家坨以洩七里海之水。 另開北岸一河以分罾口之勢，修復減河以宣白、榆之源； 挑濬三河頭水道，添建草壩，為東淀之扼要； 挑濬馬道河、趙北口水道，為西淀之扼要。 十二連橋橫亙淀中，亟應興修以利往來。 修復增河，分白溝上游之勢，修復窯河，分白溝下游之勢，則水得就下之性，支派旁流，乃可次第導引。」 疏上，並被嘉納。 實授工部侍郎。 尋調倉場侍郎。
In the fourth year he was summoned to act as Vice Minister of Works and manage water conservancy in Zhili. He memorialized in summary: "Between the Yongzheng and Qianlong reigns four great projects were undertaken, each taking several years to complete at a cost of millions in treasury funds. From then the capital region was free of flood distress for several decades. After Jiaqing 6 the waterways gradually silted up. In Daoguang 2 and 3 excessive rains flooded more than a hundred prefectures and counties. Managing water is like treating illness: one must first understand the source and course of the disease. When urgent, treat the symptoms; when there is time, treat the root. Follow the proven remedies of the ancients and take account of present changes in conditions, and then the ailment may be cured. Tianjin is the outlet through which the many waters reach the sea; the various relief rivers are all means of discharging water into the sea. The Eastern Marshes extend for several hundred li, with the five great rivers—the Daqing, Ziya, Yongding, Southern Transport, and Northern Transport—flowing through them. The Western Marshes receive the waters of more than twenty rivers from Shuntian, Baoding, and Hejian. The northern and southern lakes receive the waters of more than thirty rivers from Zhengding, Shunde, and Guangping. Each has waterways serving as channels of conveyance. Now the outlets of discharge are all blocked, the reservoirs of storage are all shallow and overflowing, the channels of flow are all obstructed, the basins of reception are all level and shallow, the mechanisms of conveyance are all silted up, the throats of intake and outflow are all choked, and the veins of drainage are all stagnant. Moreover dikes, sluices, dams, and bridges are all broken and missing. When excessive rains come, overflow is feared at once. This is the condition of affliction in the waterways of the capital region. Reflecting on the rivers, canals, marshes, and lakes of Zhili, earlier ages heard of no great calamity. From Kangxi 39 onward it constantly suffered floods—this was caused solely by building dikes on the two muddy rivers, the Yongding and Ziya. Sun Jiagan once said that the Yongding and Ziya had formerly had no dikes, so mud could spread through the fields and the water did not silt up and deposit. Once dikes were built on the Yongding to confine the water, Shengfang and Sanjiao Marshes both silted up; once dikes were built on the Ziya to confine the water, Taitou and other marshes also silted up. Once the marsh mouths silted up and the river bed rose day by day, the channels by which field water entered the rivers were blocked. Thus the marshes fell ill and the whole system fell ill. Even the Yongding alone can no longer bear its abuses. All stem from muddy water entering the marshes, spreading and depositing silt, and thus producing this disease. This is again the root cause of disease in the waterways of the capital region. Since dikes were built on the Yongding River, more than a hundred years have passed. The river bed stands more than a zhang above the plain. It can neither be dredged level nor can the dikes be abandoned. Though one knows where the chronic disease lies, there is no remedy. One can only treat the illness as it appears: open many sluices and dams to divide its force and build dikes high to withstand its rush, so that it does not burst and cause harm—that is all. As for the whole province, the works sections are numerous and cannot all be undertaken at once. One must use symptomatic methods: first dredge all rivers and marshes wide and deep, using the excavated earth immediately to build dikes so that low-lying water can all drain downward, and then clear the central region. When the main lines are set in order, then apply root-cure measures: clear branch harbors and ditches in every prefecture and county one by one, so that irrigation has resources and drought and flood have provision. After three to five years vital energy will gradually recover. This is again the order of priority in handling the matter. The undertaking is vast, twice that of the Qianlong period. Rather than proceeding slowly at greater expense, it is better to proceed quickly at less expense, but it will require no less than one or two million to complete. I request that the ministries be ordered to allocate funds generously, so that the work does not begin only to end unfinished." He also memorialized on the works that should be repaired, writing in summary: "Water control lies in the single word 'guide. To treat the upper reaches, first treat the lower reaches; to treat branch flows, first treat the middle reaches. Dredge Jiajiakou to discharge the waters of the Yongding, Ziya, Northern Transport, and Daqing rivers. Dredge the diversion channel at Xiditou to discharge the waters of Tashui Marsh, and dredge Xingjiatuo to discharge the waters of Qilihai. Open another river on the north bank to divide the force at Zengkou, and restore relief rivers to release the sources of the Bai and Yu; dredge the waterway at Sanhetou and add earthen dams, which are critical to the Eastern Marshes; dredge the waterways of Madao River and Zhaobeikou, which are critical to the Western Marshes. The Twelve Linked Bridges span the marshes and should urgently be rebuilt to facilitate travel. Restore the Zeng River to divide the force of the upper Baigou and restore the Yao River to divide the force of the lower Baigou. Then water may follow its nature to seek the lower level, and branch streams may be guided in turn." When the memorial was submitted, both were commended and approved. He was formally appointed Vice Minister of Works. Soon afterward he was transferred to Vice Minister in charge of the grain depots.
17
五年，授浙江巡撫。 六年，以病辭職，上以含章精力未衰，不許，調山東。 七年，因浙江巡撫劉彬士治鹽操切，密疏劾其不職，命總督孫爾準按治不實，詔斥含章聽不根之言，無端入告，解職嚴議。 彬士亦劾含章提用商綱銀，額外濫支，漏追餘款等事。 含章疏辨，命總督琦善、學政硃士彥按之。 詔以提用綱銀，歸還捐墊，僅屬見小，而先發妄奏之咎重，念其居官尚好，降補刑部員外郎。 八年，授福建布政使，以病乞歸。 十二年，卒。
In the fifth year he was appointed governor of Zhejiang. In the sixth year he resigned on grounds of illness. The emperor, believing Hanzhang's energy was not yet spent, did not permit it and transferred him to Shandong. In the seventh year, because Zhejiang Governor Liu Binshi managed salt affairs harshly, Hanzhang submitted a secret memorial impeaching him for malfeasance. Governor-General Sun Erzhun was ordered to investigate and found the charge unsubstantiated. An edict rebuked Hanzhang for listening to groundless talk and making accusations without cause. He was removed from office for severe deliberation. Binshi also impeached Hanzhang for appropriating merchant certificate silver, making unauthorized extra expenditures, and failing to recover surplus funds, among other matters. Hanzhang memorialized in defense. Governor-General Qishan and Educational Commissioner Zhu Shiyan were ordered to investigate. An edict held that appropriating certificate silver and returning donated advances was merely petty-mindedness, but the graver fault lay in making groundless accusations first. Considering that his conduct in office had still been good, he was demoted to department director in the Ministry of Punishments. In the eighth year he was appointed provincial treasurer of Fujian and requested retirement on grounds of illness. In the twelfth year he died.
18
=康紹鏞=康紹鏞，字蘭皋，山西興縣人，江西廣信知府基淵子。 嘉慶四年進士，授兵部主事，充軍機章京。 累遷郎中，擢鴻臚寺少卿。 十八年，滑縣教匪起，紹鏞隨扈，以畿輔、山東、河南地形險易，將帥賢否，各鎮兵籍，列冊進禦，受仁宗知。 會有大名民人司敬武等十餘人傭工熱河、錦州，聞畿南寇起，馳歸，過山海關，關吏執之，誣其預聞逆謀，命紹鏞偕內閣學士文孚往鞫，白其誣，釋之。 劾副都統以下，論如律。 歷通政司參議、大理寺少卿。
Kang Shaoyong, whose courtesy name was Langao, came from Xingxian in Shanxi and was the son of Ji Yuan, prefect of Guangxin in Jiangxi. He passed the metropolitan examinations in Jiaqing 4, was appointed a secretary in the Ministry of War, and served as a Grand Council clerk. He rose step by step to director and then to Vice Minister of the Court of State Ceremonial. In the eighteenth year sect rebels rose at Huaxian. Shaoyong accompanied the imperial entourage and submitted registers on the terrain and strategic points of the capital region, Shandong, and Henan, the merit of commanders, and the troop rolls of each garrison, winning Emperor Renzong's notice. More than ten men of Daming, including Si Jingwu, were hired laborers in Rehe and Jinzhou. Hearing that bandits had risen south of the capital, they hurried home, passed Shanhaiguan, and were seized by gate officers who falsely accused them of foreknowledge of rebellion. Shaoyong was ordered to go with Grand Secretariat Academician Wen Fu to try the case, cleared the false charge, and released them. He impeached the vice commandant and those below, who were sentenced according to law. He held the posts of counselor in the Office of Transmission and Vice Minister of the Court of Judicial Review.
19
十九年，出為安徽布政使。 值大水，被災者四十餘州縣，倉穀缺乏，庫儲不給，勸紳商輸貲各卹其鄉，與官賑並舉，災民賴之。 二十三年，就擢巡撫。 宿州、靈壁以睢河堤堰崩圮，比年患水，紹鏞親往相視，奏請修復； 又築無為州黃絲灘臨江堤千二百餘丈。 先後捕獲鳳、潁等府土匪五十餘人，置諸法。 二十四年，調廣東巡撫。
In the nineteenth year he was appointed provincial treasurer of Anhui. When great floods struck, more than forty prefectures and counties were affected. Granary grain was lacking and treasury stores insufficient. He urged gentry and merchants to contribute funds to relieve their own townships, carried out together with official relief, and disaster victims relied on this. In the twenty-third year he was promoted directly to governor. Suzhou and Lingbi suffered because the dikes and dams on the Sui River had collapsed and floods afflicted them year after year. Shaoyong went in person to inspect and memorialized for repairs; he also built more than twelve hundred zhang of riverfront dike at Huangsi Beach in Wuwei Prefecture. He successively captured more than fifty bandits in Fengyang, Yingzhou, and other prefectures and punished them according to law. In the twenty-fourth year he was transferred to governor of Guangdong.
20
道光元年，詔各直省清查陋規雜稅，紹鏞疏陳，略曰：「廣東州縣所資辦公，專在兵米折價。 因產穀少，民間皆原折納，相沿已久。 在馴謹良民，向依舊規完納，而刁生劣監，不能無抗欠。 有於正數之內絲毫無餘者，更有於正賦之內收不足數者，州縣往往以贏補絀，自行償補。 今若定為折收額數，則所浮之價，悉為應輸之額，其掛欠代償，恐較前益甚。 況貪官污吏，視所加者為分內應得之數，以所未加者為設法巧取之數。 雍正時將地丁火耗酌給養廉，議者謂正賦之外又加正賦，將來恐耗羨之外又加耗羨。 八九十年以來，錢糧火耗，視昔有加，不出前人所慮。 兵米折價，與之事實相近。 即能明察暗訪，堅持於數年之間，斷難遠慮周防，遙制於數十年之後。 至雜稅及舟車、行戶、鹽當、規禮等款，名目不一，或此有而彼無，或此多而彼寡，願者減其數以求悅，黠者浮其數以取贏。 究之浮者即浮，數已定而難改； 減者非減，事甫過而仍加。 此時毫髮未盡之遺，即將來積重難返之漸。 其中更有強狡之徒，向不完納平餘，致饋規禮。 今以案經奏定，在有司視為當然，在小民視為非舊，兩相脅制，互為告訐，既不能指為官吏分外婪索，予以糾彈； 又不能因民間不繳陋規，懲以官法：寬嚴兩窮。 是雜稅諸項之難於清釐，較兵米折價尤甚。 且各項所入，既名陋規，逐款臚列，上瀆聖聽，於國家體制，亦殊未協。 事有窒礙，不敢不據實密陳。」 疏入，與兩江總督孫玉庭所議同，其事遂寢。
In Daoguang 1 an edict ordered every province to investigate irregular fees and miscellaneous taxes. Shaoyong memorialized in summary: "What funds the prefectures and counties of Guangdong rely on for official business lies solely in the conversion price of military rice. Because grain production is scant, the people have long preferred to pay in converted cash. Docile, law-abiding commoners have always paid according to the old rules, but crafty students and inferior degree-holders cannot help resisting and falling into arrears. Some pay not a whit beyond the proper amount, while others pay less than the proper levy. Prefectures and counties often use surplus to cover shortfall and make up the difference themselves. If a fixed conversion quota is now set, the inflated price will all become the amount due, and arrears and compensations will probably be worse than before. Moreover corrupt officials treat what has been added as their rightful due and what has not yet been added as sums to be taken by devious means. In the Yongzheng reign land tax surcharges were allotted for supplemental salaries. Debaters said that on top of the regular levy another regular levy was added and feared that in future beyond the surcharge there would be another surcharge. Over the past eighty or ninety years grain-tax surcharges have increased compared with the past, exactly as earlier critics feared. The conversion price of military rice closely resembles this situation. Even with keen inspection and secret investigation maintained for several years, it is impossible to plan far ahead with comprehensive prevention and control matters decades later. As for miscellaneous taxes and items such as boats and carts, shops, salt houses, and customary gifts, the names are not uniform. Some places have them and others do not, some have more and others less. The willing reduce the figures to please; the crafty inflate the figures to profit. In the end what was inflated remains inflated; the figure once fixed is hard to change; what was reduced was not truly reduced, and once the matter passed the levies were raised again. The smallest unpaid residue left now becomes the first step toward an entrenched burden that will later be impossible to undo. There are especially brazen men who routinely fail to remit surcharges in full and resort instead to customary gifts. Since the arrangement has been memorialized and approved, officials treat it as routine while commoners see it as an unwelcome novelty; each side holds the other in check through mutual denunciation—officials cannot be impeached for demanding more than their due, But neither can the government punish commoners who refuse to pay these customary fees: lenience and severity alike offer no way out. This is why clearing away the miscellaneous levies is even harder than converting military grain payments to cash equivalents. Moreover, to catalog each receipt under the name of "customary fees" would profane the emperor's attention and clash with the proprieties of the state. For these reasons I find the matter obstructed at every turn, and I cannot but report the facts candidly in a confidential submission. The memorial was received and found to agree with Governor-General Sun Yuting's views on Liangjiang affairs, and the proposal was set aside.
21
二年，召署禮部侍郎。 丁母憂歸，服闋，授廣西巡撫。 禁土司科派擾累，懲土民刁訟者，緝治逸匪，邊境稍安。 五年，調湖南，編查洞庭湖漁船，以軍法部伍之，盜無所容。 澧州諸湖，上承涔水，下泄洞庭，兩岸悉垸田，地低下，洩水不暢，檄道府率屬履勘疏濬，得可耕田萬四千餘畝，奏蠲淤田賦萬一千餘畝，從之。 九年，入覲，面陳苗疆設立苗弁額數過多，倚勢虐使苗人，易激事端，請酌其可並省者，缺出不補，總督意不合，格不行。 十年，召授光祿寺卿。 尋值京察，以在湖南任內廢弛，降四品頂戴，休致。 十四年，卒。
In the second year he was called to the capital to serve as acting Vice Minister of Rites. After returning home to observe mourning for his mother, he was appointed governor of Guangxi once the mourning period had ended. He barred native chieftains from levying unauthorized exactions, punished litigious local gentry, and hunted down fugitive bandits, and the border region gradually settled down. In the fifth year he was transferred to Hunan, where he registered fishing boats on Dongting Lake, organized them under military discipline, and left pirates no place to hide. The lakes around Lizhou take in the Censhui River upstream and drain into Dongting Lake downstream; both banks were low-lying polder farmland with poor drainage. He ordered the circuit and prefectural officials to survey the ground and dredge the channels, reclaimed more than fourteen thousand mu of arable land, and memorialized for tax remission on over eleven thousand mu of silted fields—the request was granted. In the ninth year, during an audience at court, he argued that the Miao frontier had too many native officer posts, whose holders abused their authority over the Miao and easily stirred up trouble; he asked that redundant posts be merged and vacancies left unfilled. The governor-general disagreed, and the proposal went nowhere. In the tenth year he was recalled to the capital and appointed Minister of the Court of Imperial Entertainments. Soon afterward, at the capital inspection of officials, he was judged negligent during his service in Hunan, stripped of his third-rank insignia for a fourth-rank button, and retired. He died in the fourteenth year.
22
=硃桂楨=硃桂楨，字幹臣，江蘇上元人。 嘉慶四年進士，授吏部主事。 累擢郎中，遷御史。 二十一年，出為貴州鎮遠知府。 鎮遠民、苗雜居，無紡績之利，募工教織，於是始有苗布。 大旱，民飢，急發庫藏平糶施粥，郡無殍人。 事畢，自請擅動庫帑之罪，民感其惠。 次年，感稔，爭醵金還庫。 黃平州有盜，或告變，單騎臨之，呼眾縛為首者出，不戮一人，戍五人而已。 興義苗閧，大吏已勒兵，桂楨曰：「此苗忿民欺，保不為變。」 使人開諭，果服。 在任三年，治行稱最，擢陝西潼商道。 歷浙江按察使，甘肅、山東布政使。
Zhu Guizhen, whose courtesy name was Ganchen, came from Shangyuan in Jiangsu. A jinshi of the fourth year of Jiaqing, he was appointed a secretary in the Ministry of Personnel. He rose through successive promotions to director and was then transferred to the Censorate. In the twenty-first year he was appointed prefect of Zhenyuan in Guizhou. At Zhenyuan, Han and Miao lived side by side but had no local weaving industry; he hired instructors to teach spinning and weaving, and Miao cloth was produced there for the first time. When a severe drought brought famine, he quickly opened the treasury to sell grain at fair prices and set up gruel kitchens, and no one in the prefecture died of starvation. After the crisis passed, he voluntarily asked to be punished for having drawn on the treasury without authorization, and the people were deeply grateful for his care. The following year, after a good harvest, the people competed to raise money and restore the treasury funds. When bandits appeared in Huangping Prefecture and word reached him, he rode out alone, summoned the crowd to produce and bind the ringleader, put no one to death, and sent only five men into frontier exile. When the Miao at Xingyi grew restive, senior officials had already mobilized troops. Guizhen said, "The Miao are incensed at being bullied by the local people; I guarantee they will not rise in rebellion." He sent envoys to reason with them, and they duly submitted. After three years in office, his record was judged the finest in the province, and he was promoted to intendant of the Tongshang Circuit in Shaanxi. He went on to serve as provincial judge of Zhejiang and then as provincial treasurer of Gansu and Shandong.
23
十一年，調廣東巡撫，卻洋行陋規，遇事執法，外商獨嚴憚之。 每月勾捕，不動聲色，臨事集官弁，曰往某所，閭里不擾，莠民斂跡。 以儉素率屬，一日微服勘災歸，至西關，見千總輿從甚盛，叱止之，千總叩頭請罪乃已。 惠、潮兩郡多械鬥，數興大獄，痛繩以法，稍戢。 創議諸郡山場荒地，援雷、瓊例，給照聽民墾種。 設鄉約義塾，教養兼施，以弭匪僻。 誡僚屬慎刑獄，治民以無冤濫始，每屆秋讞，多所平反。 十三年，以病乞歸，宣宗時時詢其病狀，冀其出。 二十年，卒，詔嘉「居官清正，勤政愛民」，依總督例優恤，賜其子鎮舉人，諡莊恪，祀鎮遠名宦祠。
In the eleventh year he was transferred to Guangdong as governor, rejected the customary fees demanded by the foreign trading houses, upheld the law in every case, and foreign merchants feared him above all others. Each month he arranged arrests without giving any outward sign; when the time came he would gather officials and officers, dispatch them to a named location, and carry out the operation without disturbing the neighborhoods, so that troublemakers kept out of sight. He set an example of frugality for his subordinates. One day, returning incognito from inspecting disaster relief, he reached the West Gate and saw a company commander traveling with an ostentatious retinue; he rebuked him sharply, and only when the man kowtowed and begged forgiveness did he let the matter rest. Huizhou and Chaozhou were rife with armed clan feuds that repeatedly spawned major criminal cases; he punished offenders rigorously under the law, and the violence gradually abated. He proposed that wasteland on mountain tracts throughout the province, following the precedent set in Leizhou and Qiongzhou, be licensed and opened to private reclamation. He established village compacts and charity schools, combining moral instruction with practical care to curb lawlessness in remote areas. He warned his subordinates to handle criminal cases with care, holding that good governance begins with preventing wrongful convictions; at each autumn judicial review he reversed many unjust verdicts. In the thirteenth year he retired on grounds of illness; Emperor Xuanzong repeatedly inquired after his health, hoping he would return to office. He died in the twentieth year. An edict commended his "integrity in office, diligence in government, and care for the people," granted him posthumous honors on the scale accorded governors-general, conferred the juren degree on his son Zhen, gave him the posthumous title Zhuangke, and enshrined him in the shrine of distinguished officials at Zhenyuan.
24
=陳鑾=陳鑾，字芝楣，湖北江夏人。 一甲三名進士，授編修。 道光五年，出為江蘇松江知府。 創行海運，鑾駐上海，多所贊助。 署江寧，值下河諸縣水災，流民劫掠，預設防禁。 設賑廠郊外，議宜散不宜聚，分各縣留養，大縣二千人，小縣千人，賑畢資遣，竟事無譁。 調蘇州，歷蘇松太道、江西糧道、蘇松糧道、廣東鹽運使、浙江按察使，署布政使。 水災治賑，親勘災湖州，諏訪土人，知湖高於田，漊港宣洩不暢，規建堤防，修築垸岸，以保田疇。 十二年，遷江西布政使，調江蘇，護理巡撫。
Chen Luan, whose courtesy name was Zhimei, came from Jiangxia in Hubei. A jinshi who ranked among the top three graduates of his year, he was appointed a Hanlin compiler. In the fifth year of Daoguang he was appointed prefect of Songjiang in Jiangsu. When sea transport was first introduced, Luan was stationed at Shanghai and contributed greatly to the effort. While serving as acting governor of Jiangning, floods struck the lower-river counties and displaced people turned to looting; he put preventive measures in place ahead of time. He established relief stations outside the cities, arguing that refugees should be dispersed rather than concentrated; each county was assigned quotas for shelter and support—two thousand in large counties, one thousand in small ones—and after relief the refugees were given travel funds and sent home; the operation ended without disorder. He was transferred to Suzhou and went on to hold the posts of Suzhou-Songjiang-Tai Circuit intendant, Jiangxi grain intendant, Suzhou-Songjiang grain intendant, Guangdong salt controller, and Zhejiang provincial judge, and also served as acting provincial treasurer. While managing flood relief he personally inspected the damage in Huzhou, consulted local residents, learned that the lake stood higher than the surrounding fields and that drainage channels were blocked, and planned dikes and polder embankments to protect the farmland. In the twelfth year he was transferred to Jiangxi as provincial treasurer, then to Jiangsu, where he served as acting governor.
25
鑾自為諸生時，兩江總督百齡闢佐幕，歷官江蘇最久，周知利病。 會陶澍、林則徐先後為督撫，百廢俱舉，凡治漕，治運，濬吳淞江、劉河、白茆河，修寶山、華亭海塘，鑾並在事，澍、則徐皆倚如左右手。 十六年，擢江西巡撫。 明年，復調江蘇。 十九年，陶澍以病解職，代署兩江總督。 方嚴煙禁，籌海防，甚被倚畀。 疏言：「自嘉慶以來，鄉曲細民多受邪教誘脅，為風俗人心之害，由於正教不明。 請敕儒臣闡明聖諭廣訓，黜異端之旨，撰為韻言，布之鄉塾，俾士民童年誦習，以收潛移默化之效。」 特詔允之。 是年冬，卒於官，贈太子少保，依尚書例優恤。 賜其子慶涵舉人，慶滋，光緒中官至江西按察使。
From his days as a licentiate, Governor-General Bai Ling had recruited Luan to his staff; having served longest in Jiangsu, he knew the province's strengths and weaknesses inside out. When Tao Shu and Lin Zexu served successively as governor-general and governor, long-neglected projects were taken up across the board—grain transport, shipping, dredging the Wusong, Liu, and Baimao rivers, repairing the sea walls at Baoshan and Huating—and Luan was involved in all of them; both Tao and Lin relied on him as indispensable aides. In the sixteenth year he was elevated to the governorship of Jiangxi. The following year he was transferred back to Jiangsu. In the nineteenth year, when Tao Shu resigned on grounds of illness, Luan served as acting Governor-General of Liangjiang. At the time he was rigorously enforcing the opium ban and planning coastal defenses, and the court placed great trust in him. He memorialized: "Since the Jiaqing reign, many common people in the countryside have been lured into heterodox sects, corrupting local morals—a problem rooted in the failure of orthodox teaching to reach them. I ask that Confucian officials be instructed to expound the Sacred Edict and its Amplified Instructions, repudiate heterodox doctrines, render them in rhymed verse, distribute them to village schools, and have children of gentry and commoners memorize them from an early age, so that moral reform may take hold by degrees. An imperial edict specially approved the proposal. He died in office that winter and was posthumously granted the title Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, with posthumous honors on the scale accorded a minister. His son Qinghan was granted the juren degree; another son, Qingzi, later rose to provincial judge of Jiangxi during the Guangxu reign.
26
=吳其濬=吳其濬，字瀹齋，河南固始人。 父烜，兄其彥，並由翰林官至侍郎，屢司文柄。 其濬初以舉人納貲為內閣中書。 ，成一甲一名進士，授修撰。 二十四年，典試廣東，其彥亦督順天學政，詞林稱盛事。 道光初，直南書房，督湖北學政，歷洗馬、鴻臚寺卿、通政司副使，超遷內閣學士。 十八年，擢兵部侍郎，督江西學政，調戶部。 二十年，偕侍郎麟魁赴湖北按事，總督週天爵嫉惡嚴，用候補知縣楚鏞充督署讞員，制非刑逼供，囚多死，為言官論劾，大冶知縣孔廣義列狀訐之，訊鞫皆實，復得楚鏞榷鹽稅貪酷，及天爵子光岳援引外委韓雲邦為巡捕事，天爵論褫職戍伊犁，革光岳舉人，鏞荷校，期滿發烏魯木齊充苦役，巡撫伍長華以下降黜有差。 命其濬署湖廣總督，尋授湖南巡撫。
Wu Qijun, whose courtesy name was Yuezhai, came from Gushi in Henan. His father Xuan and his elder brother Qiyan both rose from the Hanlin Academy to vice minister and repeatedly presided over the civil examinations. Qijun first entered government as a Grand Secretariat secretary, having purchased the post with his juren degree. He later passed the jinshi examination as zhuangyuan, the top graduate of his year, and was appointed a Hanlin compiler. In the twenty-fourth year he served as chief examiner in Guangdong while his brother Qiyan served as educational commissioner of Shuntian; the Hanlin Academy hailed the coincidence as a notable family honor. Early in the Daoguang reign he served in the Southern Library and supervised educational affairs in Hubei; he went on to hold the posts of palace aide, Minister of the Court of State Ceremonial, and vice commissioner of the Office of Transmission before being promoted out of turn to Grand Secretariat Academician. In the eighteenth year he was promoted to Vice Minister of War, served as educational commissioner of Jiangxi, and was transferred to the Ministry of Revenue. In the twentieth year he went with Vice Minister Lin Kui to Hubei to investigate official misconduct. Governor Zhou Tianjue was notoriously harsh; he appointed the expectant magistrate Chu Yong as a judicial officer in his yamen, used illegal torture to extract confessions, and many prisoners died in custody. Censors impeached him, and Daye Magistrate Kong Guangyi submitted a detailed accusation. The investigation confirmed every charge: Chu Yong had been greedy and brutal in collecting salt taxes, and Tianjue's son Guangyue had improperly appointed the outside deputy Han Yunbang as a patrol officer. Tianjue was stripped of office and exiled to Yili; Guangyue lost his juren degree; Chu Yong was placed in the cangue and, after his term, sent to Urumqi for hard labor; and Governor Wu Changhua and other officials were demoted to varying degrees. Qijun was appointed acting Governor-General of Huguang and soon afterward was confirmed as governor of Hunan.
27
二十二年，崇陽逆匪鍾人傑作亂，進窺巴陵，其濬偕署提督台湧赴岳州防剿，檄鎮筸兵分佈臨湘、平江諸隘，其濬移駐湘陰，賊襲平江，擊卻之。 及人傑就擒，餘黨竄湖南者以次捕誅，被優敘。 部議裁冗兵，其濬疏言：「湖南地逼苗疆，人情易擾。 裁者無多，徒生驕卒之疑，而啟苗、瑤之伺。」 總督裕泰尋定議苗疆近地並仍舊額。 二十三年，調浙江，未行，武岡匪徒聚眾阻米出境，戕知州，捕治如律。 奏請於洪崖洞設巡卡，編保甲，以靖禍萌。 尋調雲南巡撫，署雲貴總督。 二十五年，調福建，又調山西，兼管鹽政。 奏裁公費一萬兩，嚴捕煙販，時稱其清勤。 二十六年，乞病歸。 尋卒，贈太子太保，照例賜卹。 尋復以其濬在山西裁革鹽規，潔己奉公。 特加恩子孫以彰清節：子元禧主簿，崇恩知縣，榮禧通判，皆即選； 又賜其子承恩、洪恩及孫樽讓舉人。
In the twenty-second year the rebel Zhong Renjie of Chongyang rose in revolt and advanced toward Baling. Qijun joined Acting Provincial Commander Tai Yong at Yuezhou to organize the defense, dispatched Zhen'gan troops to garrison the passes at Linxiang and Pingjiang, and moved his headquarters to Xiangyin; when the rebels struck Pingjiang, he drove them back. After Renjie was captured, the remaining rebels who had fled into Hunan were hunted down and executed in turn, and Qijun received special commendation for his service. When the ministry proposed cutting redundant troops, Qijun memorialized: "Hunan borders the Miao frontier, and local conditions are easily unsettled. The proposed cuts are modest, yet they would only breed resentment among the troops and invite the Miao and Yao to test our defenses. Governor-General Yutai soon ruled that garrisons near the Miao frontier should retain their existing troop quotas. In the twenty-third year he was transferred to Zhejiang; before he could depart, bandits at Wugang rallied a mob to block grain exports, murdered the prefect, and were captured and punished under the law. He memorialized for patrol posts at Hongyadong and the organization of the baojia system to suppress unrest before it could spread. He was soon transferred to Yunnan as governor and also served as acting Governor-General of Yunnan-Guizhou. In the twenty-fifth year he was transferred to Fujian and then to Shanxi, where he also took charge of salt administration. He memorialized to cut ten thousand taels from official expenses, cracked down on opium traffickers, and was widely praised for his integrity and diligence. In the twenty-sixth year he retired on grounds of illness. He died soon afterward and was posthumously granted the title Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent, with the usual posthumous honors. The court soon added that Qijun had abolished illicit salt fees in Shanxi and had served with scrupulous integrity. Special honors were granted to his descendants to commemorate his integrity: his sons Yuanxi, Chong'en, and Rongxi were granted immediate appointment as registrar, magistrate, and subprefect respectively; The juren degree was also conferred on his sons Chengen and Hong'en and on his grandson Zunrang.
28
=張澧中=張澧中，字蘭沚，陝西潼關人。 進士，授刑部主事，充提牢廳，累遷郎中。 執法明允，數從大臣讞獄黑龍江、奉天、江南、山東。 道光十二年，出為直隸大順廣道。 奸民倡無生教惑眾，澧中率兵役探其巢穴，得圖卷及名冊，悉焚之，歸正者概不株連。 署按察使，遷福建按察使。 署布政使，授直隸布政使，未之任，調山西，署巡撫。 二十年，擢雲南巡撫，於刑獄尤矜慎。 二十三年，召署刑部侍郎，尋實授。
Zhang Lizhong, whose courtesy name was Lanzhu, came from Tongguan in Shaanxi. A jinshi graduate, he was appointed a secretary in the Ministry of Punishments, served in the Prison Office, and rose through successive promotions to director. Known for clear and fair enforcement of the law, he repeatedly accompanied senior officials in reviewing criminal cases in Heilongjiang, Fengtian, Jiangnan, and Shandong. In the twelfth year of Daoguang he was appointed intendant of the Da-Shun-Guang Circuit in Zhili. When local agitators spread the Wusheng Sect among the people, Lizhong led troops and clerks to raid their hideout, seized maps, scrolls, and membership registers, burned them all, and declined to implicate those who renounced the sect. He served as acting provincial judge and was then transferred to the same post in Fujian. He served as acting provincial treasurer, was appointed provincial treasurer of Zhili but never took up the post, was transferred to Shanxi, and served as acting governor. In the twentieth year he was promoted to governor of Yunnan, where he was especially cautious in handling criminal cases. In the twenty-third year he was recalled to serve as acting Vice Minister of Punishments and was formally appointed soon afterward.
29
二十七年，河南洊飢，頒庫帑百萬，命澧中偕尚書文慶治賑務。 至，即飭查造丁口，按冊抽查戶口； 調取籓庫戥抽查賑銀； 令州縣按旬具報錢價，以備考覈； 劾冒賑之考城令及造報舛錯各員。
In the twenty-seventh year, when Henan was stricken by repeated famine, the court allocated one million taels from the treasury and ordered Lizhong to manage relief operations together with Minister Wen Qing. On arrival he immediately ordered population registers compiled and spot-checked household rolls against them; he had provincial treasury scales brought out to spot-check the weight of relief silver; he required prefectures and counties to report grain prices every ten days for verification; and he impeached the magistrate of Kaocheng for fraudulent relief distribution and several officials for filing erroneous reports.
30
尋授山東巡撫。 清查交代，定追賠章程，考察鎮道等官失察盜案多寡，分別劾議。 嚴責捕盜，先後獲匪盜七百餘名，治如律。 疏言：「山東地廣民稠，一遇歉歲，曹州之捻匪，沂州之掖匪、幅匪，武定、臨清屬之梟匪，聚眾每至百餘人，隨地裹脅，蔓延不已。 群匪多起於曹、沂，而兗、濟受害為尤甚。 地方官展轉稽延，不能即正典刑，匪徒遂無顧忌。 惟官不以盜為事，民始敢與盜通聲氣。 殲厥渠魁，脅從自散。 即牧令中亦非無長於緝捕勇敢任事之員，惟大法則小廉，人存則政舉。 兇匪之橫行，咎在牧令； 牧令之不職，責在上司。」 詔嘉勉之。 尋卒，依侍郎例賜卹。
He was soon appointed governor of Shandong. He audited official handovers of accounts, established rules for recovery and compensation, evaluated circuit and prefectural officials according to how many bandit cases had escaped their notice, and impeached them accordingly. He pressed hard for the capture of bandits; in all, more than seven hundred robbers and thieves were apprehended and punished under the law. He memorialized: "Shandong is broad in territory and dense in population. Whenever a lean year comes, the Nian bandits of Caozhou, the Ye and Fu bandits of Yizhou, and the Xiao bandits under Wuding and Linqing gather in bands often of more than a hundred men, coercing people wherever they go and spreading without cease. Most bandit groups arise in Cao and Yi, but Yan and Ji suffer the worst. Local officials pass cases back and forth and delay, unable to apply statutory punishments promptly, so the bandits lose all restraint. Only when officials do not treat banditry as their business do the people dare to communicate with bandits. Eliminate the ringleaders and those coerced will disperse on their own. Even among magistrates there are men skilled at arrest and bold in duty. Only when great law is joined with small integrity and the right man is in place is government carried out. The rampage of violent bandits is the fault of magistrates; the malfeasance of magistrates is the responsibility of their superiors." The court issued an edict commending and encouraging him. Before long he died; posthumous honors were granted according to the precedent for vice ministers.
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=張日晸=張日晸，貴州貴築人。 嘉慶二十二年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。 道光九年，出為四川敘州知府，調成都。 日晸勤於吏職，刻樹桑百益書以勸民蠶，創「勵節堂」以贍節婦貞女之無依者。 政暇，招諸生於署，講析經義、語錄。 郡屬馬邊、屏山等廳縣，毗連倮夷，令附近居民建修碉堡，編聯保甲，民賴以安。 擢建昌道。 十九年，越巂、瓘邊夷匪滋事，偕總兵包相卿督兵平之。 招复逃亡，編集練勇，修築碉堡，於要隘建城，以資保障。 遷浙江鹽運使，再遷湖北按察使，調四川。 治獄平恕，不以平反矜能，遇有疑竇，飭另緝改辦，告戒屬吏以哀矜為重。 遷河南布政使。 河決中牟，值祥符工甫竣，兩次災區二十五州縣，附省災尤重。 每馳詣賑所監視，於郊外隙地捐俸構屋，安戢災黎，遂成村聚。 二十六年，擢雲南巡撫，未之任，丁母憂。 服闋，仍授雲南巡撫。 勤於察吏，免銅廠民欠工本銀六千餘兩。 在任一年卒，祀四川、雲南名宦祠及鄉賢祠。
Zhang Rizheng came from Guizhu in Guizhou. He passed the metropolitan examinations in Jiaqing 22, was selected as a Hanlin bachelor, and appointed compiler. In Daoguang 9 he was appointed prefect of Xuzhou in Sichuan and transferred to Chengdu. Rizheng was diligent in office, had the Baoyi mulberry text carved to encourage sericulture, and founded the Hall for Encouraging Integrity to support chaste widows and virtuous women without support. In his spare time from government he gathered students at his yamen to lecture on classical texts and recorded sayings. Subprefectures and counties such as Mabian and Pingshan border Lolo tribes. He ordered nearby residents to build and repair blockhouses and organize mutual-security groups, and the people relied on this for security. He was made intendant of the Jianchang Circuit. In the nineteenth year Yi bandits stirred trouble on the Yuexi and Qian frontiers. Together with Brigadier Bao Xiangqing he supervised troops to suppress them. He recalled fugitives, organized trained militia, repaired blockhouses, and built walled posts at strategic passes to provide security. He was transferred to salt transport commissioner of Zhejiang, then to provincial judge of Hubei, and then to Sichuan. In handling cases he was fair and lenient and did not boast of reversals. When doubts arose he ordered separate investigation and revision, admonishing subordinates to value compassionate caution. He was transferred to provincial treasurer of Henan. The river burst its banks at Zhongmou just as the Xiangfu works had been completed. Twenty-five prefectures and counties were stricken in two rounds of disaster, and those near the provincial capital suffered most severely. He often rode to relief stations to supervise, donated his salary to build houses on open ground outside the city to settle disaster victims, and villages gradually formed. In the twenty-sixth year he was promoted to governor of Yunnan but had not yet taken up the post when he entered mourning for his mother. When mourning ended he was again appointed governor of Yunnan. Diligent in inspecting officials, he remitted more than six thousand taels of capital silver owed by the people at the copper works. After one year in office he died and was enshrined in the shrines of eminent officials of Sichuan and Yunnan and in the local worthies' temple.
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=【論】=論曰：宣宗以恭儉為治，一時疆臣多清勤之選。 帥承瀛等或由卿寺受知，或以守令拔擢，雖間有旋倔旋起、晚置閒散者，其猷為要並可觀焉。 硃桂楨實心實政，治績稱最，獨膺易名之典，蓋非幸云。
Commentary: Emperor Xuanzong governed through respect and frugality, and most frontier officials of the day were men of integrity and diligence. Shuai Cheng Ying and others were noticed from ministry posts or promoted from magistrates. Although some were briefly stubborn, briefly restored, or late in life set aside in idle posts, their main achievements are all worth noting. Zhu Guizhen pursued sincere heart and sincere government. His administrative record was called the foremost, and he alone received the honor of a posthumous title change—this was surely no accident.