1
列傳二百十六
Biographies 216
3
4
Jiang Zhongyi, styled Weigen, came from Xinning in Hunan and was a younger cousin of Jiang Zhongyuan. In 1852, when Zhongyuan led Hunan volunteers to the relief of Changsha, the eighteen-year-old Zhongyi took the field with him and campaigned through Hubei and Jiangxi. After Zhongyuan fell at Luzhou, he took over part of the army. In 1855 he served under Provincial Military Commander He Chun in the recovery of Luzhou and was promoted to district magistrate. In 1857, when Liu Changyou's relief of Jiangxi stalled at Linjiang, Zhongyi was at home; Governor Luo Bingzhang summoned him with a thousand fresh recruits, and he routed Shi Dakai at Pingxu. When Linjiang fell, he was made prefect and given the peacock feather. In 1858 he captured Chongren, pressed the attack on Xincheng, won five battles in a row, and received the rank of circuit intendant. When Jiangxi was cleared, he marched home in triumph.
5
In 1859, when Shi Dakai struck Yongzhou, Zhongyi hurried to its defense, beat him in a series of engagements, and was promoted to circuit intendant. He routed the rebels again at Mohe Ridge in Xinning and sealed off Wugang. When rebels besieged Baoqing, he marched to its relief; allied forces fought them off in a series of battles, and he was given the title E'erdemu Baturu. In 1860 he was posted to Suijing, but returned home when his mother fell ill. The rebels then overran Suining and Chengbu and laid siege to Wugang. At the alarm Zhongyi left a detachment in Xinning and led the rest to Wugang, where he broke the enemy. The Xinning rebels fled into Dong'an; he seized the place in a single battle and was given the rank of provincial judicial commissioner. He defeated them again at Siguang Bridge in Ningyuan. In the spring of 1861 he won successive victories at Baimang Camp in Quanzhou and Liyuan Fort in Yizhang, withdrew to Xinning, and sent Brigadier Jiang Zhongchao to hold Quanzhou, where the rebel officer Yu Chengyi killed his leader and submitted. He received the second-rank cap and was specially appointed acting governor of Guizhou. When Shi Dakai again swept from Guangdong into Hunan at the head of a force said to number a hundred thousand, Zhongyi met him at Huitong with three thousand men and shattered his army. He drove off rebel allies from Laifeng in Hubei who had been raiding the countryside, then captured Laifeng itself. Dakai withdrew into Sichuan. In the twelfth month he went into mourning for his mother and asked to complete the full period of filial leave; the court allowed him to keep his acting post vacant while he continued to fight rebels in Hunan.
6
同治元年，移師援黔，克天柱，改授貴州提督。 調援廣西，克修仁，殪賊渠張高友。 皖南賊熾，曾國籓疏調援皖，廣西巡撫劉長佑請留不遣，命署廣西提督。 二年，江西、廣東皆調援，先後報可，忠義以廣東兵有餘糧，他將足辦賊； 江西餉絀兵單，賊數十萬，萬一不支，東南全局瓦解，乃奏請力援江西。 檄道員席寶田率前部先發，會剿陶家渡，自將攻湖口，逼賊營，屢出奇兵抄擊，斷文橋，攻太平關，賊酋黃文金受重創遁去，賜黃馬褂。 進援青陽，分三路進戰，破賊壘，圍解，太平、石埭、寧國諸城賊第出降，詔嘉獎，予優敘。 會疾作，返就醫南昌，未至，卒於吳城，年甫三十。 優詔悼惜，依總督例賜卹，贈尚書銜，諡誠恪，立功地建專祠。 光緒十一年，加贈太子少保。
In 1862 he marched into Guizhou, captured Tianzhu, and was appointed provincial military commander of Guizhou. Transferred to Guangxi, he took Xiuren and killed the rebel chieftain Zhang Gaoyou. When rebels flared in southern Anhui, Zeng Guofan asked for him; Liu Changyou, governor of Guangxi, pleaded to keep him, and he was ordered to serve as acting provincial military commander of Guangxi. In 1863 both Jiangxi and Guangdong sought his help, and each request was approved in turn; Zhongyi argued that Guangdong had ample supplies and other commanders enough to deal with the rebels there; whereas Jiangxi was short of pay and men while facing rebels said to number in the hundreds of thousands—if it gave way, the whole southeast would unravel—and he therefore asked leave to throw his full weight into Jiangxi. He sent Circuit Intendant Xi Baotian ahead with the vanguard to join the action at Taojia Ford, then led the main body against Hukou, harrying the rebel camps with repeated flanking strikes, severing Wen Bridge and storming Taiping Pass until the rebel chief Huang Wenjin was badly wounded and fled; for this he received the yellow riding jacket. Moving to relieve Qingyang, he attacked in three columns, stormed the rebel forts, and raised the siege; rebels in Taiping, Shidi, Ningguo, and neighboring towns surrendered in succession, and the court commended him with preferential honors. He fell ill on the march; bound for medical care at Nanchang, he died at Wucheng before he arrived, aged only thirty. The throne mourned his loss, granted condolence on the scale reserved for governors-general, posthumously gave him ministerial rank and the posthumous name Chenke, and ordered a shrine built where he had won his fame. In 1885 he was further posthumously made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent.
7
His younger cousin Zhongpo held the rank of provincial military commander on the register. In 1869, campaigning against the Miao in Guizhou, he captured Zhenyuan and Fuwei but was killed by artillery; he was posthumously named Wumin.
8
Zhou Kuanshi, styled Houzhai, came from Xiangxiang in Hunan. Early in the Xianfeng reign he joined the Hunan Army and served under Li Xubin. He distinguished himself at Chenglingji, Huayuan, and Banbishan and was promoted to company commander. On the Jiangxi campaign he fought at Wushi Mountain during the assault on Guangxin; Kuanshi led the left wing in the charge, was first into the field, recovered the city, and was made garrison commander. He routed the rebels at Yining and was promoted to battalion commander. On the march to relieve Wuhan he fought at Tongcheng, where Kuanshi charged down three mounted rebels and took seven prisoners, earning appointment as acting regimental commander. During the assault on Wuchang, in 1856 Li Xubin went out one night to scout Shuangfeng Mountain and was drawn into a sudden fight; Kuanshi slipped around the mountain's base and hit the rebels in the flank, sending them fleeing; at Eagle Beak he was wounded by gunfire and went home on leave. His accumulated merit won him promotion to brigadier and the peacock feather.
9
When Luo Zinan died in the field, Xubin succeeded to command and recalled Kuanshi to camp. He beat the rebels in turn at Shuangfeng Mountain, Lujia Harbor, and Little Tortoise Hill, captured Wuchang, recovered Daye and Xingguo, and was made deputy commander. In 1857, during the siege of Jiujiang, he routed rebel reinforcements at Tongsi Pai, destroyed their forts, and received the title Yiyong Baturu. He stormed the rebel camp at Xiaochikou, helped take Hukou, and recovered Pengze. When rebels from Linjiang struck Xingguo, Kuanshi with sixteen hundred men beat them back. In 1858 he returned to Hubei and fought at Doupo Mountain southwest of Macheng. The rebels laid an ambush and sent cavalry to draw him on; Kuanshi held his men until they were close, then charged, broke the ambush, took Huang'an, and Macheng fell as well. When the main army captured Jiujiang, his merit earned him a place on the register as regional commander (zongbing).
10
He followed Li Xubin into Anhui, fighting at Fengxiangpu and Xiaochi Post, capturing Taihu and Qianshan, and raiding Shucheng, with Kuanshi leading the van throughout. In the tenth month, during the assault on Sanhe, Xubin was killed; Kuanshi rallied the survivors, held out two days until their ammunition was gone, then broke out by night at the head of his personal guard and was badly wounded. That winter he was appointed commander of the Yongzhou garrison in Hunan. In 1859, when Shi Dakai invaded Hunan, Governor Luo Bingzhang ordered Kuanshi to raise two thousand fresh troops for the relief of Qiyang. He routed them at Changqing Bridge and again at Changye Ridge. Marching to relieve Baoqing, he encamped east of the city and won successive victories at Changchongkou and Wulipai. When Li Xuyi's relief column arrived, the allied forces struck from inside and outside the lines, and the rebels broke the siege and withdrew. He returned to Yongzhou, suppressed the local bandits, and pacified the region. In 1861 he was made provincial military commander of Hunan.
11
同治元年，赴安徽助剿，駐守桐城。 二年，捻匪馬融和犯桐城，擊走之，移防六安。 皖北漸定，調守安慶。 三年，赴援江西，克東鄉。 四年，破霆軍叛勇，追賊入廣東，會諸軍殲賊於嘉應。 五年，回湖南提督任。 傷發，乞休。 光緒十三年，卒。
In 1862 he went to Anhui to join the campaign and garrisoned Tongcheng. In 1863, when the Nian leader Ma Ronghe struck Tongcheng, he beat them back and moved his garrison to Lu'an. As northern Anhui quieted, he was transferred to guard Anqing. In 1864 he marched to Jiangxi's aid and captured Dongxiang. In 1865 he crushed mutineers from the Ting Army, pursued the rebels into Guangdong, and with the allied forces destroyed them at Jiaying. In 1866 he resumed his post as provincial military commander of Hunan. When his old wounds reopened, he asked to retire. He died in 1887.
12
Shi Qingji, styled Xiangrui, came from Shahe in Zhili. A military jinshi of 1841, he served as a third-rank imperial bodyguard. Early in Xianfeng he was posted as garrison commander at Yunyang in Hubei, campaigned at Huangpi, Chongyang, and Yingcheng, and rose step by step to brigadier. He won credit in the capture of Anlu and Jingshan, earned a reputation for valor, and commanded a force known as the Flying Tiger Army. He was soon attached to General Duxing'a's command and campaigned repeatedly under Duolong'a. In 1857 he relieved Qizhou, captured Taihu, and joined the attack on Anqing. In 1858, falling back from Anqing to Susong, he fought a major battle and routed the rebels. In 1859 he attacked Taihu. In 1860 he fought a major battle at Xiaochi, captured Taihu, and ranked first in merit throughout. In 1861, after Anqing fell, he joined the allied forces in the capture of Tongcheng.
13
In 1862, during the siege of Luzhou, Qingji encamped northwest of the city, stormed the rebel forts, and killed or captured several thousand. He pushed forward, tore down the palisades, and raised scaling ladders while the defenders fought to the last; then Chen Yucheng's army was routed and fled, and Qingji entered through the west gate and took Luzhou. For repeated victories Qingji received the title Ganyong Baturu, was promoted to regional commander (zongbing), and was given the rank of provincial military commander (tidu). When Duolong'a marched to Shaanxi, Qingji was left with five thousand men to hold Luzhou. In 1863, when Miao Peilin rebelled again and bandits swarmed through Lu, Shou, and Kai, Qingji stamped them out. When Guangdong and Nian rebels together raided the Henan-Hubei border, Qingji marched to Hubei's aid, encamped at Xiaogan and Huanggang, and rescued nearly ten thousand civilians.
14
In the ninth month of 1864 the bandit leaders Chen Decai and Ma Ronghe jointly attacked Qishui and besieged Vice Commander Fusenbao at Guankou. Qingji hurried to the rescue; a thick fog descended, and tens of thousands of rebel horse and foot closed in around him. At Yaoshan the rebels crossed the river behind him, wrapped him in ring after ring of encirclement, and cut his four camps in half. From morning until noon he fought hand to hand, took nine wounds, and fell on the field. Deputy commanders Jiang Xingnan and Gu Mingfa and regimental commanders Zeng Zhanbiao and Duan Huiyuan fell with him. The throne granted him the honors due a provincial commander killed in battle, enshrined him in the Capital Shrine of Loyalty, gave his family a hereditary Commandant of Cavalry, posthumously named him Weiyi, and ordered a shrine built in his memory.
15
餘際昌，湖北穀城人。 咸豐初入伍，剿匪積功至守備，署撫標右營游擊，為巡撫胡林翼所識拔。 七年，從戰黃梅、廣濟。 八年，陳玉成自太湖竄蘄州，際昌奉檄防皖、楚之交，敗賊南陽河，毀賊壘三十餘，擒賊目。 賊走英山，追躡之，復其城，擢游擊。 又破賊彌陀寺，晉參將。 李續賓軍覆三河，潛山、太湖复陷，際昌屯英山，遏潛、太之衝。 九年，進拔天堂。 賊大舉來爭，際昌敗諸王婆坳，追至雞冠嶺而還。 再敗賊槎水畈，斬馘千餘。 時大軍圍太湖急，陳玉成糾黨十餘萬相持小池驛。 十年正月，際昌偕金國琛由間道出高橫嶺，與諸軍夾擊，大破之，遂復太湖，乘勝會攻克潛山，擢副將，署湖北督標中軍副將。 陳玉成自六安回援安慶，霍山复陷。 際昌偕總兵成大吉擊破之，复霍山，加總兵銜。 十一年，陳玉成入霍山，自黑石渡撲樂兒嶺。 際昌軍潰，賊上竄黃州，革職留營。 尋從克黃州，率新募昌勝五營援河南。
Yu Jichang came from Gucheng in Hubei. He enlisted early in Xianfeng, rose through bandit suppression to garrison commander, served as acting regimental commander of the governor's right battalion, and won the patronage of Governor Hu Linyi. In 1857 he fought at Huangmei and Guangji. In 1858, when Chen Yucheng broke out of Taihu toward Qizhou, Jichang was ordered to hold the Anhui-Hubei border; he routed the rebels at Nanyang River, destroyed more than thirty forts, and took a rebel officer prisoner. He pursued them to Yingshan, recovered the city, and was promoted to regimental commander. He defeated them again at Mituo Temple and was advanced to brigadier. After Li Xubin's army was destroyed at Sanhe and Qianshan and Taihu fell again, Jichang held Yingshan and blocked the corridor between Qianshan and Taihu. In 1859 he advanced and captured Tiantang. The rebels came up in force to retake the ground; Jichang routed them at Wangpo'ao, pursued them to Jiguan Ridge, and withdrew. He defeated them again at Chashui Fan, killing more than a thousand. While the main Qing force pressed the siege of Taihu, Chen Yucheng rallied more than a hundred thousand men and held them at bay at Xiaochi Post. In the first month of 1860, Jichang and Jin Guochen stole over Mount Gaohheng by a hidden route, struck the rebels with converging forces, and won a crushing victory; Taihu was recovered, Qianshan fell in the same advance, and Jichang was made deputy commander and acting deputy commander of the Hubei governor's central battalion. Chen Yucheng turned back from Lu'an to relieve Anqing, and Huoshan was lost again. Jichang and regional commander Cheng Daji routed him, retook Huoshan, and Jichang received the rank of regional commander (zongbing). In 1861, Chen Yucheng entered Huoshan and, crossing at Heishi Ford, drove at Le'er Ridge. Jichang's force was broken, the rebels fled up into Huangzhou, and he was stripped of rank but kept on with the camp. He soon took part in the recovery of Huangzhou, then led five newly raised Changsheng battalions to aid Henan.
16
In 1862 he encamped at Chenliu. When Nian bandits massed at Qixian, Jichang rode out, smashed them, and took the Jiao and Zhao stockades; his former rank was restored and he received the title Weiyong Baturu. In the tenth month he fought the Nian at Runing, stormed Pingyu Stockade, took the rebel chief Chen Wen alive, and was entered on the rolls as regional commander (zongbing). Sengge Rinchen commended his courage, made him a wing commander, and sent him against the Guo River bandits, where he cut down the ringleader Yang Xingtai and others. In the spring of 1863 he pursued and defeated Chen Daxi at Wulaozhuang in Fuyang. When the Nian chief Zhang Zongyu slipped into Houji, Jichang and Zhang Yao raided the camp by night, seized his lieutenants Dujiaohu and Zhou Ma, and Jichang was made provincial commander of the Hebei garrison. That summer he chased rebels across the Hubei-Henan border, routed them at Macheng, and followed them to Fangjia Stockade, where he walked into an ambush, fought on through more than thirty wounds, and fell. He was posthumously promoted to provincial commander, his family received a hereditary Commandant of Cavalry, and he was given the posthumous name Weiyi.
17
林文察，字子明，福建台灣人。 咸豐八年，從剿台灣淡水土匪，捐餉助軍，以游擊留福建補用。 十年，九壟山匪郭萬淙掠建寧、邵武間，汀州、龍嚴匪胡熊擾寧洋、永安。 文察隨軍進剿，擒其黨百餘人。 郭萬淙遁據邵武上山坊，文察合軍蹙之，降其眾，复破胡熊於東板土寨，擒之，擢參將，賜號固勇巴圖魯。 十一年，援浙，克江山，晉副將，晉號烏訥思齊巴圖魯。 汀州、連城相繼陷，文察回援，破賊金雞嶺，設伏，敗之江防，遂拔連城，乘勝克汀州，以總兵記名。 冬，杭州既陷，調援浙，文察領台勇二千人駐衢州。 同治元年，破處州賊屯，而遂昌陷，文察進軍逼之。 李世賢自江山來援，文察設伏大柘、大廟及石練山之前後，賊至，擊走之。 夜，賊來劫營，復為伏兵所敗，复遂昌，進克松陽。 會總兵秦如虎攻處州，賊棄城遁，並克縉雲，授福寧鎮總兵。 尋擢福建提督。
Lin Wencha, styled Ziming, came from Taiwan in Fujian. In 1858 he helped suppress Tamsui bandits in Taiwan, donated supplies to the army, and was kept in Fujian for appointment as regimental commander. In 1860 the Jiulong Mountain bandit Guo Wancong raided between Jianning and Shaowu, and the Tingzhou and Longyan bandit Hu Xiong troubled Ningyang and Yong'an. Wencha marched with the punitive force and took more than a hundred of their followers prisoner. Guo Wancong fled to Shangshanfang in Shaowu; Wencha closed in with united forces and accepted the mass surrender, then broke Hu Xiong at Dongban Tuzhai and took him alive; Wencha was made brigadier and given the title Guyong Baturu. In 1861 he went to aid Zhejiang, captured Jiangshan, was promoted to deputy commander, and received the advanced title Uneesiqi Baturu. When Tingzhou and Liancheng fell in turn, Wencha hurried back, routed the rebels at Jinji Ridge, ambushed them along the river line, retook Liancheng, and pressed on to capture Tingzhou; he was entered on the rolls as regional commander (zongbing). That winter, after Hangzhou fell, he was sent again to Zhejiang with two thousand Taiwan braves and stationed at Quzhou. In 1862 he smashed the rebel camps at Chuzhou, but Suichang then fell, and Wencha marched in to press the enemy. Li Shixian marched from Jiangshan to relieve them, but Wencha had laid ambushes around Dazhe, Damiao, and Mount Shilian and drove the rebels back when they arrived. That night the rebels tried to storm the camp and were beaten again by the ambush force; Wencha retook Suichang and went on to capture Songyang. When regional commander Qin Ruhu attacked Chuzhou the rebels abandoned the city; Jinyun fell as well, and Wencha was appointed commander of the Funing garrison (zongbing). He was soon promoted to provincial commander of Fujian.
18
In 1863, when Taiwan was in turmoil, Governor-General Zuo Zongtang ordered him to cross the strait, rally his old troops, and take command of the field armies. Wencha split his force, attacked Changhua and Douliu, and took both. He induced many villages to submit, while the rebel chiefs Dai Wansheng and Lin Gansheng fled. In 1864 he stormed the rebel village at Qiaoxikou, killed its chief Lin Chuan, destroyed the nests at Zhangcuo Village and Sikuaicuo, and Dai Wansheng and Lin Gansheng were both put to death.
19
When Guangdong rebels Li Shixian and Wang Haiyang together seized Zhangzhou, Wencha hurried back across the strait with only two hundred men, met the enemy at Wansong Pass, and fell in battle; he was posthumously made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, his family received a hereditary Commandant of Cavalry, and he was given the posthumous name Gangmin. Shrines were erected in his native district and at Zhangzhou.
20
子朝棟，光緒中，法兵犯台灣，陷基隆，朝棟率家兵助戰有功，捐鉅貲，賜四品京堂，有聲於時。
His son Chaodong, during the Guangxu reign when French forces invaded Taiwan and took Keelung, led family troops into the fight with distinction, gave a large donation, received the rank of Fourth Rank Capital Official, and won a wide reputation.
21
Zhao Deguang, whose original surname was Zhang, came from Langdai in Guizhou. He campaigned through Yunnan under deputy commander Zhao Dechang, was raised by Dechang's younger brother, and therefore bore the Zhao surname in name only. He was selected for company command and later promoted to battalion commander. In 1860 he took command of his own force, fought at Dushan, repeatedly routed the rebels, and was made regimental commander. In 1861, when rebels probed the provincial capital, Deguang beat them back. He defeated them again at Yangchangping Stockade, laid an ambush at the foot of Mount Zhurong, and cut down rebels beyond counting; he was made brigadier and given the title Haoyong Baturu. Teaching-cult rebels held Yuhua and Shangdaping, using Wangka as their cover. Deguang led his troops in storming the rebel camps at Yangyisi, Guojiazhuang, and Malongkou, severed their relief lines, then broke the passes at Yaoluoxi and Xinzhaiyan and closed on Wangka. Deguang was the first over the wall; the rebels collapsed, and he freed several thousand captive men and women before being promoted to deputy commander.
22
In 1863 the Baman bandit chief Pan Mingjie moved from Longli to probe the provincial capital. Deguang met them at Sanjiang Bridge and put them to flight. He pressed the attack on the rebel stronghold at Jiaxiu Pavilion, recovered old Longli district, was appointed deputy commander of the Duyun garrison, and was entered on the rolls as regional commander (zongbing). In 1864, when Shangdaping rebels assaulted the provincial capital, Deguang and Administration Commissioner Gong Zihong held the city until the enemy withdrew; he received provincial commander rank and served as acting commander of the Guzhou garrison. He soon relieved Qingzhen, captured Longli, Guangshun, Dingfan, and Changzhai, and was entered on the rolls as provincial commander. In 1865 the bandit chief He Erjiu held Kaizhou and Shangdaping and kept the neighboring prefectures in turmoil year after year. Deguang picked elite troops and crossed the Qingshui River to hunt them down. The rebels rallied Miao and teaching-cult bandits along the river to block him, then slipped across and struck Kaizhou. Deguang held out for more than ten days, killed eight or nine hundred rebels, then pursued them and captured the river strongholds at Shizidian, Zhenjiangdian, and Sanlongying. He pushed on to storm the riverside rebel nest, killing more than two thousand; He Er abandoned Shangdaping and fled; Deguang was specially rewarded and appointed acting commander of the Anyi garrison.
23
In 1866 he served as acting provincial commander of Guizhou. He took Yongning and relieved the siege of Anshun. In 1867 he went to relieve Dingfan, used a thunderstorm to smash the rebels, killed the chiefs Xu Baishi and others, cleared the camps at Huashan, uprooted the nest at Diji, and received the advanced title Boqi Baturu. Soon afterward, while suppressing rebels at Anping Ludi Shao, he pushed deep into an ambush, was shot, and fell in battle. The throne granted him the honors due a provincial commander killed in battle, posthumously made him Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, gave his family a hereditary Commandant of Cavalry with an additional Commandant of the Cloud Cavalry, named him Gangjie, and ordered a shrine built in his memory. A posthumous son, Bingjun, was born; he inherited the hereditary office and restored the Zhang surname.
24
Zhang Wende came from Fenghuang Subprefecture in Hunan. Raised from childhood by the Wen family, he took the surname Wen and the name Longde. He entered military service and was assigned to the Zheng'gan garrison. Early in Xianfeng he campaigned at Jiangning and Luzhou and was recorded as platoon leader. In 1856, when Provincial Military Commander He Chun's assault on the rebel fort at Sanhe stalled, Wende volunteered to go in alone with a surrender proclamation; defectors came over one after another, and Sanhe fell. In 1857 he took part in the recovery of Zhenjiang and was promoted to battalion commander. In 1858 he went to aid Fujian, took Pucheng, Songxi, Zhenghe, and Chong'an, and received the peacock feather. In 1859 his service in aiding Zhejiang was recognized and he was promoted to regimental commander. In 1860 he served under Zhang Guoliang in relieving Zhenjiang; when rebel reinforcements returned, Wende held the water palisade for seven days and nights until they withdrew, and he was made deputy commander. Thereafter he defended Zhenjiang under General Badong'a and provincial commander Feng Zicai. In 1861 he was appointed deputy commander of the Luoding garrison in Guangdong.
25
In 1862 the rebels attacked Zhenjiang again and again, and each time he beat them back. Feng Zicai memorialized: "Wende has repeatedly broken the rebel assault, lifted one siege after another, and is plainly a man of exceptional ability." He was appointed provincial commander of the Zhenyuan garrison in Guizhou and given the title Yiyong Baturu. Raised as Wen Longde, he petitioned to restore the Zhang surname and take the name Wende because his biological father at seventy had no son while his adoptive Wen family already had two. In 1863 he routed the rebels at Mumakou and Xue Village, stormed the fort at Bolin Village, and received provincial commander rank. When rebels struck from the east, Wende met them at Haixi and Jianbi; a cannon ball tore open his belly, yet he wrapped the wound and kept fighting until reinforcements came and the enemy withdrew; He then defeated them at Boluo Village, attacked Danyang, destroyed their forts, and took several rebel officers prisoner. In 1864 he took Baichu Town and Baoyan, and rebel bands surrendered in large numbers. When Bao Chao besieged Danyang with the rebel chief Jiang Jian as an inside contact, the city fell; rebel chief Chen Shiyong was killed, Lai Guifang was captured, and Wende was entered on the rolls as provincial commander. After Jiangnan was pacified, he received first-rank enfeoffment honors and was ordered to take up his post at the Zhenyuan garrison.
26
In 1865 Governor-General Lao Chongguang ordered him to raise Hunan braves for operations toward Libo and Dushan. He left office to observe mourning for his father. In 1867 he served as acting provincial commander of Guizhou. In 1868 he took Kaizhou, stormed the stockade on Mount Dingzhao, recovered Longli and Guiding, killed the rebel chief Pan Mingjie, accepted the surrender of most of the rest, and received special honors from the court. He pressed the attack on Pingyue, captured Jin Dawu, took Maha and Duyun in succession, received the yellow riding jacket, and was given the advanced title Dasang'a Baturu. He took leave to bury his parent at home, and once Wende was gone the rebels flared up again. In 1869 he returned to Guizhou, but shortages broke his army and Duyun was lost again. The throne pardoned him, waived disciplinary action, and restored him as acting commander of the Guzhou garrison. In 1871 he was made regional commander (zongbing) of the Weining garrison and led the campaign against the Guzhou Miao. He split his forces along routes through Jiujia, Mount Wutai, Mount Biandan, Guzhou, and Danjiang; after more than a year the Miao chiefs were hunted down and executed. In 1874, when all Guizhou was pacified, he received a hereditary Commandant of the Cloud Cavalry. In 1875 he received the first-rank hat button, was promoted to provincial commander of Guizhou, and pacified the Dong bandits of Liping. In 1881 he died; the court granted condolence honors and ordered a shrine built for him at Guiyang.
27
The historian remarks: Jiang Zhongyuan's brothers all took up arms under him, and Zhongyi stood out for loyalty and courage; he was on the verge of high appointment when he died young, to the regret of his contemporaries. Zhou Kuanshi was a man Li Xubin trusted and he followed him in every campaign, but when he commanded on his own he never won any striking success. Shi Qingji, Yu Jichang, Chen Dafu, Lin Wencha, Zhao Deguang, and others all spent long years in the field and died in the service of the state. Zhang Wende aided Feng Zicai in the defense of Zhenjiang with the greatest distinction, helped pacify Guizhou, and had a large share in that accomplishment.