Volume 455 Biographies 242: Dong Fuxiang, Zhang Jun, Xia Xinyou, Jin Yunchang, Huang Wanpeng, Yu Huen, Gui Xizhen, Fang Yousheng

列傳二百四十二

Biographies 242

董福祥張俊夏辛酉金運昌黃萬鵬餘虎恩桂錫楨方友升

Dong Fuxiang, Zhang Jun, Xia Xinyou, Jin Yunchang, Huang Wanpeng, Yu Huen, Gui Xizhen, and Fang Yousheng

董福祥，字星五，甘肅固原人。同治初，回亂作，鳳、邠、汧、瀧寇氛殆遍。福祥亦起安化，與其州人張俊、李雙良蹂躪陝、甘十數州縣，竊據花馬池，犯綏德，窺榆林，潰勇、饑民附之，眾常十餘萬。嗣為劉松山所敗，其父世猷降，福祥亦率眾乞歸款。乃簡其精銳者，編為董字三營：福祥居中營，俊居左，雙良居右。從攻金積堡，福祥襲卡後，被創不少卻，破其禮拜寺。頓板橋，寇來爭，與蕭章開夾擊敗之，金積堡平，超授都司。十一年，從劉錦棠至碾伯，趨峽口，與陝回禹得彥、雀三大戰，破之。進擊白彥虎於高家堡，焚其壘而還。已而偽知府高桂源構彥虎圍西寧，撲雙良營，福祥又大敗之，圍解，遷游擊。徙守向陽堡城，复討平河州叛回，積功至提督。

Dong Fuxiang, whose style name was Xingwu, came from Guyuan in Gansu. Early in the Tongzhi era, when the Muslim uprising erupted, rebel activity had nearly engulfed Fengxiang, Binzhou, Longzhou, and the Longdong region. Fuxiang likewise rose in Anhua. Together with his fellow townsman Zhang Jun and Li Shuangliang, he ravaged more than a dozen counties across Shaanxi and Gansu, seized Huamachi, struck at Suide, and menaced Yulin. Routed soldiers and starving civilians flocked to his banner, and his following often surpassed one hundred thousand. He was later defeated by Liu Songshan. His father Shiyou surrendered, and Fuxiang too led his men in suing for pardon and submission. The best troops were then picked out and formed into three battalions bearing the character Dong: Fuxiang commanded the center, Jun the left wing, and Shuangliang the right. In the assault on Jinjibao, Fuxiang struck from behind the stockade. Though wounded, he scarcely fell back and smashed their mosque. At Banqiao the rebels came to fight for the position; Fuxiang and Xiao Zhangkai caught them in a pincer and routed them. When Jinjibao fell, he was promoted out of turn to battalion commander. In the eleventh year he marched with Liu Jintang to Nianbo and pressed on to Xiakou, where he fought and broke the Shaanxi Muslim chiefs Yu Deyan and Que San in a major engagement. He pressed Bai Yanhu at Gaojiabao, burned his fortifications, and withdrew. Soon afterward the rebel prefect Gao Guiyuan induced Yanhu to invest Xining and assaulted Shuangliang's camp. Fuxiang routed them again, lifted the siege, and was promoted to mobile corps commander. Transferred to hold Xiangyangbao, he helped suppress the Muslim rebels of Hezhou and, through accumulated merit, rose to provincial military commander.

光緒元年，從出關，戰天山，會大風晝晦，吏士弗敢進。福祥率眾先登，一鼓殲之，又破之木壘河、古牧地，進复烏魯木齊諸城及瑪納斯南城。是時彥虎猶據開都河西岸，覬入俄。福祥自阿哈布拉緣塗置哨壘，至曲惠而營，士卒儲薪草，濬井泉，以俟錦棠軍至，破之，复喀喇沙爾。是冬，克和闐，南疆西四城告寧。繇是董軍名震西域。論功，賞黃馬褂、世職，賜號阿爾杭阿巴圖魯。

In the first year of Guangxu he marched beyond the pass and fought at Tianshan. A fierce wind darkened the sky at midday, and none of the officers or men dared press forward. Fuxiang led his men up first and annihilated the enemy in a single charge. He then defeated them at Mulei River and Gumudi and went on to recover Urumqi and the southern quarter of Manas. Yanhu still held the west bank of the Kaidu River and was seeking refuge in Russia. Fuxiang marched from Ahabula, posting sentry forts along the route until he encamped at Quhui. His men stockpiled fuel and fodder and dug wells while waiting for Jintang's main force. When it arrived they broke the enemy and recovered Karashahr. That winter he took Khotan, and the four western cities of the southern Tarim were declared at peace. From then on the Dong troops were famed throughout the Western Regions. For his services he received the yellow jacket and a hereditary rank, and was granted the honorific Erhangabatulu.

安夷既就撫，布魯特酋阿布都勒哈誘之，復入寇色勒庫爾，北走庫倫，福祥馳之，抵空谷根滿，步卒足重繭，乃遴健者乘騾隊，從騎旅及之木吉。寇方解鞍秣馬，驚起，依山而陣，俊敗之，福祥縱兵搜捕，复斬三百餘騎。自此寇不敢犯邊。授阿克蘇總兵，駐防喀城。未幾，而所部索餉譁變，戕營官胡登花，或請擊之，福祥曰：「營勇與叛勇有約，如昏夜響應，將奈何？不如閉城守，彼勢孤必自斃也。」越三日，悉為兵民擒獻，乃分別誅宥之。事定，領俊及夏辛酉移駐葉爾羌、和闐。

After the An Yi had been pacified, the Kirghiz chief Abdurehman incited them to rebel again. They raided Sarikol and fled north toward Kulun. Fuxiang raced in pursuit to Konggugenman. His infantry's feet were thick with calluses, so he picked out the hardiest men for mule teams and, with the cavalry, overtook the enemy at Muji. The rebels had just unsaddled to water their horses when they were startled into action and drew up along the hillside. Jun routed them, and Fuxiang sent his men in pursuit, cutting down more than three hundred horsemen. After that the raiders no longer dared trouble the frontier. He was made regional commander of Aksu and stationed his troops at Kashgar. Before long his troops mutinied over back pay and killed the camp officer Hu Denghua. Some urged an immediate assault, but Fuxiang said, "The loyal soldiers and the mutineers have made common cause. If they answer one another in the night, what then? Better to shut the gates and hold the city. Cut off and alone, they will destroy themselves." Three days later soldiers and townspeople seized them all and handed them over. He then meted out execution or mercy as each case warranted. Once order was restored, he took Jun and Xia Xinyou with him to garrison Yarkand and Khotan.

十六年，擢喀什噶爾提督。二十年，加尚書銜。會德攘膠澳，命率甘軍入衛。明年，西寧、碾伯又告警，督師還抵狄道。河州馬永林叛，渡洮戰卻之，連破高家集、三甲集，道始通。事寧，調甘肅。福祥自請援西寧。又明年，克上下五莊，乘勝復大通、多巴。朝命駐西寧專剿撫，以魏光燾二十七營屬之。會巴燕戎格、劉四复奔關外，福祥亟遣騎踵之，拔卡爾岡，先後夷海城、冶諸麻、甘州南山寇堡，關內外及青海悉平，加太子少保。

In the sixteenth year he was promoted to provincial military commander of Kashgar. In the twentieth year he received the brevet rank of minister. When Germany seized Jiaozhou and Qingdao, he was ordered to bring the Gansu army to the capital for palace guard duty. The following year alarms sounded again from Xining and Nianbo, and he led his army back as far as Didao. Ma Yonglin of Hezhou rose in revolt. Fuxiang crossed the Tao River, beat him back, and in succession took Gaojiaji and Sanjiaji, reopening the route. When the disturbance was over, he was transferred to Gansu. Fuxiang volunteered to relieve Xining. The next year he took the upper and lower Five Villages and, pressing his advantage, recovered Datong and Doba. The court ordered him to station at Xining with sole charge of suppression and pacification, placing Wei Guangcan's twenty-seven battalions under his command. When Bayan Rongge and Liu Si fled beyond the pass again, Fuxiang sent cavalry in hot pursuit, seized Ka'ergang, and in turn destroyed the rebel strongholds at Haicheng, Yezhuma, and the southern hills of Ganzhou. The regions within and beyond the pass and all of Qinghai were pacified, and he was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent.

二十三年，入覲，命領武衛後軍，召對，福祥曰：「臣無他能，唯能殺外人耳。」榮祿頗信仗之。拳亂起，日本書記杉山彬出永定門，福祥兵殺之。於是董軍圍東交民巷，攻月餘不下。敵兵自廣渠門入，福祥走彰儀門，縱兵大掠而西。兩宮西幸，充隨扈大臣。和議成，外人堅欲誅福祥。李鴻章曰：「彼綰西陲軍寄久，慮激回變，當緩圖之。」乃褫職錮於家。

In the twenty-third year he came to court, was placed in command of the Rear Wuwei Army, and at an imperial audience said, "Your servant has no other talent—only the knack of killing foreigners." Ronglu came to rely on him heavily. When the Boxer uprising broke out, the Japanese secretary Sugiyama Akira left the city through Yongding Gate, and Fuxiang's soldiers killed him. The Dong troops then besieged the Legation Quarter and assaulted it for more than a month without success. Enemy forces entered through Guangqu Gate. Fuxiang withdrew toward Zhangyi Gate, let his men loot freely, and marched west. When the Empress Dowager and Emperor fled west, he served on the imperial escort. After peace was made, the foreign powers insisted on executing Fuxiang. Li Hongzhang said, "He has long held military authority on the western frontier. We must fear provoking a Muslim uprising and should proceed cautiously." He was stripped of his post and placed under house arrest.

榮祿在西安綜大政，福祥移書讓之，略謂：「辱隸麾旌，任公指使，命攻使館，祥猶以殺使臣為疑。公言'僇力攘外，禍福同之'。祥本武夫，恃公在上，故敢效奔走。今公執政而祥被罪，祥死不足卹，如軍士憤懣何！」榮祿得書，置不答。三十四年，卒。其子天純，輸銀四十萬濟帑复官。

Ronglu was directing affairs from Xi'an when Fuxiang wrote to reproach him, saying in substance, "Though I was shamed to serve under your banner and obeyed your orders to attack the legations, I still hesitated at the thought of killing foreign envoys. You told me, 'Throw all our strength into driving out the foreigners—we share fortune and ruin alike.' I am only a soldier. Because you stood above me, I dared rush to do your bidding. Now you hold power while I am punished. My own death is nothing—but what of the fury of my soldiers!" Ronglu received the letter and ignored it. He died in the thirty-fourth year. His son Tianchun paid four hundred thousand taels of silver into the treasury to have the family's rank restored.

俊，字傑三。金積堡之役，與福祥並授都司。規西寧，餘虎恩困峽口，俊力戰解之。連破小峽、潤家溝，從攻河州、肅州，以戰功歷遷至副將，賜號倭興巴圖魯。光緒初，從征西陲，复烏魯木齊，擢總兵。錦棠令入關募軍，於是成定遠三營。先後從克東西四城，晉提督。安夷复叛，俊倡議主剿，眾論譁起，錦棠獨韙之。寇竄庫倫，俊追至木吉，分三路入，戰良久，手刃執紅旗悍卒，寇愕走。進至卡拉阿提，會日已入，止舍。天未曙，整軍復進，日午及之。寇不能反拒，槍矛所至，屍相填藉。抵黑子拉提、達坂，止餘數十騎，逾山入俄境，不復追。是役，四晝夜馳八百餘裡，凡擒愛伊德爾呼里二人，安夷所謂「大通哈」也，胖色提以下數十人，猶華言「營官」。賜頭品服、黃馬褂，授西寧鎮總兵，調伊犁。二十一年，代福祥為喀什噶爾提督。尋還甘肅。二十五年，入都，充武衛全軍翼長，兼統中軍。逾年卒，諡壯勤，予建祠。俊好舞刀，所部衣幟皆白色，時稱「雪張」雲。

Zhang Jun, whose style name was Jiesan. In the Jinjibao campaign he and Fuxiang were both promoted to battalion commander. During the drive on Xining, Yu Huen was trapped at Xiakou; Jun fought hard and broke the siege. He took Xiaoxia and Runjiagou in turn, joined the assaults on Hezhou and Suzhou, and through repeated victories rose to deputy commander, receiving the honorific Woixingbatulu. Early in the Guangxu era he marched on the western frontier, helped recover Urumqi, and was promoted to regional commander. Jintang ordered him back inside the pass to raise troops, forming the three Dingyuan battalions. He took part in the successive capture of the four western cities and was promoted to provincial military commander. When the An Yi rebelled again, Jun urged all-out suppression. Opinion in camp was divided, but Jintang alone sided with him. The rebels fled toward Kulun. Jun pursued to Muji, split his force into three columns, and fought for hours. He personally killed a fierce warrior bearing a red flag, and the enemy broke in dismay. He pressed on to Kara'ati, but night had fallen and he made camp. Before daybreak he reformed his men and marched again, overtaking the enemy at noon. The rebels could not turn to fight. Where guns and spears reached, the dead lay in heaps. At Heizilati and Daban only a few dozen horsemen were left. They crossed the mountains into Russian territory, and he did not pursue further. In that campaign he rode eight hundred li in four days and nights, capturing two Aiyide'erhuli—the An Yi title for "great commander"—and several dozen subordinates including Pangseti, whom the Chinese called camp officers. He received first-rank court dress and the yellow jacket, was made regional commander of the Xining garrison, and was transferred to Ili. In the twenty-first year he succeeded Fuxiang as provincial military commander of Kashgar. He soon returned to Gansu. In the twenty-fifth year he came to the capital as wing commander of the full Wuwei Army and also commanded its center division. He died the following year and was posthumously titled Zhuangqin; a memorial shrine was granted. Jun was famed for his swordplay. His troops wore white uniforms and flew white banners, earning him the nickname "Snow Zhang."

辛酉，字庚堂，籍山東鄆城。初從僧格林沁討捻。宗棠西征，從討陝回，積勳至守備。攻金積，裹創力戰，稱驍果。規肅州，充前鋒，拔塔爾灣、黃草壩，關內大定。數遷至游擊。師出關，下阜康，襲黃田，破古牧，無役不從。進規南路，攻托克遜。彥虎子小虎殊死守，師行不得志，獨辛酉率遊軍數戰，略有斬擒。達坂之役，與餘虎恩輕騎先涉，列城左山岡。比回覺，悉力轟拒，師少卻。辛酉斬先退者數人，乃止，卒大破之。遷副將，賜號振勇巴圖魯。

Xia Xinyou, whose style name was Gengtang, was registered in Yuncheng, Shandong. He first served under Sengge Rinchen in the campaign against the Nian rebels. On Zuo Zongtang's western expedition he helped suppress the Shaanxi Muslims and rose through merit to garrison commander. At the assault on Jinji he fought on though wounded and was hailed as a fierce warrior. In the drive on Suzhou he led the vanguard, captured Ta'erwan and Huangcaoba, and helped bring the interior to order. Through successive promotions he rose to mobile corps commander. When the army marched beyond the pass he took Fukang, raided Huangtian, and stormed Gumudi, taking part in every engagement. He pressed the southern route and assaulted Toksun. Yanhu's son Xiaohu held out with desperate tenacity and the main army made little headway. Xinyou alone led mobile detachments in several skirmishes and managed a few kills and captures. At Daban he and Yu Huen forded ahead with light cavalry and took position on the hill to the city's left. When the Muslims realized what had happened, they opened a furious cannonade and the army fell back slightly. Xinyou executed several men who had fled first, halted the retreat, and in the end won a crushing victory. He was promoted to deputy commander and granted the honorific Zhenyongbatulu.

從錦棠复庫車，至拜城，履冰抵上銅廠。回出盪，辛酉躍馬徑前，生擒貂衣賊一人。回驚走，遂下阿克蘇。是時，帕夏奔葉爾羌，彥虎奔烏什。錦棠專力討彥虎，令俊進擊，辛酉自西會之。濟胡馬納克河，行戈壁八十里，破寇什城東，城拔，擢總兵，易勇號霍伽春。南疆平，賞黃馬褂。逸寇犯三台，辛酉隱勁騎衝殼罕山，誘之出。伏起，短兵接，斬其酋賽屹塔黑振江。俄而安酋阿里達什寇邊，從錦棠出屯玉都巴什。辛酉率二百騎為前驅，怒馬陷陣，斬執旗賊，奪其旗以歸。寇大潰，追至畢勒套格，殺其黨且盡。西陲告寧，乞歸養。甲午之役，率師鎮登州，即於軍前授廣西右江鎮，治軍如故。尋徙鎮登州。拳亂作，充武衛軍先鋒左翼長，從李秉衡禦敵，未戰而潰。後除雲南提督，未到官，卒，卹如製。

He followed Jintang in recovering Kuche, pushed on to Baicheng, and crossed the ice to reach the upper copper mines. When the Muslims sallied out to raid, Xinyou spurred straight ahead and took alive a rebel clad in sable fur. The Muslims fled in panic, and Aksu fell. At that time the Pasha fled to Yarkand and Yanhu to Ush. Jintang focused on hunting Yanhu, ordered Jun to press the attack, and Xinyou joined from the west. He crossed the Khumalak River, marched eighty li across the Gobi, and routed the enemy east of Kashgar. When the city fell he was promoted to regional commander and his honorific was changed to Huoqiaochun. When the southern Tarim was pacified, he received the yellow jacket. Fugitive rebels raided Santai. Xinyou concealed picked horsemen to strike Qiaohan Mountain and lure the enemy out. The ambush sprang up, and in close fighting they killed the rebel chief Saiyitaheizhenjiang. Soon afterward the An chief Alidash raided the frontier. Xinyou followed Jintang to encamp at Yudubashi. Xinyou led two hundred horsemen as vanguard, charged straight into the enemy line, killed the standard-bearer, and brought back the captured banner. The enemy broke in rout. He pursued to Biletaoge and virtually annihilated their band. When the western frontier was declared at peace, he asked leave to go home and care for his parents. During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95 he led troops garrisoning Dengzhou and was promoted on the spot to command the Youjiang garrison in Guangxi, continuing to drill his men as before. He was soon transferred to command the Dengzhou garrison. When the Boxer uprising broke out, he served as left wing commander of the Wuwei vanguard under Li Bingheng. His force collapsed without even giving battle. He was later appointed provincial military commander of Yunnan but died before taking up the post; standard mourning honors were granted.

金運昌，字景亭，安徽盱眙人。少孤，遭寇亂，總兵郭寶昌之母曹氏撫之，從姓郭。既長，入貲為守備。從寶昌徵發、捻，積勳至游擊。論河防功，賜號勉勇巴圖魯。平畿南，擢總兵，晉勇號鏗僧額。西捻平，遷提督，復姓金氏。從寶昌卓勝軍還陝。同治八年，寶昌創發，運昌代領其眾，調防綏德。

Jin Yunchang, whose style name was Jingting, came from Xuyi in Anhui. Orphaned in childhood during the disorders, he was raised by Lady Cao, mother of regional commander Guo Baochang, and took the Guo surname. When he came of age he purchased an appointment as garrison commander. He followed Baochang in campaigns against the Muslim rebels of the northwest and the Nian, rising through merit to mobile corps commander. For his work on river defense he received the honorific Mianyongbatulu. After pacifying the southern capital region he was promoted to regional commander and his honorific was advanced to Kengsenge. After the western Nian were suppressed he was promoted to provincial military commander and resumed the Jin surname. He returned to Shaanxi with Baochang's Zhuosheng Army. In the eighth year of Tongzhi, Baochang fell ill and Yunchang took command of his troops, transferring to garrison Suide.

時湘軍已剿金積堡，運昌自清澗至，分所部略其西北，毀長牆。馬化隆勢蹙，遣黨擾北山，冀斷湘軍糧運。一自河西道葉升堡，屬劉松山；一自山西道花定，屬運昌：並達靈州。回既陷定邊，運昌所部多南人，雜食青稞、高粱，患腹病。左宗棠調寶昌來援，以河防不能赴。是時，陝回陳林、禹彥祿等十三營，益以本地土回，號稱十餘萬，卓勝軍孤立其間，幾無日不戰。

The Hunan Army was already besieging Jinjibao when Yunchang arrived from Qingjian, sent detachments to probe the northwest, and tore down the long defensive wall. Ma Hualong, hard pressed, sent raiders to trouble Beishan in hopes of cutting the Hunan Army's supply line. One column came down the Hexi route from Yeshengbao under Liu Songshan; another from the Shanxi road at Huading under Yunchang—both converging on Lingzhou. After the Muslims seized Dingbian, Yunchang's men—mostly southerners—ate barley and sorghum unfamiliar to them and fell ill. Zuo Zongtang called for Baochang to reinforce them, but Baochang could not leave his river-defense post. The Shaanxi Muslim chiefs Chen Lin and Yu Yanlu commanded thirteen battalions, reinforced by local Hui, claiming more than one hundred thousand men. The Zhuosheng Army stood isolated among them and fought nearly every day.

明年正月，軍益飢疲，至殺馬為食。回且決渠灌我壘，會風濤大作，運昌晝夜立水中，激厲將士，列椿囊土御之，回不得逞。適劉錦棠等越渠橫出，回大潰。因議夾河築壘護餉道，兩日壘成，回至，運昌戰卻之。湘軍開溝築堤以防水，運昌壁近棗園。冰忽解，回乃憑秦渠設卡，運昌越渠擊之，回收入堡。越二日，堡回悉眾出，騎寇趨板橋，步寇決渠水南下。運昌軍阻水，錦棠分三路泅水與合，並力轟潰其眾。未幾，回復運磚石築卡於北，環以長堤，欲引馬連水以困我。運昌亟令軍士攜鋤錨，夷其卡而還。四月，陳林率眾出花定掠食。運昌使提督王鳳鳴御之，敗之磚井鎮。同時葉升堡道亦通，軍威復振。七月，克馬家兩寨。值新麥熟，運昌與錦棠分刈，並糜粟割之。回來爭，輒敗走。遂築壘蔡家橋。橋跨秦渠，內設卡，外障水，馬化隆前所為阻遏官軍者也。至是決水反灌，破壘三、卡十有一，乘勢下秦壩關，逼東關。議掘壕築牆久困之，與錦棠分段興工。三日畢乃事，遣兵分守之，遂合金積圍。日咯血數次，戰不少休。陳林降，運昌以西林、河州未下，宜稍示寬大。強者編籍，弱者就糧，群回多乞款。馬化隆勢蹙，亦束首歸命。於是寧、靈悉定，論功賞黃馬褂。

In the first month of the following year hunger and exhaustion worsened until the troops were reduced to slaughtering their horses for food. The rebels also breached the canal to flood the Qing ramparts. When wind and waves rose furiously, Yunchang stood in the water day and night to hearten his men, driving in stakes and piling sandbags to hold the water back, and the rebels failed in the attempt. At that moment Liu Jintang led troops across the canal in a flank attack and the rebels collapsed in rout. They then decided to build fortifications on both banks to secure the supply line. The works were finished in two days, and when rebels attacked Yunchang drove them back. The Hunan Army dug channels and raised dikes against flooding while Yunchang stationed his camp near Zaoyuan. When the ice broke suddenly the rebels established blocking posts along the Qin Canal. Yunchang crossed the canal to attack and drove them back into their fort. Two days later the entire garrison sallied out: cavalry struck toward Banqiao while infantry broke the canal and flooded the area to the south. Yunchang's force was cut off by the floodwaters until Jintang split his men into three columns that swam across to join him; together they battered the rebel host into flight. Before long the rebels hauled brick and stone northward to build new posts ringed by a long dike, aiming to divert the river and hem the Qing forces in with water. Yunchang promptly sent troops with picks and mattocks to tear down the posts and withdraw. In the fourth month Chen Lin led his men out from Huading to raid for grain. Yunchang sent provincial military commander Wang Fengming to intercept them and defeated them at Zhuanjing. About the same time the route through Yeshengbao reopened and army morale recovered. In the seventh month they took the two Ma family stockades. The new wheat ripened, and Yunchang and Jintang divided the harvest, reaping broomcorn millet and grain as well. Whenever rebels came to contest the harvest they were beaten back in flight. They then fortified Caijia Bridge. The bridge crossed the Qin Canal with inner checkpoints and outer water barriers—the very choke point Ma Hualong had used to block government troops. They now turned the water back on the rebels, destroying three forts and eleven posts, then pressed through Qinba Pass to threaten Dong Pass. They planned to dig trenches and build walls for a protracted siege, and Yunchang and Jintang divided the work into sections. The works were finished in three days; garrisons were posted along them, and the line was linked to the siege ring around Jinjibao. He spat blood several times a day, yet never slackened in combat. When Chen Lin surrendered, Yunchang argued that because Xilin and Hezhou had not yet fallen the policy should be somewhat lenient. Strong fighters were registered for service while weaker men were put on government rations, and many rebel bands petitioned to surrender. Ma Hualong, hard pressed, also bowed his head in submission. Ningxia and Lingzhou were then fully secured, and for his merit he was awarded an imperial yellow jacket.

駐纏金，平甘回馬勝福亂，晉頭品服。徙駐包頭，數請於宗棠，願西征。光緒二年，宗棠請敕淮勇出關助剿，報可。明年夏，行抵烏魯木齊，命署提督，越二年，實授。口外經喪亂後，戶口減耗。運昌興水利，課農桑，建橋樑，皆割俸自任之。其斥巨款賑畿菑，實秉義母郭曹氏命。李鴻章為請於朝，特建坊旌異之。十一年，謝病歸。逾年卒，卹如製，入祀卓勝軍昭忠祠。妾王氏、馬氏、張氏，先後仰藥殉節，皆獲旌。

He garrisoned Chanjin, suppressed the Gansu Muslim rebellion led by Ma Shengfu, and was promoted to first-grade court dress. Moved to Baotou, he repeatedly petitioned Zuo Zongtang for permission to join the western campaign. In the second year of Guangxu, Zuo Zongtang secured imperial approval to send Huai Army troops beyond the pass to reinforce the campaign. The following summer he reached Ürümqi and was appointed acting provincial military commander; two years later he received the full commission. Beyond the pass the population had been drastically reduced by years of turmoil. Yunchang promoted irrigation, encouraged farming and sericulture, and built bridges, paying for it all out of his own salary. His large donations to relieve famine around the capital were made at the bidding of his adoptive mother, Lady Cao of the Guo family. Li Hongzhang memorialized the court on her behalf, and a commemorative arch was erected in her honor. In the eleventh year he resigned on grounds of illness and went home. He died the following year; standard mourning honors were granted, and he was enshrined in the Zhuosheng Army Martyrs' Temple. His concubines Lady Wang, Lady Ma, and Lady Zhang successively took poison to follow him in death, and all were posthumously honored.

黃萬鵬，字搏九，湖南寧鄉人，本籍善化。初從曾國荃援贛、皖，積勳至都司。從克江寧，歷遷總兵，賜號力勇巴圖魯。捻入鄂，犯德安，萬鵬馳救，大敗之，又破之安陸。會師新洲，於是夾擊，大破虜，擢提督。

Huang Wanpeng, whose style name was Bojiu, came from Ningxiang in Hunan, though his household register stood in Shanhua. He first served under Zeng Guoquan in Jiangxi and Anhui, rising through merit to battalion commander. After the fall of Nanjing he rose to regional commander and received the honorific Liyongbatulu. When the Nian invaded Hubei and struck De'an, Wanpeng rushed to the rescue and routed them, then defeated them again at Anlu. Allied with other forces at Xinzhou, he caught the rebels in a pincer and crushed them, earning promotion to provincial military commander.

左宗棠西征，調赴陝，署漢中鎮總兵。同治十一年，從攻西寧，抵碾伯，戰硤口，回潰走，圍解。明年，從劉錦棠克向陽堡，進圍大通，降之。選降眾立旌善五旗，馬隊屬萬鵬領之，隨攻肅州。事寧，賜頭品服。十三年，河州閃殿臣复叛，萬鵬率崔偉等進擊，敗之城南二十里鋪。寇竄賈家集，官軍攻弗克，萬鵬從姚家嶺馳下合攻，燔其堡，更勇號為伯奇。

When Zuo Zongtang launched the western campaign Wanpeng was transferred to Shaanxi as acting commander of the Hanzhong garrison. In the eleventh year of Tongzhi he joined the assault on Xining, reached Nianbo, and fought at Xiakou; the rebels fled in rout and the siege was lifted. The next year, with Liu Jintang, he took Xiangyang Fort, advanced to besiege Datong, and secured its surrender. From among the surrendered rebels he organized the Jingshan Five Banners cavalry under Wanpeng's command and marched on Suzhou. When the campaign ended he was granted first-grade court dress. In the thirteenth year Shan Dian-chen rebelled again at Hezhou; Wanpeng led Cui Wei and others against him and defeated him at a post twenty li south of the city. The rebels fled to Jiajiaji where government troops failed to dislodge them until Wanpeng galloped down from Yaojialing in a combined assault that burned their fort; his honorific was then advanced to Boqi.

光緒二年，出關。時土回馬明據古牧，白彥虎聞官軍至，自紅廟子與合師，夜襲黃田。旦日，聞古牧角聲起，萬鵬與餘虎恩馳擊寇騎卻之，語詳餘虎恩傳。烏魯木齊諸城既复，追至池墩而還。捷入，賞黃馬褂。北路略定，逸寇多亡匿東南山谷。萬鵬復與虎恩取道大小鹽池墩至柴窩，略有斬擒。八月，金順攻瑪納斯南城弗勝，錦棠檄萬鵬助擊。掘隧以攻，寇死拒，矢貫萬鵬臂，拔之，更疾戰，與諸軍大破之。

In the second year of Guangxu he crossed beyond the pass into the west. The local Muslim chief Ma Ming held Gumux; when Bai Yanhu heard government troops were approaching he marched from Hongmiao to join him and they launched a night assault on Huangtian. At daybreak, when signal horns sounded at Gumux, Wanpeng and Yu Hu'en galloped out and drove the rebel cavalry back; the full account appears in Yu Hu'en's biography. After the Ürümqi cities were recovered he pursued as far as Chidun and then withdrew. When news of the victory reached the court he was awarded an imperial yellow jacket. As the northern route was largely secured, fugitive rebels hid in the valleys of the southeastern hills. Wanpeng and Yu Hu'en again swept from the Great and Small Salt Pond Forts to Chaiwo, killing and capturing a number of rebels. In the eighth month Jin Shun's assault on the southern city of Manas stalled, and Jintang ordered Wanpeng to reinforce the attack. They dug siege tunnels to assault the city; the defenders resisted to the last. An arrow pierced Wanpeng's arm; he pulled it out and fought on all the harder until allied forces broke the city in a great victory.

三年，攻克達坂，乘勝取托克遜。至小草湖，遇伏，圍萬鵬數匝。萬鵬率隊盪決，所向披靡。錦棠軍繼至，寇大潰，詔予雲騎尉世職。是役，帕夏知不免，飲藥死，彥虎遂奔開都河西岸。七月。師至曲惠，錦棠自向開都河，而令萬鵬道烏沙塔拉傍博斯騰淖爾西行，出庫爾勒之背。彥虎懾軍威，已先期遁。诇知脅纏回走布古爾，亟行四百里追及之，戰良久，大敗其眾。九月，馳抵托和奈，再敗之，收庫車，進駐拜城。履冰夜行至銅廠，諸軍直搏之，寇愕走。

In the third year they took Dabancheng and pressed on to capture Turpan. At Xiaocaohu they ran into an ambush that surrounded Wanpeng several times over. Wanpeng led a desperate charge that broke the encirclement and swept all before him. When Jintang's reinforcements arrived the rebels collapsed in rout, and the court granted Wanpeng the hereditary rank of Cloud Cavalry Captain. In that campaign the Atalik Yaqub Beg, seeing escape impossible, took poison and died, and Bai Yanhu fled to the west bank of the Kaidu River. In the seventh month, the army reached Quhui. Jintang marched on the Kaidu River himself while directing Wanpeng west along Lake Bosten via Wushatala to strike Korla from the rear. Bai Yanhu, overawed by government strength, had already fled beforehand. Learning that he was driving loyalist Muslims toward Bugur, Wanpeng marched four hundred li in haste, overtook them after a long fight, and inflicted a heavy defeat. In the ninth month he rushed to Tuohenai, defeated the rebels again, recovered Kucha, and advanced to garrison Baicheng. Marching over ice by night to Tongchang, his troops struck head-on and the startled rebels fled.

萬鵬長驅察爾齊克台西，斬數千級。越二日，夜抵扎木台稍憩，即引兵阿克蘇城。未至城數里，見西南塵埃坌起，會諜報彥虎走烏什，嗾安集延走葉爾羌纟圭追師。錦棠乃舍安夷，而令萬鵬專追彥虎，阻河漲不能濟。時彥虎止隔河十里許造飯，掩襲可擒也，而我師遽返，錦棠大怒，責令復進。於是萬鵬渡胡馬納克河，行戈壁八十里，獲其後隊馬有才，進拔烏什，而彥虎已走喀什矣。東四城俱下，詔改騎都尉世職。

Wanpeng drove west of Cha'erqi Station and took several thousand heads. Two days later he reached Zhamutai by night for a brief rest, then marched on Aksu. Several li short of the city he saw dust rising to the southwest; scouts reported that Bai Yanhu had fled toward Wushi, had incited Kokand troops toward Yarkand, and that a pursuit column was already bearing down. Jintang then set aside the An Yi rebels and ordered Wanpeng to pursue Bai Yanhu alone, but the swollen river could not be crossed. Bai Yanhu was then only about ten li across the river cooking his meal—a surprise attack could have taken him—but our troops turned back abruptly. Jintang was furious and ordered Wanpeng to advance again. Wanpeng then crossed the Humana River, marched eighty li across the Gobi, captured the rear guard commander Ma Youcai, and took Wushi—but Bai Yanhu had already fled to Kashgar. With the four eastern cities all secured, the court advanced his hereditary rank to Cavalry Commandant.

當是時，伯克胡里據喀什攻漢城，彥虎至，助之，勢益張。守備何步雲告急，錦棠檄萬鵬道布魯特與虎恩期會喀城。萬鵬倍道應赴，緣雪山千餘裡，每以毯鋪地濟師。十一月，抵城北麻古木，虎恩亦抵城東牌素特。寇诇騎馳歸，曰：「大軍至矣！」於是二巨酋走回城北，進搗之，則又宵遁。萬鵬向西北追彥虎，至爰岌槽，與賊後隊遇，生擒偽元帥馬元，斬其副白彥龍。次日，追至恰哈瑪納，為布魯特人所阻，彥虎遂奔俄。新疆平，改授二等輕車都尉。

At that time Bek Huli held Kashgar and was assaulting the Chinese quarter; when Bai Yanhu arrived to reinforce him their strength swelled. Garrison commander He Buyun sent an urgent appeal for help; Jintang ordered Wanpeng to march by the Burut route and rendezvous with Yu Hu'en at Kashgar. Wanpeng hurried to answer the call, marching more than a thousand li along snow-covered mountains and laying down blankets at every step to ease the troops' passage. In the eleventh month he reached Magumu north of the city while Yu Hu'en arrived at Paisute on the east. Enemy scouts came galloping back with word: "The main force is upon us!" At that the two rebel chieftains retreated north of the city; when he pressed the attack, they fled again under cover of night. Wanpeng drove northwest after Bai Yanhu to Ai'ji Cao, met the rebel rear guard, took the false commander-in-chief Ma Yuan alive, and slew his lieutenant Bai Yanlong. The next day he pursued as far as Qiahamana, but Burut tribesmen barred his path, and Bai Yanhu escaped into Russia. With Xinjiang pacified, the court advanced him to Second-class Light Chariot Commandant.

四年，凱旋，乞歸省。越二年，仍赴新疆治軍。南北山邊防敉平，晉頭品秩。歷權喀什回城協副將，阿克蘇、巴里坤各鎮總兵，新疆提督。又襲其叔登和世職，並為二等男爵。二十四年，徵入京，創發，卒於道。予建祠。子鉞，道員，襲爵。

In the fourth year he returned in triumph and asked leave to visit his family. Two years later he returned to Xinjiang to take charge of the troops. With the northern and southern mountain frontiers pacified, he was promoted to first-rank grade. He served in turn as acting assistant deputy commander of the Kashgar Muslim quarter, garrison commander at Aksu and Barkol, and military governor of Xinjiang. He also inherited his uncle Dengho's hereditary post and was created a second-class baron. In the twenty-fourth year he was summoned to the capital, took ill on the journey, and died on the road. The court granted him a memorial shrine. His son Yue, a circuit intendant, inherited the title.

餘虎恩，湖南平江人。少孤貧，喜讀書。初從曾國籓討粵寇，積勳至副將。同治初，從劉松山徵捻，蹙之沙河西，擢總兵，賜號精勇巴圖魯。張總愚與回匪合，攻破金谷、銀渠，又敗之郿縣，晉提督。寇自宜川渡河，陷山西州縣，又從劉軍追復之，易勇號奇車博。軍獲鹿，適郭松林被圍，虎恩銳身馳救，圍解。繞道長驅，騎寇雖猋騁，遇戰輒披靡。上念陝事棘，命左宗棠舉將才，乃薦松山部將尤異者十數人，虎恩與焉，寵以頭品服，令赴陝軍。靈州既克，松山進兵板橋、蔡家橋。有頃，回敗走，虎恩騎旅突之，驟若風雨，回不得歸，下其村寨三十餘。金積平，假歸。

Yu Hu'en came from Pingjiang in Hunan. Orphaned in youth and raised in poverty, he nevertheless loved books. He first served under Zeng Guofan against the Taiping rebels and rose through merit to deputy commander. Early in the Tongzhi era he campaigned under Liu Songshan against the Nian, driving them west of the Sha River; he was promoted to brigade commander and granted the title Valiant Baturu. When Zhang Zongyu allied with Muslim rebels and seized Jingu and Yinqu, Hu'en defeated him again at Mei County and was promoted to provincial military commander. When the rebels crossed at Yichuan and overran counties in Shanxi, he followed Liu's army in the recovery and received the new brave title Qichebo. At Luquan, when Guo Songlin was surrounded, Hu'en charged in person to the rescue and broke the siege. Marching by a roundabout route, he met mounted rebels racing like storm-wind; yet whenever he gave battle they broke at once. The emperor, troubled by the crisis in Shaanxi, ordered Zuo Zongtang to name able commanders; Zuo recommended more than a dozen outstanding officers from Liu Songshan's command, Hu'en among them, honored with first-rank insignia and sent to the Shaanxi front. After Lingzhou fell, Songshan advanced on Banqiao and Caijiaqiao. Before long the Muslims were routed in flight; Hu'en's cavalry struck like a sudden storm, cut off their retreat, and captured more than thirty stockades and villages. When Jinji was pacified he took temporary leave to return home.

十一年，命募軍赴甘。劉錦棠攻西寧，虎恩率軍至陝口，週覽形勢。寇出拒，被困，卒擊卻之。錦棠覘回勢盛，赴平戎驛造橋濟湟，自督師築壘北岸，令虎恩築南岸。未成，馬營灣寇突至，虎恩轟擊之，錦棠亦敗湟北寇，於是西寧告寧。論功，賞黃馬褂。隨攻肅州，軍南門，與諸將討平之，除陝安鎮總兵。

In the eleventh year he was ordered to raise troops and march to Gansu. When Liu Jintang attacked Xining, Hu'en led his force to Shankou and reconnoitered the ground on every side. The rebels came out to resist; though briefly trapped, he at last drove them back. Seeing the Muslim position still strong, Jintang went to Pingyi Post to bridge the Huang River, supervised fortifications on the north bank himself, and ordered Hu'en to entrench the south bank. Before the works were finished rebels at Mayingwan struck suddenly; Hu'en blasted them back while Jintang defeated the enemy north of the river, and Xining was declared secure. For his merit he was awarded the yellow riding jacket. He joined the assault on Suzhou at the south gate and, with the other commanders, brought the city to submission; he was then appointed garrison commander of Shen'an.

光緒二年，從出關。宗棠慮戈壁糧運艱阻，虎恩請身任之，乃絕幕而西。抵哈密，取餘糧，逾天山，遞送巴里坤古城。邊既實，襲黃田，破其卡。忽古牧寇壓師而陣，虎恩亟自山馳下，與寇騎戰良久，會董福祥軍助擊中路，寇大潰，遂合圍。帕夏遣悍黨來援，虎恩率騎旅列山岡，嚴陣以待。复麾軍截其歸路，斬關直入，城拔。度烏垣，寇且他遁，以次下烏魯木齊、迪化及偽王城，予雲騎尉世職。

In the second year of Guangxu he marched west beyond the frontier pass. Zuo Zongtang feared that grain convoys across the Gobi would prove impossible; Hu'en volunteered to take charge himself and marched west across the desert. He reached Hami, gathered surplus grain, crossed the Tianshan, and relayed supplies to the old city at Barkol. With the frontier provisioned, he struck Huangtian and destroyed its outpost. At Hugu Gu the rebels massed against his column; Hu'en galloped down from the heights and fought their cavalry for a long while until Dong Fuxiang's troops joined the assault on the center; the enemy collapsed in rout and the encirclement was completed. The Atalik sent fierce reinforcements; Hu'en drew up his cavalry on the ridge in battle order and waited. He then wheeled his troops to cut off their retreat, stormed the pass, and took the city. Crossing Wuyuan as the rebels prepared to scatter, he took Urumqi, Dihua, and the rebel capital in succession and was granted the hereditary rank of Cloud Cavalry Captain.

明年，踰嶺而南，從錦棠趨柴窩，去達坂二十里。夜初鼓，虎恩率騎旅九營，銜枚疾走。大通哈引湖水衛城，泥深及骭。虎恩所部掠淖進，依山為陣，斬寇諜十餘騎，回方臥，未覺也，平旦始大驚，悉眾出，據險轟拒。師屹立不動，海古拉援至，虎恩又截之隘口，援騎返奔，追逐數里，斬百餘級。虎恩策城回盼援不至，必遁，預隱兵以待，寇出悉就擒。達坂复，乘勢下托克遜，予騎都尉世職。

The following year he crossed the mountains to the south, followed Jintang toward Chaiwo, and halted twenty li from Daban. At the first night watch Hu'en led nine cavalry battalions forward in silence at forced march. Datong Ha had been flooded to defend the town, and the mud came to a man's shins. Hu'en's men skirted the marsh and formed along the hills, cutting down more than a dozen rebel scouts; the garrison still slept unaware until dawn, when they woke in alarm, poured out in full strength, and held the heights under heavy fire. His troops held their ground; when Haigula's relief column arrived Hu'en blocked the pass, turned the reinforcements back in flight, pursued several li, and took more than a hundred heads. Hu'en judged that the garrison, seeing no relief come, would try to escape; he hid troops along the route, and when the rebels sallied forth they were all taken. Daban was recovered and, pressing the advantage, he took Toksun; the court granted him the hereditary rank of Cavalry Commandant.

踰月，規南路，師次曲惠，虎恩取道烏沙塔拉入庫爾勒城，地闃無人，食且盡，乃掘窖糧數万石濟師。遂與諸將下庫車，凡六日馳九百里。已而喀什噶爾告急，錦棠令虎恩自巴爾楚取中路為正兵，黃萬鵬自烏什道布魯特為奇兵，仍歸虎恩節度。師抵巴爾楚，會天寒，冰雪凝冽，而喀城警報且日至。乃兼程應赴，軍士人人自奮，各以俘白酋取首功為利。日中，虎恩至城東牌素特，夜半時抵喀什漢城下，左右止百餘騎從，乃整兵以俟。平明，步兵至，寇騎開城出盪，虎恩率眾大戰，刺殺回酋王元林，會萬鵬亦至，復其城。虎恩西追伯克胡里，令桂錫楨率騎旅自間道疾馳，而自率步旅繼之，前後夾擊，生擒余小虎、馬元於陣。繼复獲金相印父子，相印者，引安集延侵占南路也。於是新疆南路平。降敕褒嘉，改予一等輕車都尉。歷駐烏什、葉爾羌、和闐，赴本官。

A month later, campaigning on the southern route, the army halted at Quhui; Hu'en entered Korla by way of Wushatala, found the district deserted and rations nearly gone, and unearthed tens of thousands of shi of buried grain to feed the troops. He then joined the other commanders in taking Kucha after six days' forced march covering nine hundred li. Soon Kashgar sent urgent appeals; Jintang ordered Hu'en to advance from Barkol on the central route as the main column and Huang Wanpeng from Wushi by the Burut road as the flanking force, both still under Hu'en's command. The army reached Barkol in bitter cold with ice frozen hard, even as alarms from Kashgar arrived day after day. He pressed forward at forced march; every soldier roused himself, each hoping to win top credit by capturing a rebel chieftain. By midday Hu'en reached Paisute east of the city; by midnight he stood below the Chinese quarter of Kashgar with barely a hundred horsemen at his side, drew up his men, and waited. At dawn the infantry came up; rebel cavalry sallied from the gates; Hu'en led a fierce fight, killed the Muslim chieftain Wang Yuanlin, and when Wanpeng arrived as well the city was recovered. Hu'en drove west after Bek Huli, sent Gui Xizhen with the cavalry by a side road at full gallop, and followed with infantry; caught between the two columns, Yu Xiaohu and Ma Yuan were taken alive on the field. He next captured Jin Xiangyin and his son—the men who had brought Kokand invaders to overrun the southern route. With that the southern route of Xinjiang was pacified. An imperial decree praised his service and advanced him to First-class Light Chariot Commandant. He was stationed in turn at Wushi, Yarkand, and Khotan before returning to his regular command.

十一年，謝病歸。越六年，出統湘軍，駐岳州，以能捕盜名，並二世職為二等男爵。二十六年，授喀什噶爾提督，未上，留統武衛中軍十營。拳亂起，諸將多崇奉之，獨虎恩則否。福祥攻使館，虎恩與論事榮祿前，謂遍觀諸軍，實不足敵外人。福祥大怒，欲殺虎恩，榮祿以身翼蔽之，乃免。令出防獲鹿，未幾，仍還湘。三十一年，創發，卒於家。卹如製，附祀宗棠、松山祠。

In the eleventh year he retired on grounds of illness. Six years later he took command of Hunan troops at Yuezhou, won renown for suppressing bandits, and combined two hereditary posts into a second-class baronage. In the twenty-sixth year he was appointed military governor of Kashgar but never took up the post, remaining instead to command ten battalions of the Martial Guard's central army. When the Boxer movement erupted most commanders embraced it; Hu'en alone did not. When Fuxiang assaulted the legations, Hu'en argued before Ronglu that, having surveyed the armies, they were in truth no match for foreign troops. Fuxiang was furious and meant to kill him, but Ronglu shielded Hu'en with his own body and saved his life. He was ordered to take post at Luquan, but soon returned to Hunan. In the thirty-first year he fell ill and died at home. Condolence honors followed statute, and he was granted secondary worship in the shrines of Zuo Zongtang and Liu Songshan.

桂錫楨，山東曲阜人。從軍討捻，數遷至游擊。咸豐十一年，張總愚領餘眾與陳大喜合，勢張甚。錫楨追至河間，裹創力戰，寇大敗，錫楨名始著。同治七年，從左宗棠徵陝回，數獲勝，檄守同官。明年，提督高連升屯宜君，親兵丁玉龍匪首也，構回為亂，夜圍營帳，戕統帥。錫楨聞警，亟自同官馳援，擊卻之，复追剿金鎖關、米子窯。會楚軍將丁賢發等至，拘玉龍誅之，城獲全，遷參將。從克固原三營，斬其酋楊文治，進扼中衛四百戶。回酋馬光明自固原東北入同心城，復大敗之。又降元城回海生春。

Gui Xizhen came from Qufu in Shandong. He took the field against the Nian rebels and rose through several promotions to battalion commander. In the eleventh year of Xianfeng, Zhang Zongyu united his remnant force with Chen Daxi and their power swelled. Xizhen pursued them to Hejian, fought on though wounded, and inflicted a crushing defeat that first made his name known. In the seventh year of Tongzhi he campaigned under Zuo Zongtang against the Shaanxi Muslims, won repeated victories, and was ordered to hold Tongguan. The next year Provincial Commander Gao Liansheng was posted at Yijun when his own soldier Ding Yulong, a bandit chieftain, incited the Muslims to revolt, surrounded the camp by night, and slew the commander. Hearing the alarm, Xizhen galloped from Tongguan to the rescue, drove the rebels back, and pursued them through Jinsuoguan and Miziyao. When Hunan commanders including Ding Xianfa arrived, Yulong was seized and executed, the city was saved, and Xizhen was promoted to colonel. He helped take the three camps at Guyuan, beheaded the rebel chief Yang Wenzhi, and advanced to block Zhongwei. When the Muslim chief Ma Guangming entered Tongxin from northeast of Guyuan, Xizhen defeated him again. He also induced the Yuancheng Muslim leader Hai Shengchun to submit.

十年，規河州，錫楨自中衛、靖遠南搜會寧遊匪。亡何，肅州降回叛，甘、涼戒嚴，錫楨遂還軍肅州。明年，略東關，克其大卡一，寇出拒，擊退之。先是肅回敗，倚硃家堡、黃草壩、塔爾灣、文殊山各堡，互犄角，誓死守，徐佔彪攻弗克，至是誘之出，錫楨隱卒深林，俟寇過半，橫截而出，諸軍繼之，寇大潰。肅州西南墩堡悉平。進屯沙子壩，去肅城三里，肅回啟南門出盪，錫楨率騎旅突陣，回奔入城。諸軍衝殺，連克四壩、十一堡，東面寇壘亦盡，賜號精勇巴圖魯。

In the tenth year, as operations turned toward Hezhou, Xizhen swept south from Zhongwei and Jingyuan against roving bandits around Huining. Soon the surrendered Muslims at Suzhou rebelled, Gansu and Liangzhou were placed on alert, and Xizhen marched back to Suzhou. The following year he attacked the east gate, seized one of its major outposts, and drove back the rebels who came out to resist. Earlier the defeated Muslims at Suzhou had held Zhujiabao, Huangcaoba, Ta'erwan, and Wenshushan in mutual support and sworn to die defending them; Xu Zhanbiao had failed to take them. Now the rebels were lured out; Xizhen hid men in the forest, let more than half the column pass, then struck across their line while the other units followed, and the enemy collapsed in rout. All the fortified mounds southwest of Suzhou were pacified. He advanced to camp at Shaziba three li from Suzhou; the garrison sallied from the south gate, Xizhen led a cavalry charge, and the defenders fled back within the walls. The allied columns stormed forward, took four stockades and eleven forts in succession, and cleared the enemy works on the east; he was granted the title Valiant Baturu.

十二年，從出關，錫楨率四百騎歸額爾慶額節度，進古城。光緒二年，攻阜康。宗棠慮寇北竄，令錫楨扼沙山、馬橋備要擊。尋會諸軍复烏魯木齊，北路略定，唯瑪納斯南城久未下。宗棠以劉錦棠軍單，檄錫楨助擊，與諸軍轟潰之，斬其酋韓金農，更勇號業普肯，擢總兵。進規南路，三年，從錦棠攻克達坂，乘勝复吐魯番，晉提督。規喀什噶爾，錫楨統馬步二千餘人，自阿克蘇取道巴爾楚，克瑪納巴什，直抵喀城東牌素特。會黃萬鵬軍亦至麻古木，彥虎與伯克胡里潰逃，遂復西四城。論功，賞黃馬褂。回疆告寧，晉頭品秩，加賜呢鏗額勇號。五年，乞歸葬親，道陝，創發，逾歲卒。宣統改元，巡撫恩壽狀其績以上，予優恤。

In the twelfth year he marched beyond the pass; Xizhen led four hundred horsemen under Erqing'e's command and advanced on Gucheng. In the second year of Guangxu he attacked Fukang. Zuo Zongtang feared the rebels might break north and ordered Xizhen to hold Shashan and Maqiao ready to intercept them. He soon joined the other columns in recovering Urumqi and securing the northern route, though the south city of Manas still held out. Finding Liu Jintang's force too thin, Zuo ordered Xizhen to reinforce the assault; together they blasted the defenders apart and slew the rebel chief Han Jinnong; Xizhen received the new brave title Yepuken and was promoted to brigade commander. Campaigning on the southern route, in the third year he followed Jintang in taking Daban, pressed on to recover Turfan, and was promoted to provincial military commander. In the drive on Kashgar, Xizhen commanded more than two thousand horse and foot, marched from Aksu by way of Barkol, took Manabashi, and reached Paisute east of the city. When Huang Wanpeng's column also reached Magumu, Bai Yanhu and Bek Huli fled in rout, and the four western cities were recovered. For his merit he was awarded the yellow riding jacket. With the Muslim frontier declared at peace, he was advanced to first-rank grade and granted the additional brave title Nekeng'e. In the fifth year he asked leave to return and bury his parents; he fell ill on the road through Shaanxi and died a year later. At the beginning of the Xuantong reign, Governor Enshou memorialized his record to the throne and he was granted enhanced posthumous honors.

方友升，湖南長沙人。咸豐末，從軍剿川寇，積勳至守備。克太平，力戰，砲彈洞L6，繇是以饒勇名。同治七年，討陝回，克鳳翔、岐山，嘗從行，有所衝陷。入關隴，隸劉松山麾下。金積堡之役，師失利。會友升購馬張家口，逮歸，無收馬者，或勸之去，弗聽。驅馬數千入左宗棠軍，宗棠大器之，乃編所購馬為西征靖營隊，囑領之，遣赴河州，攻剿三甲集、太子寺。

Fang Yousheng came from Changsha in Hunan. Late in the Xianfeng era he took the field against bandits in Sichuan and rose through merit to garrison commander. At the capture of Taiping he fought fiercely; a cannonball pierced his body, and from that day he was famed for exceptional bravery. In the seventh year of Tongzhi he fought the Shaanxi Muslims, took Fengxiang and Qishan, and repeatedly led daring assaults on campaign. He entered the Guanlong region and served under Liu Songshan. At Jinjibao the army met with defeat. Yousheng happened to be buying horses at Zhangjiakou. When he returned, no one would take the horses, and some urged him to desert, but he refused. He drove several thousand horses into Zuo Zongtang's camp. Zongtang thought highly of him, formed the purchased horses into the Western Expedition Jingying Corps under his command, and sent him to Hezhou to attack Sanjiaji and Taizisi.

十一年，會攻肅州，其關城阻壕，壕深三四丈，古所謂酒泉也。徐佔彪乘回懈，逾壕進攻。友升先登，諸軍蟻附上，奪東關，回入城死守。佔彪築城南二卡，回來爭，友升率騎旅下馬巷戰，彈貫脛及脊骨，創甚，猶大呼殺賊，水漿不入者七日，眾感奮，克之。捷入，晉副將，賜號哈豐阿巴圖魯。十三年，從克巴燕戎格，署鎮夷營游擊，自是別為一軍，幟色黃。每戰從後擊殺，當者輒靡，寇見黃旗隊，輒相戒無犯雲。

In the eleventh year he joined the assault on Suzhou. The pass city was shielded by a moat three or four zhang deep—the ancient Jiuquan. Xu Zhanbiao took advantage of the Muslims' lapse, crossed the moat, and pressed the attack. Yousheng was first over the wall; the other units swarmed up after him and took the east gate. The defenders withdrew into the city and held on desperately. Zhanbiao built two stockades south of the city, which the Muslims tried to retake. Yousheng led his cavalry into dismounted street fighting. A bullet pierced his shin and spine. Though gravely wounded, he kept shouting to kill the enemy and took neither food nor drink for seven days. His men were inspired to redoubled effort, and the city fell. News of victory reached the court; he was promoted to deputy commander and granted the honorific Hafengabatulu. In the thirteenth year he helped take Bayan Rongge and was appointed acting mobile corps commander of the Zhenyi battalion. From then on he commanded a separate force with yellow banners. In every battle he struck from the rear and cut down the enemy; none who stood against him held firm. Rebels who saw the yellow-banner corps were said to warn one another not to provoke them.

光緒改元，關隴平，擢總兵，從劉錦棠出關。三年，攻克達坂、托克遜，進复吐魯番，晉提督。以次下阿克蘇、烏什、庫車及天山南北二路。論功，賞黃馬褂，賜頭品秩。五年，安集延、布魯特寇邊，徑抵烏魯克恰提。友升先進烏帕爾覘虛實。越數日，報寇騎已入烏帕拉特。獲寇諜，訊知其乘夜襲營，諸軍備往擊，大破之。友升與楊金龍分左右入，軍士皆奮迅超躍，寇不能成陣，還遁俄羅斯。八年，入關，遭母憂歸。

When the Guangxu reign began and Guanlong was pacified, he was promoted to regional commander and marched beyond the pass with Liu Jintang. In the third year he took Daban and Toksun, went on to recover Turfan, and was promoted to provincial military commander. In turn he captured Aksu, Ush, Kuche, and the cities along both routes north and south of the Tianshan. For his services he received the yellow jacket and first-rank court rank. In the fifth year Kokand and Kirghiz forces raided the frontier and pushed as far as Wulukeqia. Yousheng went ahead to Wupa'er to scout the enemy's strength. A few days later word came that enemy horsemen had entered Wupala. They captured an enemy spy and learned of a planned night assault. The troops lay in wait and inflicted a crushing defeat. Yousheng and Yang Jinlong attacked from left and right. The soldiers charged with furious energy; the enemy could not hold formation and fled back into Russian territory. In the eighth year he returned inside the pass and went home to observe mourning for his mother.

十年，法越事起，出頓憑祥，進攻文淵，陷重圍，彈傷手斷筋，親軍五百止存二十七騎，卒潰圍出。朝廷宥其敗，且嘉勞之。复諒山、長慶，予世職，除廣東南韶連鎮總兵。十三年，入覲，上視傷痕，為惻然。尋解任。中日失和，領三千人北上，守山海關。拳亂作，复率師入衛，駐山西固關。二十七年，調浙江衢州鎮。設講武堂，以新法訓練其眾，並修復柘水故道，民德之。三十二年，創發，卒，卹如製。

In the tenth year, when war broke out with France over Vietnam, he stationed at Pingxiang and advanced on Wenyuan. Caught in a tight encirclement, he was shot in the hand and his tendons were severed. Of his five hundred personal guards only twenty-seven horsemen survived, yet he finally broke out. The court forgave his defeat and commended him for his efforts. He recovered Langshan and Changqing, received a hereditary rank, and was appointed regional commander of the Nanshao-Lian garrison in Guangdong. In the thirteenth year he came to court; the emperor examined his scars and was deeply moved. He was soon dismissed from his post. When war with Japan broke out, he led three thousand men north to defend Shanhaiguan. When the Boxer uprising broke out, he again brought his troops to the capital for guard duty and was stationed at Guguan in Shanxi. In the twenty-seventh year he was transferred to command the Quzhou garrison in Zhejiang. He founded a military academy and drilled his troops in modern methods, and also restored the old channel of the Zhe River; the people were grateful. In the thirty-second year he fell ill and died; standard mourning honors were granted.

論曰：初討陝回，福祥以降軍效力，名震西域，何其悍也！運昌統卓勝軍，萬鵬領旌善營，與虎恩、錫楨、友升轉戰寧、肅，皆以驍勇名，各著奇績，其勇略亦有可傳焉。其後福祥終以驕妄敗，助亂啟釁，竟免顯戮，豈非幸歟？

The historian remarks: In the early campaigns against the Shaanxi Muslims, Dong Fuxiang fought as a surrendered rebel turned loyalist and made his name feared throughout the Western Regions—what ferocity! Yunchang commanded the Zhuosheng Army and Wanpeng the Jingshan battalion; together with Yu Huen, Gui Xizhen, and Fang Yousheng they fought across Ningxia and Gansu, all famed for valor and each recording remarkable feats—their courage and strategy are likewise worth recounting. Yet in the end Fuxiang was undone by arrogance, fomented disorder, and provoked foreign war—only to escape the death penalty. Was he not fortunate indeed?

Cite this Chapter