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列傳二百五十
Biographies 250
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唐景崧劉永福唐景崧，字維卿，廣西灌陽人。 同治四年進士，選庶吉士，改吏部主事。 光緒八年，法越事起，自請出關招致劉永福，廷旨交岑毓英差序。 景崧先至粵，謁曾國荃，韙其議，資之入越。 明年，抵保勝，見永福，為陳三策，謂：「據保勝十州，傳檄而定諸省，請命中國，假以名號，事成則王，此上策也； 次則提全師擊河內，中國必助之餉； 若坐守保勝，事敗而投中國，策之下也。」 永福從中策。 戰紙橋，敵潰，為作檄文佈告內外，檄出，遠近爭響應。 越嗣君為法脅，莫能自振，景崧乘間勸內附。 永福意猶豫，景崧曰：「子能存亡繼絕，即所以報故主也。 且阮福時已薨，無背主嫌。」 永福意稍動，於是廣招戎幕謀大舉。 上念景崧勞，賞四品銜。
Tang Jingsong and Liu Yongfu. Tang Jingsong, whose courtesy name was Weiqing, came from Guanyang in Guangxi. He passed the jinshi examination in the fourth year of the Tongzhi reign, entered the Hanlin Academy as a junior compiler, and was later appointed a director in the Ministry of Personnel. When the Franco-Vietnamese conflict broke out in the eighth year of Guangxu, he volunteered to go beyond the border to recruit Liu Yongfu, and the court entrusted the assignment to Cen Yuying. Jingsong went first to Guangdong and visited Zeng Guoquan, who endorsed his plan and funded his mission into Vietnam. The following year he reached Baosheng and met Yongfu, presenting three strategies: "Seize the ten districts around Baosheng, proclaim your authority to bring the provinces into line, and ask China for a formal title—success would make you king. That is the best course; next, march your full force against Hanoi, with China certain to supply your rations; if you merely hold Baosheng, fail, and then throw yourself on China, that is the worst course. Yongfu chose the middle course. At Paper Bridge the enemy was routed. Jingsong drafted a proclamation for circulation at home and abroad, and once it went out, supporters rallied from far and near. The Vietnamese heir was bullied by France and could not recover his authority; Jingsong seized the moment to urge bringing Vietnam under Chinese protection. Yongfu still hesitated. Jingsong told him: "If you can save a dying state and restore a broken line, that is how you repay your former sovereign. Besides, Nguyen Phuc Thi is already dead, so you cannot be accused of betraying your lord. Yongfu was somewhat swayed, and he then recruited military advisers on a broad scale to plan a major offensive. The emperor, mindful of Jingsong's service, granted him a fourth-rank title.
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景崧上書言：「越南半載之內，三易國王，欲靖亂源，莫如遣師直入順化，扶翼其君，以定人心。 若不為籓服計，不妨直取為我有，免歸法奪，否則首鼠兩端，未有不敗者也。」 十年，駐興化，會北寧告急，毓英令景崧導永福往援。 初，桂軍黃桂蘭等方守北寧，劉團被困山西，坐視不救，永福憾之深。 至是景崧力解之，始往； 並勸桂蘭離城擇隘而守，弗聽。 景崧輕騎入諒山，與徐延旭量戰守。 適扶良警，請還犒劉軍，行至郎甲，湧球陷，阻弗達。 回諒，謂延旭曰：「寇深矣！ 亟宜收潰卒，定人心，備糗糧，集軍械，分兵守險，以保茲土。」 於是令綜前敵營務，扼巴塘嶺。 敵再至，再卻之，廣軍氣稍振。
Jingsong memorialized the throne: "Within half a year Vietnam has changed kings three times. To still the source of disorder, nothing is better than sending troops straight into Hue to support the ruler and settle popular feeling. If you do not aim at a tributary settlement, you might as well seize the country outright for China, lest France take it back; otherwise, wavering between two courses, you are bound to fail. In the tenth year he was stationed at Xinghua. When Bac Ninh sent word of an emergency, Yuying ordered Jingsong to guide Yongfu to the relief. Earlier, Huang Guilan and other Guangxi commanders were holding Bac Ninh while Liu's Black Flag regiment was trapped at Son Tay; they looked on without helping, and Yongfu deeply resented it. Now Jingsong worked hard to reconcile them, and only then did Yongfu go; he also urged Guilan to abandon the city and hold a narrow pass, but Guilan would not listen. Jingsong rode lightly into Lang Son to consult Xu Yanxu on how to attack and defend. Just then word came of trouble at Phu Lang Thuong, and he asked to return and reward Liu's army. At Lang Giap, Yong Cau had already fallen and he could not get through. Back in Lang Son he told Yanxu: "The enemy has penetrated deep! You must quickly gather the routed troops, steady morale, prepare rations, collect arms, divide forces to hold the passes, and thereby preserve this territory. He was then put in charge of front-line camp affairs and ordered to hold Batang Ridge. When the enemy came again he repulsed them once more, and the Guangdong troops' morale revived somewhat.
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會張之洞令其募勇入關，乃編立四營，號景字軍，為規越廣軍之一。 朝廷賞加五品卿。 景崧遂取道牧馬，行千二百里，箐壑深岨，多瘴厲，人馬顛隕不可稱計。 既至，數挫敵鋒。 毓英高其能，復以潘德繼滇軍屬之，兵力乃益厚，進頓三江口。 踰月，法人攻劉軍吳鳳典營，景崧率談敬德馳救，大捷。 敵既退，遂先薄宣光。 城外地故荒服，乃督軍開山斬道，首龍州，訖館司，創設台站，滇桂道始達。 已而軍其南門，敵開壁出盪，疾擊之，逼城而壘，槍彈雨坌，攻益力。 是時天霪雨，運饋絕，吏士無人色。 逾歲，滇軍丁槐攻城，桂軍雖飢疲，然猶據山巔轟擊。 法人殊死鬥，不可敗。 毓英慮其斷後援，令勿拚孤注，於是退頓牧馬。 有旨罷戰，遂入關。 論宣光獲勝功，賞花翎，賜號霍伽春巴圖魯，晉二品秩，除福建台灣道。 十七年，遷布政使。 二十年，代邵友濂為巡撫。
Zhang Zhidong then ordered him to recruit troops and enter China; he organized four battalions called the Jingzi Army as one contingent of the Guangdong forces in Vietnam. The court granted him an additional fifth-rank title. Jingsong then took the route through Muma, marching twelve hundred li through deep ravines and steep defiles where miasma was rife; men and horses fell in numbers beyond counting. Once he arrived, he repeatedly blunted the enemy's advance. Yuying thought highly of his ability and again placed Pan Deji's Yunnan troops under his command; his forces grew stronger, and he advanced to encamp at Sanjiangkou. After more than a month the French attacked Wu Fengdian's camp in Liu's army; Jingsong led Tan Jingde in a forced march to the rescue and won a great victory. Once the enemy had withdrawn, he pressed on toward Thanh Hoa ahead of the others. Outside the city the land had long been wild frontier; he supervised the troops in cutting roads through the mountains from Longzhou to Guansi, established relay stations, and at last opened the Yunnan-Guangxi route. Soon he encamped at the south gate. The enemy opened the walls and came out to skirmish; he struck swiftly, pressed close and threw up ramparts, bullets fell like rain, and the assault grew fiercer. Rain poured without cease, supplies could not get through, and officers and men were ashen with exhaustion. After more than a year Ding Huai of the Yunnan army besieged the city; though the Guangxi troops were hungry and weary, they still held the hilltops and blasted away. The French fought to the death and could not be beaten. Yuying feared their rear would be cut off and ordered them not to stake everything on one throw; they then withdrew to Muma. An edict ordered the fighting stopped, and he then crossed back into China. For the victory at Thanh Hoa he was awarded the peacock feather, granted the title Huogachun Batulu, promoted to second rank, and appointed intendant of the Taiwan circuit in Fujian. In the seventeenth year he was made provincial treasurer. In the twentieth year he replaced Shao Youlian as governor of Taiwan.
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台灣自設巡撫，首任劉銘傳，治台七年，頗有建設，詳銘傳傳。 銘傳去，友濂繼之，丈地清賦，改則啟徵，迭平番亂，建基隆砲台。 及景崧蒞任，日韓啟釁，亟起籌防。 永福分鎮南澳。 景崧自與永福共事，積不相能，乃徙永福軍台南，而自任守台北，未幾而李文奎變作。 文奎故直隸匪，從淮軍渡台，居景崧麾下為卒。 有副將餘姓者，緣事再革之，文奎忿甚，即撫署前斬其頭，護勇內應，爭發槍，將入殺景崧。 景崧出，叛卒見而怖之，斂刃立，並告無事。 景崧慰之，翻令文奎充營官，出駐基隆。 於是將領多離心，兵浸驕不可製。
Since Taiwan was given its own governor, the first appointee was Liu Mingchuan, who governed the island for seven years with considerable development; see his biography for details. When Mingchuan left, Youlian succeeded him, surveyed land and cleared tax registers, revised tax quotas and began collection, repeatedly pacified aboriginal revolts, and built the Keelung batteries. When Jingsong took office, war had broken out between Japan and Korea, and he urgently set about defense preparations. Yongfu was posted to defend Nan'ao. Jingsong and Yongfu had served together for years but could not get along; he moved Yongfu's army to Tainan while keeping Taipei for himself. Before long Li Wenkui's mutiny broke out. Wenkui had formerly been a bandit from Zhili; he crossed to Taiwan with the Huai Army and served as a soldier under Jingsong. A deputy commander surnamed Yu had him dismissed again over some matter; Wenkui was furious, beheaded him before the governor's yamen, and with the guards as inside accomplices they opened fire, about to storm in and kill Jingsong. Jingsong came out; the mutineers saw him and were afraid, sheathed their blades and stood at attention, and all claimed nothing was amiss. Jingsong comforted them and, incredibly, appointed Wenkui battalion commander and sent him to garrison Keelung. Thereupon many commanders lost heart, and the troops grew increasingly arrogant and uncontrollable.
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割台議起，主事邱逢甲建議自主，台民爭讚之。 乃建「民國」，設議院，推景崧為總統。 和議成，抗疏援贖遼先例，請免割，不報，命內渡。 台民憤，乃決自主，制藍旗，上印綬於景崧，鼓吹前導，紳民數千人詣撫署。 景崧朝服出，望闕謝罪，旋北面受任，大哭而入。 電告中外，有「遙奉正朔，永作屏籓」語，置內部、外部、軍部以下各大臣。 命陳季同介法人求各國承認，無應者。 無何，日軍攻基隆，分統李文忠敗潰。 景崧命黃義德頓八堵，遽馳歸，詭言獅球嶺已失，八堵不能軍，且日人懸金六十萬購總統頭，故還防內亂，景崧不敢詰也。 是夜，義德所部譁變。 平旦，日軍果占獅球嶺，潰兵爭入城，城中大驚擾亂，客勇、土勇互仇殺，屍遍地。 總統府火發，景崧微服挈子遁，附英輪至廈門，時立國方七日也。 二十八年，卒。
When the plan to cede Taiwan arose, the director Qiu Fengjia proposed self-rule, and the people of Taiwan vied in praising the idea. They then established a "Republic," set up a parliament, and elected Jingsong president. When the peace treaty was concluded, he submitted a memorial citing the precedent of redeeming Liaodong and asked that Taiwan be spared; there was no reply, and he was ordered to cross to the mainland. The people of Taiwan were indignant and resolved on self-rule; they made a blue flag, presented the seal and sash to Jingsong with music leading the way, and several thousand gentry and commoners came to the governor's yamen. Jingsong came out in court dress, faced toward the imperial palace and begged forgiveness, then turned north to accept office and went inside weeping. He telegraphed China and foreign countries with the phrase "afar we follow the imperial calendar, forever a protective screen," and appointed grand ministers for internal affairs, foreign affairs, military affairs, and the rest. He ordered Chen Jitong to act through the French to seek recognition from the various powers, but none responded. Before long the Japanese attacked Keelung, and the deputy commander Li Wenzong was routed. Jingsong ordered Huang Yide to hold Badu, but Yide hurried back and falsely claimed Shiziuling had fallen, that Badu could not be held, and that the Japanese had posted six hundred thousand in gold for the president's head, so he had returned to guard against internal disorder; Jingsong did not dare question him. That night Yide's troops mutinied. At dawn the Japanese indeed took Shiziuling; routed troops scrambled into the city, throwing it into panic; mercenary troops and native militia killed one another until corpses littered the streets. Fire broke out at the presidential residence; Jingsong slipped away in plain clothes with his son aboard a British steamer to Xiamen—the republic had lasted only seven days. He died in the twenty-eighth year of Guangxu.
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劉永福，字淵亭，廣西上思人，本名義。 幼無賴，率三百人出關，粵人何均昌據保勝，即取而代之。 所部皆黑旗，號黑旗軍。
Liu Yongfu, whose courtesy name was Yuanting, came from Shangsi in Guangxi; his original name was Yi. As a youth he was unruly; he led three hundred men beyond the border. When the Cantonese He Junchang held Baosheng, he displaced him at once. His troops all bore black banners and were called the Black Flag Army.
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同治末，法人陷河內，法將安鄴構越匪黃崇英謀佔全越，擁眾數万，號黃旗。 越王諭永福來歸，永福遂繞馳河內，與法人抗，設伏以誘斬安鄴，覆其全軍。 法人大舉入寇，永福軍頻挫。 越人懼，乃行成，而授永福為三宣副提督，轄宣光、興化、山西三省，設局保勝，榷釐稅助餉。 有黃佐炎者，越駙馬，以大學士督師。 永福數著戰功，匿不聞，永福銜之。 越難深，國王責令佐炎發兵，六調永福不至，然越王始終思用之。
Late in the Tongzhi reign the French took Hanoi; the French general Rivière colluded with the Vietnamese bandit Huang Chongying to seize all Vietnam, mustered tens of thousands, and was known as the Yellow Flag. The king of Vietnam ordered Yongfu to return; Yongfu circled to Hanoi, resisted the French, set an ambush to lure and kill Rivière, and destroyed his whole army. The French invaded on a large scale, and Yongfu's army suffered repeated defeats. The Vietnamese were afraid and made peace, appointing Yongfu deputy commander of the Three Xuan with jurisdiction over Thanh Hoa, Xinghua, and Son Tay, establishing an office at Baosheng and levying transit duties to help pay the army. There was Huang Zuoyan, the Vietnamese emperor's son-in-law, who supervised the army as grand secretary. Yongfu won many battles, but Zuoyan concealed the reports and did not pass them on; Yongfu bore a grudge against him. Vietnam's troubles deepened; the king ordered Zuoyan to send troops and summoned Yongfu six times, but he did not come; yet the king always wished to use him.
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光緒七年，法人藉詞前約互市紅河，脅越王逐永福。 越王佯調解，而陰令勿徙。 法大怒，逾歲，入據河內。 永福憤，請戰，出駐山西，迳諒山，謁提督黃桂蘭，乞援助。 會唐景崧至，面陳三策，永福曰：「微力不足當上策，中策勉為之！」 朝旨賞十萬金犒軍，永福入貲為游擊。 戰懷德紙橋，陣斬法將李威利，越王封一等男。 既又敗之城下，法人決堤掩其軍，越人具舟拯之出，退頓丹鳳，與法人水陸相持，苦戰三日，部將黃守忠攻最力。 敵大創，乃浮艦攻越都，懸萬金購永福，越乞降。 永福欲退保勝，黑旗軍皆憤懣，守忠自請以全師守山西，功不居，罪自坐，永福乃不復言退。 無何，聞法軍至，遂出駐水田中，而軍已罷困，及戰，大潰，退保興化。
In the seventh year of Guangxu the French used an earlier treaty on Red River trade as a pretext to coerce the king of Vietnam to expel Yongfu. The king of Vietnam pretended to mediate while secretly ordering Yongfu not to move. France was greatly angered; after more than a year they entered and occupied Hanoi. Yongfu was indignant, asked to fight, garrisoned Son Tay, went straight to Lang Son, called on the provincial commander Huang Guilan, and begged for aid. Tang Jingsong arrived and set forth the three plans in person; Yongfu said: "My slight strength is insufficient for the best plan; I will do my best with the middle plan! The court ordered a reward of one hundred thousand in gold for the army; Yongfu contributed funds and was made a guerrilla colonel. They fought at Paper Bridge; the French general Rivière was killed in battle; the king of Vietnam enfeoffed him as a first-class baron. Soon after he was defeated below the city; the French breached the dike to engulf his army; the Vietnamese provided boats to rescue them; he withdrew to Danfeng and faced the French on land and water for three days of bitter fighting, with his subordinate Huang Shouzhong attacking most fiercely. The enemy suffered heavy losses, then sent warships against the Vietnamese capital, posted ten thousand in gold for Yongfu's head, and Vietnam begged to surrender. Yongfu wished to withdraw to Baosheng; the Black Flag Army was indignant; Shouzhong volunteered to hold Son Tay with the whole force, claiming merit for none and guilt for himself; Yongfu then spoke no more of retreat. Before long, hearing the French army had come, he went out to the paddy fields, but his army was already exhausted; when battle came he was routed and withdrew to Xinghua.
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九年，法人要議越事，岑毓英力言土寇可驅，永福斷不宜逐，上韙之，命永福相機規河內，並濟以餉。 十年，毓英次嘉喻關，永福往謁，毓英極優禮之，編其軍為十二營。 法人聞之，改道犯北寧。 永福馳援，迳永祥金，英、法教民梗阻，擊卻之。 比至，粵軍已大潰，永福奪還扶朗、猛球砲台。 俄北寧失，力不支，再還興化。 復以糧運艱阻，改壁文盤洲大灘，候進止。
In the ninth year the French demanded negotiations on Vietnam; Cen Yuying argued strongly that local bandits could be driven off and Yongfu must by no means be expelled; the emperor approved and ordered Yongfu to seize the opportunity to plan against Hanoi while supplying his rations. In the tenth year Yuying was stationed at Jiayuguan; Yongfu went to call on him; Yuying treated him with the utmost courtesy and organized his army into twelve battalions. When the French heard of this, they changed course and attacked Bac Ninh. Yongfu hurried to the relief, went straight through Yongxiangjin, drove off British and French missionary converts who blocked the way. By the time he arrived the Guangdong army had already been routed; Yongfu recaptured the batteries at Phu Lang Thuong and Mong Cau. Soon Bac Ninh fell; unable to hold, he returned again to Xinghua. Again, because grain transport was difficult, he shifted his camp to Wenpanzhou Datan and awaited orders.
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毓英奏言：「永福為越官守越地，分所應為，若畀以職，將來邊徼海澨，皆可驅策。」 於是擢提督，賞花翎。 而李鴻章堅持和議，猶責其騷動。 已，和局中變，上令永福軍先進。 法人擾宣光，永福窖地雷待之，連日隱卒以誘敵，不敢出。 复徙營偪城，三戰皆利。 敵援至，毓英遣水師溯河而上，永福夾流截擊，奪其船二十馀艘，斬馘數十級，法人愕走。 踰月，法艦入同章，毓英遣將分伏河東西，永福居中策應，兩岸轟擊，敗之，復以全力扼河道。 十一年，法軍攻左域，守忠失同章不守，諸軍敗挫，永福退浪泊。 停戰詔已下未至，猶大捷臨洮。 論勝宣、臨功，賜號依博德恩巴圖魯。 和議成，法人要逐如故。 張之洞令永福駐思欽，不肯行。 景崧危詞脅之，乃勉歸於粵，授南澳鎮總兵。
Yuying memorialized: "As a Vietnamese official Yongfu guards Vietnamese territory—this is his proper duty; if he is given office, in future the borderlands and seacoasts can all be driven by him. He was then promoted to provincial commander and awarded the peacock feather. But Li Hongzhang insisted on peace talks and still blamed him for stirring up trouble. Soon the peace negotiations broke down; the emperor ordered Yongfu's army to advance first. The French harassed Thanh Hoa; Yongfu buried land mines to await them, for days concealed his troops to lure the enemy, and they did not dare come out. He moved camp again to press the city, and won all three engagements. When enemy reinforcements arrived, Yuying sent the river fleet upstream; Yongfu struck from both sides of the stream, captured more than twenty boats, beheaded dozens of the enemy, and the French fled in astonishment. After more than a month French warships entered Tongzhang; Yuying sent generals to ambush both banks while Yongfu coordinated from the center; both shores opened fire and defeated them, then sealed the river channel with full force. In the eleventh year the French attacked Zuoyu; Shouzhong lost Tongzhang and could not hold it; the allied armies were beaten back, and Yongfu withdrew to Langbo. The ceasefire edict had been issued but had not yet arrived; he still won a great victory at Lin Tao. For victories at Thanh Hoa and Lin Tao he was granted the title Yibode'en Batulu. When peace was concluded, the French still demanded his expulsion as before. Zhang Zhidong ordered Yongfu to garrison Sixin, but he refused to go. Jingsong threatened him with alarming words; he then reluctantly returned to Guangdong and was appointed commander of the Nan'ao garrison.
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二十年，中日釁起，命守台灣，增募兵，仍號黑旗。 景崧署巡撫，徙其軍駐台南。 及台北陷，景崧走，台民以總統印綬上永福，永福不受，仍稱幫辦。 日艦駛入安平口，擊沉之。 攻新竹，相持月馀，兵疲糧絕，永福使使如廈門告急，並電緣海督撫乞助餉，無應者。 而台南土寇為內間，引日軍深入，破新化，陷雲林，掇苗栗，轟嘉義，孤城危棘，永福猶死守。 日台灣總督樺山資紀貽書永福勸其去，峻拒之。 日軍乃大攻城，城陷，永福亡匿德國商輪，日軍大搜不獲。 內渡後，詔仍守欽州邊境。 後卒於家。
In the twentieth year the Sino-Japanese war broke out; he was ordered to defend Taiwan, raised more troops, and still called them the Black Flag. Jingsong served as acting governor and moved Yongfu's army to garrison Tainan. When Taipei fell and Jingsong fled, the people of Taiwan offered the presidential seal and sash to Yongfu; he refused them and still styled himself assistant. A Japanese warship entered Anping harbor and he sank it. At Hsinchu they faced each other for more than a month until the troops were weary and provisions exhausted; Yongfu sent envoys to Xiamen for urgent help and telegraphed the coastal governors begging for supplies, but no one responded. But native bandits in southern Taiwan served as inside agents and led the Japanese deep inland; they overran Xinhua, took Yunlin, seized Miaoli, and bombarded Chiayi; the isolated city stood in peril, yet Yongfu still held on desperately. The Japanese governor-general of Taiwan, Kabayama Sukenori, sent Yongfu a letter urging him to leave; he sternly refused. The Japanese then assaulted the city on a large scale; when it fell, Yongfu hid aboard a German merchant steamer, and though the Japanese searched extensively they could not find him. After he crossed to the mainland, an edict ordered him to continue guarding the Qinzhou border. He later died at home.
13
永福骨瘦柴立，而膽氣過人，重信愛士，故所部皆盡死力雲。
Yongfu was gaunt as a dry stick, yet his courage surpassed others; he prized faithfulness and loved his officers, so his men are said to have fought to the death for him.
14
論曰：清初平定台灣，用兵數十載，始入版圖。 甲午議和，遽許割讓，天下莫不同憤焉。 台民奮起，擁景崧為總統，建號永清，此實國民自主之始，七日遽亡。 景崧初說永福王越，乃自為之，竟不可以終日，雖有知慧，不如乘勢，豈不然哉？ 永福戰越，名震中外，談黑旗軍，輒為之變色。 及其渡台，已多暮氣，景崧又不與和衷，卒歸同敗，此不僅一隅之失也，惜哉！
The commentator says: In the early Qing, pacifying Taiwan took decades of warfare before it entered the imperial domain. At the Jiawu peace talks, cession was abruptly agreed, and indignation ran through the empire. The people of Taiwan rose up, made Jingsong president, and established the name Yongqing—this was truly the beginning of national self-rule—but the state collapsed in seven days. Jingsong had first urged Yongfu to be king of Vietnam, then took the role himself, yet could not hold out even a day; though he had wit, he was not as good at riding the tide—is this not so? Yongfu fought in Vietnam until his name shook China and abroad; at mention of the Black Flag Army, men's faces would change color. By the time he crossed to Taiwan he already bore much of evening's decline; Jingsong again would not work in harmony with him; in the end they shared the same defeat—this was not merely the loss of one corner of the realm. Alas!