1
列傳二百七十
Biographies 270
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儒林四
Confucian Scholars 4
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孔廕植
Kong Yinzhi
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孔廕植，字對寰，孔子六十五代孫，世居曲阜。 明天啟初，襲封衍聖公。 清順治元年，世祖定鼎京師，山東巡撫方大猷疏言開國之初，首宜尊崇先聖。 下禮部議，衍聖公爵及其官屬，悉循明舊制。 廕植朝京師，遣官迎勞。 入朝，班列大學士上，賜宴，恩禮有加。 四年，卒，遣山東布政使致祭。 子興燮襲。
Kong Yinzhi, whose style was Duihuan, was a sixty-fifth-generation descendant of Confucius and came from a family that had long lived in Qufu. Early in the Ming Tianqi reign, he inherited the dukedom of Yansheng. In the first year of Shunzhi, after the Founding Emperor had fixed the capital at Beijing, Shandong governor Fang Dayou submitted a memorial arguing that at the founding of a dynasty the ancient sage ought to be honored first. The case was sent to the Ministry of Rites, which ruled that the Duke Yansheng and his entire staff should continue under the Ming arrangements unchanged. When Yinzhi traveled to the capital, the court sent officials to welcome him and attend to his comfort. At court he was placed in the procession above the grand secretaries, given a banquet, and treated with exceptional courtesy. He died in the fourth year, and the Shandong provincial administration commissioner was dispatched to offer sacrifice on his behalf. His son Xing Xie succeeded to the title.
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興燮，字起呂。 時年十三，生母陶撫以成立。 稍長，事母甚孝，凝重有器識。 飭廟庭，修禮樂，諸廢悉舉。 累加少保兼太子太保。 康熙六年，卒。 子毓圻襲。
Xing Xie, whose style was Qilü. He was only thirteen; his birth mother, Lady Tao, raised him until he reached maturity. As he grew older he showed deep filial devotion to his mother, carried himself with weight and composure, and displayed real judgment and presence of mind. He restored discipline in the temple compound, renewed the ritual music, and brought back every practice that had fallen into disuse. He was promoted repeatedly until he held the ranks of Junior Guardian and Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent concurrently. He died in the sixth year of the Kangxi reign. His son Yu Qi succeeded.
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毓圻，字鐘在。 方幼，年十一，朝京師。 聖祖召見瀛台，禮度如成人，奏對稱旨。 越二年，上幸學，召毓圻陪祀，太皇太后召入見，賜坐，問家世，具以對，賜茶及克食。 辭出，命內臣送至宮門外，傳諭從官善輔翼之。 上御殿，毓圻從諸大臣朝參，及退，命自御道行，逡巡辭，上敦諭之，乃趨出。 加太子少師。 二十三年，上東巡，釋奠孔子廟，留曲柄黃蓋。 謁林，週覽遺跡，每事問，毓圻謹以對。 因請擴林地，置守衛，除租賦，設百戶，官秩視衛守備，皆許之。 毓圻輯幸魯盛典以進，復奏請重修孔子廟，白巡撫及河道總督，免縣人河工應役。 雍正元年，世宗命追封先聖五代王爵。 十月，毓圻詣闕謝，疾作，上命醫診視，賜參餌。 十一月，卒於京師，上遣內大臣奠茶酒。 喪歸，命皇三子及莊親王允祿臨奠，行人護行，賜葬，諡恭愨。 毓圻工書，愛蘭，自號曰蘭堂。 子傳鐸襲。
Yu Qi, whose style was Zhongzai. Still a child, he went to the capital at the age of eleven. The Kangxi Emperor received him at Yingtai; he conducted himself with the poise of a grown man, and everything he said in audience pleased the throne. Two years later, when the Emperor attended the Imperial Academy rites, Yu Qi was called to assist at the sacrifice. The Grand Empress Dowager summoned him in, gave him a seat, and asked about his lineage; he answered at length, and she granted him tea and provisions for the road. As he withdrew, she ordered palace eunuchs to escort him to the outer gate and sent word that his attendants should guide and support him carefully. When the Emperor held audience, Yu Qi joined the senior ministers in obeisance; as they withdrew, the Emperor told him to use the imperial path. He hesitated and demurred, but the Emperor pressed him firmly, and he then hurried out. He was promoted to Junior Tutor of the Heir Apparent. In the twenty-third year the Emperor toured the east, offered libation at the Temple of Confucius, and left behind a curved-handled yellow imperial canopy as a mark of honor. He visited the Kong Forest and went through the historic sites, questioning him on each point; Yu Qi answered with scrupulous care. He then asked to enlarge the forest estate, post guards, lift rent and tax obligations, and establish a corps of a hundred households with rank equivalent to a garrison commandant; the Emperor approved every request. Yu Qi edited the account of the imperial visit to Lu and presented it to the throne. He also memorialized for the rebuilding of the Confucius temple, secured the support of the provincial governor and the Grand Canal director-general, and obtained exemption for the people of the county from river-labor corvée. In the first year of Yongzheng, the Yongzheng Emperor ordered that five generations of the ancient sage be ennobled posthumously as kings. In the tenth month Yu Qi came to court to offer thanks; he fell ill, and the Emperor ordered physicians to attend him and sent ginseng as medicine. In the eleventh month he died in the capital; the Emperor sent an inner grand minister to offer libations of tea and wine. When his coffin returned home, the Emperor ordered the third imperial son and Prince Zhuang Yunlu to attend the mourning, sent officials to escort the procession, granted state burial, and gave him the posthumous title Gongmin. Yu Qi was accomplished in calligraphy, loved orchids, and took the sobriquet Orchid Hall. His son Chuan Duo succeeded.
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傳鐸，字振路。 康熙間賜二品冠服，襲爵後一年，世宗幸學，召傳鐸陪祀。 傳鐸老，病足，命其子繼溥代行禮。 六月，孔子廟災，傳鐸用明弘治間故事，率族人素服三日哭，疏引咎，上遣侍郎王景曾祭告。 並傳旨慰問。 尋發帑重建，命侍郎留保會巡撫岳濬、前巡撫陳世倌庀工役，而以傳鐸董其事。 詔詢傳鐸，有當增設者言無隱。 因請增設樂器庫直房，上許之。 八年，廟成。 九年，上命修孔林，仍與世倌監理，疾作乞休，上允之。 子繼濩前卒，命以孫廣棨襲。 十年，孔林工竟，復開館輯闕里盛典。 十三年，卒，賜祭葬。 傳鐸工詩詞，有集。
Chuan Duo, whose style was Zhenlu. During the Kangxi reign he was granted second-rank court dress. One year after inheriting the title, when the Yongzheng Emperor visited the Imperial Academy, Chuan Duo was summoned to assist at the sacrifice. Chuan Duo was elderly and lame; the Emperor ordered his son Jibo to perform the rites on his behalf. In the sixth month the Temple of Confucius caught fire. Chuan Duo followed the Ming Hongzhi precedent, led the clan in mourning dress for three days of weeping, and submitted a self-reproach memorial; the Emperor sent Vice Minister Wang Jingceng to announce the sacrifice. An edict of consolation was sent as well. Soon afterward imperial funds were released for rebuilding; the Emperor ordered Vice Minister Liubao to work with Governor Yue Jun and former governor Chen Shichang in organizing the labor, while Chuan Duo supervised the project. An edict asked Chuan Duo to speak frankly of anything that ought to be added. He then asked for a direct office attached to the musical-instrument repository, and the Emperor approved. In the eighth year the temple was finished. In the ninth year the Emperor ordered repairs to the Kong Forest; Chuan Duo continued to supervise the work with Chen Shichang. When illness set in he asked to retire, and the Emperor allowed it. His son Jihuo had died earlier, so the Emperor ordered his grandson Guang Qi to succeed. In the tenth year work on the Kong Forest was completed, and the academy was reopened to compile the ceremonial records of Queli. In the thirteenth year he died, and state sacrifice and burial were granted. Chuan Duo was skilled in poetry and song lyrics and left a collected works.
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廣棨，字京立。 雍正初，授二品冠服，襲爵。 以孔林工竟，率族人詣闕謝。 上御圓明園正大光明殿，召入對，命坐賜茶，諭曰：「汝為先聖後，當存聖賢心，行聖賢事，秉禮守義，以驕奢為戒。 汝年方少，尤宜勤學讀書，敦品勵行，與汝族人相勸戒，相砥礪，為端人正士。」 廣棨頓首謝。 賜松花江石硯及錦幣，賜宴，遣歸。 十三年，世宗崩，入臨。 高宗復召入對，以覃恩贈父繼濩如其爵。 乾隆三年，上幸學，召廣棨陪祀。 獻親耕耤田頌、視學大禮慶成賦。 四年，朝京師，祝上萬壽。 會舉經筵，令侍班，因奏請著為令。 六年，疏劾曲阜知縣毓琚不職，毓琚亦訐廣棨居鄉不法，下巡撫按治，上原廣棨而譴毓琚。 八年，卒。 子昭煥襲。
Guang Qi, whose style was Jingli. Early in the Yongzheng reign he was granted second-rank court dress and inherited the title. When the Kong Forest project was finished, he led the clan to court to offer thanks. The Emperor received him in the Hall of Rectitude and Brightness at the Old Summer Palace, summoned him for audience, had him seated, and granted tea. He instructed him: "As a descendant of the ancient sage, you must keep the sages' heart, do the sages' deeds, hold to ritual and righteousness, and guard against pride and luxury. You are still very young, and should study and read all the more diligently, cultivate your character, encourage one another among your kinsmen, and become upright, principled men." Guang Qi kowtowed in thanks. He was given a Songhua River inkstone and brocade silks, entertained at banquet, and sent home. In the thirteenth year the Yongzheng Emperor died, and he came to the capital to mourn. The Qianlong Emperor summoned him again for audience and, under a general amnesty, posthumously ennobled his father Jihuo to the same rank as his own title. In the third year of Qianlong the Emperor visited the Imperial Academy and summoned Guang Qi to assist at the sacrifice. He presented an ode on the Emperor's ceremonial plowing of the sacred field and a fu celebrating the completion of the imperial school visit. In the fourth year he came to the capital to congratulate the Emperor on his longevity. When the classics lecture was convened, he was ordered to attend in the lecturing corps and memorialized that the practice be made permanent. In the sixth year he memorialized against Qufu magistrate Yu Ju for dereliction of duty. Yu Ju in turn accused Guang Qi of misconduct at home. The case was sent to the provincial governor for investigation; the Emperor excused Guang Qi and punished Yu Ju. He died in the eighth year. His son Zhao Huan succeeded.
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昭煥，字顯明，十三年正月，上東巡，釋奠孔子廟，禦詩禮堂。 昭煥方幼，命其族人舉人繼汾等進講。 是日並謁林，還，复留曲柄黃蓋。 賜昭煥宴，賚書籍、文綺、貂幣，官繼汾中書，族人有官者皆進秩。 親制孔子廟碑，勒石大成門外。 二十一年，昭煥疏言：「皇莊戶丁蒙恩免役，歷來地方官額外雜派，每事調劑非易，請酌留五十戶，餘改歸民籍，交地方官編審應役。」 上諭曰：「昭煥疏言皇莊，此必沿前代舊習，然亦止應稱官莊。 子不云乎：'甚矣由之行詐，無臣而為有臣。 '昭煥可謂不能讀其祖書矣。 此時丁銀已停徵，地方官安得更令百姓應役？ 且取役何事？ 若為朕東巡修道，則皆發帑僱役，初未累百姓。 朕展謁先師，衍聖公督令廟戶除道清產，理所應爾，豈當轉庇廟戶，並發帑僱役亦不肯應耶？」 下吏議，當奪爵，上命寬之。 以昭煥年少，歸咎繼汾及其兄繼涑，皆譴黜。 三月，上東巡，釋奠孔子廟，謁林。 二十二年，上奉皇太后東巡釋奠。 三十六年，復東巡釋奠。 既還京師，出內府所藏週銅器木鼎、亞尊、犧尊、伯彝、冊卣、蟠夔敦、寶簠、夔鳳豆、饕餮甗、四足鬲，凡十事，置廟庭。 四十一年，兩金川平。 三月，复奉皇太后東巡釋奠，告成功。 次日，謁林。 四十八年，昭煥卒，子憲培襲。
Zhao Huan, whose style was Xianming. In the first month of the thirteenth year the Emperor toured the east, offered libation at the Temple of Confucius, and visited the Hall of Poetry and Rites. Zhao Huan was still a child, so the Emperor ordered his kinsman, presented scholar Jifen, and others to lecture in his place. That same day he also visited the Kong Forest; on his return he again left a curved-handled yellow canopy. He gave Zhao Huan a banquet and bestowed books, brocades, and sable gifts. Jifen was appointed to the Central Secretariat, and every clansman in office received a promotion. The Emperor personally composed the temple stele and had it engraved in stone outside the Gate of Great Accomplishment. In the twenty-first year Zhao Huan memorialized: "The estate households have been graciously exempted from corvée, yet local officials have long imposed extra levies on them, making every adjustment difficult. I ask that fifty households be kept, while the rest be returned to the common register and assigned corvée by the local magistrate." The Emperor said: "Zhao Huan writes of an 'imperial estate'—no doubt an old habit from earlier dynasties—but he should have called it only the official estate. Did not the Master say, 'How excessive was You in his deceit—having no minister yet acting as if he had one'? Zhao Huan plainly has not read his ancestor's books. By then the poll tax in silver had already been stopped; how could local officials still press the common people into corvée? And for what work was corvée needed in the first place? If it was for repairing roads on my eastern tour, all labor was hired from the treasury and never fell on the people at all. When I visited the ancient teacher, it was only fitting that the Duke Yansheng should have the temple households clear the roads and clean the grounds. How could he instead shield those households, refusing even labor paid from the treasury?" The officials recommended stripping his title, but the Emperor ordered leniency. Because Zhao Huan was young, blame fell on Jifen and his elder brother Jisu; both were censured and dismissed. In the third month the Emperor toured the east, offered libation at the Temple of Confucius, and visited the Kong Forest. In the twenty-second year the Emperor, with the Empress Dowager, toured the east and offered libation. In the thirty-sixth year he again toured the east and offered libation. After returning to the capital, he took from the inner palace ten Zhou bronzes—the wooden ding, ya zun, sacrificial zun, Bo yi, ce you, coiled kui dun, precious gui, kui-phoenix dou, taotie yan, and four-legged li—and set them in the temple courtyard. In the forty-first year the two Jinchuan campaigns were pacified. In the third month he again accompanied the Empress Dowager on an eastern tour to offer libation and announce the victory. The following day he visited the Kong Forest. In the forty-eighth year Zhao Huan died; his son Xian Pei succeeded.
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憲培，字養元。 乾隆五十九年，卒。 子慶鎔襲。
Xian Pei, whose style was Yangyuan. He died in the fifty-ninth year of Qianlong. His son Qing Rong succeeded.
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慶鎔，字陶甫。 道光二十一年，卒。 子繁灝襲。
Qing Rong, whose style was Taofu. He died in the twenty-first year of Daoguang. His son Fan Hao succeeded.
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繁灝，字文淵。 同治二年，卒，諡端恪。 子祥珂襲。
Fan Hao, whose style was Wenyuan. He died in the second year of Tongzhi and received the posthumous title Duanke. His son Xiang Ke succeeded.
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祥珂，字覲堂。 光緒三年，卒，諡莊愨。 子令貽襲。
Xiang Ke, whose style was Jintang. He died in the third year of Guangxu and received the posthumous title Zhuangmin. His son Ling Yi succeeded.
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令貽，字穀孫。 國變後，襲爵，奉祀如故。
Ling Yi, whose style was Gusun. After the fall of the dynasty he inherited the title and carried on the sacrifices unchanged.
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當唐末五季，以文宣公兼曲阜令。 宋用孔氏支子，明至清初因之。 自毓琚與廣棨互訐坐罷官，廷議以衍聖公諮送易涉私，孔氏子領鄉縣，所隸皆親屬，審斷亦未能悉公，擬更前例。 御史衛廷璞疏言宜仍舊貫，鴻臚寺卿林令旭又請以衢州孔氏子孫為曲阜知縣，下廷臣議，用廷璞言，仍令衍聖公諮送，巡撫考試題補。 後十餘年，巡撫白鍾山奏請改題缺。 上諭曰：「闕里毓聖之鄉，唐、宋以來，率以聖裔領縣事。 大宗主鬯，爵列上公。 而知縣以民事為職，奉法令，則以裁制傷恩； 厚族黨，則以偏私廢事； 非古易地而官之道，當如鍾山議。 仍別設世襲六品官，選孔氏子充補。」
From the late Tang through the Five Dynasties, the Duke of Wenxuan had also served concurrently as magistrate of Qufu. The Song appointed a collateral branch of the Kong house, and the Ming through early Qing kept the same arrangement. After Yu Ju and Guang Qi impeached each other and lost their posts, the court argued that when the Duke Yansheng forwarded nominations private favor was too easily involved, and that when a Kong clansman governed the county with kinsmen as subordinates judgments could hardly be fully impartial; they therefore proposed altering the old practice. Censor Wei Tingpu memorialized that the old custom should stand; Director of the Court of State Ceremonies Lin Lingxu also asked that a descendant of the Quzhou Kong line be made Qufu magistrate. The case went to the full court, which followed Tingpu: the Duke Yansheng would still forward names, and the provincial governor would examine candidates and fill the post by imperial appointment. More than ten years later, Governor Bai Zhongshan memorialized to make the magistracy an ordinary provincial post. The Emperor said: "Queli is the village that nurtured the sage; since Tang and Song, sage-descendants have usually held the county office. The main line presides over the libation wine, and its rank stands among the highest dukes. Yet a magistrate's charge is the people's affairs: enforce the law, and kinship is hurt by restraint; favor the clan, and public duty is lost to partiality; that is not the ancient principle of changing offices with the land. Bai Zhongshan's proposal should be adopted. A separate hereditary sixth-rank post should still be set up, filled by choosing Kong clansmen."
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明製，五經博士，孔氏南宗一，奉衢州孔子廟祀； 北宗一人，奉述聖祀。 顏氏复聖後，曾氏宗聖後，孟氏亞聖後，仲氏子路後，各一人。 道州周氏元公後，江寧、嵩縣程氏皆正公後，洛陽邵氏康節後，建安、婺源硃氏皆文公後，各一人。 清因之。 又增設咸陽姬氏文王后，曲阜東野氏周公後，濟寧閔氏子騫後，濬縣端木氏子貢後，常熟言氏子遊後，鉅野卜氏子夏后，蕭縣顓孫氏子張後，菏澤、肥城兩冉氏伯牛、仲弓後，肥城有氏有子後，鄒平伏氏伏生後，孟縣韓氏文公後，郿縣張氏明公後，各一人。 而程氏改純公後一人。 又崇關侯祀事，亦錄其後，洛陽、解州、江陵各一人。 明史衍聖公附儒林傳後，今仿其例，並五經博士有增設者亦附焉。
Under the Ming system there were Doctors of the Five Classics: one from the southern Kong line, who tended sacrifice at the Quzhou Temple of Confucius; and one from the northern line, who tended sacrifice to the Narrating Sage. One each was appointed for the Yan house, heirs of the Restoring Sage; the Zeng house, heirs of the Transmitting Sage; the Meng house, heirs of the Second Sage; and the Zhong house, heirs of Zilu. One each for the Zhou of Daozhou, heirs of Master Yuan; the Cheng of Jiangning and Songxian, heirs of Master Zheng; the Shao of Luoyang, heirs of Master Kangjie; and the Zhu of Jian'an and Wuyuan, heirs of Master Wengong. The Qing kept the same arrangement. It further added one post each for the Ji of Xianyang, heirs of King Wen; the Dongye of Qufu, heirs of the Duke of Zhou; the Min of Jining, heirs of Ziqian; the Duanmu of Junxian, heirs of Zigong; the Yan of Changshu, heirs of Ziyou; the Bu of Juye, heirs of Zixia; the Zhuansun of Xiaoxian, heirs of Zizhang; the two Ran lines of Heze and Feicheng, heirs of Boniu and Zhonggong; the You of Feicheng, heirs of Youzi; the Fu of Zouping, heirs of Fusheng; the Han of Mengxian, heirs of Master Wengong; and the Zhang of Meixian, heirs of Master Ming. For the Cheng house the line was changed to a single heir of Master Chungong. The cult of Lord Guan was likewise honored, and his descendants were enrolled too—one at Luoyang, one at Jiezhou, and one at Jiangling. The Ming History placed the Duke Yansheng after the Confucian Scholars biographies; we follow that precedent here, and likewise append any new Doctors of the Five Classics established in our own time.