1
列傳二百七十三繼輅洪頤煊鄧顯鶴周濟徐松李兆洛錢儀吉包世臣姚椿張鑑黃易董祐誠俞正燮潘德輿張維屏梅曾亮湯鵬龔鞏祚魏源方東樹魯一同譚瑩吳敏樹周壽昌斌良何紹基馮桂芬李慈銘張裕釗吳汝綸林紓
Biography 273: Lu Jilu, Hong Yixuan, Deng Xianhe, Zhou Ji, Xu Song, Li Zhaoluo, Qian Yiji, Bao Shichen, Yao Chun, Zhang Jian, Huang Yi, Dong Youcheng, Yu Zhengxie, Pan Deyu, Zhang Weiping, Mei Cengliang, Tang Peng, Gong Gongzuo, Wei Yuan, Fang Dongshu, Lu Yitong, Tan Ying, Wu Minshu, Zhou Shouchang, Bin Liang, He Shaoji, Feng Guifen, Li Ciming, Zhang Yuzhao, Wu Rulun, and Lin Shu.
2
張澍，字介侯，武威人。 父應舉，有孝行。 嘉慶四年，澍年十八，成進士。 是科得人最盛，澍選庶吉士，文詞博麗。 散館改知縣，初令玉屏，以病歸。 敘防河勞，選屏山，攝興文，丁父艱。 再起，知永新。 署臨江通判，坐徵解緩，罷官。 開復，補瀘溪，復以憂去。
Zhang Shu, whose style name was Jiehou, came from Wuwei. His father Yingju was renowned for his filial devotion. In 1799, at the age of eighteen, Shu passed the highest civil service examination. That year's examination produced an exceptionally strong cohort; Shu was chosen for the Hanlin Academy, and his writing was learned and elegant. After completing his Hanlin training he was assigned as a county magistrate, first to Yuping, but soon returned home due to illness. Credit for his work on flood control earned him appointment to Pingshan; he also served temporarily as magistrate of Xingwen before entering mourning upon his father's death. Called back to service, he became magistrate of Yongxin. While serving as acting subprefect of Linjiang, he was removed from office for delays in forwarding collected taxes. Reinstated, he was posted to Luxi, but once more left office to observe mourning.
3
澍性亢直，所至輒有聲。 在黔時，巡撫初彭齡過縣，澍杖其僕之索金者。 座主蔣攸銛督四川，甫下車，舉劾屬吏，風采嚴峻。 澍上書論其循情市恩，黜陟不當，以此官不遂。 務博覽經史，皆有纂著。 遊跡半天下，詩文益富。 留心關、隴文獻，蒐輯刊刻之。 纂五涼舊聞、三古人苑、續黔書、秦音、蜀典，而姓氏五書尤為絕學。 自著詩文外，又有詩小序翼、說文引經考證。
Shu was forthright and unyielding by temperament, and wherever he served he soon made a name for himself. In Guizhou, when Governor Chu Pengling passed through his county, Shu had a servant flogged for extorting money. His examination patron Jiang Youshen became governor-general of Sichuan and, the moment he assumed office, began impeaching subordinates with stern and formidable authority. Shu memorialized the throne charging that Jiang traded in favoritism and made improper appointments and removals; because of this his own career never advanced. He read widely in the classics and histories and produced compilations on each field he studied. He traveled across much of the empire, and his poetry and prose grew ever more abundant. He devoted attention to the literary heritage of the Guan and Long regions, gathering and printing its texts. Among his compilations were Old Reports of the Five Liang, Garden of the Three Ancients, Continued Records of Guizhou, Qin Dialect, and Shu Institutions; his five works on surnames were regarded as scholarship of the highest order. Besides his own literary writings, he also authored Wings to the Small Prefaces of the Odes and Textual Verification of Classical Citations in the Shuowen jiezi.
4
同時甘肅有與之同名者，曰邢澍，字雨民，階州人也。 兩人學派亦略相近。 進士，官至南安知府。 好古博聞，孫星衍輯寰宇訪碑錄，多資於澍。 著有關右經籍考、兩漢希姓錄、金石文字辨異、守雅堂集。
Contemporary Gansu had another scholar also named Shu: Xing Shu, styled Yumin, from Jiezhou. The two men's scholarly orientations were also much alike. A jinshi degree-holder, he eventually served as prefect of Nan'an. A lover of antiquity with wide learning, he supplied much of the material for Sun Xingyan's Record of Stele Visits Throughout the Realm. He wrote Examination of Classics of the Guanxi Region, Record of Rare Surnames of the Two Han, Differentiation of Inscriptions in Metal and Stone, and the Shouya Hall Collection.
5
莫與儔，字猶人，獨山州人。 少有志操，兄歿，持期服，不與試。 ，朱珪、阮元總裁會試，所拔取多樸學知名士，與儔亦以是年成進士，選庶吉士。 散館，改令鹽源縣。 俗，富民買田好擇取無稅者，貧民往往鬻產存賦，久輒逃亡。 與儔責賦富人，而貰其隱佔罪。 又上言河西寧遠子稅所府隸橫徵病民，得裁去。 木里喇嗎左所有山產銀銅，布政使符縣開礦，與儔持不可，以為礦山實土官經堂所據，奸民所呈地圖距經堂遠，實無礦，開廠聚眾，滋擾夷境，貪小利，賈大釁，事誠不便。 大吏檄與儔覆勘，至則礦山果在經堂右。 其眾嚴兵以待，既瞻與儔貌，聆其溫語，皆解甲羅拜。 縣令至，土司例有供餽，盡卻之，又懸諸禁。 比還，老幼遮道獻酒，填咽不得前。 舉治行卓異，以父憂去。 母老，遂請終養。
Mo Yuchou, whose style name was Youren, came from Dushan Prefecture. From youth he showed strong moral purpose; when his elder brother died he observed the full year of mourning and refused to sit for examinations. When Zhu Gui and Ruan Yuan presided over the metropolitan examination, they favored many well-known scholars of solid classical learning; Yuchou passed that year as well and was selected for the Hanlin Academy. After completing his Hanlin training he was appointed magistrate of Yanyuan County. Local custom favored wealthy buyers who chose untaxed land, while poor households often sold their fields yet still owed tax assessments and, in time, fled as refugees. Yuchou made wealthy landowners bear the tax obligations and fined them for concealed landholding. He also memorialized that the Ningyuan sub-tax office in Hexi, under prefectural control, was levying oppressive surcharges that harmed the people; the abuses were abolished. The Muli Lama Left Office had mountains rich in silver and copper, and the provincial treasurer ordered the county to open mines there. Yuchou objected, showing that the mountains actually belonged to the native chieftain's scripture hall, that the map submitted by scheming men lay far from it and showed no real ore, and that opening mines and gathering workers would disturb the Yi frontier—trading small gain for great trouble was plainly unwise. Senior officials ordered Yuchou to reinspect the site, and he found the mountains were indeed just to the right of the scripture hall. The tribesmen had armed themselves to meet him, but once they saw Yuchou's bearing and heard his gentle words, they laid down their weapons and bowed before him in ranks. Whenever a magistrate arrived, the native chieftain customarily sent provisions as gifts; he refused them all and posted prohibitions against the practice. On his return, young and old blocked the road to offer wine until the way was so crowded he could not pass. Recommended for outstanding administration, he then left office to mourn his father. His mother was elderly, and he petitioned to remain at home and care for her for life.
6
久之，被吏部檄復起，自請改教授，選遵義。 士人聞其至，爭請受業。 學舍如蜂房，猶不足，僦居半城市。 旦暮進諸生而詔之：「學以盡其下焉者而已，上焉者聽其自至可也。 程、朱氏之論，窮神達化，不越灑埽應對日用之常。 至六藝故訓，則國朝專經大師，實邁近古。」 其稱江、閻、惠、陳、段、王父子，未嘗隔三宿不言，聽者如旱苗之得膏雨。 其後門人鄭珍及子友芝遂通許、鄭之學，為西南大師。 與儔著二南近說，詩文散佚。 友芝記其言行為過庭碎錄。
After a long interval the Board of Civil Appointments recalled him to service; he asked instead to become an instructor and was appointed at Zunyi. When scholars learned he had arrived, they competed to study under him. The school buildings were packed like beehives yet still could not hold everyone, and he rented rooms across half the city. Morning and evening he gathered his students and told them: "Learning means mastering the fundamentals; the highest attainments may be left to arrive on their own. The teachings of the Cheng and Zhu schools, for all their talk of plumbing spirit and penetrating transformation, do not go beyond the everyday acts of sweeping floors and answering one's duties. In the classical exegesis of the Six Arts, the Qing masters of specialized learning truly surpass the scholars of recent centuries." He spoke of Jiang, Yan, Hui, Chen, Duan, and the Wang father and son so often that scarcely three days passed without their names on his lips, and his listeners were like parched seedlings revived by rain. Later his disciples Zheng Zhen and his son Youzhi mastered the scholarship of the Xu and Zheng schools and became the leading scholars of the southwest. Yuchou wrote Recent Explanations of the Two Souths; his poetry and prose have mostly been lost. Youzhi recorded his father's teachings in Miscellaneous Records from the Courtyard.
7
友芝，字子偲。 家世傳業，通會漢、宋。 工詩。 真行篆隸書不類唐以後人，世爭寶貴。 友芝亦樂易近人，癯貌玉立，而介特內含。 舉人，在京師遠跡權貴。 胡林翼、曾國藩皆其舊好，留居幕府，評騭書史外，榮利泊如也。 咸豐時，嘗選取縣令，棄去。 至是中外大臣密疏薦其學行，有詔徵至，复謝不就。 卒，年六十一。 著黔詩紀略、遵義府志、聲韻考略、郘庭詩鈔、宋元舊本經眼錄、樗繭譜注、唐本說文木部箋異。
Youzhi, whose style name was Zisi. He came from a family of scholars and reconciled Han-dynasty philology with Song Neo-Confucianism. He was an accomplished poet. His regular, running, seal, and clerical scripts bore none of the manner of post-Tang calligraphers, and collectors prized them highly. Youzhi was affable and approachable, spare and upright as jade in bearing, yet inwardly possessed of unyielding integrity. A provincial graduate, he kept his distance from powerful patrons while in the capital. Hu Linyi and Zeng Guofan were old friends; he served in their staffs appraising books and histories, yet remained utterly indifferent to rank and gain. During the Xianfeng reign he was once selected for a county magistracy but refused the appointment. By then ministers at court and in the provinces had privately recommended his scholarship and character; the throne summoned him, but once again he declined to serve. He died at the age of sixty-one. He wrote Outline of Guizhou Poetry, Gazetteer of Zunyi Prefecture, Brief Study of Phonology, Luoting Poetry Drafts, Record of Song and Yuan Old Editions Seen, Commentary on the Silkworm Treatise, and Notes on Variants in the Wood Radical of the Tang Shuowen.
8
陸繼輅，字祁孫，陽湖人。 幼孤，生母林嚴督之，非其人，禁勿與遊。 甫成童，出應試，得識丁履恆，歸告母，母察其賢，始令與結。 其後益交莊曾詒、張琦、惲敬、洪飴孫輩，學日進。 嘉慶五年舉人，選合肥訓導。 以修安徽省志敘勞，遷貴溪令，三年引疾歸。 繼輅儀幹秀削，聲清如唳鶴。 不以塵務經心，惟肆力於詩。 清溫多風，如其人也。
Lu Jilu, whose style name was Qisun, came from Yanghu. Orphaned in childhood, he was raised under the strict discipline of his mother Lin, who forbade him to associate with anyone she judged unworthy. As soon as he came of age he went to take examinations, met Ding Lüheng, and told his mother on returning home; she judged Ding worthy and only then allowed them to become friends. He later befriended Zhuang Zengyi, Zhang Qi, Yun Jing, Hong Yisun, and others, and his scholarship steadily improved. In 1800 he passed the provincial examination and was appointed director of studies at Hefei. Credit for compiling the Anhui provincial gazetteer earned him appointment as magistrate of Guixi; after three years he resigned on grounds of illness and returned home. Jilu was slender and refined in bearing, with a voice as clear as a crane's cry. He paid no heed to worldly affairs and devoted himself entirely to poetry. His verse was clear, gentle, and spirited—like the man himself.
9
常州自張惠言、惲敬以古文名，繼輅與董士錫同時並起，世遂推為陽湖派，與桐城相抗。 然繼輅選七家古文，以為惠言、敬受文法於錢伯坰，伯坰親業劉大櫆之門； 蓋其淵源同出唐、宋大家，以上窺史、漢，桐城、陽湖，皆未嘗自標異也。 繼輅著崇百藥齋集、合肥學舍札記。
Since Zhang Huiyan and Yun Jing had made Changzhou famous for ancient-style prose, Jilu and Dong Shixi rose together in the same generation, and the age hailed them as leaders of the Yanghu school to rival Tongcheng. Yet in his anthology of seven masters of ancient prose, Jilu held that Huiyan and Jing learned their craft from Qian Bokun, who had studied directly under Liu Dakui; for their lineage alike reached back through the great Tang and Song masters toward the Histories and Han; neither Tongcheng nor Yanghu had truly set themselves apart. Jilu wrote the Chongbaiyao Studio Collection and Notes from the Hefei Academy.
10
從子耀遹，字劭文。 縣學生。 工為詩，喜金石文字，與繼輅齊名。 其為人韜斂精采，而遇事侃侃無所撓。 遊公卿間，尤長尺牘。 嘗客陝西巡撫幕，教匪反滑縣，那彥成過長安，聞耀遹名，即請見，為陳機宜數十事，因囑具草以聞，多施行。 道光初，舉孝廉方正，選阜寧教諭，卒。 有雙白燕堂集、金石續編。
His nephew's son Yao Yu, whose style name was Shaowen. He was a county school student. He excelled at poetry and loved epigraphy, and was as renowned as Jilu himself. He was reserved in manner, yet when matters arose he spoke boldly and yielded to no pressure. Moving among high officials, he was especially skilled at formal correspondence. He once served on the staff of the Shaanxi governor. When sect rebels rose in Huaxian, Na Yancheng passed through Chang'an, heard of Yao Yu's reputation, and summoned him at once; Yao laid out dozens of strategic recommendations, drafted a memorial at his request, and many of the proposals were adopted. Early in the Daoguang reign he was recommended as a Filial and Incorrupt scholar, appointed instructor at Funing, and died in office. His works include the Shuangbaiyan Hall Collection and Continuation of Metal and Stone Inscriptions.
11
繼輅所鈔七家文者，大櫆、惠言、敬外，則方苞、姚鼐、朱仕琇、彭績也。
The seven masters of ancient prose in Jilu's anthology, besides Dakui, Huiyan, and Jing, were Fang Bao, Yao Nai, Zhu Shixiu, and Peng Ji.
12
績，字秋士，長洲人。 品詣孤峻。 乾隆末，窮而客死。 無子，年四十四。 族子紹升曰：「人之吊先生者，悲其窮。 吾獨謂先生竹柏之性，有節有文采，其英亦元結、孟郊之匹，未見其窮也。」 有秋士遺集。 餘六人皆自有傳。
Peng Ji, whose style name was Qiushi, came from Changzhou. His character was austere and uncompromising. At the end of the Qianlong reign he died in poverty far from home. He left no son and was forty-four years old. His clansman Shaosheng said: "Those who came to mourn the Master lamented his poverty. I alone hold that the Master had the nature of bamboo and cypress—firm in integrity and rich in literary grace—and that his spirit rivaled Yuan Jie and Meng Jiao; I do not see him as poor at all." His Posthumous Collection of Qiushi survives. The other six each have biographies of their own.
13
洪頤煊，字旌賢，臨海人。 少時自力於學，與兄坤煊、弟震煊讀書僧寮，夜就佛鐙講誦不輟。 學使阮元招頤煊、震煊就學行省，名日起。 嘉慶六年，充選拔貢生。 入貲為州判，權知新興縣事。 適阮元督粵，知頤煊學優非吏才，延致幕府，相與諮諏經史。 後卒於家。 性喜聚書，廣購嶺南舊本至三萬餘卷，碑版彝器多世所罕覯。 著禮經宮室答問、孔子三朝記、管子義證、漢志水道疏證、讀書叢錄、台州札記、筠軒詩文集。
Hong Yixuan, whose style name was Jingxian, came from Linhai. From youth he applied himself to learning; with his elder brother Kunxuan and younger brother Zhenxuan he studied in a monastery, lecturing and reciting by the Buddha lamp far into the night. Education Commissioner Ruan Yuan invited Yixuan and Zhenxuan to study at the provincial capital, and their reputations grew daily. In 1801 he qualified as a selected tribute student. He purchased the post of assistant prefect and served as acting magistrate of Xinxing County. Ruan Yuan was then governor-general of Guangdong; recognizing that Yixuan was a fine scholar but no administrator, he brought him onto his staff to discuss the classics and histories. He later died at home. He loved collecting books and amassed more than thirty thousand volumes of old Lingnan editions, along with stele rubbings and ritual bronzes rarely seen in his day. He wrote Answers on Palace Chambers in the Book of Rites, Record of Confucius's Three Audiences, Evidential Commentary on the Guanzi, Exegesis of Waterways in the Han Bibliographic Treatise, Miscellany from Reading, Taizhou Notes, and the Yunxuan Poetry and Prose Collection.
14
坤煊，字載厚。 乾隆末，以拔貢生舉鄉試，題名後十餘日卒。
Kunxuan, whose style name was Zaihou. At the end of the Qianlong reign he passed the provincial examination as a selected tribute student and died little more than ten days after his name was posted.
15
震煊，字百里。 精選學，詩才敏贍。 阮元修經籍篡詁、十三經校勘記皆任其役。 後頤煊十二年充選拔貢生。 既廷試，貧不克歸，遂以客死。 著夏小正疏義。
Zhenxuan, whose style name was Baili. He excelled in classical scholarship, and his poetic talent was quick and prolific. Ruan Yuan entrusted him with work on the Collected Glosses on the Classics and the Collation Notes on the Thirteen Classics. Twelve years after his brother Yixuan, he qualified as a selected tribute student. After the palace examination he was too poor to return home and died far from his native place. He wrote Exegesis of the Xia Calendar.
16
鄧顯鶴，字子立，新化人。 少與同里歐陽紹洛以詩相勵，遊客四方，所至傾動。 嘉慶九年舉人。 厭薄仕進，一以篡著為事，系楚南文獻者三十年，學者稱之曰湘皋先生。 內行修，事兄白首無間，撫其子勤於己子。 尤篤於師友風義。 嘗以為洞庭以南，服嶺以北，屈原、賈誼傷心之地也，歷代通人志士相望，而文字湮鬱不宣。 乃從事搜討，每得貞烈遺行於殘簡斷冊中，為之驚喜狂拜，汲汲彰顯，若大譴隨其後。 凡所著有資江耆舊集、沅湘耆舊集、楚寶增輯考異、武岡志、寶慶志、朱子五忠祠傳略及續傳、明季湖南殉節傳略。 又易述、毛詩表、南村草堂詩文集，共數百卷。 晚授寧鄉訓導。 卒，年七十五。
Deng Xianhe, whose style name was Zili, came from Xinhua. In youth he and his fellow townsman Ouyang Shaoluo spurred each other on in poetry; traveling widely, he won admiration wherever he went. In 1804 he passed the provincial examination. Disdaining official careerism, he devoted himself entirely to scholarly compilation; for thirty years he preserved the literary heritage of southern Hunan, and scholars called him Master Xianggao. He was upright in private life, remained devoted to his elder brother to the end of their days, and raised his nephew as diligently as his own sons. He was especially steadfast in loyalty to teachers and friends. He held that the region south of Dongting Lake and north of the Five Ridges was the land of Qu Yuan and Jia Yi's sorrow, where learned men and loyal scholars had succeeded one another through the ages, yet whose writings remained buried and unknown. He therefore searched the archives, and whenever he found records of loyal martyrs in damaged manuscripts, he would rejoice and bow in reverence, rushing to publish them as though great blame would follow if he delayed. His works include Collections of Elders of the Zijiang, Collections of Elders of the Yuan and Xiang, Supplemental Collation and Variants of the Chu Treasure, gazetteers of Wugang and Baojing, Brief Biographies of the Five Loyal Temple of Zhu Xi and its continuation, and Brief Biographies of Martyrs of Hunan in the Late Ming. He also wrote Expositions on the Changes, Tables of the Mao Odes, and the Nancun Thatched Hall Poetry and Prose Collection, totaling several hundred volumes. In his later years he was appointed director of studies at Ningxiang. He died at the age of seventy-five.
17
同時萬希槐，字蔚亭，黃岡人。 以廩膳生官南漳訓導。 通經史百家言，著十三經證異。 困學紀聞集證，陳嵩慶推為王氏功臣。
Contemporary with him was Wan Xihuai, whose style name was Weiting, from Huanggang. As a granary-stipend student he was appointed director of studies at Nanzhang. He mastered the classics, histories, and the hundred schools, and wrote Evidential Variants of the Thirteen Classics. Chen Songqing hailed his Collected Evidences to Notes from Difficult Study as an indispensable contribution to Wang Yinglin's scholarship.
18
周濟，字保緒，荊溪人。 好讀史，喜觀古將帥兵略，騎射擊刺藝絕精。 進士。 或謂之曰：「對策語幸無過激。」 濟曰：「始進，敢欺君乎！」 及廷對，縱言天下事，字逾恆格。 以三甲歸班選知縣，改就淮安府學教授。 上丁釋奠，禮畢，知府王轂就殿門外升輿，濟趨前阻之，知府不懌去，濟遂引疾歸。 是秋冒賑事發，自轂以下吏皆得罪，濟以先去免。 淮南北鹽梟充斥，總督孫玉庭知濟能，以防撫事屬之。 濟集營弁，勒以兵法，奸民皆斂跡。 已而歎曰：「鹽務不理其本，徒緝私，私不可勝緝也。」 因謝去。 濟與李兆洛、張琦、包世臣訂交。 當是時，數吳中士有裨世用者，必首及世臣、濟兩人。
Zhou Ji, whose style name was Baoxu, came from Jingxi. He loved history and studied ancient generals' military strategies; he was supremely skilled in horsemanship, archery, and swordplay. He was a jinshi degree-holder. Someone warned him: "In your policy essay, try not to be too outspoken." Ji replied: "At my first audience with the throne, how could I dare deceive my sovereign!" At the palace audience he spoke freely on affairs of the realm, exceeding the prescribed length. Placed in the third rank of jinshi graduates, he was selected as a county magistrate but instead took the post of professor at the Huai'an Prefecture school. At the spring sacrifice to Confucius, when the rites were finished, Prefect Wang Gu stepped outside the hall to mount his carriage; Ji rushed forward to stop him. The prefect left in displeasure, and Ji resigned on grounds of illness. That autumn a scandal over embezzled relief funds broke out, and officials from Wang Gu downward were all punished; Ji was spared because he had already resigned. Salt smugglers infested the Huai region; Governor-General Sun Yuting, recognizing Ji's ability, entrusted him with defense and pacification. Ji assembled military officers and disciplined them according to military law, and the lawless all fell silent. Soon he sighed and said: "Salt administration ignores the root of the problem; merely suppressing smuggling can never end it." He therefore resigned. Ji formed close friendships with Li Zhaoluo, Zhang Qi, and Bao Shichen. At that time, whenever scholars of the Wu region useful to public affairs were counted, Shichen and Ji were always named first.
19
濟雖以才自喜，一日盡屏豪習，閉門撰述，成晉略八十卷，例精辭潔，於攻取防守地勢多發明論贊中，非徒考訂已也。 晚復任淮安教授，遴秀童教以樂舞，禮成，觀者盈千。 周天爵移督湖廣，邀濟偕行。 道卒，年五十九。
Though proud of his talents, Ji one day cast off his extravagant habits, shut his door to write, and completed eighty volumes of Outline of Jin, with refined organization and clean prose; in his discussions he offered original insights on terrain for attack and defense, going far beyond mere collation. In his later years he again served as professor at Huai'an, selecting talented youths to teach ritual music and dance; when the ceremony was completed, more than a thousand people watched. When Zhou Tianjue was transferred to governor-general of Huguang, he invited Ji to accompany him. He died on the journey at the age of fifty-nine.
20
陳鶴，字鶴齡，元和人。 操行修潔，亦精史學。 進士，以主事分工部，出無車馬。 與棲霞牟昌裕、陽山鄭士超有「工部三君子」之目。 熟於明代事，輯明紀六十卷。 未成，卒。 後八卷其孫克家續成之。 克家，道光末舉人。 官中書。 後參張國梁軍事，殉難，贈知府銜。
Chen He, whose style name was Heling, came from Yuanhe. He was upright and refined in conduct and also excelled in historical studies. A jinshi, he served as a director in the Ministry of Works and went about on foot without carriage or horses. With Mou Changyu of Qixia and Zheng Shichao of Yangshan he was known as one of the "Three Gentlemen of the Works Bureau." Well versed in Ming history, he compiled sixty volumes of Ming Annals. He died before the work was finished. His grandson Kejia completed the final eight volumes. Kejia passed the provincial examination late in the Daoguang reign. He served as a secretarial officer in the Grand Secretariat. He later joined Zhang Guoliang's staff, died in service, and was posthumously granted the rank of prefect.
21
徐松，字星伯，大興人。 嘉慶十年進士，授編修。 簡湖南學政，坐事戍伊犁。 松留心文獻，既出關，置開方小冊，隨所至圖其山川曲折，成西域水道記，擬水經； 復自為釋，以比道元之注。 又以新疆入版圖數十年，視同畿甸，而未有專書，乃纂述成編，於建置、控扼、錢糧、兵籍，言之尤詳。 將軍松筠奏進其書，賜名新疆事略，特旨赦還，御製序付武英殿刊行。 道光改元，起內閣中書，洊擢郎中，補御史，出知榆林府。 未幾，卒。 他所著有新斠注地理志集釋、漢書西域傳補注、唐兩京城坊考、唐登科記考、新疆賦共數十卷。
Xu Song, whose style name was Xingbo, came from Daxing. He passed the jinshi examination in 1805 and was appointed a Hanlin compiler. Appointed education commissioner of Hunan, he was later banished to Yili for an offense. Song devoted himself to documentary research; beyond the frontier he carried a pocket notebook, mapping the courses of mountains and rivers wherever he traveled, and completed Record of Western Region Waterways, modeled on the Water Classic; He also wrote his own commentary, intended to rival Li Daoyuan's annotations. Since Xinjiang had been part of the empire for decades and was treated like the capital region yet lacked a dedicated study, he compiled a comprehensive work with detailed treatment of administration, strategic control, revenue, and military registers. General Songyun presented his book to the throne; it was given the title Brief Account of Xinjiang Affairs; by special edict Xu was pardoned and recalled; the emperor wrote a preface and ordered its publication by the imperial printing office. At the beginning of the Daoguang reign he was recalled as a Grand Secretariat secretary, promoted to director, appointed censor, and then sent out as prefect of Yulin. He died soon afterward. His other works include Collected Explanations of the Geography Monograph, Supplementary Notes to the Account of the Western Regions in the Han History, Examination of the Two Capitals' Wards in Tang, Examination of Tang Examination Records, and Rhapsody on Xinjiang, totaling several dozen volumes.
22
松喜延譽後進。 其客有沈垚者，字子惇，烏程人。 優貢生。 性沉默，足不越關塞，好指畫絕域山川。 初為何凌漢、陳用光所賞拔。 入京師，館於松。 松稱其地學之精。 歙程恩澤嘗讀西遊記，擬為文疏通其說。 及見垚所撰西遊記金山以東釋，歎曰：「遐荒萬里在目前矣！」 遂閣筆。 垚客死，張穆裒其遺著，為落颿樓藁。
Song delighted in promoting younger scholars. Among his protégés was Shen Yao, whose style name was Zidun, from Wucheng. He was an outstanding tribute student. Quiet by nature, he never traveled beyond the frontier himself, yet loved to chart the mountains and rivers of distant lands. He was first recognized and promoted by He Linghan and Chen Yongguang. In the capital he lodged in Xu's household. Xu praised the excellence of his geographical scholarship. Cheng Enze of She County once read Journey to the West and planned to write an essay explaining its geography. When he saw Yao's Explanation of Journey to the West East of Jinshan, he exclaimed: "Ten thousand li of distant wilderness lie spread before one's eyes!" He then laid down his brush and wrote no more. Yao died far from home; Zhang Mu collected his surviving writings as Drafts of the Falling-Sail Tower.
23
陳潮，字東之，泰興人。 通經，工小篆，又擅周髀之學。 嘗夜登高台窺星象，不寐。 遊京師，亦卒於松寓。
Chen Chao, whose style name was Dongzhi, came from Taixing. He mastered the classics, excelled at small seal script, and was also expert in mathematical astronomy. He once spent a sleepless night on a high terrace observing the stars. He traveled to the capital and also died in Xu's household.
24
李圖，字少伯，掖縣人。 以拔貢生官直隸無極縣知縣，謝病歸。 圖讀書十行俱下，天才卓越。 工詩古文詞，力屏近世浮靡之習。 嘗曰：「文非司馬子長，詩非蘇、李，不足為師法也。」 徐松為濟南濼源書院山長，見圖詩，歎曰：「三百年來無此作矣！」 著有鴻桷齋詩文集。 山左稱詩者，王士禎、趙執信以後，以圖為巨擘云。
Li Tu, whose style name was Shaobo, came from Yexian. As a selected tribute student he served as magistrate of Wuji County in Zhili, then resigned citing illness. Tu could read ten lines at a glance; his natural talent was extraordinary. He excelled at poetry and ancient-style prose and firmly rejected the frivolous fashions of his day. He once said: "In prose, nothing but Sima Qian is fit to be a model; in poetry, nothing but Su Shi and Li Bai." Xu Song, as head of the Luoyuan Academy in Jinan, read Tu's poetry and exclaimed: "In three hundred years there has been nothing like this!" His Hongjue Studio Poetry and Prose Collection survives. Among Shandong poets, after Wang Shizhen and Zhao Zhixin, Tu was regarded as the leading figure.
25
李兆洛，字申耆，陽湖人。 進士，選庶吉士。 改令鳳臺，俗獷悍多盜，地接蒙城、阜陽，遠者至百八十里，官或終任不一至。 兆洛親行縣，辨其里落繁耗、地畝廣袤饒瘠，次第經理之。 焦岡湖，漢芍陂也，濱淮，易為災。 乃增堤防，設溝閘，歲以屢豐。 擇耆老勸民孝謹，優敘之。 於僻遠設義學，為求良師。 其捕盜，尤為人所喜稱。 嘗騎率健勇出不意得其魁，因察而撫之。 兆洛嘗曰：「鳳、潁、泗民氣可用，揀集五千人，方行天下有餘矣。 然唯其豪能使之，官帥至千里外，必客兵勢勝足相鈐制乃可。」 兆洛在縣七年，以父憂去，遂不出。 主講江陰書院幾二十年，以實學課士，其治經學、音韻、訓詁，訂輿圖，考天官歷術及習古文辭者輩出。 如江陰承培元、宋景昌、繆尚誥、六承如等，皆其選也。
Li Zhaoluo, whose style name was Shenqi, came from Yanghu. A jinshi degree-holder, he was selected for the Hanlin Academy. He was appointed magistrate of Fengtai, where the people were fierce and banditry common; the county bordered Mengcheng and Fuyang, with outlying districts as far as one hundred eighty li away, so that magistrates sometimes never visited them during an entire term. Zhaoluo traveled the county himself, assessing each hamlet's prosperity, mapping field sizes and soil quality, and putting local administration in order. Jiaogang Lake was the ancient Quepi Reservoir; lying along the Huai River, it was prone to flooding. He strengthened the dikes, built canals and sluice gates, and harvests became consistently abundant. He chose respected elders to encourage filial conduct and prudent living among the people and honored them publicly. In remote districts he established charity schools and recruited able teachers. His success in capturing bandits was especially praised. He once led mounted braves in a surprise raid that captured a bandit chief, then investigated the case and won the people's trust. Zhaoluo once said: "The fighting spirit of the people along the Feng, Ying, and Si rivers could be harnessed; five thousand well-chosen men would be more than enough to pacify the empire. Yet only local strongmen could command them effectively; officials operating a thousand li from home needed outside troops strong enough to keep such forces in check." Zhaoluo served seven years as magistrate, left to mourn his father, and never returned to office. For nearly twenty years he headed the Jiangyin Academy, teaching practical scholarship; his students who mastered classical studies, phonology, exegesis, cartography, astronomy, and ancient-style prose emerged in great numbers. Among them were Cheng Peiyuan, Song Jingchang, Mou Shanggao, and Liu Chengru of Jiangyin—all his chosen disciples.
26
兆洛短身碩腹，豹顱剛目，望之若不可近，而接人和易，未嘗疾言遽色。 資卹故舊窮乏無不至。 藏書逾五萬卷，皆手加丹鉛，尤嗜輿地學。 其論文欲合駢散為一，病當世治古文者知宗唐、宋不知宗兩漢，因輯駢體文鈔。 其序略云：「自秦迄隋，其體遞變，而文無異名。 自唐以來，始有古文之目，而目六朝之文為駢體。 為其學者，亦自以為與古文殊路。 夫氣有厚薄，天為之也； 學有純駁，人為之也； 體格有遷變，人與天參焉者也； 義理無殊途，天人合焉者也。 得其厚薄純雜之故，則於其體格之變，可以知世焉； 於其義理之無殊，可以知文焉。 文之體至六代而其變盡，夫沿其流極而溯之以至乎其源，則其所出者一也。」 卒，年七十一。 其自著曰養一齋集。 所輯有皇朝文典、大清一統輿地全圖、鳳臺縣志、地理韻編。
Zhaoluo was short and stout, with a leonine head and piercing eyes; he seemed unapproachable at first glance, yet in person he was gentle and never spoke harshly or showed sudden anger. He spared no effort in aiding old friends and relieving the poor. His library held more than fifty thousand volumes, each annotated in his own hand; he was especially devoted to historical geography. In literary theory he sought to unite parallel and free prose; criticizing contemporaries who revered Tang and Song models but neglected the two Han, he compiled the Anthology of Parallel Prose. His preface states in brief: "From the Qin through the Sui, literary forms evolved step by step, yet prose had no distinct labels. From the Tang on, the term "ancient-style prose" appeared, and writings of the Six Dynasties were called parallel prose. Students of parallel prose likewise regarded themselves as following a path wholly separate from ancient-style writing. Vital force may be robust or attenuated—Heaven determines that; scholarship may be pure or mixed—human effort determines that; literary style shifts and changes—human and heavenly factors share in that; moral principle admits no separate paths—Heaven and humanity meet in that. Once one understands why force is strong or weak and learning pure or mixed, one can read the age in changing literary forms; from the unity of moral principle one can understand literature itself. Literary forms ran their course by the Six Dynasties; follow the current to its limit and trace back to the source, and what emerges is one." He died at the age of seventy-one. His own collected works are entitled the Yangyi Studio Collection. His compilations include the Anthology of Our Dynasty's Literature, the Complete Atlas of the Great Qing Unified Realm, the Fengtai County Gazetteer, and the Rhymed Geography Compendium.
27
培元，字守丹。 優貢生。 著說文引經證例、籀雅、經滯揭櫫。
Cheng Peiyuan, courtesy name Shoudan. He was a senior tribute student. He authored Shuowen Citations from the Classics as Proof, Zhouya, and Exposing Obscurities in the Classics.
28
景昌，字冕之。 縣學生。 著星緯測量諸篇。
Song Jingchang, courtesy name Mianzhi. He was a county school student. He wrote various essays on measuring stars and constellations.
29
尚誥，字芷卿。 舉人。 著古韻譜、雙聲譜、經星考。
Miao Shanggao, courtesy name Zhiqing. He was a provincial graduate (juren). He authored Ancient Rhymes Tables, Initial-Consonant Tables, and Inquiry into Classic Stars.
30
承如及族人嚴，皆貢生。 兆洛訂輿地圖，六氏兩生所手繪也。
Liu Chengru and his clansman Yan were both tribute students. The geographical atlas that Zhaoluo revised was hand-drawn by Liu Chengru and his fellow student.
31
錢儀吉，字衎石，嘉興人，尚書陳群曾孫。 父福胙，侍讀學士。 儀吉生有五色文禽翔其室，故初名逵吉，後易焉。 嘉慶十三年進士，選庶吉士。 改戶部主事，累遷至工科給事中。 皆能舉其職，因公罷歸。
Qian Yiji, courtesy name Kanshi, was from Jiaxing and a great-grandson of Minister Chen Qun. His father Qian Fuzuo served as an academician reader-in-waiting. At Yiji's birth a five-colored patterned bird flew into the room, so he was first named Kuiji and later renamed. In the thirteenth year of the Jiaqing reign (1808) he passed the metropolitan examination and was chosen as a Hanlin bachelor. He was appointed a secretary in the Ministry of Revenue and rose in succession to supervising secretary in the Ministry of Works. In every post he discharged his duties well; after being dismissed over an official matter, he went home.
32
儀吉治經，先求古訓，博考眾說，一折衷本文大義，不持漢、宋門戶。 嘗著經典證文、說文雅厭。 雅厭者，以十九篇之次，寫九百四部之文，而以經籍傳注推廣之。 其讀史，補晉兵志、朔閏諸表，撰三國晉南北朝會要，體例視徐天麟有所出入，不限斷以本書。 又彷宋杜大珪名臣琬琰碑傳集，得清臣工文儒等八百餘人，輯錄之為碑傳集。 後卒於大梁書院，年六十八。
Yiji approached the classics by seeking ancient glosses first, surveying many commentators, and reconciling them with the text's main sense—without taking sides in the Han versus Song schools. He wrote Evidence from the Classics and Shuowen Elegance Disposed. Elegance Disposed follows the nineteen sections of the Shuowen, sets out its nine hundred and four categories, and expands them with citations from classics and commentaries. In historical studies he supplemented the Jin military monograph and calendrical tables, and compiled Essentials of the Three Kingdoms, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties—its format partly diverged from Xu Tianlin's and did not bind conclusions to a single source text. He also modeled himself on the Song Du Dagui's Collection of Steles and Biographies of Eminent Ministers, gathered more than eight hundred Qing statesmen, writers, and scholars, and compiled them into his Collection of Stele Biographies. He later died at Daliang Academy at the age of sixty-eight.
33
從弟泰吉，字警石。 少孤，執喪盡哀禮。 與儀吉以學行相磨，遠近盛稱「嘉興二石」。 為詩文原本情性，讀其辭，知其於孝友最深也。 以廩貢生得海寧州學訓導。 居間務讀書，自經史百氏下逮唐、宋以來詩文集，靡不博校。 以其學語諸生，諸生之賢且文者大附。 嘗修學宮，以費所羨修海昌備志。 既又得民間節孝行者千餘事為旌之，曰：「吾職也。」 再三請，必得乃已。 為訓導幾三十年，不以枝官自放曠。 粵寇陷浙，往依曾國藩，卒於安慶。 著曝書雜誌、甘泉鄉人稿。 儀吉子寶惠，泰吉子炳森，皆能世其學。
His younger cousin Qian Taiji, courtesy name Jingshi. Orphaned in youth, he observed mourning with the fullest filial propriety. He and Yiji sharpened each other in scholarship and conduct; people far and near acclaimed them as "the two Stones of Jiaxing." His poetry and prose sprang from true feeling; read his language and one sees how deeply filial piety and brotherly affection shaped him. As a stipendiary tribute student he was appointed educational instructor at the Haining prefectural school. In his spare time he read constantly, collating everything from the classics, histories, and masters down to Tang and Song belles-lettres. He taught his learning to the students, and the able and literary among them flocked to him. He once renovated the school temple and used leftover funds to compile the Haichang Supplementary Gazetteer. He also collected more than a thousand local cases of chastity and filial devotion and had them officially commended, saying, "This is my duty. He had to ask repeatedly, three times over, and would desist only when his request was granted. For nearly thirty years as an educational instructor he never treated a minor post as an excuse for slackness. When rebel forces overran Zhejiang he joined Zeng Guofan and died at Anqing. His works include Baoshu Miscellany and Drafts of a Ganquan Villager. Yiji's son Baohui and Taiji's son Bingsen both carried on their fathers' scholarship.
34
包世臣，字慎伯，涇縣人。 少工詞章，有經濟大略，喜言兵。 嘉慶十三年舉人，大挑以知縣發江西。 一權新喻，被劾去。 复隨明亮徵川、楚，發奇謀不見用，遂歸，卜居金陵。 世臣精悍有口辯，以布衣遨遊公卿間。 東南大吏，每遇兵、荒、河、漕、鹽諸鉅政。 無不屈節諮詢，世臣亦慷慨言之。
Bao Shichen, courtesy name Shenbo, was from Jing County. In youth he excelled at literary composition, had a broad vision of statecraft, and loved to discourse on military affairs. In the thirteenth year of Jiaqing (1808) he passed the provincial examination; in the grand selection he was assigned a magistracy in Jiangxi. He briefly served as acting magistrate of Xinyu, was impeached, and left office. He again followed Mingliang on campaigns in Sichuan and Huguang; his bold plans were not adopted, so he returned and settled in Jinling. Shichen was sharp-witted and eloquent, and as a commoner moved freely among high officials. Whenever southeastern governors faced major issues of war, famine relief, rivers, grain transport, or salt, they all humbled themselves to seek his counsel, and Shichen answered with equal forthrightness.
35
初，海盜蔡牽犯上海，鎮道迎世臣閱沿海島嶼。 見黃浦停泊商船千艘，遂建海運可救漕弊之議。 遊袁浦，值河事亟，箸策河四略。 是時鹽法以兩淮為大，私梟充斥，議者爭言緝私。 世臣擬多裁鹽官，惟留運司主錢糧，場大使督灶戶，不分畛域，仿現行鐵硝之例，聽商販領本地官印照，赴場繳課買鹽。 州縣具詳，運司存核，則場官不能乾沒正課； 而轉輸迅速，則鹽價必銳減； 私鹽皆輸官課，課入必倍。 以之津貼辦公，並增翰、詹、科、道廉俸，為計甚便。
When the pirate Cai Qian attacked Shanghai, the regional commander and circuit intendant invited Shichen to survey the coastal islands. Seeing a thousand merchant ships at anchor on the Huangpu, he proposed that sea transport could cure the abuses of the grain-tribute system. On a visit to Yuanpu during a river crisis he drafted the Four Strategies for Rivers. Salt policy then centered on the two Huai circuits; smugglers were everywhere, and officials competed in proposals to crack down on illicit trade. Shichen proposed slashing salt bureaucracy, leaving only the transport commissioner in charge of revenue while field supervisors oversaw saltern households; abolishing rigid zones and following the iron-and-saltpeter model, merchants would carry local official licenses to the salterns, pay duties, and buy salt. With counties filing reports and the transport commissioner keeping records for audit, field officials could not skim the regular tax; and with faster distribution, salt prices would drop sharply; smuggled salt would flow into official coffers, doubling revenue. The surplus could subsidize government costs and raise stipends for Hanlin, expositorate, censorate, and secretariat officials—a highly practical scheme.
36
其論西北水利曰：「今國家南漕四百萬石，中歲腴田二百萬畝所產也。 有田四百萬畝，歲入與佃半之，遂當全漕。 先減運十之一，糶其穀及運資置官屯，遞減至十年，則漕可罷，賦可寬。 以其盈餘量加賦餉，而官可廉，兵可練。 不然，漕東南以贍西北，浮收勒折，日增一日，竭民力，積眾怒。 東南大患，終必在此。」
On northwestern irrigation he wrote: "The empire now ships four million shi of southern grain tribute—about what two million mu of good farmland yield in an average year. With four million mu under cultivation, splitting the harvest half with tenants would match the full tribute quota. Cut transport by a tenth at first, sell grain and freight to fund official colonies, and phase reductions over ten years—then the tribute fleet could end and land taxes lighten. Apply the surplus to pay and provisions, and officials could serve honestly while troops were properly drilled. Otherwise, feeding the northwest from southeastern transport—with extortionate levies and squeezes growing daily—will drain the people and stockpile resentment. The southeast's gravest disaster will ultimately stem from this."
37
世臣能為大言。 其論書法尤精，行草隸書，皆為世所珍貴。 著有小倦遊閣文集，別編為安吳四種。
Shichen was given to bold, sweeping statements. His theory of calligraphy was especially subtle; his running, cursive, and clerical scripts were prized throughout his day. He wrote the Collected Works of the Little Weary-of-Travel Pavilion, also issued separately as the Four Works of Anwu.
38
齊彥槐，字梅麓，婺源人。 嘉慶十三年召試舉人，明年成進士，選庶吉士。 散館，授金匱令。 毀淫祠，歲旱，勤賑務。 擢蘇州府同知，陳海運策，巡撫召詰之，條舉以對，巡撫不能難，終以更張寢其事。 後十餘年，改行海運，仍仿其法焉。 嘗制渾天儀、中星儀，並各為之說，及龍尾、恆升二車，便民運水。 又著北極星緯度分錶、海運南漕叢議、梅麓詩文集。
Qi Yanhuai, courtesy name Meilu, was from Wuyuan. In the thirteenth year of Jiaqing (1808) he was called to the palace examination as a juren; the following year he passed the metropolitan examination and entered the Hanlin Academy. After completing his Hanlin term he was appointed magistrate of Jinquan. He demolished improper shrines and, in drought years, worked tirelessly at famine relief. Promoted to vice-prefect of Suzhou, he presented a sea-transport plan; the governor interrogated him, but though he answered every objection and the governor could not defeat his arguments, the scheme was finally dropped for fear of radical change. More than a decade later, when sea transport was instituted, officials still followed his approach. He built an armillary sphere and a meridian instrument, each with an explanatory treatise, and also the Dragon-Tail and Constant-Rising water wheels to help people lift water. His works include Tables of Polar Star Latitudes, Discussions on Sea Transport and Southern Grain Tribute, and the Meilu Poetry and Prose Collection.
39
姚椿，字春木，婁縣人。 父令儀，四川布政使，又屢參戎幕。 椿高才博學，幼隨父遊歷諸行省，洞知閭閻疾苦，慨然欲效用於世。
Yao Chun, courtesy name Chunmu, was from Lou County. His father Yao Lingyi served as Sichuan provincial treasurer and often served on military staffs. Chun was brilliant and widely read; as a boy he traveled with his father through the provinces, learned firsthand the people's hardships, and resolved to put his talents to public use.
40
以國子監生試京兆，日與洪亮吉、楊芳燦、張問陶輩文酒高會，才名大起。 顧試輒不遇。 既，又受學於姚鼐，退而發宋賢書讀之，屏棄夙習，壹意求道，泊如也。 嘗得寶應朱澤澐遺著，歎曰：「此真為程、朱之學者！」 親詣其墓拜之，申私淑之禮。 道光元年，舉孝廉方正，不就。 主書院講席，以實學勵諸生。 其論文必舉桐城所稱，曰：「好學深思，心知其意。」 又曰：「文之用有四：曰明道，曰記事，曰考古有得，曰言詞深美。」 其錄清代人文八十餘卷，一本此旨。 著有通藝閣錄、晚學齋文錄。
As a National University student he sat for the capital examinations, meeting daily with Hong Liangji, Yang Fangcan, Zhang Wentao, and others for literary salons—and his reputation soared. Yet he repeatedly failed the examinations. Later he studied under Yao Nai, turned to Song Neo-Confucian writings, set aside old habits, and pursued the Way with single-minded calm. He once came upon the posthumous works of Baoying's Zhu Zeyun and exclaimed, "Here is a genuine follower of Cheng and Zhu! He visited Zhu's grave to pay his respects, observing the rites due a scholar one admires from afar. In the first year of Daoguang (1821) he was recommended as Filial and Incorrupt but declined office. He headed an academy lectureship and urged students toward practical learning. In discussing literature he always invoked the Tongcheng school's motto: "Love learning and think deeply until the heart grasps the meaning." He also said, "Writing serves four ends: to illuminate the Way, to record events, to convey sound antiquarian findings, and to utter language of depth and beauty." His compilation of Qing literary figures, more than eighty volumes in all, wholly embodies this principle. He wrote Records of the Tongyi Pavilion and Literary Records of the Wanxue Studio.
41
顧廣譽，字維康，平湖人。 優貢生，舉咸豐元年孝廉方正。 寇亂，未廷試。 廣譽慕其鄉張履祥、陸隴其之為人，刻意厲行。 其治經一依程端禮讀書分年日程遺法。 著學詩詳說，用力至勤。 又憫晚近喪祭禮廢，恩紀衰薄，婚娶僭侈逾度，乃變通古禮，酌時俗之宜，成四禮榷疑八卷。 姚椿推為一時宗匠。 有悔過齋文稿。 卒於上海龍門書院。
Gu Guangyu, styled Weikang, was from Pinghu. A senior tribute student, he was recommended as Filial and Incorrupt in the first year of Xianfeng (1851). The Taiping rebellion intervened, and he never sat for the palace examination. Guangyu admired the moral example of his fellow townsman Zhang Lüxiang and Lu Longqi and strove to emulate their rigorous conduct. In his classical studies he followed Cheng Duanli's Annual Reading Schedule in every respect. He wrote Detailed Explanations of Learning the Odes, laboring over it with exceptional diligence. He also lamented that mourning and sacrificial rites had fallen into neglect, familial bonds had weakened, and weddings and funerals had grown extravagantly excessive; adapting ancient ritual to present custom, he produced his eight-fascicle Resolving Doubts in the Four Rites. Yao Chun hailed him as the leading authority of his generation. His collected writings survive as Drafts from the Studio of Repentance. He died at the Longmen Academy in Shanghai.
42
張鑑，字春冶，歸安人。 巡撫阮元築詁經精舍西湖，鑑及同里楊鳳苞、施國祁肄業其中，皆知名。 嘉慶初，副榜貢生。 元剿海寇，賑兩浙水災，一資鑑贊畫。 時方議海運，鑑力主之。 以為河運雖安，費鉅； 海運費省，得其人熟習海道，未嘗不安。 乃著海運芻言，凡料淺佔風之法，定盤望星之規，放洋泊舟之處，考之甚悉，侍郎英和亟稱其書。 道光四年，河決高家堰，漕運阻。 英和遂奏行海運，多采用鑑說。 卒，年八十三。 著十五經叢說、西夏紀事本末、眉山詩案廣證。
Zhang Jian, styled Chunye, was from Gui'an. When Governor Ruan Yuan founded the Classics Research Academy on West Lake, Jian studied there alongside fellow townsman Yang Fengbao and Shi Guoqi; all three won renown. Early in the Jiaqing reign he became a tribute student from the second examination list. When Ruan suppressed coastal pirates and relieved flooding in Zhejiang, he relied entirely on Jian for strategic counsel. Maritime grain transport was then under debate, and Jian was its strongest advocate. Canal transport was secure, he argued, but ruinously expensive; maritime transport saved money, and with experienced navigators it was no less safe. He wrote Sketches on Maritime Transport, treating in exhaustive detail methods for sounding shallows and reading winds, rules for compass and star sighting, and places for putting to sea and anchoring; Vice Minister Ying He repeatedly praised the book. In the fourth year of Daoguang (1824) the Yellow River burst at Gaojiayan, blocking the grain transport route. Ying He then memorialized to implement maritime transport, drawing heavily on Jian's proposals. He died at the age of eighty-three. His works include Collected Notes on the Fifteen Classics, Comprehensive Account of Western Xia Affairs, and Expanded Evidence on the Meishan Poetry Case.
43
鳳苞，字傅九。 元編經籍篡詁，鳳苞與分纂。 熟明季事，嘗為南疆逸史跋十二篇，傳於時。 晚館郡城陳氏，其書室為鄭元慶魚計亭，人以為元慶復生云。
Fengbao, styled Fujiu. When Ruan compiled the Exegesis of Classics and Histories, Fengbao served as one of its editors. Deeply versed in late Ming history, he wrote twelve colophons for the Unofficial History of the Southern Court, which circulated widely in his day. In his later years he lodged with the Chen family in the prefectural city; his study was Zheng Yuanqing's Yuji Pavilion, and people said Yuanqing had been reborn in him.
44
國祁，字非熊。 與鳳苞皆廩膳生。 國祁病金史蕪雜，積二十餘年，成金史詳校。 以其帙繁，乃列舉條目為金源劄記。 又作元遺山集箋、金源雜事詩。 國祁工詩文，善填詞。 家貧，為人主計市肆中。 有一樓，顏曰吉貝居，著書其中，毀於火，著述多燼。
Guoqi, styled Feixiong. He and Fengbao were both government stipend students. Finding the History of Jin hopelessly disordered, Guoqi labored more than twenty years to produce a Detailed Collation of the History of Jin. Because the work grew too large, he listed its entries separately as Notes on the Jin Source. He also wrote a commentary on Yuan Haoshan's collected works and Miscellaneous Poems on Jin Origins. Guoqi excelled at poetry and prose and was adept at composing lyric verse. Poor at home, he earned his living keeping accounts in a shop. He had a study called Jibei Studio where he wrote; it burned down, and most of his writings were lost in the flames.
45
黃易，字小松，錢塘人。 父樹穀，以孝聞，工隸書，博通金石。 易承先業，於吉金樂石，寢食依之，遂以名家。 官山東運河同知，勤於職事。 嘗得武班碑及武梁祠堂石室畫像於嘉祥，乃即其地起武氏祠堂，砌石祠內。 又出家藏精拓雙鉤鋟木。 凡四方好古之士得奇文古刻，皆就易是正，以是所蓄甲於一時。 自乾、嘉以來，漢學盛行，群經古訓無可蒐輯，則旁及金石，嗜之成癖，亦一時風尚然也。
Huang Yi, styled Xiaosong, was from Qiantang. His father Shugu was famed for filial piety, excelled at clerical script, and was widely versed in bronzes and stone inscriptions. Yi inherited this pursuit; bronzes and inscribed stones were his daily companions, and he became a leading name in the field. He served as assistant prefect of the Grand Canal in Shandong and was diligent in his duties. He once obtained the Wu Ban stele and the pictorial stone reliefs of the Wu Liang shrine chamber at Jiaxiang; he then erected the Wu family shrine on the spot and installed the stones within it. He also published fine rubbings from his collection as double-outline woodblock prints. Whenever antiquarians across the empire obtained rare inscriptions or ancient carvings, they brought them to Yi for authentication; his collection thus ranked foremost of the age. Since the Qianlong and Jiaqing reigns Han Learning had flourished; when little remained to be gleaned from ancient commentaries on the classics, scholars turned to bronzes and stone inscriptions until collecting them became a craze—a fashion characteristic of the age.
46
瞿中溶，字木夫，嘉定人。 為錢大昕女夫。 尤邃金石之學。 官湖南布政司理問，蒐奇訪僻於人跡罕至之境，所獲益多。 著有孔廟從祀弟子辨證、漢魏蜀石經考異辨正、說文地名考異、古泉山館彝器圖錄、錢志補正集、古官印考證、古鏡圖錄、續漢金石文編，凡二十餘種。
Qu Zhongrong, styled Mufu, was from Jiading. He was the son-in-law of Qian Daxin. He was especially accomplished in the study of bronzes and stone inscriptions. As director of punishments under the Hunan provincial administration, he sought rarities in remote places few had visited and acquired all the more. His more than twenty works include Verification of Disciples Worshipped in the Confucian Temple, Corrections to Studies of the Han, Wei, and Shu Stone Classics, Textual Variants in Place Names in the Shuowen, Illustrated Record of Ritual Bronzes from the Guquan Mountain Lodge, Supplementary Corrections to the Numismatic Treatise, Verification of Ancient Official Seals, Illustrated Record of Ancient Mirrors, and Continued Compilation of Han Stone Inscriptions.
47
張廷濟，字叔未，嘉興人。 嘉慶三年，舉鄉試第一。 應禮部試輒躓，遂歸隱，以圖書金石自娛。 建清儀閣，藏庋古器，名被大江南北。
Zhang Tingji, styled Shuwei, was from Jiaxing. In the third year of Jiaqing (1798) he placed first in the provincial examinations. He repeatedly failed the metropolitan examination and withdrew into private life, devoting himself to books and antiquities. He built the Qingyi Pavilion to house his antiquities, and his reputation spread throughout the Yangtze valley.
48
沈濤，字西雝。 與廷濟同邑。 嘉慶十五年舉人。 咸豐初，署江西鹽法道。 粵賊攻南昌，隨巡撫張芾城守。 圍解，授興泉永道，未到官，卒。 濤尚考訂之學，喜金石，著《常山貞石志》、《說文古本考》。
Shen Tao, styled Xiyong. He was from the same district as Tingji. He received his provincial degree in the fifteenth year of Jiaqing (1810). Early in the Xianfeng reign he served as acting Jiangxi salt commissioner. When the Taiping rebels attacked Nanchang, he joined Governor Zhang Fei in defending the city. After the siege was lifted he was appointed intendant of the Xing-Quan-Yong circuit but died before assuming office. Tao favored textual verification and antiquities; his works include Records of Inscribed Stones of Changshan and Investigation of Ancient Editions of the Shuowen.
49
陸增祥，字星農，太倉人。 道光三十年一甲一名進士，授修撰，至辰永沅靖道。 踵王昶金石萃編成金石補正百二十卷，凡三千五百餘通。 又著磚錄一卷。 其訂正金石款識名物，何紹基服其精。
Lu Zengxiang, styled Xingnong, was from Taicang. In the thirtieth year of Daoguang (1850) he placed first in the jinshi examination, was appointed Hanlin Compiler, and rose to intendant of the Chen-Yuan-Yong-Jing circuit. Following Wang Chang's Collected Stone Inscriptions, he compiled Supplementary Corrections to Stone Inscriptions in 120 fascicles, recording more than thirty-five hundred inscriptions. He also wrote a one-fascicle Records of Bricks. He Shaoji acknowledged his mastery in correcting inscriptions and identifying objects on bronzes and stone tablets.
50
董祐誠，字方立，陽湖人。 生五歲，曉九九數。 稍長，善屬文。 遊陝西，成華山神廟賦，一時傳誦。 其學於典章、禮儀、輿地、名物皆肆力探索，而尤精曆算，盡通諸家法。 特善深沉之思，書之鉤棘難讀者，一覽輒通曉。 復能出新意，闡曲隱，補罅漏。 嘉慶二十三年舉人。 越五年卒，年三十三。
Dong Youcheng, styled Fangli, was from Yanghu. At five he had mastered the multiplication table. As he grew older he proved adept at literary composition. On a journey to Shaanxi he composed a Rhapsody on the Huashan Spirit Temple, which was widely recited at the time. He explored institutions, ritual, geography, and material culture with equal vigor, but excelled above all in calendrical astronomy, mastering every major method. He had a gift for penetrating thought; abstruse and knotty texts he grasped at a single reading. He could also advance fresh insights, clarify what was obscure, and repair lacunae in received learning. He received his provincial degree in the twenty-third year of Jiaqing (1818). Five years later he died, aged thirty-three.
51
祐誠讀諸史曆志，因著三統衍補。 復取三統以次迄明大統、萬年、回回各術，擬撰五十三家歷術，屬稿未成，其兄基誠取已成五種附水經註圖說刊之。 其所著算學，有割圜連比例術圖解、斜弧三邊求角補術、堆垛求積術若干種。
Reading the calendrical treatises in the standard histories, Youcheng wrote his Supplement to the Triple Concordance Calculations. He planned a comprehensive treatise on fifty-three calendrical systems from the Triple Concordance through the Ming Great Concordance, Ten-Thousand-Year, and Islamic methods, but left the work unfinished; his elder brother Jicheng published the five completed parts as an appendix to the Illustrated Commentary on the Water Classic. His mathematical works include Illustrated Explanation of Continuous Proportion for Circle Division, Supplementary Method for Finding Angles from Three Oblique Arcs, and several treatises on volume calculation by stacking.
52
基誠，字子詵。 進士。 由刑部郎中出知開封府。 工詞章，與祐誠文合刊曰多華館駢體文。
Jicheng, styled Zishen. A jinshi. After serving as a director in the Ministry of Punishments, he was appointed prefect of Kaifeng. Skilled at belles-lettres, his writings and Youcheng's were published together as Parallel Prose of the Duohua Studio.
53
方履籛，字彥聞，大興人。 與祐誠同年舉人，為令閩中。 初試吏署永定，裡豪胡鳳兆掘族人父棺，並殺其子，名捕不得。 履籛至，為書諭之，鳳兆自首，遂論如法。 調閩縣，會旱，禱兩烈日中，體豐碩，中暑卒。 履籛亦以駢文著稱。 尤嗜金石文字，所積幾萬種，有伊闕石刻錄、富蘅齋碑目、河內縣志、萬善花室集。
Fang Lüqian, styled Yanwen, was from Daxing. A provincial graduate in the same year as Youcheng, he served as a magistrate in Fujian. On his first posting as an acting official in Yongding, a local bully named Hu Fengzhao exhumed a clansman's father's coffin and murdered his son; despite an all-points search he could not be caught. When Lüqian arrived he wrote Fengzhao a letter of admonition; Fengzhao turned himself in and was sentenced according to law. Transferred to Min County during a drought, he prayed for rain in the blazing heat; his stout frame succumbed to sunstroke and he died. Lüqian was also renowned for his parallel prose. He was especially devoted to inscribed bronzes and stones, amassing nearly ten thousand specimens. His works include Records of Yique Stone Inscriptions, Catalogue of Steles from the Fuheng Studio, Gazetteer of Henei County, and Collected Writings from the Wanshan Flower Studio.
54
周儀暐，字伯恬，陽湖人。 嘉慶初舉人，宣城訓導。 擢知山陽縣，調鳳翔。 能詩。 有夫椒山館集。
Zhou Yiwei, styled Botian, was from Yanghu. A provincial graduate early in Jiaqing, he served as instructor at Xuancheng. He was promoted to magistrate of Shanyang County and later transferred to Fengxiang. He was a capable poet. His collected poems survive as the Fufu Mountain Lodge Collection.
55
其後又有吳頡鴻，字嘉之。 道光中進士，官代州知州； 莊縉度，字眉叔。 進士，戶部主事； 趙申嘉，字芸酉； 陸容，字蓉卿； 徐廷華，字子楞； 汪士進，字逸雲； 周儀顥，字叔程，舉人，即儀暐弟也。 號「毗陵後七子」，其名位亞於前七子。
Later figures include Wu Jiehong, styled Jiazhi; a Daoguang-era jinshi who served as prefect of Daizhou; Zhuang Jindu, styled Meishu; a jinshi and secretary in the Ministry of Revenue; Zhao Shenjia, styled Yunyou; Lu Rong, styled Rongqing; Xu Tinghua, styled Zileng; Wang Shijin, styled Yiyun; Zhou Yigao, styled Shucheng, a provincial graduate and the younger brother of Yiwei. They were known as the "Seven Later Masters of Piling," ranking below the earlier seven masters in fame and standing.
56
俞正燮，字理初，黟縣人。 性彊記，經目不忘。 年二十餘，北走兗州謁孫星衍。 時星衍為伏生建立博士，复訪求左氏後裔。 正燮因作邱明子孫姓氏論、左山考，星衍多據以折衷群議，由是名大起。 道光元年舉人。 明年，阮元主會試，士相謂曰：「理初入彀矣！」 後竟落第。 其經策淹博，為他考官所乙，元未之見也。 房考王藻嘗引為恨。
Yu Zhengxie, styled Lichu, was from Yi County. He possessed a prodigious memory and forgot nothing he read. In his twenties he traveled north to Yanzhou to visit Sun Xingyan. At the time Xingyan was establishing the doctorate for Fu Sheng and also seeking descendants of the Zuo clan. Zhengxie wrote On the Surname and Clan of Qiu Ming's Descendants and Examination of Mount Zuo; Xingyan drew heavily on them to reconcile scholarly debates, and Zhengxie's fame rose sharply. He received his provincial degree in the first year of Daoguang (1821). The following year Ruan Yuan presided over the metropolitan examination, and scholars said to one another, "Lichu is sure to pass! Yet in the end he failed. His classical examination essays were encyclopedic, but another examiner marked him down and Yuan never saw them. Examiner Wang Zao often cited this as a lasting regret.
57
正燮讀書，置巨冊數十，分題疏記，積歲月乃排比為文，斷以己意。 藻為刻十五卷，名曰癸巳類稿，又有存稿十五卷，山西楊氏刻之。 弟正禧，亦舉人。 多義行，文學與正燮齊名。
Zhengxie read with enormous folio volumes at hand, annotating by topic; only after months and years did he arrange his notes into essays, judging matters by his own lights. Zao printed fifteen fascicles as the Guisi Miscellany, and fifteen fascicles of surviving drafts were later printed by the Yang family of Shanxi. His younger brother Zhengxi was also a provincial graduate. Renowned for righteous conduct, his literary learning ranked with Zhengxie's.
58
趙紹祖，字琴士，涇縣人。 年十二，受知學使朱筠，補諸生。 筠授以說文，曰：「讀此日無過十字。 讀注疏，亦無過十葉。 必精造乃已。」 紹祖熟於史事，嘗應布政使陶澍聘，修安徽省志，詳贍有法。 道光初，年七十，舉孝廉方正。 又十二年，卒。 注有通鑑注商、新舊唐書互證、金石跋、安徽金石記、涇川金石記、金石文正續鈔。
Zhao Shaozu, styled Qinshi, was from Jing County. At twelve he won recognition from Educational Commissioner Zhu Yun and was enrolled as a student. Yun taught him the Shuowen, saying, "Read no more than ten characters of this text a day. In reading commentaries, likewise read no more than ten pages a day. You must master each passage thoroughly before moving on." Shaozu was thoroughly versed in historical matters; he accepted appointment from Provincial Commissioner Tao Shu to compile the gazetteer of Anhui, producing a work that was detailed, comprehensive, and well ordered. Early in Daoguang, at age seventy, he was recommended as Filial and Incorrupt. Twelve years later he died. His works include Notes on the Zizhi Tongjian, Mutual Verification of the Old and New Books of Tang, Colophons on Bronzes and Stones, Records of Anhui Stone Inscriptions, Records of Jingchuan Stone Inscriptions, and Continued Transcription of Correct Stone Inscriptions.
59
汪文台，字士南。 與正燮同縣，相善。 宗漢儒，以論語邢疏疏略，因取證古義，博採子史箋傳，依韓嬰詩傳例作論語外傳。 見阮元十三經註疏校勘記，謂有益於後學，然成於眾手，時有駮文，別為表識，作校勘記識語，寄示阮元，元服其精博，禮聘之。 又嘗纂輯七家後漢書、淮南子校勘記及脞稿，皆行於世。 道光二十四年，卒，年四十九。
Wang Wentai, styled Shinan. He was from the same county as Zhengxie and they were close friends. An adherent of Han Learning, he found Xing Shu's commentary on the Analects too brief; gathering evidence of ancient meaning from masters, histories, and commentaries, he wrote the Outer Tradition of the Analects following the model of Han Ying's Commentary on the Odes. Reading Ruan Yuan's Collation Notes to the Thirteen Classics with Commentary, he judged them beneficial to later students yet, being the work of many hands, sometimes erroneous; he tabulated his corrections in Identifying Notes to the Collation Notes and sent them to Yuan, who acknowledged their mastery and courteously engaged him. He also compiled the Seven Versions of the History of the Later Han, Collation Notes to the Huainanzi, and Miscellaneous Drafts, all of which circulated in his day. In the twenty-fourth year of Daoguang (1844) he died at the age of forty-nine.
60
湯球，字伯玕，亦黟人。 少耽經史，從正燮、文台遊，傳其考據之學。 通曆算星緯，恥以藝名。 嘗輯鄭康成逸書九種、劉熙孟子注、劉珍等東觀漢記、皇甫謐帝王世紀、譙周古史考、傅子、伏侯古今注。 球讀史用力於晉書尤深，廣蒐載籍，補晉史之闕，成書數種。 同治六年，舉孝廉方正。 光緒七年，卒，年七十八。
Tang Qiu, styled Bohang, was also from Yi County. In youth he devoted himself to the classics and histories, studied with Zhengxie and Wentai, and inherited their evidential scholarship. He mastered calendrical calculation and astronomical constants yet was ashamed to be known merely for technical skill. He compiled nine lost works of Zheng Xuan, Liu Xi's commentary on the Mencius, the Eastern Han Records of Liu Zhen and others, Huangfu Mi's Annals of Emperors and Kings, Qiao Zhou's Investigation of Ancient History, the Master Fu, and the Ancient and Modern Notes of the Marquis of Fu. Qiu devoted his historical reading especially to the History of Jin; searching widely through sources, he supplemented its lacunae in several works. In the sixth year of Tongzhi (1867) he was recommended as Filial and Incorrupt. In the seventh year of Guangxu (1881) he died at the age of seventy-eight.
61
潘德輿，字四農，山陽人。 年五六歲，母病不食，亦不食。 父咯血，刲臂肉和藥進，父察其色動，泣曰：「固知兒有是也！」 既孤，大母猶在堂，孝敬彌至。 居喪一遵禮制，柴瘠劚然。 著喪禮正俗文、祭儀，為家法。 撫寡妹嗣子，教養盡二十年。 其他行多類此。 嘗以挽回世運，莫切於文章，文章之根本在忠孝，源在經術。 其說經，不袒漢、宋，力求古人微言大義。 其論治術，謂天下大病不外三言：曰「吏」、曰「例」、曰「利」。 世儒負匡濟大略，非雜縱橫，即陷功利，未有能破「利」字而成百年休養之治者。 道光八年，舉江南鄉試第一。 入都，座主侍郎鍾昌館德輿於家，語人曰：「四農乃吾師也。」 大挑以知縣分安徽，未到官卒，年五十五。
Pan Deyu, styled Sinong, was from Shanyang. At five or six, when his mother was ill and would not eat, he refused food as well. When his father spat blood, he cut flesh from his arm, mixed it with medicine, and presented it. Seeing his son's pallor, his father wept, "I knew my son would do this! After he was orphaned his grandmother still lived, and his filial devotion grew all the greater. In mourning he followed ritual in every respect, growing gaunt and haggard. He wrote Correcting Popular Errors in Mourning Rites and Sacrificial Rites as family standards. He raised his widowed sister's adopted son, educating and providing for him for twenty years. His other conduct was largely of this kind. He held that to turn the age's fortune, nothing was more urgent than literature, whose root lay in loyalty and filial piety and whose source lay in classical learning. In expounding the classics he favored neither Han nor Song schools but strove for the subtle words and great meaning of the ancients. In discussing governance he said the empire's great ills could be summed in three words: "officials," "precedents," and "profit." Scholars who bore grand plans for saving the age, if not entangled in factional tactics, fell into utilitarianism; none could break the hold of "profit" and achieve a century of restorative rule. In the eighth year of Daoguang (1828) he placed first in the Jiangnan provincial examination. In the capital his examiner Vice Minister Zhong Chang lodged Deyu in his home and told others, "Sinong is my teacher." In the large selection he was assigned as magistrate to Anhui but died before taking office, aged fifty-five.
62
初，阮元總督漕運，招之，謝不往。 後朱桂楨、周天爵皆號為名臣，折節原納交，德輿遠引避之，以為義無所居也，天爵喟然有望塵之嘆。 其所與遊，若永豐郭儀霄、建寧張際亮、震澤張履、益陽湯鵬、歙徐寶善，皆一時之選。 德輿詩文精深博奧，有養一齋集。
Earlier, when Ruan Yuan was governor-general of grain transport, he invited him, but Deyu declined. Later Zhu Guizhen and Zhou Tianjue, both famed as worthy ministers, humbled themselves to seek his acquaintance; Deyu kept his distance, holding that righteousness left no room for compromise—Tianjue sighed with admiration from afar. His associates—Guo Yixiao of Yongfeng, Zhang Jiliang of Jianning, Zhang Lü of Zhenze, Tang Peng of Yiyang, and Xu Baoshan of She—were all leading figures of the age. Deyu's poetry and prose were profound and vast; his collected works survive as the Yangyi Studio Collection.
63
門人清河吳昆田，字云圃。 舉人，刑部員外郎。 晚年家居，賊犯清河，團練防守，邑賴以安。 著漱六軒集。
His student Wu Kuntian of Qinghe, styled Yunpu. A provincial graduate, he served as vice director in the Ministry of Punishments. In his later years at home, when rebels invaded Qinghe he organized militia defense and the district was kept safe. He wrote Collected Writings of the Shuliu Studio.
64
張維屏，字子樹，番禺人。 工詩，計偕入都，翁方綱賞異之。 與黃培芳、譚敬昭稱「粵東三子」。 道光二年進士，改官知縣，署黃梅。 江水潰堤，乘小舟勘災，水急舟衝溜，掛樹免。 民為謠曰：「犯急湍，官救民，神救官。」 調補廣濟，公費一資漕折，民苦之，勢不可革，引疾去。 汪廷珍語人曰：「縣官不原收漕，世罕見也！」 丁艱服闋，原就閒，援例改郡丞，權南康。 建太白、東坡祠廬山，暇則集諸生談藝，以風雅寓規勸焉。 未一載，复罷歸。 築聽松園，頹然不與世事，癖愛松，又號松心子。 見松形奇古，輒下拜。 精書法，朝鮮、小呂宋得其書，咸寶愛之。 卒，年八十。 有松心草堂集、國朝詩人徵略。 培芳，香山人。
Zhang Weiping, styled Zishu, was from Panyu. Skilled at poetry, on traveling to the capital for the examination he won Weng Fanggang's high regard. With Huang Peifang and Tan Jingzhao he was known as the "Three Masters of Guangdong." A jinshi in the second year of Daoguang (1822), he changed appointment to magistrate and served as acting magistrate of Huangmei. When the river breached its dike he took a small boat to survey the disaster; the current swept his boat into the rapids, but it caught on a tree and he was saved. The people made up a ballad: "Meeting the rapids, the official saves the people; the gods save the official." Transferred to Guangji, he found that public funds all went to grain transport deductions, causing the people great hardship; the practice could not be reformed, and he resigned on grounds of illness. Wang Tingzhen told others, "A magistrate who refuses to accept grain transport fees is rarely seen in this world!" After mourning and returning to service, he sought a quiet post; by precedent he changed to assistant prefect and held acting charge of Nankang. He built shrines to Li Bai and Su Dongpo on Mount Lu; in his leisure he gathered students to discuss literature, embedding admonition in refined expression. In less than a year he resigned again and returned home. He built the Listening to Pines Garden and withdrew from worldly affairs; doting on pines, he also styled himself Master Pineheart. When he saw a pine of strange and ancient form he would bow before it. Expert in calligraphy, Korea and the Sulu Islands treasured his writing. He died at the age of eighty. His works include Collected Writings of the Pineheart Studio and Biographical Sketches of Qing Poets. Peifang was from Xiangshan.
65
敬昭，字子晉，陽春人。 順德黎簡者，以詩名海內，敬昭賦鵬鶴篇投之，簡嘆為異才。 嘉慶二十二年進士，官戶部主事。 著聽雲樓集。
Jingzhao, styled Zijin, was from Yangchun. Li Jian of Shunde was famed throughout the realm for poetry; Jingzhao sent him his Rhapsody on the Peng and the Crane, and Jian exclaimed that he was a prodigy. A jinshi in the twenty-second year of Jiaqing (1817), he served as secretary in the Ministry of Revenue. He wrote Collected Writings of the Listening to Clouds Studio.
66
同時廣東以學行名者，又有高要彭泰來，字子大。 生二十月，能即事誦古經，語無不切。 嘉慶十八年拔貢生。 絕意進取，學使李棠階高其品，屏騶從徒步就見，詢以挽回風俗之道。 泰來為書數千言復之，棠階表其廬，下教高要令，歲時存問。 自惠士奇禮下胡方後，此為再見焉。 著端州金石略、昨夢齋、詩義堂各集。
At the same time in Guangdong, Peng Tailai of Gaoyao, styled Zida, was also famed for learning and conduct. At twenty months he could recite the ancient classics on the spot, every word apt. In the eighteenth year of Jiaqing (1813) he became a selected tribute student. He utterly renounced official advancement; Educational Commissioner Li Tangjie esteemed his character, dismissed his mounted escort, and walked on foot to visit him, asking how to restore popular morals. Tailai replied in a letter of several thousand words; Tangjie erected a placard at his dwelling and instructed the magistrate of Gaoyao to visit him with seasonal inquiries. Since Hui Shiqi honored Hu Fang, such deference had been seen only once before. He authored Records of Duanzhou Stone Inscriptions and collected works from the Zuomeng Studio and the Shiyitang.
67
梅曾亮，字伯言，上元人。 少時工駢文。 姚鼐主講鍾山書院，曾亮與邑人管同俱出其門，兩人交最篤，同肆力古文，鼐稱之不容口，名大起。 間以規曾亮，曾亮自喜，不為動也。 久之，讀周、秦、太史公書，乃頗寤，一變舊習。 義法本桐城，稍參以異己者之長，選聲練色，務窮極筆勢。 道光二年進士，用知縣，授例改戶部郎中。 居京師二十餘年，與宗稷辰、朱琦、龍啟瑞、王拯、邵懿辰輩游處，曾國藩亦起而應之。 京師治古文者，皆從梅氏問法。 當是時，管同已前逝，曾亮最為大師； 而國藩又從唐鑑、倭仁、吳廷棟講身心克治之學，其於文推挹姚氏尤至。 於是士大夫多喜言文術政治，乾、嘉考據之風稍稍衰矣。 未幾，曾亮依河督楊以增。 卒，年七十一。 以增為刊其詩文，曰柏梘山房集。
Mei Cengliang, styled Boyan, was from Shangyuan. In youth he was skilled at parallel prose. Yao Nai lectured at the Zhongshan Academy; Cengliang and his fellow townsman Guan Tong both studied under him. The two were closest in friendship and together devoted themselves to ancient-style prose; Nai praised them without cease and their fame rose greatly. Tong sometimes admonished Cengliang, but Cengliang was pleased with himself and would not be swayed. After long reading in Zhou, Qin, and Sima Qian, he awakened somewhat and changed his former habits entirely. His principles of composition were rooted in Tongcheng but drew on others' strengths; he chose sounds and refined colors, striving to exhaust every turn of the brush. A jinshi in the second year of Daoguang (1822), he was appointed magistrate but by precedent changed to director in the Ministry of Revenue. He lived in the capital more than twenty years, associating with Zong Yichen, Zhu Qi, Long Qirui, Wang Zheng, Shao Yichen, and others; Zeng Guofan also rose to answer his call. Those in the capital who studied ancient-style prose all sought instruction from Mei. By then Guan Tong had already died, and Cengliang was the greatest master; Meanwhile Guofan also studied self-cultivation under Tang Jian, Woren, and Wu Tingdong; in literature he esteemed the Yao school above all. Thereupon many scholar-officials turned to literary craft and statecraft, and the evidential scholarship of the Qianlong and Jiaqing reigns gradually waned. Before long Cengliang entered the service of Grand Canal Governor Yang Yizeng. He died at the age of seventy-one. Yizeng published his collected works as the Baizhi Mountain Studio Collection.
68
同，字異之。 少孤，母鄒以節孝聞。 同善屬文，有經世之志，稱姚門高足弟子。 嘗擬言風俗書、籌積貯書，為一時傳誦。 道光五年，陳用光典試江南，同中式。 用光語人曰：「吾校兩江士，獨以得一異之自憙耳。」 用光亦鼐弟子也。 同卒，年四十七，著因寄軒集。 子嗣复，字小異。 能世其業，兼通算術。
Guan Tong, styled Yizhi. Orphaned young, his mother Zou was renowned for chastity and filial devotion. Tong excelled at literary composition and aspired to practical statecraft; he was acclaimed as a leading disciple of the Yao school. He once drafted treatises on customs and on grain reserves that circulated widely in his day. In the fifth year of Daoguang (1825), Chen Yongguang presided over the Jiangnan examination and Tong passed. Yongguang told others, "In examining scholars of the two Jiangs, I rejoice chiefly in having found one Yizhi. Yongguang was also a disciple of Yao Nai. Tong died at forty-seven; his collected works survive as the Yinjixuan Collection. His son Sifu, styled Xiaoyi. He inherited his father's craft and was also versed in mathematics.
69
鼐門下著籍者眾，惟同傳法最早。 其於同里，則亟稱劉開之才。
Many studied under Yao Nai, but only Tong transmitted his method earliest. Among his fellow townsman he most praised Liu Kai's talent.
70
開，字明東。 以孤童牧牛，聞塾師誦書，竊聽之，盡記其語。 塾師留之學，而妻以女。 年十四，以文謁鼐，有國士之譽，盡授以文法。 遊客公卿，才名動一時。 年四十，卒。 著孟塗集。 子繼，字少塗。 有信義。 遍走貴勢求刻其父書，以此孟塗集益顯。
Liu Kai, styled Mingdong. An orphan who herded cattle, he listened outside the schoolhouse, memorizing every word the tutor recited. The tutor took him in as a student and gave him his daughter in marriage. At fourteen he presented a composition to Yao Nai and won praise as a national talent; Nai taught him his entire method of composition. Traveling among the great households, his literary fame shook the age. He died at forty. His collected works survive as the Mengtu Collection. His son Ji, styled Shaotu. He was known for faith and righteousness. He went everywhere among the powerful seeking publication of his father's book, and thereby the Mengtu Collection grew all the more famous.
71
寶山毛岳生，字申甫。 用難廕改文學生。 孤貧，以孝聞。 自力於學，未弱冠，賦白雁詩，得名。 亦從鼐學古文，以鉤棘字句為工。 有休復居集。
Mao Yuesheng of Baoshan, styled Shenfu. By privilege for hardship he changed status to literary student. Orphaned and poor, he was renowned for filial piety. He strove in learning on his own; before reaching manhood he composed a poem on the white goose and won fame. He also studied ancient-style prose under Yao Nai, excelling in intricate, forceful diction. His collected works survive as the Xiufu Studio Collection.
72
湯鵬，字海秋，益陽人。 道光二年進士。 初喜為詩，自上古歌謠至三百篇、漢、魏、六朝、唐，無不形規而神絜之，有詩三千首。 既，官禮部主事，兼軍機章京。 旋補戶部主事，轉員外郎，改御史。 意氣蹈厲，其議論所許可，惟李德裕、張居正輩，徒為詞章士無當也。 於是勇言事，未踰月，三上章。 最後以言宗室尚書叱辱滿司官非國體，在已奉旨處分後，罷御史，回戶部，轉郎中。 是時英吉利擾海疆，求通市。 鵬已黜，不得言事，猶條上三十事於尚書轉奏，報聞。
Tang Peng, styled Haiqiu, was from Yiyang. A jinshi in the second year of Daoguang (1822). At first he delighted in poetry; from ancient songs through the Odes, Han, Wei, the Six Dynasties, and Tang, he shaped his forms and refined his spirit in all, producing three thousand poems. Afterward he served as secretary in the Ministry of Rites and concurrently as clerk in the Grand Council. Soon he was made up as secretary in the Ministry of Revenue, then vice director, then transferred to censor. Bold and high-spirited, he approved only statesmen like Li Deyu and Zhang Juzheng; mere men of letters he deemed useless. He then boldly remonstrated; within a month he submitted three memorials. Finally he memorialized that an imperial clansman serving as director had insulted Manchu officials of his ministry—an affront to the state; though already punished by imperial edict, he was dismissed as censor and returned to the Ministry of Revenue as director. At the time England was harassing the coast and seeking trade. Though demoted and unable to remonstrate directly, Peng still submitted thirty detailed proposals through his director for forwarding; the court acknowledged receipt.
73
鵬負才氣，鬱不得施，乃著之言，為浮邱子一書。 立一意為幹，一幹而分數支，支之中又有支焉，支干相演，以遞於無窮。 大抵言軍國利病，吏治要最，人事情偽，開張形勢，尋躡要眇，一篇數千言者九十餘篇，最四十餘萬言。 每遇人輒曰：「能過我一閱浮邱子乎？」 其自喜如此。 二十四年，卒。 同時有張際亮者，亦以才氣磊落聞。
Talented and proud, Peng could not deploy his gifts; he thereupon wrote a book called the Master of Floating Hill. He set up one idea as the trunk; one trunk divided into branches, and within branches there were branches again; branch and trunk evolved in succession without end. Broadly speaking he treated military and fiscal affairs, the essentials of governance, and human affairs true and false; opening out situations and pursuing essentials, more than ninety chapters of several thousand words each, totaling more than four hundred thousand words. Whenever he met anyone he would say, "Can you get through my Master of Floating Hill? Such was his self-satisfaction. In the twenty-fourth year of Daoguang (1844) he died. At the same time Zhang Jiliang was also famed for bold, open talent.
74
際亮，字亨甫，建寧人。 少孤，伯兄業賈，以其才，資之讀書。 補諸生，肄業福州鼇峰書院，院長陳壽祺器之。 尋試拔貢，入京師，朝考報罷，而時皆嘖嘖稱其詩。 鹺使曾燠以事至，召之飲。 燠以名輩自處，縱意言論，同坐贊服，際亮心薄之。 燠食瓜子粘須，一人起為拈去，際亮大笑，眾慚。 既罷，复投書責燠不能教後進，徒以財利奔走寒士門下。 燠怒，毀於諸貴人，由是得狂名，試輒不利。 乃遍遊天下山川，窮探奇勝，以其窮愁慷慨牢落古今之意，發為詩歌，益沉雄悲壯。 十八年，鄉試者約：「張際亮狂士不可中。」 而際亮已易名亨輔，中式。 拆卷，疑欲去之，副考官申解而止。 及來謁，果際亮也，主試者愕然。 會試复報罷。 際亮故與桐城姚瑩善。 二十三年，聞瑩以守土事被誣下獄，入都急難。 及事白而際亮疾篤，以所著思伯子堂詩集囑瑩，遂卒。 其後瑩子濬昌輯而刊之，都三十二卷。
Zhang Jiliang, styled Hengfu, was from Jianning. Orphaned young, his elder brother was a merchant but, seeing his talent, funded his studies. Enrolled as a student, he studied at Fuzhou's Aofeng Academy, whose director Chen Shouqi valued him highly. Soon he tested as a selected tribute student and entered the capital; he failed the palace examination, yet all praised his poetry. Salt commissioner Zeng Yu, passing through on business, summoned him to drink. Yu held himself as a famed elder and spoke freely; those seated praised him, but Jiliang inwardly despised him. Yu ate melon seeds that stuck to his beard; one man rose to pick them off, and Jiliang laughed loudly, shaming everyone present. After leaving, he sent a letter rebuking Yu for failing to guide younger scholars and merely using wealth to court poor scholars at his gate. Yu was angry and slandered him to various dignitaries; thereby he gained a reputation for eccentricity and repeatedly failed examinations. He then traveled throughout the empire's mountains and rivers, exhaustively exploring wonders; channeling poverty, sorrow, generosity, and the fallen grandeur of past and present, he composed poetry ever more somber, heroic, and tragic. In the eighteenth year those taking the provincial examination agreed, "Zhang Jiliang is an eccentric and must not pass. Yet Jiliang had already changed his name to Hengfu and passed. When the paper was opened they suspected fraud and wished to reject it; the associate examiner intervened and they desisted. When he came to pay his respects, it was indeed Jiliang; the chief examiner was astonished. At the metropolitan examination he again failed. Jiliang had long been friendly with Yao Ying of Tongcheng. In the twenty-third year, hearing Ying was imprisoned on a charge of dereliction as territorial official, he entered the capital to aid him urgently. When the affair was cleared Jiliang was gravely ill; he entrusted his Sibozi Hall Poetry Collection to Ying and died. Later Ying's son Junchang compiled and published it in thirty-two fascicles.
75
龔鞏祚，原名自珍，字璱人，仁和人。 父麗正，進士，官蘇松兵備道，為段玉裁婿，能傳其學。 鞏祚十二歲，玉裁授以說文部目。 鞏祚才氣橫越，其舉動不依恆格，時近俶詭，而說經必原本字訓，由始教也。 初由舉人援例為中書。 道光時成進士，歸本班。 洊擢宗人府主事，改禮部。 謁告歸，遂不出。 官中書時，上書總裁論西北塞外部落源流、山川形勢，訂一統誌之疏漏，凡五千言。 後復上書論禮部四司政體宜沿革者，亦三千言。 其文字驁桀，出入諸子百家，自成學派。 所至必驚眾，名聲藉藉，顧仕宦不達。 年五十，卒於丹陽書院。 著有尚書序大義、大誓答問、尚書馬氏家法、左氏春秋服杜補義、左氏決疣、春秋決事比、定菴詩文集。
Gong Zizhen, original name Zizhen, styled Seiren, was from Renhe. His father Lizheng was a jinshi who served as Suzhou-Songjiang circuit intendant for military affairs; Duan Yucai's son-in-law, he transmitted Duan's learning. At twelve Zizhen was taught the Shuowen radical headings by Duan Yucai. Zizhen's talent swept all before it; his conduct defied ordinary norms, at times approaching the bizarre, yet in expounding the classics he always grounded himself in original glosses—from his earliest instruction. At first, as a provincial graduate, he entered the Secretariat by precedent. In the Daoguang reign he became a jinshi and returned to his original rank. He was promoted to director in the Imperial Clan Court and transferred to the Ministry of Rites. He requested leave, returned home, and never served again. While a Secretariat compiler he memorialized the chief director on northwestern frontier tribes beyond the passes and the configuration of mountains and rivers, correcting lacunae in the Comprehensive Gazetteer—in all five thousand words. Later he memorialized on reforms needed in the four bureaus of the Ministry of Rites—another three thousand words. His writing was fierce and unconventional, ranging through the masters and the hundred schools, forming a school of his own. Wherever he went he startled the crowd; his fame spread widely, yet his official career did not prosper. He died at fifty at the Danyang Academy. His works include Great Meaning of the Preface to the Documents, Answers on the Great Declaration, Ma Family Method of the Documents, Supplementary Meaning to Du's Commentary on the Zuo Commentary, Resolution of Sores on the Zuo Commentary, Comparative Decisions on the Spring and Autumn, and the Ding'an Poetry and Prose Collection.
76
魯一同，字通甫，清河人。 善屬文，師事潘德輿。 道光十五年舉人。 時承平久，一同獨深憂，謂：「今天下多不激之氣，積而不化之習； 在位者貪不去之身，陳說者務不駭之論。 風烈不紀，一旦有緩急，莫可倚仗。」 既，再試不第，益研精於學。 凡田賦、兵戎諸大政，及河道遷變、地形險要，悉得其機牙。 為文務切世情，古茂峻厲，有杜牧、尹洙之風。 漕督周天爵見之，曰：「天下大材也，豈直文字哉！」 曾國藩尤嘆異之。
Lu Yitong, styled Tongfu, was from Qinghe. Skilled at literary composition, he studied under Pan Deyu. A provincial graduate in the fifteenth year of Daoguang (1835). The age had long been at peace, yet Yitong alone was deeply troubled, saying, "Today the empire has much unaroused spirit and accumulated habits that do not transform; those in office are greedy and will not leave their posts; those who remonstrate pursue opinions that will not startle. Heroic integrity goes unrecorded; once urgency comes, nothing can be relied upon. Afterward he again failed the examinations and pursued his studies all the more deeply. Whether land tax, military affairs, and other great policies, or changes in river courses and strategic terrain, he grasped their essentials. In writing he strove to address the age's realities; ancient, lush, stern, and forceful, he had the manner of Du Mu and Yin Zhu. Grain Transport Governor Zhou Tianjue, seeing him, said, "A great talent of the empire—not merely a man of letters! Zeng Guofan especially marveled at him.
77
試禮部，入都，國藩數屏騶從就問天下事。 粵逆踞金陵也，同年生吳棠方宰清河，一同為草檄，傳示列縣，辭氣奮發，江北人心大定。 江忠源師抵廬州，友人戴鈞衡為書通國藩之指，欲其起佐忠源。 一同謝不出，復書極論用兵機宜，謂當緩金陵，專攻旁郡。 其後大兵築長圍，期旦夕破金陵，一同獨決其必敗，未幾，果潰裂，蘇、浙淪陷。 已而國藩克安慶，復金陵，一如所論。 同治二年，卒，年五十九。 著邳州志、清河志、通甫類稿。
Testing at the Ministry of Rites and entering the capital, Guofan several times dismissed his mounted escort to consult him on affairs of the empire. When the Taiping rebels held Nanjing, his fellow graduate Wu Tang was magistrate of Qinghe; Yitong drafted a proclamation for him to circulate among the counties—the language was stirring and hearts north of the Yangtze were greatly steadied. When Jiang Zhongyuan's army reached Luzhou, his friend Dai Junheng wrote to communicate Guofan's intent, wishing him to rise and assist Zhongyuan. Yitong declined and stayed out; in reply he wrote at length on military strategy, holding that Nanjing should be approached slowly while neighboring prefectures were attacked in earnest. Later the great army built a long encirclement, expecting to break Nanjing within days; Yitong alone judged it must fail. Before long it collapsed in rout, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang fell. Later Guofan took Anqing and recovered Nanjing—exactly as he had argued. In the second year of Tongzhi (1863) he died at the age of fifty-nine. His works include the Gazetteers of Pei and Qinghe and the Tongfu Miscellany.
78
子蕡，字仲實。 諸生，文有家法。 善綜核，知府章儀林議減清河賦，苦繁重，叩蕡。 蕡為剖析條目，退草三千言，明旦獻之。 儀林驚喜，因請主辦，三年而成。 又佐修安東水道，役竣，費無毫髮溢。
His son Fen, styled Zhongshi. A licentiate, his writing followed a rigorous family method. Skilled at comprehensive verification, Prefect Zhang Yilin proposed reducing Qinghe's land tax, which was painfully heavy, and consulted Fen. Fen analyzed the items in detail, drafted three thousand words overnight, and presented it the next morning. Yilin was astonished and delighted and asked him to take charge; the work was completed in three years. He also assisted in repairing the Andong waterway; when the project finished, not a single cash was overspent.
79
譚瑩，字玉生，南海人。 弱冠應縣試，總督阮元遊山寺，見瑩題壁詩，驚賞，告縣令曰：「邑有才人，勿失之！」 令問姓名，不答。 已而得所為賦以告元，元曰：「是矣。」 逾年，元開學海堂課士，以瑩及侯康、儀克中、熊景星、黃子高為學長。 瑩性強記，述往事，雖久遠，時日不失。 博考粵中文獻，友人伍崇曜富於貲，為匯刻之，曰嶺南遺書五十九種，曰粵十三家集，曰楚南耆舊遺詩，益擴之為粵雅堂叢書。 瑩為學長三十年，英彥多出其門。 道光二十四年，舉於鄉，官化州訓導。 久之，遷瓊州教授，加中書銜。 少與侯康等交莫逆，晚歲陳澧與之齊名。 著樂志堂集。
Tan Ying, styled Yusheng, was from Nanhai. In his youth he took the district examination; Governor-General Ruan Yuan, visiting a mountain temple, saw Ying's poem on the wall, was astonished, and told the magistrate, "The district has a talented man—do not overlook him! The magistrate asked his name; he would not answer. Later he obtained a fu Ying had written and told Yuan; Yuan said, "This is he. The next year Yuan opened the Xuehai Hall to examine scholars, appointing Ying together with Hou Kang, Yi Kezhong, Xiong Jingxing, and Huang Zigao as senior students. Ying had a powerful memory; narrating past events, however remote, he never missed a date. He broadly examined Guangdong documents; his wealthy friend Wu Chongyao collected and printed them as fifty-nine works of Lingnan Survivals, Thirteen Guangdong Authors, and Survivor Poetry of Elders of Southern Chu, later expanding them as the Yueya Hall Collectanea. Ying served as senior student for thirty years; many outstanding scholars came from his school. In the twenty-fourth year of Daoguang (1844) he passed the provincial examination and served as instructor at Huazhou. After a long while he was transferred to professor at Qiongzhou and given the rank of Secretariat compiler. In youth he was intimate with Hou Kang and others; in his later years Chen Li ranked with him in fame. His collected works survive as the Lezhi Hall Collection.
80
景星，字伯晴，亦南海人也。 以詩見賞於元。 顧其意恨文士綿弱，學騎射技擊。 以舉人終學官，無所試，一假書畫自娛。
Xiong Jingxing, styled Boqing, was also from Nanhai. He won Yuan's praise through his poetry. Yet he resented the softness of literary men and studied horsemanship, archery, and martial arts. Ending as an academician through the provincial degree, with no field to test himself, he amused himself with books and painting.
81
子高，字叔立，番禺人。 優貢生。 精小篆，喜考證金石。 藏書多異本。
Huang Zigao, styled Shuli, was from Panyu. A senior tribute student. Expert in small seal script, he delighted in verifying bronzes and stone inscriptions. His library held many rare editions.
82
瑩子宗浚，字叔裕。 工駢文。 一甲二名進士，授編修。 初舉於鄉，齒尚少。 瑩課令讀書十年，乃許出仕。 授以馬氏通考，略能記誦。 既，入翰林，督學四川，又充江南副考官。 以伉直為掌院所惡，出為雲南糧儲道。 宗浚不樂外任，辭，不允。 再權按察使，引疾歸，鬱鬱道卒。
Ying's son Zongjun, styled Shuyu. He excelled at parallel prose. Second in the first rank of the jinshi examination, he was appointed Hanlin Compiler. When he first passed the provincial examination he was still young. Ying set him to read for ten years before permitting him to take office. He was taught Ma Duanlin's Comprehensive Investigations and could recite it in outline. After entering the Hanlin he served as educational commissioner in Sichuan and also as associate examiner in Jiangnan. Because of his blunt uprightness he was hated by the Academy director and was sent out as grain commissioner in Yunnan. Zongjun was unhappy with provincial appointment and resigned, but was not permitted. Twice acting surveillance commissioner, he pleaded illness and returned home, and died on the road in dejection.
83
吳敏樹，字本深，巴陵人。 父達德，歲歉，貸貧民穀逾萬石，不償，有名湖、湘間。 敏樹生而好學，為文章力求岸異，刮去世俗之見。 道光十二年，舉於鄉。 時梅曾亮倡古文義法京師，傳其師姚氏學說。 敏樹起湖湘，不與當世士接手，錄明崑山歸氏文成冊。 既，入都，與曾亮語合。 於是京師盛傳敏樹能古文。 曾國藩官京師，與敏樹交最篤，既出治軍，欲使參幕事，辭不赴。
Wu Minshu, styled Benshen, was from Baling. His father Dade, in years of dearth, lent the poor more than ten thousand piculs of grain without seeking repayment, famed throughout Hunan. Minshu loved learning from birth; in writing he strove for rugged originality and scraped away worldly views. In the twelfth year of Daoguang (1832) he passed the provincial examination. At the time Mei Cengliang was advocating ancient-style prose in the capital, transmitting his teacher Yao Nai's doctrine. Minshu rose from Hunan, keeping aloof from contemporary circles, and copied the collected prose of Ming dynasty Gui Youguang. After entering the capital he found agreement with Cengliang. Thereupon the capital widely spread word that Minshu could write ancient-style prose. Zeng Guofan, while an official in the capital, was closest in friendship with Minshu; after leaving to command armies he wished to have him join his staff, but Minshu declined.
84
敏樹貌溫而氣夷，意趣超曠，視人世忻戚得喪無累於其心。 以大挑選瀏陽訓導，旋自免去。 時登君山江樓，徜徉吟嘯。 學者稱南屏先生。 著柈湖文錄。 卒，年六十九。
Minshu's appearance was mild and his spirit tranquil; his interests were lofty and detached, and worldly joys and sorrows did not burden his heart. In the large selection he was chosen as instructor at Liuyang and soon resigned of his own accord. He often ascended the Jiang Tower on Jun Mountain, wandering and chanting freely. Scholars called him Master Nanping. His collected works survive as the Panhu Literary Record. He died at sixty-nine.
85
敏樹之友以文名者，曰楊彝珍，字性農，武陵人。 父丕复，舉人，官石門訓導，著歷代輿地沿革。 彝珍，道光末進士，選庶吉士，改兵部主事。 與曾國藩、左宗棠往還，好奔走聲氣。 重宴鹿鳴，賞四品卿。 年九十餘，卒。 有移芝室集。
Among Minshu's friends famed for writing was Yang Yizhen of Wuling, styled Xingnong. His father Bufu was a provincial graduate who served as instructor at Shimen and authored Changes in Territorial Administration Through the Dynasties. Yizhen, a jinshi late in Daoguang, was selected as bachelor and changed to secretary in the Ministry of War. He associated with Zeng Guofan and Zuo Zongtang and delighted in courting reputation and influence. At the repeated banquet for former graduates he was rewarded with fourth-rank insignia. He died in his nineties. His collected works survive as the Yizhi Studio Collection.
86
周壽昌，字應甫，長沙人。 道光二十五年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。 咸豐初，洊擢至侍讀。 時粵寇犯湖南，督師賽尚阿逗遛不戰，上疏劾之，一時推為敢言。 迨寇踞金陵，分黨北犯，命隨辦京畿防務。 鄉民十七人闌入城，當事者偵獲，以賊諜論，壽昌廉得實，趣令釋之； 或疑失要人旨，且得罪，壽昌曰：「我豈以人命阿權貴哉？」 卒釋之。 穆宗親政，疏請躬行典禮，戒逸豫，報聞。
Zhou Shouchang, styled Yingfu, was from Changsha. A jinshi in the twenty-fifth year of Daoguang (1845), he was selected as bachelor and appointed Hanlin Compiler. Early in the Xianfeng reign he was promoted to reader in the Hanlin. When the Taiping rebels invaded Hunan, Grand Commissioner Sai Shang'a delayed and would not fight; Shouchang memorialized for his impeachment and was acclaimed for bold speech. When the rebels held Nanjing and sent parties north, he was ordered to assist in capital defenses. Seventeen villagers forced their way into the city; the authorities seized them as spies; Shouchang investigated, found the truth, and urged their release; some feared he would offend powerful persons; Shouchang said, "Would I curry favor with the powerful at the cost of human lives? In the end they were released. When the Tongzhi Emperor personally took power, he memorialized to perform rituals in person and guard against indulgence; the court acknowledged receipt.
87
壽昌精核強記，雖宦達，勤學過諸生。 篤嗜班固書，塗染無隙紙，成漢書注校補五十卷，易藁十有七。 又有後漢注補正、三國志注證遺、思益堂集。 官終內閣學士。
Shouchang was precise and had a powerful memory; though an official he studied more diligently than students. He was devoted to Ban Gu's History of Han; with no blank space on the paper he completed fifty fascicles of Supplementary Collation and Commentary, changing drafts seventeen times. He also wrote Corrections and Supplements to the Commentary on the Later Han, Remnants of the Commentary on the Records of the Three Kingdoms, and the Siyi Hall Collection. He ended his career as Grand Secretary of the Grand Secretariat.
88
李希聖，字亦園，湘鄉人。 以進士官刑部主事。 嗜學，初治訓詁，通周官、春秋、穀梁，史習新舊唐書，文法騷、選，詩多淒艷，似玉谿。 好讀書，通古今治法，慨然有經世之志。 嘗纂光緒會計錄以總綜財賦。 又草律例損益議，張百熙等皆極重之。 光緒末，卒。
Li Xisheng, styled Yiyuan, was from Xiangxiang. As a jinshi he served as secretary in the Ministry of Punishments. Devoted to learning, he first studied glosses, mastered the Offices of Zhou, the Spring and Autumn Annals, and Guliang, was versed in the old and new Books of Tang, modeled his prose on the Songs of Chu and Wenxuan, and his poetry was often bleak and gorgeous, resembling Li Shangyin. He loved reading, was versed in methods of governance ancient and modern, and cherished the ambition to order the age. He once compiled the Guangxu Accounting Records to synthesize state revenue. He also drafted Discussions on Gains and Losses in Statutes and Regulations; Zhang Boxi and others all esteemed him highly. Late in the Guangxu reign he died.
89
斌良，字笠畊，號梅舫，瓜爾佳氏，滿洲正紅旗人，閩浙總督玉德子。 由廕生歷官刑部侍郎，為駐藏大臣。 善為詩，以一官為一集，得八千首。 其弟法良彙刊為抱衝齋全集，稱其早年詩，風華典贍，雅近竹垞、樊榭。 迨服官農部，從軍滅滑，詩格堅老。 古體胎息漢、魏、韓、杜、蘇、李，律詩則純法盛唐。 秉臬陝、豫，奉召還都，時與陳荔峰、李春湖、葉筠潭、吳蘭雪唱酬，詩境益高。 奉使蒙蕃，跋馬古塞，索隱探奇，多詩人未歷之境，風格又一變，以薩天錫、元遺山自況。 阮元為序，亦頗稱之。
Bin Liang, styled Liyun, also known as Meifang, of the Guwalgiya clan, a Manchu Bannerman of the Plain Red, was son of Fujian-Zhejiang Governor-General Yude. From a yinsheng he rose to vice minister in the Ministry of Punishments and served as resident minister in Tibet. Skilled at poetry, he made one collection for each post, producing eight thousand poems. His younger brother Faliang collected and published them as the Complete Works of the Baochong Studio, praising his early poetry as brilliant and elegant, close to Zhu Yizun and Li E. When he took office in the Ministry of Revenue and followed the army to suppress rebellion, his poetic style grew firm and mature. His ancient-style poetry drew breath from Han, Wei, Han Yu, Du Fu, Su Shi, and Li Bai; his regulated verse purely followed the High Tang. As provincial judge in Shaanxi and Henan he was recalled to the capital; he exchanged poems with Chen Lifeng, Li Chunhu, Ye Yuntan, and Wu Lanxue, and his poetic realm grew higher. On mission to Mongolia he rode through ancient passes, seeking hidden wonders—many realms poets had never traversed; his style changed again, and he compared himself to Sa Dutong and Yuan Haoshan. Ruan Yuan wrote a preface and praised him highly.
90
法良，字可盦。 梅曾亮稱其詩學東坡，得清曠之氣，而運以唐賢優游平夷之情。 有《漚羅盦詩集》。
Faliang, styled Ke'an. Mei Cengliang said his poetry studied Su Dongpo, obtaining clear spaciousness tempered with the Tang masters' leisurely ease. His Ouluo'an Poetry Collection survives.
91
錫縝，原名錫淳，字厚安，博爾濟吉特氏，滿洲正藍旗人。 咸豐六年進士。 由戶部郎中授江西督糧道，為駐藏大臣，乞病歸。 工書，善詩文。 著有《退复軒詩文集》。
Xi Zhen, original name Xichun, styled Hou'an, of the Borjigit clan, a Manchu Bannerman of the Plain Blue. A jinshi in the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856). From director in the Ministry of Revenue he was appointed Jiangxi grain commissioner, served as resident minister in Tibet, and pleaded illness to return home. Skilled at calligraphy, he was accomplished in poetry and prose. His Tuifu Studio Poetry and Prose Collection survives.
92
李雲麟，字雨蒼，漢軍正白旗人。 以諸生從曾國藩督師剿粵匪，累功至副都統。 時新疆設布倫託海辦事大臣，以雲麟任之。 署伊犁將軍。 治邊皆著績，為言官劾罷。 雲麟性剛使氣，少好遊，遍歷五嶽，歸著《曠遊偶筆》一卷。 紀遊詩有奇氣。 初謁國藩，適遇其子不為禮，雲麟怒批之。 國藩延入謝過，使獨領一軍。 左宗棠奏調，亦稱其有將才。 雲麟時被酒狂言，與世多忤。 罷歸後，卒貧困死。 有詩集，《西陲紀行》。
Li Yunlin, styled Yu'ang, was a Han Bannerman of the Plain White. As a student he followed Zeng Guofan in suppressing the Taiping rebels, rising to vice commander-in-chief. When Xinjiang established the Buluntuohai frontier commissioner, Yunlin was appointed to the post. He served as acting Ili general. In governing the frontier he achieved merit, but censors impeached him and he was dismissed. Yunlin was stubborn and high-spirited; in youth he traveled the five sacred mountains and wrote Casual Notes of Vast Travel in one fascicle. His travel poetry had an uncommon spirit. On first visiting Guofan he met Guofan's son, who was discourteous; Yunlin angrily rebuked him. Guofan invited him in, apologized, and let him command an army alone. Zuo Zongtang memorialized to transfer him and also praised his talent as a general. Yunlin often spoke wildly when drunk and clashed with the world. After dismissal and return he died in poverty. He left a poetry collection and Record of a Journey to the Western Marches.
93
道、咸以來，滿洲如觀成，字葦杭，瓜爾佳氏。 有《瓜亭雜錄》、《語花館詩集》。 鄂恆，字松亭，伊爾根覺羅氏。 有《求是山房集》。 震鈞，字在廷，改名唐宴，瓜爾佳氏。 有《渤海國志》、《天咫偶聞》。 英華，字斂之，赫佳氏，正紅旗人。 博學善詩文，工書法。 著書立說，中外知名。 有《安蹇齋集》、《萬松野人言善錄》等。 蒙古盛元，字愷廷，巴魯特氏。 有《南昌府志》、《杭營小志》、《怡園詩草》。 漢軍宗山，字歗梧，魯氏。 有《窺生鐵齋詩集》、《希晦堂遺文》。 皆以詩文名。
Since the Daoguang and Xianfeng reigns, among Manchus there was Guan Cheng of the Guwalgiya clan, styled Weihang. His works include the Guating Miscellany and the Yuhua Hall Poetry Collection. E Heng, styled Songting, of the Irgen Gioro clan. His Qiushi Mountain Studio Collection survives. Zhen Jun, styled Zaiting, later renamed Tang Yan, of the Guwalgiya clan. His works include the Annals of the Bohai Kingdom and Casual Hearings from Heaven's Reach. Ying Hua, styled Lianzhi, of the Hejia clan, a Manchu Bannerman of the Plain Red. Broadly learned, he was skilled at poetry and prose and expert in calligraphy. Through his books and doctrines he was renowned at home and abroad. His works include the Anjian Studio Collection and Records of the Old Man of Ten Thousand Pines. The Mongol Sheng Yuan of the Balut clan, styled Kaiting. His works include the Gazetteer of Nanchang Prefecture, Brief Account of the Hang Camp, and Yiyuan Poetry Drafts. The Han Bannerman Zongshan of the Lu clan, styled Xiaowu. His works include the Kuisheng Iron Studio Poetry Collection and Posthumous Writings of the Xihui Hall. All were famed for poetry and prose.
94
何紹基，字子貞，道州人，尚書凌漢子。 道光十六年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。 紹基承家學，少有名。 阮元、程恩澤頗器賞之。 歷典福建、貴州、廣東鄉試，均稱得人。 咸豐二年，簡四川學政。 召對，詢家世學業，兼及時務。 紹基感激，思立言報知遇，時直陳地方情形，終以條陳時務降歸。 歷主山東濼源、長沙城南書院，教授生徒，勗以實學。 同治十三年，卒，年七十又五。
He Shaoji, styled Zizhen, was from Daozhou, son of Minister Ling Han. A jinshi in the sixteenth year of Daoguang (1836), he was selected as bachelor and appointed Hanlin Compiler. Shaoji inherited family learning and was famed from youth. Ruan Yuan and Cheng Enze greatly valued him. He presided over the provincial examinations of Fujian, Guizhou, and Guangdong, each time praised for selecting worthy candidates. In the second year of Xianfeng (1852) he was selected as educational commissioner of Sichuan. Summoned for audience, he was asked about family background, studies, and current affairs. Shaoji was moved and wished to repay imperial favor; he frankly stated local conditions and was eventually demoted for memorializing on current affairs. He headed the Luoyuan Academy in Shandong and the Chengnan Academy in Changsha, teaching students and urging practical learning. In the thirteenth year of Tongzhi (1874) he died at seventy-five.
95
紹基通經史，精律算。 嘗據大戴記考證禮經，貫通制度，頗精切。 又為水經註刊誤。 於說文考訂尤深。 詩類黃庭堅。 嗜金石，精書法。 初學顏真卿，遍臨漢、魏各碑至百十過。 運肘斂指，心摹手追，遂自成一家，世皆重之。 所著有東洲詩文集四十卷。
Shaoji was versed in the classics and histories and expert in musical temperament and calculation. He once used the Elder Dai's Records to verify the Ritual Classics, penetrating institutions with considerable precision. He also corrected errors in Li Daoyuan's Commentary on the Water Classic. His examination of the Shuowen was especially deep. His poetry resembled Huang Tingjian's. He loved antiquities and was expert in calligraphy. At first he studied Yan Zhenqing, then traced Han and Wei steles more than a hundred times each. With controlled elbow and fingers, heart and hand in pursuit, he formed a school of his own, and the age prized him. His Dongzhou Poetry and Prose Collection runs to forty fascicles.
96
弟紹京，字子愚。 亦工書，筆法頗似其兄。
His younger brother Shaojing, styled Ziyu. Also skilled at calligraphy, his brush manner resembled his brother's.
97
孫維樸，字詩孫。 以副貢為中書，累至道員。 工書畫，字摹其祖。 久寓滬，國變後，卒，年八十餘。
Sun Weipu, styled Shisun. As a tribute student from the second list he became a Secretariat compiler and rose to circuit intendant. Skilled at calligraphy and painting, his characters imitated his grandfather's. Long resident in Shanghai, after the dynastic change he died in his eighties.
98
與維樸同時以書名海上者李瑞清，字梅盦，臨川人。 光緒二十年進士，選庶吉士。 改道員，分江蘇，攝江寧提學使，兼兩江師範學堂監督。 宣統三年，武昌亂起，江寧新軍亦變，合浙軍攻城。 官吏潛遁，瑞清獨留不去，仍日率諸生上課如常。 布政使樊增祥棄職走，以瑞清代之。 急購米三十萬斛餉官軍，助城守，設平糶局，賑難民。 城陷，瑞清衣冠坐堂皇，矢死不少屈。 民軍不忍加害，縱之行。 乃封藩庫，以鑰與籍囑之士紳，積金尚數十萬也。 自是為道士裝，隱滬上，匿姓名，自署曰「清道人」，鬻書畫以自活。 瑞清詩宗漢、魏，下涉陶、謝。 書各體皆備，尤好篆隸。 嘗謂作篆必目無二李，神遊三代乃佳。 丁巳復闢，授學部侍郎。 又三年卒，諡文潔。
Contemporary with Weipu and famed for calligraphy in Shanghai was Li Ruiqing of Linchuan, styled Meian. A jinshi in the twentieth year of Guangxu (1894), he was selected as bachelor. Changed to circuit intendant in Jiangsu, he served as acting Jiangning educational commissioner and concurrently supervised the Liangjiang Normal School. In the third year of Xuantong (1911) rebellion broke out in Wuchang and the Jiangning New Army mutinied, joining Zhejiang troops to attack the city. Officials fled in secret; Ruiqing alone stayed, still daily leading students to class as usual. Financial Commissioner Fan Zengxiang abandoned his post and fled; Ruiqing acted in his place. He urgently purchased three hundred thousand piculs of rice to supply the government army, aided in defending the city, and established fair-price granaries to relieve refugees. When the city fell Ruiqing sat in full dress in the hall and died from arrows without yielding. The revolutionary army could not bear to harm him and let him go. He then sealed the provincial treasury, entrusting keys and registers to local gentry; accumulated gold still amounted to several hundred thousand taels. Thereafter in Taoist dress he hid in Shanghai, concealing his name and styling himself the Qing Daoist, selling calligraphy and painting to live. Ruiqing's poetry followed Han and Wei, extending down to Tao Yuanming and Xie Lingyun. In calligraphy he mastered every style, especially loving seal and clerical script. He once said that in writing seal script one must see no Li Yangbing and let the spirit roam the Three Dynasties to achieve excellence. In the dingsi year (1917) he was restored and appointed vice minister of the Ministry of Education. Three years later he died, posthumously titled Wenjie.
99
馮桂芬，字林一，號景亭，吳縣人。 道光二十年一甲二名進士，授編修，充廣西鄉試正考官，丁母憂。 服闋，文宗御極，用大臣薦召見。 旋丁父憂，服甫闋而金陵陷。 詔募貲團練於鄉，以克復松江府諸城功晉五品銜，擢右中允。 赴京，期年告歸。 同治元年，以治團功加四品銜。 亂定，復以耆宿著書裨治加三品銜。
Feng Guifen, styled Linyi, also known as Jingting, was from Wu County. Second in the first rank in the twentieth year of Daoguang (1840), he was appointed Hanlin Compiler, served as chief examiner of the Guangxi provincial examination, then mourned his mother. When mourning ended, on the Xianfeng Emperor's accession he was summoned on grand ministers' recommendation. Soon he mourned his father; when mourning had just ended Nanjing fell. An edict ordered raising funds for militia in his district; for recovering Songjiang prefecture he was promoted to fifth rank and elevated to right censor. He went to the capital; within a year he requested leave and returned home. In the first year of Tongzhi (1862) he was given fourth rank for militia achievements. When rebellion was settled he was again given third rank as an elder whose writings aided governance.
100
桂芬少工駢體文，中年後乃肆力古文辭。 於書無所不窺，尤留意天文、地輿、兵刑、鹽鐵、河漕諸政。 初佐某邑令治錢穀，以事不合拂衣去，入兩江總督陶澍幕。 自未仕時已名重大江南北。 及粵賊陷蘇州，避居上海。 時大學士曾國藩治軍皖疆。 蘇州士大夫推錢鼎銘持書乞援，陳滬城危狀，及用兵機宜，累數千言，其稿，桂芬所手創也。 國藩讀之感動，乃遣李鴻章率師東下。 既解滬上圍，進克蘇州，皆闢以為助。 桂芬立會防局，調和中外雜處者。 設廣方言館，求博通西學之才，儲以濟變。 嘗從容為鴻章言吳人糧重之苦，往往因催科破家。 會松江知府方傳書亦上書，謂：「江蘇自南宋籍沒諸王大臣田，官徵其租，延及元代，官田民田淆亂，租額浸淫入賦額，民既苦之； 其後張士誠又盡攘諸豪田為官產，明太祖平吳，怒吳人附士誠，依田租私籍數定稅，乃重困。 雍正、乾隆間，嘗再議減，然但及地丁。 今儻乘民亂後覈減浮糧，疲民大悅，賊勢且益衰。」 鴻章以聞。 有詔減蘇、松、太米賦三之一，常、鎮十一，著為令。
Guifen in youth was skilled at parallel prose; after midlife he devoted himself to ancient-style prose. There was no book he did not examine; he especially attended to astronomy, geography, military affairs, salt and iron, and grain transport. At first he assisted a district magistrate in managing revenue; when matters did not agree he resigned and entered the staff of Liangjiang Governor-General Tao Shu. Even before taking office his fame was great throughout the Yangtze valley. When the Taiping rebels took Suzhou he fled to Shanghai. At the time Grand Secretary Zeng Guofan was commanding armies in Anhui. Suzhou scholars urged Qian Dingming to carry a letter begging aid, stating Shanghai's peril and military opportunities in several thousand words—the draft was Guifen's own work. Guofan, reading it, was moved and sent Li Hongzhang east with an army. After the siege of Shanghai was lifted and Suzhou was taken, all attributed the help to him. Guifen established the Joint Defense Bureau to harmonize Chinese and foreigners living together. He founded the School of Foreign Languages, seeking talent versed in Western learning to meet coming change. He once calmly told Hongzhang of the Wu people's suffering from heavy grain taxes, often ruined by tax collection. At the time Songjiang Prefect Fang Chuanshu also memorialized, saying, "In Jiangsu since the Southern Song confiscated fields of princes and great ministers, the government collected their rent; under the Yuan official and private fields were confused, rent seeped into tax quotas, and the people suffered bitterly; later Zhang Shicheng seized powerful families' fields as government property; when the Ming founder pacified Wu, angered that Wu people had followed Shicheng, he fixed tax by private land registers, and distress grew heavier. Under Yongzheng and Qianlong reduction was twice discussed, yet only land and poll taxes were touched. Now if after the rebellion floating grain tax were verified and reduced, the weary people would rejoice and rebel strength would decline. Hongzhang reported it to the throne. An edict reduced Suzhou, Songjiang, and Taicang rice tax by one-third and Changzhou and Zhenjiang by one-eleventh, establishing it as statute.
101
桂芬性恬澹，服官僅十年，然家居遇事奮發，不避勞怨。 凡濬河、建學、積穀諸舉，條議皆出其手。 先後主講金陵、上海、蘇州諸書院，與後進論學，昕夕忘倦。 精研書數，嘗以意造定向尺及反羅經，以步田繪圖。 又以江南清丈用部頒五尺步弓，田多溢額，乃考會典定用舊行六尺步弓量舊田，新頒者量新漲沙田。 著說文解字段注考證、弧矢算術細草圖解、西算新法直解、校邠廬抗議、顯志堂詩文集，都數十卷。 同治十三年，卒。
Guifen was by nature tranquil; he served only ten years, yet at home he rose to action and did not shun toil or blame. Whether dredging rivers, building schools, or storing grain—all proposals came from his hand. He lectured at academies in Jinling, Shanghai, and Suzhou, discussing learning with juniors morning and evening without weariness. He deeply studied mathematics and devised a directional ruler and reverse compass to measure fields and draw maps. Because Jiangnan land surveys used the ministry's five-foot step bow and fields often exceeded quota, he investigated the Collected Statutes and fixed use of the old six-foot step bow for old fields and the new issue for newly silted fields. His works include Textual Verification of Duan Yucai's Commentary on the Shuowen, Detailed Explanations with Diagrams of Arc and Arrow Calculation, Direct Explanation of New Western Calculation Methods, Protests from the Jiaobin Studio, and the Xianzhi Hall Poetry and Prose Collection—in all several dozen fascicles. In the thirteenth year of Tongzhi (1874) he died.
102
王頌蔚，字芾卿，長洲人。 光緒五年進士，選庶吉士。 吳縣潘祖廕、常熟翁同龢皆稱頌蔚才。 散館，改官戶部，補軍機章京。 暇輒從事著述。 嘗於方略館故紙堆中見殿板初印明史殘本，眉上黏有黃簽，審為乾隆朝擬撰考證未竟之本。 因多方搜求，逐條釐訂，芟其繁冗，採其精要，成明史考證攟逸四十餘卷。 光緒十八年，試御史第一，軍機處奏留。 頌蔚思立言抒忠讜，轉鬱鬱不樂。 嘗派充工程監督差，例有分饋，頌蔚獨卻之，曰：「我輩取與之間，貴自審慎，不可隨俗浮沉。 昔陳稽亭先生官部曹時，印結公項，且猶不取。 矧此實為廠商之賄賂乎？」
Wang Songwei, styled Fuqing, was from Changzhou. A jinshi in the fifth year of Guangxu (1879), he was selected as bachelor. Pan Zuyin of Wu County and Weng Tonghe of Changshu both praised Songwei's talent. Leaving the Hanlin, he transferred to the Ministry of Revenue and was made up as clerk in the Grand Council. In his leisure he devoted himself to writing. He once found in a pile of old papers at the Strategy Office a damaged first palace edition of the History of Ming; yellow slips on the margins proved to be unfinished Qianlong-era drafts of textual verification. He searched widely, revised item by item, cut redundancy, selected essentials, and produced more than forty fascicles of Gathered Remnants of Textual Verification of the History of Ming. In the eighteenth year of Guangxu (1892) he placed first in the censor examination; the Grand Council memorialized to retain him. Songwei wished to establish doctrine and express loyal remonstrance, yet grew depressed and unhappy. Once assigned to supervise engineering, by precedent there were shares to distribute; Songwei alone refused, saying, "In what we take and give we must be careful ourselves and cannot drift with custom. Formerly Master Chen Jiting, when an official in a ministry, would not even take public seal fees. How much more is this in truth a bribe from factory merchants?"
103
二十一年，中日釁起，戰事多北洋大臣主之。 會翁同龢復入軍機，乃進言曰：「讀聖祖、高宗聖訓，凡事關軍務者，皆由中朝謀定後動。 今日戰局既成，非直隸一省事，豈能悉諉之北洋乎？」 及議和，頌蔚益為悲憤，嘗曰：「今之敗績，徒歸咎於師之不練、器之不利，猶非探本之論。 頻年以來，盈廷習洩沓之風，宮中務遊觀之樂，直臣擯棄，賄賂公行，安有戰勝之望？ 此後償金既巨，民力益疲，恐大亂之不在外患而在內憂矣。」 明年，卒。 著有寫禮庼文集、詩集、讀碑記、古書經眼錄各一卷，明史考證攟逸四十二卷。
In the twenty-first year (1895) Sino-Japanese hostilities arose; warfare was largely directed by the Beiyang minister. When Weng Tonghe again entered the Grand Council, he remonstrated, saying, "Reading the sacred instructions of the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors, all military matters were planned at court before action. Today the war has begun; can it all be delegated to Zhili alone? When peace was discussed Songwei was all the more grieved, once saying, "Today's defeats merely blame untrained troops and inferior weapons—still not probing the root. In recent years the court has grown lax, the palace pursues travel and spectacle, upright men are cast aside, and bribes run openly—how can there be hope of victory? Hereafter indemnities are vast and the people's strength grows weaker; I fear great disorder will come not from foreign invasion but from internal collapse. The next year he died. His works include the Xieli Studio collections, Record of Reading Steles, Record of Books Seen, and forty-two fascicles of Gathered Remnants of Textual Verification of the History of Ming.
104
葉昌熾，字鞠裳，元和人。 光緒十六年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。 累至侍講，督甘肅學政，邊地樸陋，昌熾校閱盡職。 以裁缺歸，著書終老。 國變後五年，卒。 著有藏書紀事詩六卷，語石十卷，邠州大佛寺題刻考二卷，均考訂精確。
Ye Changchi, styled Jushang, was from Yuanhe. A jinshi in the sixteenth year of Guangxu (1890), he was selected as bachelor and appointed Hanlin Compiler. He rose to reader and served as educational commissioner of Gansu; though the frontier was plain and crude, Changchi examined candidates with full diligence. When the post was abolished he returned home and wrote to the end of his life. Five years after the dynastic change he died. His works include Poetry on Bibliophiles, Discourse on Stone, and Examination of Inscriptions at the Dazhou Great Buddha Temple—all textually precise.
105
管禮耕，字申季。 歲貢生。 父慶祺，從陳奐遊。 禮耕篤守家學，尤長訓詁。 嘗言唐以正義立學官，漢、魏、六朝遺說，積久泰半闕不完。 凡所考見，獨存釋文，而今本踳駮非其舊，思綜稽群籍為校證，未及半而卒。
Guan Ligeng, styled Shenji. A tribute student. His father Qingqi studied with Chen Huan. Ligeng faithfully maintained family learning and was especially expert in glosses. He once said that since Tang times the Correct Meaning was established in the state academy, Han, Wei, and Six Dynasties survivals had mostly been lost. Of what survives, only the Shiwen remains, yet today's edition is corrupt; he planned a comprehensive collation but died before half was done.
106
袁寶璜，字朅禹，元和人。 光緒二十一年進士，官刑部主事。 通經、小學，兼及算術。 著書亦未成而卒。
Yuan Baohuang, styled Jieyu, was from Yuanhe. A jinshi in the twenty-first year of Guangxu (1895), he served as secretary in the Ministry of Punishments. He was versed in the classics and philology and also in mathematics. His writings were also unfinished when he died.
107
李慈銘，字愛伯，會稽人。 諸生，入貲為戶部郎中。 至都，即以詩文名於時。 大學士周祖培、尚書潘祖廕引為上客。 光緒六年，成進士，歸本班，改御史。 時朝政日非，慈銘遇事建言，請臨雍，請整頓台綱。 大臣則糾孫毓汶、孫楫，疆臣則糾德馨、沈秉成、裕寬，數上疏，均不報。 慈銘鬱鬱而卒，年六十六。
Li Ciming, styled Aibo, was from Kuaiji. A licentiate, he purchased office as director in the Ministry of Revenue. On reaching the capital he was at once famed for poetry and prose. Grand Secretary Zhou Zupei and Minister Pan Zuyin took him as an honored guest. In the sixth year of Guangxu (1880) he became a jinshi, returned to his original rank, and changed to censor. As court affairs daily worsened, Ciming remonstrated, requesting the emperor lecture at the imperial school and requesting rectification of the censorate. Among grand ministers he impeached Sun Yuweng and Sun Ji; among frontier officials De Xin, Shen Bingcheng, and Yu Kuan—several memorials, all unanswered. Ciming died in depression at sixty-six.
108
慈銘為文沉博絕麗，詩尤工，自成一家。 性狷介，又口多雌黃。 服其學者好之，憎其口者惡之。 日有課記，每讀一書，必求其所蓄之深淺，致力之先後，而評騭之，務得其當，後進翕然大服。 著有越縵堂文十卷，白華絳趺閣詩十卷、詞二卷，又日記數十冊。 弟子著錄數百人，同邑陶方琦為最。
Ciming's prose was deep, vast, and surpassingly beautiful; his poetry was especially skilled, forming a school of his own. By nature he was upright and aloof, and his tongue was sharp. Those who admired his learning liked him; those who resented his tongue detested him. He kept daily lesson notes; for every book he judged the depth of its learning and the order of effort required; younger scholars were greatly convinced. His works include ten fascicles of Yuemantang prose, ten fascicles of Baihua Jiangqiu Studio poetry and two of lyric song, and several dozen volumes of diary. Recorded disciples numbered several hundred; his fellow townsman Tao Fangqi was foremost.
109
方琦，字子珍。 光緒二年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。 督學湖南。 年四十，卒於京邸。 方琦學有本末，汲汲於古，述造無間歲時。 治易鄭注，詩魯故，爾雅漢注，又習大戴禮記。 其治淮南王書，力以推究經訓，蒐採許注，拾補高誘。 再三屬草，矻矻十年，實事求是。 有淮南許注異同詁、許君年表、漢孳室文鈔、駢文、詩詞。
Tao Fangqi, styled Zizhen. A jinshi in the second year of Guangxu (1876), he was selected as bachelor and appointed Hanlin Compiler. He served as educational commissioner of Hunan. At forty he died in his Beijing lodging. Fangqi's learning had root and branch; eagerly pursuing antiquity, he wrote without idle years. He studied Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Changes, the Lu tradition of the Odes, Han commentary on the Erya, and the Elder Dai's Record of Rites. In studying the Huainanzi he strove to investigate classical glosses, gather Xu Shen's commentary, and supplement Gao You. Drafting again and again over ten years, he sought truth from facts. His works include Collated Notes on Xu Shen's Huainan Commentary, Chronological Table of Master Xu, Han Zishi Studio Literary Transcription, parallel prose, and lyric poetry.
110
譚廷獻，字仲修，仁和人。 同治六年舉人。 少負志節，通知時事。 國家政制典禮，能講求其義。 治經必求西漢諸儒微言大義，不屑屑章句。 讀書日有程課，凡所論箸，隱栝於所為日記。 文導源漢、魏，詩優柔善入，惻然動人。 又工詞，與慈銘友善，相唱和。 官安徽，知歙、全椒、合肥、宿松諸縣。 晚告歸，貧甚。 張之洞延主經心書院，年餘謝歸，卒於家。
Tan Tingxian, styled Zhongxiu, was from Renhe. A provincial graduate in the sixth year of Tongzhi (1867). In youth he bore resolve and integrity and was well informed on current affairs. He could investigate the meaning of state institutions and ritual propriety. In studying the classics he sought the subtle words and great meaning of Western Han scholars, disdaining mere chapter-and-verse work. In reading he kept daily schedules; all he discussed and wrote was summarized in his diary. His prose took Han and Wei as source; his poetry was gentle and moving, stirring pity. He was also skilled at lyric song and exchanged compositions with Ciming. He served in Anhui as magistrate of She, Quanjiao, Hefei, and Susong. In his later years he returned home, very poor. Zhang Zhidong engaged him to head the Jingxin Academy; after a year he declined and died at home.
111
李稷勳，字姚琴，秀山人。 光緒二十四年二甲一名進士，改庶吉士，授編修。 充會試同考官，精衡鑑，重實學，頗得知名士。 累官郵傳部參議，總川漢路事。 博學善古文，嘗受詩法於王闓運，而不囿師說。 專步趨唐賢，意致深婉，得風人之遺。 慈銘嘗稱賞之。 有甓盦詩錄四卷。
Li Jixun, styled Yaoqin, was from Xiushan. Second in the second rank in the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu (1898), he changed to bachelor and was appointed Hanlin Compiler. He served as associate metropolitan examiner, precise in judgment, valuing practical learning, and obtained many famed scholars. He rose to counselor in the Ministry of Posts and oversaw Sichuan-Hankou railway affairs. Broadly learned and skilled at ancient prose, he studied poetry under Wang Kaiyun yet was not confined by his teacher's doctrine. He exclusively followed Tang masters; his meaning was deep and graceful, obtaining the legacy of the Book of Songs. Ciming once praised him. His Bie'an Poetry Record runs to four fascicles.
112
張裕釗，字廉卿，武昌人。 少時，塾師授以製舉業，意不樂。 家獨有南豐集，時時竊讀之。 咸豐元年舉人，考授內閣中書。 曾國藩閱卷賞其文，既，來見，曰：「子豈嘗習子固文耶？」 裕釗私自喜。 已而國藩益告以文事利病及唐、宋以來家法，學乃大進，寤前此所為猶凡近，馬遷、班固、相如、揚雄之書，無一日不誦習。 又精八法，由魏、晉、六朝以上窺漢隸，臨池之勤，亦未嘗一日輟。 國藩既成大功，出其門者多通顯。 裕釗相從數十年，獨以治文為事。 國藩為文，義法取桐城，益閎以漢賦之氣體，尤善裕釗之文。 嘗言「吾門人可期有成者，惟張、吳兩生」，謂裕釗及吳汝綸也。
Zhang Yuzhao, styled Lianqing, was from Wuchang. In youth his tutor taught examination essays; he was unwilling. At home they had the Nanfeng Collection; he often stole time to read it. A provincial graduate in the first year of Xianfeng (1851), he was appointed Secretariat compiler. Zeng Guofan, reading his examination paper, praised his writing; meeting him afterward, said, "Have you studied Zeng Gong's prose? Yuzhao secretly rejoiced. Guofan further instructed him in literary craft and family methods since Tang and Song; his learning advanced greatly, and he saw that his earlier work was still commonplace; he recited Sima Qian, Ban Gu, Sima Xiangru, and Yang Xiong daily without fail. He was also expert in calligraphy; from Wei, Jin, and the Six Dynasties upward he studied Han clerical script; diligence at the inkstone never ceased. After Guofan achieved great merit, many who came from his gate attained high office. Yuzhao followed him for decades, devoting himself solely to writing. Guofan's writing took composition principles from Tongcheng, broadened with Han fu breath, and he especially valued Yuzhao's writing. He once said, "Among my disciples those who may succeed are only Zhang and Wu," meaning Yuzhao and Wu Rulun.
113
裕釗文字淵懿，歷主江寧、湖北、直隸、陝西各書院，成就後學甚眾。 嘗言：「文以意為主，而辭欲能副其意，氣欲能舉其辭。 譬之車然，意為之禦，辭為之載，而氣則所以行也。 欲學古人之文，其始在因聲以求氣，得其氣，則意與辭往往因之而益顯，而法不外是矣。」 世以為知言。 著濂亭文集。
Yuzhao's writing was profound and refined; he headed academies in Jiangning, Hubei, Zhili, and Shaanxi, training many students. He once said, "Writing takes meaning as master, yet diction must match the meaning, and breath must carry the diction. It is like a carriage: meaning is the driver, diction the load, and breath is what makes it go. To study ancient writing, one must begin by seeking breath through sound; obtaining breath, meaning and diction grow more manifest, and method is nothing outside this. The age considered this penetrating insight. He authored the Lian Pavilion Prose Collection.
114
裕釗門下最知名者，有范當世、朱銘盤。
Among Yuzhao's disciples the most famed were Fan Dangshi and Zhu Mingpan.
115
當世，字肯堂，江蘇通州諸生。 能詩，汝綸嘗歎其奇橫不可敵。 著范伯子詩文集。
Fan Dangshi, styled Kentang, was a student of Tongzhou, Jiangsu. He could write poetry; Rulun once sighed that its bold strangeness was unmatched. His Fan Bozi Poetry and Prose Collection survives.
116
銘盤，字曼君，泰興舉人。 敘知州。 其學長於史，兼工詩古文。 著晉會要一百卷，朝鮮長編四十卷，及桂之華軒詩文集。
Zhu Mingpan, styled Manjun, was a provincial graduate of Taixing. He was appointed by qualification as prefect. His learning excelled in history and he was also skilled at poetry and ancient prose. His works include Comprehensive Essentials of Jin in one hundred fascicles, the Korean Long Compilation in forty fascicles, and the Guizhihua Studio Poetry and Prose Collection.
117
與裕釗同時者，有楊守敬，字惺吾，宜都人。 為文不足躋裕釗，而其學通博。 精輿地，用力於水經尤勤。 通訓詁，考證金石文字。 能書，摹鐘鼎至精。 工儷體，為箴銘之屬，古奧聳拔，文如其人。 以舉人官黃岡教諭，加中書銜。 嘗遊日本，搜古籍，多得唐、宋善本，辛苦積貲，藏書數十萬卷，為鄂學靈光者垂二十年。 卒，年七十有七。 著有水經註圖、水經註要刪、隋書地理志考證、日本訪書志、晦明軒稿、鄰蘇老人題跋、望堂金石集等。
Contemporary with Yuzhao was Yang Shoujing of Yidu, styled Xingwu. In prose he did not reach Yuzhao's level, yet his learning was comprehensive and broad. He was expert in geography and labored especially on the Water Classic. He mastered glosses and verified inscriptions on bronzes and stones. He could write calligraphy and traced bell and tripod inscriptions with utmost precision. Skilled at parallel style in admonitions and inscriptions, ancient and lofty, his writing matched the man. As a provincial graduate he served as instructor of Huanggang and was given the rank of Secretariat compiler. He traveled to Japan seeking ancient books, obtaining many fine Tang and Song editions; through painstaking effort his collection numbered several hundred thousand volumes and was the glory of Hubei learning for nearly twenty years. He died at seventy-seven. His works include Maps of the Water Classic Commentary, Essentials of the Water Classic Commentary, Textual Verification of the Treatise on Geography in the History of Sui, Record of Book-Seeking in Japan, and Collected Stone Inscriptions of the Wangtang.
118
吳汝綸，字摯父，桐城人。 少貧力學，嘗得雞卵一，易松脂以照讀。 好文出天性，早著文名。 同治四年進士，用內閣中書。 曾國藩奇其文，留佐幕府，久乃益奇之，嘗以漢禰衡相儗。 旋調直隸，參李鴻章幕。 時中外大政常決於國藩、鴻章二人，其奏疏多出汝綸手。
Wu Rulun, styled Zhifu, was from Tongcheng. Poor in youth he strove in learning; he once traded a chicken egg for pine resin to read by lamplight. He loved writing by nature and early won literary fame. A jinshi in the fourth year of Tongzhi (1865), he was appointed Secretariat compiler. Zeng Guofan marveled at his writing; meeting him later he said, "Have you studied Zeng Gong's prose?" Rulun secretly rejoiced. Soon he was transferred to Zhili and joined Li Hongzhang's staff. At the time major domestic and foreign policies were often decided by Guofan and Hongzhang; their memorials mostly came from Rulun's hand.
119
尋出補深州，丁外內艱。 服除，補冀州。 其治以教育為先，不憚貴勢，籍深州諸村已廢學田為豪民侵奪者千四百餘畝入書院，資膏火。 聚一州三縣高材生親教課之，民忘其吏，推為大師。 會以憂去，豪民至交通御史以壞村學劾奏，還其田。 及蒞冀州，仍銳意興學，深、冀二州文教斐然冠畿輔。 又開冀、衡六十里之渠，洩積水於滏，以溉田畝，便商旅。 時時求其士之賢有文者禮先之，得十許人。 月一會書院，議所施為興革於民便不便，率不依常格。 稱疾乞休。
He went out to serve as magistrate of Shenzhou and mourned his parents. When mourning ended he was made up as magistrate of Jizhou. His governance put education first; he did not fear the powerful, recovering more than fourteen hundred mu of abandoned school fields in Shenzhou villages seized by local bullies for academy stipends. He gathered talented students from three districts and taught them personally; the people forgot he was an official and acclaimed him as a great master. When he left on mourning, bullies colluded with censors to destroy village schools by memorial, and the fields were returned. On taking office at Jizhou he still keenly promoted learning; literary culture in Shen and Ji prefectures flourished foremost in the capital region. He also opened a sixty-li canal between Ji and Heng, draining accumulated water into the Fu River to irrigate fields and benefit travel. He constantly sought worthy men of literary talent and honored them, obtaining about ten. Monthly he met at the academy to discuss reforms for the people's convenience, mostly not following conventional patterns. He pleaded illness and requested retirement.
120
鴻章素重其人，延主蓮池講席。 其為教，一主乎文，以為：「文者，天地之至精至粹，吾國所獨優。 語其實用，則歐、美新學尚焉。 博物格致機械之用，必取資於彼，得其長乃能共競。 舊法完且好，吾猶將革新之，況其窳敗不可復用。」 其勤勤導誘後生，常以是為說。 嘗樂與西士遊，而日本之慕文章者，亦踔海來請業。 會朝旨開大學堂於京師，管學大臣張百熙奏薦汝綸加五品卿銜總教務，辭不獲，則請赴日本考學制。 既至其國，上自君、相及教育名家，婦孺學子，皆備禮接款，求請題詠，更番踵至。 旋返國，先乞假省墓，興辦本邑小學堂。 規制粗立，遽以疾卒，年六十四。
Hongzhang had always valued him and engaged him to head the Lianchi lectureship. In teaching he took writing as master, holding, "Writing is the utmost essence and purity of heaven and earth; our country alone excels in it. In practical application, European and American new learning is esteemed. Natural history, investigation of things, and mechanics must draw on the West; only by gaining their strengths can we compete. Old methods complete and good—we would still innovate them; how much more when they are worn out and unusable. He diligently guided younger students, always speaking thus. He delighted in associating with Western scholars, and Japanese admirers of literature also crossed the sea to study with him. When the court ordered a university in the capital, Zhang Boxi recommended Rulun with fifth-rank insignia as general superintendent; unable to decline, he requested to go to Japan to study the school system. In Japan, from the ruler and ministers to famous educators, all received him with full courtesy; requests for inscriptions and poems came in endless succession. Soon returning home, he first requested leave to visit his family's graves and established the local primary school. When regulations were roughly established he suddenly died of illness at sixty-four.
121
汝綸為學，由訓詁以通文辭，無古今，無中外，唯是之求。 自群經子史、周、秦故籍，以下逮近世方、姚諸文集，無不博求慎取，窮其原而竟其委。 於經，則易、書、詩、禮、左氏、穀梁、四子書，旁及小學音韻，各有詮釋。 於史，則史記、漢書、三國志、新五代史、資治通鑑、國語、國策皆有點校，尤邃於史記，盡發太史公立言微旨。 於子，則老、莊、荀、韓、管、墨、呂覽、淮南、法言、太玄各有評騭，而最取其精者。 於集，則楚辭、文選，漢魏以來各大家詩文皆有點勘之本。 凡所啟發，皆能得其深微，整齊百代，別白高下，而一以貫之。 盡取古人不傳之蘊，昭然揭示，俾學者易於研求； 且以識夫作文之軌範，雖萬變不窮，而千載如出一轍。
Rulun's learning passed through glosses to literary expression, without regard to ancient or modern, Chinese or foreign—only seeking what was right. From the classics and masters through Zhou and Qin texts down to Fang and Yao's collected works, he sought broadly and chose carefully, tracing origins to ends. In the classics he explained the Changes, Documents, Odes, Rites, Zuo Commentary, Guliang, and Four Books, and also philology and phonology, each with commentary. In history he collated the Records, History of Han, Records of the Three Kingdoms, New History of the Five Dynasties, Comprehensive Mirror, Discourses of the States, and Strategies of the Warring States, especially penetrating the Records and releasing the Grand Historian's subtle intent. In masters he judged Laozi, Zhuangzi, Xunzi, Han Fei, and others, taking the finest. In collections he had collated editions of the Songs of Chu, Wenxuan, and major writers from Han and Wei onward. All he opened up reached their depth; ordering a hundred generations and distinguishing high and low, he unified them in one thread. He revealed what the ancients did not transmit so scholars could easily pursue it; and thereby recognized the norms of composition—though ten thousand changes never exhaust it, a thousand years follow one track.
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其論文，嘗謂：「千秋蓋世之勳業皆尋常耳，獨文章之事，緯地經天，代不數人，人不數篇，唯此為難。」 又謂：「中國之文，非徒習其字形而已，綴字為文，而氣行乎其間，寄聲音神采於文外。 雖古之聖賢豪傑去吾世邈矣，一涉其書，而其人之精神意氣若儼立乎吾目中。」 務欲因聲求氣，凡所為抗墜、詘折、斷續、斂侈、緩急、長短、伸縮、抑揚、頓挫之節，一循乎機勢之自然，以漸於精微奧之域。 乃有以化裁而致於用，悉舉學問與事業合而為一； 而尤以瀹民智自強亟時病為兢兢云。 著有易說二卷、寫定尚書一卷、尚書故三卷、夏小正私箋一卷、文集四卷、詩集一卷、深州風土記二十二卷，及點勘諸書，皆行於世。
Discussing writing he once said, "Merit passing down through the ages is ordinary; only literary affairs span heaven and earth—few men and few pieces per generation—only this is hard. He also said, "Chinese writing is not merely learning character forms; stringing characters into text, breath moves between them, lodging spirit beyond the words. Though ancient sages and heroes are remote, once one enters their books, their spirit seems to stand before one's eyes. He strove to seek breath through sound; in every turn of cadence he followed natural momentum, gradually approaching subtlety and mystery. Thus he could transform and bring to use, fully joining learning and career in one; and especially took irrigating popular intelligence and strengthening the age as his constant care. His works include Explanation of the Changes, Definitive and Ancient Documents, Private Commentary on the Lesser Calendar, prose and poetry collections, Customs of Shenzhou in twenty-two fascicles, and collated books—all circulating.
123
汝綸門下最著者為賀濤，而同時有蕭穆，亦以通考據名。
Rulun's most prominent disciple was He Tao; at the same time Xiao Mu was also famed for evidential scholarship.
124
穆，字敬孚。 縣學生。 其學博綜群籍，喜談掌故，於顧炎武、全祖望諸家之書尤熟。 復多見舊槧，考其異同，硃墨雜下。 遇孤本多方勸刻，所校印凡百餘種。 有敬孚類藁十六卷。
Xiao Mu, styled Jingfu. A district student. His learning covered many books; he delighted in historical anecdotes and was especially familiar with Gu Yanwu and Quan Zuwang. He also saw many old manuscripts, comparing variants with annotations in red and ink. Encountering unique editions he often urged publication; his collations totaled more than a hundred kinds. His Jingfu Miscellany runs to sixteen fascicles.
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濤，字松坡，武強人。 光緒十二年進士，官刑部主事。 以目疾去官。 初，汝綸牧深州，見濤所為反離騷，大奇之，遂盡授以所學，復使受學於張裕釗。 濤謹守兩家師說，於姚鼐義理、考據、詞章三者不可偏廢之說，尤必以詞章為貫澈始終，日與學者討論義法不厭。 與同年生劉孚京俱治古文，濤言宜先以八家立門戶，而上窺秦、漢； 孚京言宜先以秦、漢為根柢，而下攬八家，其門徑大略相同。 濤有文集四卷。
He Tao, styled Songpo, was from Wuqiang. A jinshi in the twelfth year of Guangxu (1886), he served as secretary in the Ministry of Punishments. He left office because of eye disease. When Rulun was magistrate of Shenzhou, he saw Tao's Counter-Rhapsody on Encountering Sorrow and marveled, teaching him all he knew and also sending him to study under Zhang Yuzhao. Tao strictly maintained both masters' doctrines; on Yao Nai's triad of principle, evidential scholarship, and literary craft, he especially required literary craft throughout, daily discussing composition with students without weariness. With fellow graduate Liu Fujing he both studied ancient prose; Tao said one should first establish the Eight Masters as one's school and look up to Qin and Han; Fujing said one should first take Qin and Han as foundation and draw in the Eight Masters below—their paths were largely the same. Tao's collected prose runs to four fascicles.
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孚京，字鎬仲，南昌人。 有文集六卷。
Liu Fujing, styled Haozhong, was from Nanchang. His collected prose runs to six fascicles.
127
生平任俠尚氣節，嫉惡嚴。 見聞有不平，輒憤起，忠懇之誠發於至性。 念以英主被扼，每述及，常不勝哀痛。 十謁，匍伏流涕。 逢歲祭，雖風雪勿為阻。 嘗蒙賜御書「貞不絕俗」額，感幸無極，誓死必表於墓，曰「處士」。 憂時傷事，一發之於詩文。
Throughout life he was chivalrous and esteemed integrity, stern in hatred of evil. When he saw injustice he would flare up in anger; loyal sincerity arose from his deepest nature. Thinking of the Guangxu Emperor as a brilliant ruler constrained, whenever he spoke of it he could not overcome grief. Ten times he visited the Chongling mausoleum, prostrating himself in tears. At annual sacrifices, wind and snow would not deter him. He once received the imperial inscription "Upright yet not cut off from the world" and swore that at death he must inscribe it on his tomb as "Qing Recluse." Anxiety for the age and sorrow for affairs he released entirely in poetry and prose.
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為文宗、。 少時務博覽，中年後案頭唯有、二疏，、、及、之文，此外則、，無他書矣。 其由博反約也如此。
In writing he took Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan as masters. In youth he sought broad reading; after midlife his desk held only the two commentaries on the Odes and Rites, the Zuo Commentary, Records of the Grand Historian, Zhuangzi, and the writings of Han and Ouyang Xiu—besides these only the Shuowen and Guangya. Such was his turning from breadth to restraint.
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其論文主意境、識度、氣勢、神韻，而忌率襲庸怪，文必己出。 嘗曰：「古文唯其理之獲，與道無悖者，則味之彌臻於無窮。 若分畫、、、，加以統系派別，為此為彼，使讀者炫惑莫知所從，則已格其途而左其趣。 經生之文樸，往往流入於枯淡，史家之文則又隳突恣肆，無復規檢，二者均不足以明道。 唯積理養氣，偶成一篇，類若不得已者，必意在言先，修其辭而峻其防，外質而中膏，聲希而趣永，則庶乎其近矣。」 所作務抑遏掩蔽，能伏其光氣，而其真終不可自閟。 尤善敘悲，音吐淒梗，令人不忍卒讀。 論者謂以血性為文章，不關學問也。
In discussing writing he took artistic conception, discernment, momentum, and spirit as masters, yet hated slavish imitation and strangeness; writing must come from oneself. He once said, "In ancient prose only when principle is attained and nothing contradicts the Way does flavor grow endlessly more refined. If one divides Qin, Han, Tang, and Song into schools and factions until readers are dazzled and know not which to follow, one has blocked the path and perverted the aim. Classicists' writing is plain yet often flows into dryness; historians' writing grows reckless without rule—both are insufficient to illuminate the Way. Only by accumulating principle and nurturing breath, with intent before words, plain outside and rich within, sound rare and appeal enduring, may one approach it. What he wrote strove to suppress and conceal, hiding his light and breath, yet his truth could never be sealed away. He was especially skilled at narrating sorrow; his voice was bitter and choked, unbearable to read through. Critics said he wrote with innate nature, not depending on learning.
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所傳譯說部至百數十種。 然故不習文，皆待人口達而筆述之。 任氣好辯，自新文學興，有倡非孝之說者，奮筆與爭，雖脅以威，累歲不為屈。 尤善畫，山水渾厚，冶南北於一爐，時皆寶之。 講學不分門戶，嘗謂代學術之盛，超越今古，義理、考據，合而為一，而精博過之。 實於學、學以外別創學一派。 時有請立學會者，撫掌稱善，力贊其成。 甲子秋，卒，年七十有三，門人私諡。 有、、、等。
He transmitted more than a hundred translated Western novels. Yet Shu did not know Western languages; all relied on oral transmission and then wrote them down. Bold in spirit and fond of debate, when new literature arose and some advocated rejecting filial piety, he contended in print; though threatened, for years he would not yield. He was especially skilled at painting; his landscapes were thick and full, blending Northern and Southern schools, and the age treasured them. In lecturing he did not divide schools, saying Qing scholarship surpassed past and present, joining principle and evidential scholarship yet more refined and broad. Truly beyond Han Learning and Song Learning he created a Qing school. When some requested establishing a Qing Learning Society, he clapped his hands in approval and strongly supported it. In the jiazi year (1924) he died at seventy-three; disciples privately titled him Master Zhenwen. His works include the Weilu Prose Collection, poetry collection, On Literature, and On Painting.
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是時人士漸傾向西人學說，以為自由、平等、權利諸說，由之未嘗無利，脫靡所折衷，則流蕩放佚，害且不可勝言，常於廣眾中陳之。 久以海軍積勞敘副將，盡棄去，入貲為同知，累保道員。 元年，海軍部立，特授協都統，尋賜文科進士，充學部總纂。 以碩學通儒徵為資政院議員。 三年，授海軍一等參謀官。 殫心著述，於學無所不窺，舉外治術學理，靡不究極原委，抉其失得，證明而會通之。 精西文字，所譯書以朅辭達奧旨。
Scholars gradually inclined toward Western doctrines; Fu held that liberty, equality, and rights were not without benefit if balanced, but without moderation led to dissipation and harm beyond measure, and he often stated this in public. Fu long held naval merit at vice general rank, then abandoned it, purchased office as subprefect, and was repeatedly promoted to circuit intendant. In the first year of Xuantong (1909) the Navy Ministry was established; he was appointed associate commander-in-chief, soon granted jinshi in letters and made general editor of the Terminology Academy. As a profound scholar he was summoned as a member of the Political Consultative Council. In the third year he was appointed first-class naval staff officer. Fu devoted himself to writing; in learning there was nothing he did not examine, tracing Chinese and foreign governance and principle, judging gains and losses, proving and harmonizing them. Expert in Western languages, his translations used refined diction to convey profound meaning.
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其有曰：「之於六藝也，、最嚴。 曰：『本隱而之顯，推見至隱。』 此天下至精之言也。 始吾以為本隱之顯者，觀像繫辭，以定吉凶而已； 推見至隱者，誅意褒貶而已。 及觀西人名學，則見其格物致知之事，有內籀之術焉，有外籀之術焉。 內籀云者，察其曲而知其全者也，執其微以會其通者也。 外籀云者，援公理以斷眾事者也，設定數以逆未然者也。 是固吾、之學也。 所謂『本隱之顯』者外籀也，所謂『推見至隱』者內籀也，二者即物窮理之要術也。 夫西學之最為切實，而執其例可以御蕃變者，名、數、質、力四者之學而已。 而吾則名、數以為經，質、力以為律，而合而名之曰『易』。 大宇之內，質、力相推，非質無以見力，非力無以呈質。 凡力皆乾也，凡質皆坤也。 動之例三，其一曰：『靜者不自動，動者不自止，動路必直，速率必均。』 而則曰：『乾，其靜也專，其動也直。』 有者，以天演自然言化，其為天演界說曰：『翕以合質，闢以出力，始簡易而終雜糅。』 而則曰：『坤，其靜也翕，其動也闢。』 至於全力不增減之說，則有自強不息為之先； 凡動必復之說，則有消息之義居其始。 而『易不可見，乾坤或幾乎息』之旨，尤與熱力平均、天地乃毀之言相發明也。 大抵古書難讀，為尤。 二千年來，士徇利祿，守闕殘，無獨闢之慮，是以生今日者，乃轉於西學得識古之用焉。」 凡所譯著，獨得精微皆類此。
His preface to Evolution and Ethics says, "Confucius regarding the Six Arts, the Changes and Spring and Autumn are most strict. Sima Qian said, 'The Changes proceeds from the hidden to the manifest; the Spring and Autumn infers the most hidden from what is seen.' These are the most refined words under heaven. This is the most refined speech under heaven. At first I thought 'from the hidden to the manifest' meant observing images and attached phrases to determine fortune and misfortune; Inferring the most hidden meant judging intent in praise and blame. Observing Western logic, I saw that in investigating things to extend knowledge there is inner induction and outer induction. Inner induction observes the part to know the whole and grasps the subtle to unite with the general. Outer induction applies public reason to judge many cases and sets constants to anticipate what has not yet occurred. This is indeed the learning of our Changes and Spring and Autumn. What Qian called 'from the hidden to the manifest' is outer induction; 'inferring the most hidden' is inner induction—both are essential techniques of investigating things to exhaust principle. Among Western learning what is most practical and whose examples can master change are the four studies of names, numbers, matter, and force. Our Changes takes names and numbers as warp and matter and force as woof, combining them as 'Change.' Within the great universe matter and force push each other; without matter force cannot appear, without force matter cannot be displayed. All force is Qian; all matter is Kun. Newton's three laws of motion: what is at rest does not move itself; what moves does not stop itself; the path must be straight and the rate uniform. The Changes says, 'Qian in stillness is concentrated; in motion is straight.' Spencer, speaking of evolution, states: 'Contracting to unite matter, expanding to exert force, beginning simple and ending complex.' The Changes says, 'Kun in stillness is contracting; in motion is expanding.' As for total force neither increasing nor decreasing, there is self-strengthening without cease beforehand; the doctrine that all motion must return has the meaning of waxing and waning at the beginning. The point that 'Change cannot be seen; Qian and Kun perhaps nearly cease' especially illuminates heat equilibrium and the end of heaven and earth. Broadly speaking ancient books are hard to read, and China especially so. For two thousand years scholars pursued emolument, guarding incomplete learning without pioneering thought; therefore those born today turn to Western learning to recover the use of antiquity. All his translations and writings that grasped subtlety were of this kind.
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世謂以文溝通西文，以西文溝通文，並稱「」。 辛酉秋，卒，年六十有九。 著有及譯、、、、、、等。
The age said Shu used Chinese to bridge Western writing and Fu used Western writing to bridge Chinese, both styled "Lin-Yan." In the xinyou year (1921) he died at sixty-nine. He authored a prose collection and translations including Evolution and Ethics, Wealth of Nations, Study of Sociology, Mill's Logic, Spirit of Laws, On Liberty, and Principles of Sociology.
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同時有，字，人。 幼學於，為博士。 遍遊、、、諸邦，通其政藝。 年三十始返而求學術，窮、之奧，兼涉群籍。 爽然曰：「道在是矣！」 乃譯，述大義及禮制諸書。 西人見之，始歎學理之精，爭起傳譯。 庚子亂，聯軍北犯，以文草，申大義。 列強知以禮教立國，終不可侮，和議乃就。 、皆奇其才，歷委辦議約、濬浦等事。 旋為外務部員外郎，晉郎中，擢左丞。
At the same time there was Gu Hongming of Tong'an, styled Hongming. He studied in England in youth and became a doctor. He traveled Germany, France, Italy, Austria, and other states, mastering their governance and arts. At thirty he returned to seek Chinese learning, exhausting the Four Books and Five Classics, also ranging through many books. He exclaimed with clarity, "The Way is here! He then translated the Four Books and expounded the Spring and Autumn and books on ritual institutions. Westerners, seeing this, first sighed at the refinement of Chinese learning and rose to translate it. In the gengzi Boxer turmoil, allied armies invaded north; Hongming drafted Revering the King in English to declare the great principle. The powers knew China was founded on ritual teaching and could not be insulted; peace was then settled. Zhang Zhidong and Zhou Fu all marveled at his talent and entrusted him with treaty negotiations and dredging harbors. Soon he served as vice director of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was promoted to director, and rose to left vice minister.