1
列傳二百七十五
Biography 275
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忠義二
Loyalty and Righteousness, Part Two
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馬弘儒等
Ma Hongru et al.
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等等
Deng Deng
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蕭震等崔成嵐黃新德
Xiao Zhen et al.; Cui Chenglan; Huang Xinde
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隨光啟等
Sui Guangqi et al.
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馬秉倫劉鎮寶
Ma Binglun; Liu Zhenbao
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朱國治，漢軍正黃旗人。 順治四年，由貢生授固安知縣，屢擢至大理寺卿。 十六年，外簡江寧巡撫。 時鄭成功盤踞外洋，出沒江南濱海州縣，國治疏言：「欲破狡謀，先度形勢。 賊眾負險，我師遠涉風濤，其勞逸不同。 賊眾熟識海道，我師弓馬便捷，其素習不同； 水師舟楫，較之賊船大小懸殊，其攻取不同。 臣謂宜以守寓戰，凡海邊江口，多設墩台，待賊勢困援絕，乘間攻之，自能擒渠獻馘。」 下所司議行。 又以蘇、松、常、鎮四府錢糧抗欠者多，分別造冊，紳士一萬三千五百餘人，衙役二百四十人，請敕部察議。 部議現任官降二級調用，衿士褫革，衙役照贓治罪有差。 以是頗有刻覈名。
Zhu Guozhi belonged to the Plain Yellow Banner of the Han military divisions. In Shunzhi 4, appointed Gu'an magistrate through the tribute-student route, he rose by stages to Minister of the Court of Judicial Review. In the sixteenth year he was posted from outside the regular roster as Jiangning governor. Zheng Chenggong then dominated the open sea and struck Jiangnan's coastal prefectures and counties; Guozhi submitted: "To break his stratagems, weigh the situation first. The rebels hold defensible ground; our men cross stormy seas—a mismatch of ease and exhaustion. They know every sea lane; we excel on horseback and with the bow—their training and ours differ; Our war junks dwarf theirs in every dimension—so the way we fight must differ too. I counsel defending as fighting: tower every river mouth and coast, wait until the rebels are spent and isolated, then strike—you will take their chief and present his head. The memorial was referred to the ministries for action. He also noted heavy tax arrears in Suzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou, and Zhenjiang, drew separate rolls of more than 13,500 gentry and 240 runners, and asked the ministries to rule. The ministries ordered serving officials cut two grades and transferred, degree-holders degraded, and runners punished as robbers by degree. He earned a reputation for stern exactitude.
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康熙十年，補雲南巡撫。 時吳三桂謀叛久矣，十二年，詭請移籓錦州，並期以十一月二十四日啟行。 國治方請增設驛堡，協撥夫馬待之，三桂遽踞關隘起事。 先期三日，邀國治及按察使李興元、雲南知府高顯辰、同知劉琨，脅之從逆，皆不屈。 國治罵賊尤烈，即時遇害。 先後殉難者，雲貴總督甘文焜，廣西巡撫馬雄鎮、傅弘烈及李興元，均自有傳。
Kangxi 10 brought appointment as Yunnan governor. Wu Sangui had plotted for years; in Kangxi 12 he feigned a request to move his fief to Jinzhou, fixing departure for the eleventh month's twenty-fourth day. While Guozhi was still arranging courier posts and draft animals for the move, Sangui seized the passes and rebelled. Three days early he summoned Guozhi, Inspector Li Xingyuan, Prefect Gao Xianchen, and Vice-Prefect Liu Kun to follow him; all refused. Guozhi reviled them most bitterly and was killed at once. Other martyrs in Yunnan included Governor-General Gan Wenxuan and Guangxi governors Ma Xiongzhen and Fu Honglie, with Li Xingyuan—all have separate biographies.
10
楊應鶚，鑲黃旗漢軍。 任貴州貴陽府同知。 吳三桂初叛，執應鶚送雲南，錮之順寧。 應鶚密謀舉義，偽將軍趙永寧縊死之。 時有馬弘儒者，順治十八年武進士。 三桂素重之，迫共叛，不聽，以鐵椎椎其齒，齒盡落，囚琨明，不屈死。
Yang Ying'e belonged to the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Han divisions. He held the Guiyang prefectural vice-magistracy in Guizhou. At Wu Sangui's first rising he was seized and sent to Yunnan, then locked at Shunning. Ying'e plotted secretly to rise; the rebel general Zhao Yongning strangled him. Among them was Ma Hongru, military jinshi of Shunzhi 18. Sangui valued him and pressed him to rebel; he refused; they smashed his teeth with an iron pestle until none remained, kept him in Kunming prison, and he died defiant.
11
先後在滇殉節者，為鄭相等：相，江寧人，以中書隨軍至雲南。 大兵入滇，檄權石屏州事，有惠政。 偽總兵高應鳳作亂，相死之。 琨明人楊樹烈，以四川南川縣知縣告休家居，寇至，北面再拜，自縊死。 土酋龍韜等分道剽掠，寧州知州曹誠嬰城守，城陷死之。 原任曲靖府教授周起元，則以被執不屈死。 生員有唐方齡、張鶤羽。
Others who perished in Yunnan included Zheng Xiang of Jiangning, who had gone south as a Secretariat drafter with the army. When imperial forces entered Yunnan he was placed in charge of Shiping with policies the people welcomed. The rebel regional commander Gao Yingfeng revolted; Xiang died at his post. Yang Shulie of Kunming, retired Nanchuan magistrate in Sichuan, bowed north twice and hanged himself when rebels came. Chieftains such as Long Tao raided on several routes; Ningzhou magistrate Cao Cheng held the walls and died when the city fell. Former Qujing instructor Zhou Qiyuan was taken and died rather than submit. Student martyrs included Tang Fangling and Zhang Heyu.
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三桂既叛，所在蠢應，死貴州者：陳上年，直隸清苑人。 順治六年進士。 時官分巡右江參議道，三桂既執巡撫傅弘烈，乃脅上年降，幽縶死。 都勻縣防兵謀應賊，譁譟焚掠，知縣薛佩玉諭以順逆，眾不聽，偪受偽職。 佩玉北面再拜，自縊死。
After Sangui's revolt the provinces erupted; in Guizhou Chen Shangnian of Zhili's Qingyuan died. He had passed the civil examinations in Shunzhi 6. He was Right River intendant when Sangui took Fu Honglie and tried to force Shangnian over; Shangnian was clapped in irons and died there. Duyun's militia mutinied and burned the town; magistrate Xue Peiyu preached loyalty and treason; they ignored him and pressed a false appointment on him. Peiyu bowed north twice and hanged himself.
13
死湖廣者：祝昌，河南固始人。 順治六年進士，由中書累擢至辰沅道。 三桂叛聞，即流涕諭眾大義，皆感泣。 賊大至，城潰，北面再拜自縊死。 生員有李廷員、張一元、徐翹楚。
In Huguang, Zhu Chang of Henan's Gushi died. Shunzhi 6 jinshi; he rose from Secretariat drafter to Chen-Yuan intendant. Hearing of the rebellion he wept and preached duty; the whole crowd wept with him. The rebels overran the walls; he bowed north twice and hanged himself. Student martyrs included Li Tingyuan, Zhang Yiyuan, and Xu Qiaochu.
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死江西者：為饒州府知府郭萬國，萬年縣知縣王萬鎰。 萬國，河南許州人。 由諸生從經略洪承疇官貴州，撫苗、蠻有功。 萬鎰，浙江錢塘人。 由貢生官福建，平土賊有功。 賊黨圍廣信急，覘饒州備虛，由間道薄城。 萬國令萬鎰赴省請援，甫出北門，賊猝至，與家僮六人中砲歿。 饒州營參將趙登舉聞警馳救，衝賊營，擒前隊數人，伏起，陣亡。 賊黨環城招降，萬國集其屬同知範之英、鄱陽縣知縣陸之蕃、石門巡檢翁鳳翥、饒州稅課大使李崇道，謂之曰：「文臣不習戰，然守土吏當死，不可徒手就戮。」 皆應之。 賊偪靈芝門，攀堞登，萬國率家丁巷戰，身先之，中十六創，與之蕃、鳳翥、崇道俱戰歿。 文英亦被執不屈死。 萍鄉民人彭程淑，亦以三桂餘黨擾其鄉，裂眥怒罵，被亂刃死。
In Jiangxi, Raozhou prefect Guo Wanguo and Wannian magistrate Wang Wanyin died. Wanguo came from Henan's Xuzhou. A licentiate who followed Hong Chengchou to Guizhou, he pacified Miao and Man tribes with credit. Wanyin was from Zhejiang's Qiantang. As tribute student in Fujian he suppressed native brigands with credit. Rebels besieged Guangxin hard, saw Raozhou undefended, and stole toward it by a back road. Wanguo sent Wanyin to the capital for help; just outside the north gate rebels struck; he and six servants fell to cannon fire. Vice Commander Zhao Dengju charged the rebel camp and took prisoners in the van; ambushers rose and he fell. Rebels ringed the city summoning surrender; Wanguo gathered Fan Zhiying, Lu Zhifan, Weng Fengzhu, and Li Chongdao and said: "We are civil men, yet holders of the land must die—not walk unarmed to slaughter." All agreed. Rebels forced Lingzhi Gate and scaled the wall; Wanguo led retainers in lane fighting, took sixteen wounds, and fell with Zhifan, Fengzhu, and Chongdao. Zhiying too was captured and died defiant. Pingxiang commoner Peng Chengshu cursed Sangui's remnant bands raiding his village with bloodshot eyes and was cut down.
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死廣東者：金世爵，鑲藍旗漢軍。 由舉人任合浦縣知縣。 高州總兵祖澤清叛附三桂，世爵圖城守。 偽將王弘勳率賊數万犯廉州，世爵登陴力禦，城陷，與守備杜嶠同死之。 又侯進學者，隸平南王尚可喜籓下。 先為三桂所脅，為遞逆書，至廣州自首，可喜以聞，嘉之，授世職。 至是為賊所得，囚木籠送常德，三桂臠之於市。 逆黨馬雄攻新會，籓下諸將多附逆，誘左翼游擊文天壽同降，天壽叱之曰：「背主不忠！ 吾錚錚丈夫，豈鼠輩可脅？」 遂被害，沉屍海中。
In Guangdong, Jin Shijue of the Bordered Blue Han Banner died. A provincial graduate, he was Hepu magistrate. Gaozhou commander Zu Zeqing rebelled; Shijue braced to hold the walls. Rebel Wang Hongxun led myriads against Lianzhou; Shijue fought from the parapet; when the city fell he and defender Du Jiao died together. Hou Jinxue served under Prince of Pingnan Shang Kexi. Sangui had once forced him to carry a rebel message; he surrendered at Guangzhou; Kexi reported it and the throne rewarded him with a hereditary office. Now captured, he was sent to Changde in a wooden cage; Sangui quartered him in the market. Rebel Ma Xiong took Xinhui; fief generals tempted Left Wing guerrilla Wen Tianshou to defect; he thundered: "Betrayal is disloyalty! I am no mouse a rabble can frighten— and was killed, his corpse thrown into the sea.
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死川、陝者：波羅營副將張國彥，聞提督王輔臣叛，城守。 兵變，逼獻印，自刎死。 漢中城陷，同知汪化鼇不受偽職，賊縶之，复給偽劄令攝縣事。 化鼇痛哭，望闕遙拜，自縊死。 漢鳳參將蘇興亦叛附三桂，將襲殺诇賊筆帖式布格爾以滅口。 千總魯仁圻憤甚，度無以製之，朝衣拜父像告訣，叩營力爭，觸興怒，殺之。 仁圻畜一犬，護屍不去，故吏梁玉收而葬之。 又廣安州知州徐盛、劍州知州向榮、商南縣知縣盧英、渠縣知縣王質、綦江縣知縣王無荒、營山縣知縣廖世正及典史劉廷臣、西安府知事張文選、司獄周勝驤、白水縣典史趙煥文，並以被脅不屈死。
In Sichuan and Shaanxi, Boluo vice commander Zhang Guoyan heard Wang Fuchen rebel and closed the gates. Troops mutinied, demanding the seal; he cut his throat. Hanzhong fell; vice prefect Wang Hu'ao refused rebel office; they bound him, then offered a forged commission to rule the county. He wept, bowed toward the capital, and hanged himself. Hanfeng vice commander Su Xing joined Sangui and planned to kill scout Bugur to silence him. Thousand-commander Lu Renqi, seeing no remedy, bowed to his father's portrait in court dress, stormed the camp to protest, and was killed in Su Xing's rage. Renqi's dog guarded the body; clerk Liang Yu gathered and buried him. Guang'an magistrate Xu Sheng, Jianzhou magistrate Xiang Rong, Shangnan magistrate Lu Ying, Qu magistrate Wang Zhi, Qijiang magistrate Wang Wuhuang, Yingshan magistrate Liao Shizheng, archivist Liu Tingchen, Xi'an administrator Zhang Wenxuan, prison director Zhou Shengyang, and Baishui archivist Zhao Huanwen likewise died rather than submit when pressed.
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其以招諭死者：三桂未叛時，主事辛柱、筆帖式薩爾圖、隨侍郎哲爾肯★詔至滇。 既叛，辛柱、薩爾圖將詣闕告變，賊殺之。 後則漢川巡檢章啟周，浙江會稽人。 從順承郡王勒爾錦軍，以劄委通判往招諭三桂，被戕。 及吳世璠時，又遣四品銜董重民往諭以順逆，至鎮遠，逆黨以弓弦縊殺之。 又揚威大將軍簡親王喇布檄益陽縣知縣徐碭往衡州招撫三桂餘黨，至泉溪渡，為偽將軍吳國貴所殺。 鄖陽降調通判許文耀、阿迷州吏目郭維賢，亦均以招撫三桂餘黨遇害。 郎中祝表正隨經略大學士莫洛討叛鎮王輔臣，莫洛戰歿，輔臣幽表正於營，尋复具疏附表正還奏。 聖祖即遣表正諭輔臣，至，則百方曉譬，留弗遣，卒為偽總兵巴三綱所殺。 甘肅靜寧州知州王札亦以單騎諭輔臣禍福，被脅不屈，死。
Martyrs of persuasion: before the revolt Director Xin Zhu, clerk Sartu, and Vice Minister Zhe'erken bore the imperial message to Yunnan. When Sangui rose Xin Zhu and Sartu set out to report; rebels killed them. Later Hanchuan sub-prefect Zhang Qizhou of Zhejiang's Kuaiji died. With Prince Le'erjin's army he was sent as vice prefect to summon Sangui and was slain. Under Wu Shifan they sent fourth-rank Dong Chongmin to preach loyalty and treason; at Zhenyuan rebels garroted him. Prince La Bu of Jian sent Yiyang magistrate Xu Yang to pacify remnant rebels at Hengzhou; at Quanxi Ford the rebel Wu Guogui killed him. Demoted Yunyang vice prefect Xu Wenyao and Ami clerk Guo Weixian likewise died on pacification missions. Director Zhu Biaozheng followed Commissioner-General Moluo against Wang Fuchen; Moluo fell; Fuchen held Biaozheng, then sent a memorial back with him. The emperor sent Biaozheng to reason with Fuchen; he pleaded every way but was held; the rebel Ba Sangang killed him. Jingning magistrate Wang Zha rode alone to warn Fuchen, was pressed to submit, refused, and died.
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又撫叛鎮王屏籓死者，為四川鎮標副將徐升耀，劄付通判王官表、沈日章，劄付參將吳子騄等。
Martyrs sent to pacify Wang Pingfan included Sichuan vice commander Xu Shengyao, commissioned vice prefects Wang Guanbiao and Shen Rizhang, and commissioned vice commander Wu Ziluan.
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周岱生，字青岳，江西德化人。 由拔貢生除貴州餘慶縣知縣，改廣西平南縣知縣。 康熙十三年，吳三桂叛，六月，其黨破梧州，攻平南，岱生練鄉團俍兵拒之大峽口，鏖戰三日，斬其魁。 七月，復大至，岱生奮身拒戰，攻益急，鄉團皆戰死，退保城。 圍固援絕，自寅戰至午，城陷。 賊縶岱生往潯州，脅降，罵不絕口。 妻楊氏，於路先自剄死。 旋又甘言誘岱生降，卒遇害。 長子儒且哭且{罒馬}，死尤慘。
Zhou Daisheng (Qingyue) came from Jiangxi's Dehua. Selected tribute student, he was Yuyu magistrate in Guizhou, then Pingnan magistrate in Guangxi. Kangxi 13, when Sangui rebelled, his men took Wuzhou in the sixth month and struck Pingnan; Daisheng rallied militia and Liang auxiliaries at Great Gorge Pass, fought three days, and slew their chief. In the seventh month the rebels returned; Daisheng fought at the fore until every militiaman fell, then fell back behind the walls. Besieged without relief, he fought from dawn to noon until the city fell. Rebels bound him for Xunzhou to force his surrender; he cursed them without pause. His wife Lady Yang cut her throat on the road before they arrived. They tried flattery next; in the end they killed him. His eldest son Ru wept as he was hauled away and died in still greater agony.
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岱生令餘慶時，有老賊陳四者，盤踞大同山垂三十年，剿捕不能得，出奇計招之，親至其巢，曉譬利害，曰：「王師且至，吾生汝！」 賊感泣，誓終其身無反。 岱生曰：「盍隨我至縣城乎？」 賊諾之。 於是至縣署，賜之食，厚為之裝而遣之。 其後吳逆之變，他縣賊皆響應，惟陳四不受偽職。 平南市荒民少，岱生捐俸招集，始至，城內草屋九間。 未幾，商民大集。 俗窳不產蔬菜，岱生教以播種灌溉之方，畦畝鱗次相屬。 田皆老荒弗闢，又招粵東流民後先千餘家，報墾昇科，其他善政尤多。
As Yuyu magistrate he faced Chen Si, who had held Datong Mountain thirty years despite repeated campaigns; Daisheng went alone to the lair and warned: "Imperial troops are coming—I spare you! The outlaw wept at his words and vowed never to turn against the dynasty again. Dai Sheng asked, "Would you come with me to the county town? The bandit agreed. He then brought him to the magistrate's office, fed him generously, fitted him out well, and sent him on his way. When Wu Sangui's rebellion broke out, outlaws in neighboring counties joined in—but Chen Si alone refused any rebel appointment. Pingnan was a wasteland with scarcely any inhabitants; Dai Sheng spent his own salary to draw people in, and when he first took office only nine grass huts stood inside the walls. Within a short time merchants and townspeople flocked in. Local habits were backward and vegetables scarcely grew; he taught planting and irrigation until garden beds stretched in orderly rows. He also brought in over a thousand Cantonese refugee families to open long-fallow land, registered the new farms for taxation, and enacted many other reforms besides.
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楊三知，字知斯，直隸良鄉人。 順治三年進士，授山西榆次縣知縣。 榆次經流賊殘破後，井裡蕭條，三知以恩義安輯，戶口日增。 康熙五年，大同鎮總兵姜瓖叛，連陷州縣，攻榆次。 三知勵吏民，募鄉勇守城。 夜遣人斫賊營，間有斬獲，賊不退。 三知令偃旗鼓，示弱。 賊徑薄城，攀堞欲登，三知急起，麾眾發矢石，斃甚眾。 賊憤，益兵圍之。 相持逾六月，敬謹親王尼堪分兵來援，賊始敗走。 三知設保甲、練屯聚，复捐俸、立社學，置膳田以資膏火，士民感之。 擢兵部主事，累遷郎中，外擢四川松龍道、上東道。 上東道屬經張獻忠慘戮，存者在絕峒密箐中，招徠千數百家，築堡渝東，民名之曰楊公堡。
Yang Sanzhi (style name Zhisi) came from Liangxiang in Zhili. He passed the metropolitan examination in Shunzhi year 3 and was made magistrate of Yuci in Shanxi. Yuci lay in ruins after years of roaming bandits; Yang governed with kindness and justice until the population steadily recovered. In Kangxi 5 the Datong commander Jiang Xiang rebelled, seized one district after another, and laid siege to Yuci. He rallied officials and townsfolk and raised militia to hold the walls. He sent night raiders against the rebel encampments and won minor victories, yet the enemy would not lift the siege. Yang ordered the drums and banners stilled to feign weakness. The rebels rushed the walls and scrambled up the battlements; Yang sprang to the ramparts and had his men pour down arrows and stones, killing large numbers. Enraged, they brought up reinforcements and tightened the encirclement. The standoff lasted more than half a year until Prince Jingjin Nikan arrived with relief troops and drove the rebels away. He organized local militia, drilled garrison communities, again donated his salary to found a village school and endow grain lands for students' expenses—the people were deeply moved. Promoted within the Ministry of War to department director, he was later posted to the Songlong and Shangdong circuits in Sichuan. The region had been devastated by Zhang Xianzhong's massacres, with survivors hiding in remote valleys; he drew back more than a thousand families and built a fort east of Chongqing that the people called Yang's Fort.
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十一年，補陝西神木道。 十三年，入覲，還至保德，聞提督王輔臣叛附吳三桂，從者勸遲行，勿渡河，不聽，疾馳還署，圖城守。 曩三桂剿闖賊殘孽，過神木，市恩，民謬德之，立生祠，三知即毀之。 察知縣孫世譽忠實可倚，時輔臣播偽劄，將弁多為所誘，分據城堡，惟韓城知縣翟世琪與神木通聲援。
In year 11 he was appointed to the Shenmu circuit in Shaanxi. In year 13, while returning from an audience at court, he reached Baode and learned that Governor Wang Fuchen had defected to Wu Sangui; his escort urged him to wait and not cross the Yellow River, but he refused, galloped back to his post, and prepared to defend the city. Years earlier Wu Sangui had passed through Shenmu while hunting rebel remnants and curried favor with the people, who mistakenly built him a shrine of living worship—Yang promptly tore it down. He found the county magistrate Sun Shiyu trustworthy; Wang Fuchen was circulating forged commissions and winning over many officers who seized forts across the region—only Zhai Shiqi of Hancheng remained in contact with Shenmu for mutual support.
23
世譽，隸鑲紅旗； 世琪，山東益都人，順治十六年進士：關中並稱賢令者也。 叛黨朱龍犯神木，民恟懼。 三知適受檄赴京師代賀，有諷可攜眷行者，謝之。 赴闕事竣，抵署三日，延安、吳堡相繼陷。 賊至，乘城死守，親挽強弩，發無不中。 柳溝營游擊李師膺受偽劄，鼓眾譟餉，世琪出諭賊，先被戕，及其二子。 神木守將孫崇雅亦通賊，城遂陷。 崇雅合賊將環說三知，以延綏開府啗之，不應； 脅交敕印，不與； 賊迭以甘言誘三知，且擁回署，三知過井，厲聲諭家人勿作兒女態，躍而入，賊遽縋出之，臂已折。 力以三知「在官廉平，初未相迫，毋自苦」為詞，三知大罵不絕口，乃舁置別室，環守之，載脅載誘。 一夕，忽合扉，不知何以賊之。 其妻妾及二女俱赴井以殉。 城復後，家人始於淺土中獲三知遺骸，經長夏，面色如生。 世譽亦抗節不屈，賊羈之深室，輔臣後降，卒害世譽以滅口。
Sun Shiyu was a bondsman of the Bordered Red Banner; Zhai Shiqi, a Shunzhi-16 jinshi from Yidu in Shandong—together they were known as the worthy magistrates of the Guanzhong region. The rebel Zhu Long attacked Shenmu, throwing the populace into panic. Yang had just received orders to go to the capital on congratulatory business; some hinted he should take his family along, but he refused. He completed his mission and returned to his post; within three days Yan'an and Wubu had both fallen. When the rebels came he manned the walls in a last stand, personally drawing heavy crossbows—every bolt found its mark. Guerrilla colonel Li Shiying of Liugou Camp accepted a forged commission and stirred the troops to riot for pay; Zhai Shiqi went out to reason with the mutineers and was murdered first, together with his two sons. The Shenmu garrison commander Sun Chongya also colluded with the rebels, and the city fell. Sun Chongya and rebel generals surrounded Yang and tried to lure him with the governorship of Yan-Sui—he refused. They demanded his commission and seal—he would not yield them. The rebels sweet-talked him and hustled him back to his residence; passing the well he loudly told his household not to weep like cowards and sprang in—the rebels hastily hauled him out with his arm already broken. Li urged that Yang had always been upright and they had not meant to harm him, pleading that he spare himself—but Yang cursed them without cease, so they moved him to another room, kept guards around him, and alternated threats with blandishments. One night the doors swung shut suddenly; no one outside knew how he had died among the rebels. His wife, concubines, and two daughters all threw themselves into the well in martyrdom. After the city was retaken his family recovered Yang's remains from a shallow grave; though a full summer had passed, his face looked as though he still lived. Sun Shiyu likewise held out and refused to yield; the rebels held him in a sealed room; after Wang Fuchen eventually surrendered, they killed Sun to silence him.
24
劉嘉猷，字憲明，江西金溪人。 由明舉人順治初署興國、新建教諭，以正誼明道為教，士多化之。 秩滿，改福建侯官縣知縣，為閩浙總督范承謨所賞。 撤籓命下，嘉猷度平南王耿精忠必應吳三桂叛，謂家人以「既宰茲土，義不汙賊」。 康熙十三年三月，精忠紿文武赴籓府計事，嘉猷從承謨後。 見鋒刃交戟脅承謨降，不屈，縛以去，嘉猷歷階而上，厲聲叱精忠，福州府知府王之儀、建寧府同知喻三畏同發憤罵賊。 精忠喝武士殺三人，眾股栗。 嘉猷戟手作搏擊勢，芒刃亟下，與之儀、三畏同時被害。 城守千總廖有功見逆殺三人，發憤大呼，亦死之。
Liu Jiayou (style name Xianming) was a native of Jinxi in Jiangxi. A Ming-era provincial graduate, he served early in Shunzhi as instructor in Xingguo and Xinjian, teaching moral principle until his students were deeply changed. When his term expired he was appointed magistrate of Houguan in Fujian and won the esteem of Governor-General Fan Chengmou. When the order to abolish the feudatories came down, Liu foresaw that Prince Pingnan Geng Jingzhong would join Wu Sangui's revolt and told his household, "Having ruled this soil, I cannot dishonor myself by serving rebels." In the third month of Kangxi 13, Geng Jingzhong summoned Fujian's officials to his palace on pretense of consultation; Liu Jiayou went with Fan Chengmou. When armed men surrounded Fan Chengmou and demanded his surrender, he refused and was seized; Liu strode up the steps and denounced Geng Jingzhong, while Prefect Wang Zhiyi and Assistant Prefect Yu Sanwei cursed the rebels in fury. Geng Jingzhong ordered his guards to execute the three men, and the assembly trembled with fear. Liu raised his hands as if to fight; the blades fell at once, and he died together with Wang Zhiyi and Yu Sanwei. Thousand-commander Liao Yougong, seeing the rebels murder the three officials, shouted in outrage and was killed as well.
25
高天爵，字君寵，漢軍鑲白旗人，後改隸鑲黃旗。 由廕生於順治四年任山東高苑縣知縣，累官至江西建昌府知府。 先是廣昌山賊踞羊石、滴水二砦為巢穴，官軍仰攻，輒為滾木礧石所傷，罷攻，招降，賊佯就撫，仍伺隙煽亂。 官軍斃之獄，餘賊益負固。 適風雨交作，漂流樹木，衝斷橋梁，賊保巢不出。 天爵會巡道參將出不意直搗之，擒斬，盡毀其巢。
Gao Tianjue (style name Junchong), originally of the Han Bordered White Banner, was later reassigned to the Bordered Yellow Banner. Entering service by hereditary privilege in Shunzhi 4 as magistrate of Gaoyuan in Shandong, he rose through the ranks to prefect of Jianchang in Jiangxi. Bandits in the hills of Guangchang had long held fortresses at Yangshi and Dishui; government troops storming uphill were cut down by rolling logs and rocks, so the siege was abandoned and amnesty offered—the bandits feigned submission while waiting to stir trouble again. When officials executed captured bandits in prison, the survivors grew only more defiant. A storm then washed uprooted trees downstream and wrecked the bridges, trapping the bandits in their stronghold. Gao Tianjue joined the circuit intendant and a regional commander in a surprise assault, captured and executed the leaders, and razed their lairs completely.
26
耿精忠據閩叛，縱黨入江西，犯建昌，時天爵已擢兩淮鹽運使，或勸之速行，天爵以「守此土十六年，雖受代，不可遽離」答之，率家丁數十人禦賊萬年橋。 城守副將趙印已降賊，乘天爵力戰，從後縛之，獻賊，載送入閩，再四誘降，不屈，囚之。 越歲餘，與副將王進，武舉胡守謙，把總楊起鵬、薑山等同謀，遣千總徐得功出仙霞嶺迎大軍入關，陰結死士為內應。 賊黨偵而訐之，十五年九月四日遇害。
When Geng Jingzhong rebelled and sent troops into Jiangxi against Jianchang, Gao had already been promoted to salt commissioner of Liang-Huai; advisers urged him to flee, but he replied, "I have governed this land for sixteen years—even though my successor has arrived, I cannot abandon it now," and led a few dozen retainers to hold Wannian Bridge against the rebels. Deputy commander Zhao Yin had already defected; while Gao fought fiercely, Zhao seized him from behind and handed him to the rebels, who sent him into Fujian; they tried repeatedly to win him over, but he refused and was imprisoned. More than a year later he conspired with Deputy Commander Wang Jin, military graduate Hu Shouqian, and platoon commanders Yang Qipeng and Jiang Shan, sending Thousand-Commander Xu Degong through Xianxia Pass to guide imperial troops into Fujian while loyalists inside prepared to rise. Rebel agents discovered the plot, and on the fourth day of the ninth month in year 15 he was murdered.
27
後以福建巡撫卞永譽請，以天爵與原任福寧總兵吳萬福、福州府知府王之儀、邵武府知府張瑞午、建寧府同知喻三畏、邵武府同知高舉、侯官縣知縣劉嘉猷、尤溪縣知縣李員、福州城守千總廖有功等合建一祠於省城西門外，復以子其佩請扁，書「藎忱義烈」四字以額其家祠。 長子其位自有傳。
Later, at the request of Fujian governor Bian Yongyu, a joint shrine was built outside the west gate of the provincial capital for Gao Tianjue, former Funing commander Wu Wanfu, Wang Zhiyi, Zhang Ruwu, Yu Sanwei, Gao Ju, Liu Jiayou, Li Yuan, Liao Yougong, and others; Gao's son Qi Pei also obtained an imperial inscription of four characters—"Steadfast Loyalty, Righteous Valor"—for the family memorial hall. His eldest son Qiwei has a separate biography.
28
李成功，奉天鐵嶺人。 順治六年武進士。 歷官至廣東潮州參將。 康熙十三年，總兵劉進忠應耿精忠叛。 成功潛與游擊張善繼等謀誅進忠，事覺，進忠以兵脅同叛，曰：「汝為我中軍，我視汝猶子，何無義至此？」 成功曰：「祿山叛國，死於豬兒； 朱泚叛國，死於韓旻； 汝今叛國，不知死之將至！ 我何為從汝？」 進忠命斬之，罵不絕口而死。
Li Chenggong was a native of Tieling in Fengtian. He took second place in the military metropolitan examination in Shunzhi 6. He rose through the ranks to vice commander of Chaozhou in Guangdong. In Kangxi 13 regional commander Liu Jinzhong joined Geng Jingzhong's rebellion. Li Chenggong secretly plotted with guerrilla colonel Zhang Shanji and others to assassinate Liu Jinzhong, but the plot was discovered; Jinzhong surrounded him with troops and pressed him to rebel, saying, "You are my chief of staff—I treat you like a son. How can you be so faithless?" Li replied, "An Lushan betrayed the empire and was killed by his own son; Zhu Ci betrayed the empire and was slain by Han Min; you now betray the throne—do you not see your end is near! Why should I follow you?" Jinzhong ordered him executed; he cursed without stopping until he died.
29
善繼，直隸彭城衛人。 習儒，通孫吳兵法。 康熙六年第二名武進士，授潮州城守營游擊。 進忠陰遣腹弁赴精忠獻款，弁歸，與進忠謀曰：「善繼剛方固執，深得眾心，宜亟散其卒。」 進忠遂令所部分隸私黨。 善繼麾下虛無人，謁進忠曰：「公不聞晉王敦乎？ 威勢未嘗不赫也，兵敗身死，發瘞斬屍，未有叛國而克全終者！」 進忠怒，羈之馬王廟，貢生林應璧同被羈，日談古忠孝事。 進忠屢遣人諭降，終不屈，令斬之。
Zhang Shanji came from Pengcheng Guard in Zhili. Trained in the classics, he mastered the arts of war taught by Sunzi and Wuzi. Second in the military metropolitan examination in Kangxi 6, he was appointed guerrilla colonel of the Chaozhou city garrison. Jinzhong secretly sent a trusted officer to Geng Jingzhong to pledge allegiance; on his return the officer told Jinzhong, "Zhang Shanji is rigid and upright and holds the troops' loyalty—you should disband his men at once." Liu Jinzhong then reassigned his troops to his own partisans. Stripped of his soldiers, Zhang Shanji confronted Jinzhong: "Have you never heard of the Jin rebel Wang Dun? His power seemed invincible, yet when his army was broken he died, his grave opened and his corpse hacked apart—no traitor has ever escaped ruin!" Enraged, Jinzhong imprisoned him at Mawang Temple together with licentiate Lin Yingbi; day after day they spoke of loyalty and filial piety in antiquity. Jinzhong sent envoys again and again to win him over, but he never yielded and was finally ordered executed.
30
白虎，陝西秦州人。 康熙十一年，官澄海協右營都司，有「虎將」名。 進忠將叛，調虎與其子崇質入郡。 至，則知進忠有異志，★M4焉涕下。 進忠令虎易帽，虎曰：「頭可斷，帽不可易！」 令翦辮，虎曰：「頸可截，辮不可翦！」 且責進忠，詞甚厲。 左右以搖惑軍心，慫進忠斃之。 進忠愛其勇，不忍，曰：「此愚人，不識時務耳！」 遂羈之。 篡取虎妻張、虎孫士俊為質。 虎與同志密遣人赴省請兵，約內應。 謀洩，將就刃，謂崇質曰：「死，吾分也！ 委身存祀則在汝。」 崇質對曰：「父為忠臣，子從叛賊，烏乎可？」 縛至西市，虎望北叩首，大言曰：「君臣大義盡於此，父子至情，亦盡於此矣！」 觀者皆泣下。
Bai Hu was a native of Qinzhou in Shaanxi. In Kangxi 11 he served as colonel of the right battalion of the Chenghai cooperative brigade and was known as the "Tiger General." As Jinzhong prepared to rebel he summoned Bai Hu and his son Chongzhi to the prefectural city. On arrival he saw that Jinzhong harbored treacherous designs; when he learned of it, tears streamed down his face. Jinzhong ordered Bai Hu to switch to a rebel's cap; Bai Hu said, "You may take my head, but you will not change my hat!" When told to cut off his queue, he said, "You may sever my neck, but you will not cut my queue!" He rebuked Jinzhong in the harshest terms. His attendants, claiming he was demoralizing the troops, urged Jinzhong to put him to death. Jinzhong admired his valor and could not bear to kill him, saying, "This fool does not understand the times!" He had him imprisoned instead. He seized Bai Hu's wife, née Zhang, and his grandson Shijun as hostages. Bai Hu and his allies secretly sent messengers to the provincial capital to request troops and arrange an inside rising. When the plot was exposed and he faced execution, he told Chongzhi, "Death is my lot! It is for you to preserve our line and our rites." Chongzhi answered, "If my father is a loyal minister, how can his son follow a rebel?" Tied and led to the west market, Bai Hu kowtowed toward the north and declared, "Between sovereign and subject, duty ends here; between father and son, love ends here as well!" Every witness wept.
31
何亮，潮州人。 官澄海協千總。 虎以心腹待之，亮隨虎赴郡，進忠羈虎，旋以內應事泄，並將斬亮。 進忠叱之，亮謂當訴於天，同時遇害。 其兄弟妻子被殺者尤眾。
He Liang was a native of Chaozhou. He served as a company commander in the Chenghai coastal garrison. Hu counted him among his inner circle, and Liang went with him to the prefectural seat. When Jinzhong seized Hu and the plot for internal collaboration was exposed, Liang was marked for execution as well. Jinzhong shouted him down, but Liang declared that his case belonged before Heaven. They were killed together. Even more of his brothers, wives, and children were put to the sword.
32
於國璉，奉天人。 為續順公沈瑞旗員。 進忠亂作，瑞命偕都統宋文科、鄧光明攻之。 戰太平街，三日，國璉身先士卒，射傷進忠左臂，賊披靡，以眾寡不敵，終為所敗。 瑞縛光明及國璉以降，國璉獨不屈，斬於市，屍僵立不僕，數日面如生，眾咸異之。
Yu Guolian was a native of Fengtian. He served as a banner soldier under Shen Rui, Duke of Continued Submission. When Jinzhong rose in revolt, Shen Rui ordered Yu to join commandants Song Wenkē and Deng Guangming in attacking him. For three days they battled in Taiping Street. Guolian fought at the forefront, wounding Jinzhong's left arm and driving the rebels into flight, but sheer numbers told, and they were finally overrun. Shen Rui bound Deng Guangming and Yu Guolian and offered them up in surrender. Yu alone refused to bend. Executed in the marketplace, his corpse remained rigid and upright without toppling. Days later his face still looked lifelike, and the people marveled.
33
嵇永仁，字留山，江南無錫人。 用長洲籍入學為諸生。 入閩浙總督范承謨幕。 耿精忠應吳三桂叛，執承謨，脅永仁與同幕王龍光、沈天成及承謨族弟承譜降，不從，被執。 永仁少好從士大夫遊，討論國家典故，六曹章奏，條分件系，著有集政備考一書。 以範、嵇世交，故相從至閩。 時精忠蓄謀未發，屢陳弭變策，如請撥協餉、補綠旗兵、安插逃弁、條議屯田諸端，冀固民心、殺賊勢。 又請借巡視沿海為名，提輕兵駐上游制賊。 以文武吏皆預中賊餌，號令格不行。 在獄凡三年，賊害承謨，乃痛哭自經死。 永仁知醫，著有東田醫補。 工詩詞，有竹林集、葭林堂詩。 獄中又著詩二卷、文一卷。 與龍光相倡和者，又有百苦吟。
Ji Yongren, courtesy name Liushan, was from Wuxi in the lower Yangtze region. He enrolled through a Changzhou household registration and became a licensed scholar. He joined the secretariat of Fan Chengmo, Governor-General of Fujian and Zhejiang. When Geng Jingzhong threw in with Wu Sangui's revolt, he took Fan Chengmo prisoner and tried to force Yongren, his colleagues Wang Longguang and Shen Tiancheng, and Fan's kinsman Chengpu to submit. They refused and were arrested. From his youth he kept company with scholar-officials, debating state precedents and the memorials of the six ministries with meticulous order. He authored Collected Administration Reference. The Fan and Ji families had been friends for generations, so he accompanied Fan to Fujian. While Jingzhong's conspiracy was still ripening, he repeatedly urged measures to forestall rebellion—allocating auxiliary funds, replenishing Green Standard forces, resettling deserters, and drafting garrison-field proposals—all aimed at steadying the people and blunting the rebels' strength. He further asked leave to patrol the coast in name only, while leading a light force upstream to pin the rebels down. But civil and military officers had already been bought off, so his orders were blocked at every turn. He remained in prison three years. When the rebels murdered Fan Chengmo, he wept and hanged himself. He was versed in medicine and wrote Eastern Field Medical Supplement. He was an accomplished poet, leaving Bamboo Grove Collection and Jialin Hall Poems. While imprisoned he also composed two scrolls of verse and one of prose. Among the poems he exchanged with Wang Longguang was Hundred Sorrows Chant.
34
龍光，字幼譽，浙江會稽人。 諸生，屢躓鄉闈。 年五十餘，已倦遊，承謨撫浙，延課其子。 擢閩督，龍光以父老不欲行，父以承謨有德於浙，義不可辭，遂往。 既被執，脅草安民檄，誘以官爵，皆不從。 與永仁誼最合，嘗語龍光曰：「死之日，魂魄原無相離！」 在獄著養花說及雜詩五十餘首以見志。
Wang Longguang, courtesy name Youyu, was from Kuaiji in Zhejiang. A licensed scholar, he failed the provincial examinations again and again. Past fifty and weary of wandering, he was invited by Fan Chengmo, then governor of Zhejiang, to tutor his son. When Fan was promoted to Fujian governor-general, Longguang hesitated because his father was elderly. His father insisted that Fan had done great good in Zhejiang and that duty forbade refusal, so he went. After his arrest they forced him to write a proclamation to calm the people and tempted him with office and rank, but he would not yield on any point. He was closest to Yongren and once told Longguang: when the day of death comes, our souls will not be parted!" In prison he wrote On Cultivating Flowers and more than fifty lyric poems to declare his resolve.
35
天成，字上章，江南華亭人。 變作時，與永仁約同死。 偶外出，俄傳同難諸子死訊，遂出踐宿諾，為逆黨縛獻。 時鞫者方窮究章奏，將歸罪永仁，天成厲聲辯曰：「承謨心事，青天白日，承謨無他志，書生更何與焉？」 乃同繫獄。 著詩一卷，曰聽鵑。 又纂花譜一卷以自遣。 三人在獄，有書名和淚譜者，龍光為永仁撰一首，永仁為龍光、天成撰各一首，詩詞皆燒桴煤畫牆上，賴義士林可棟者，或云泰宁人許鼎，時往獄中探視，默識之，得以傳世。
Shen Tiancheng, courtesy name Shangzhang, was from Huating in the lower Yangtze. When the rebellion broke out, he and Yongren pledged to die together. He happened to be away, but when news came that his companions had been killed, he went out to keep his vow and was seized and handed over by the rebels. The interrogators were poring over official papers and were about to blame Yongren. Tiancheng cried out that Fan Chengmo's heart was as clear as the noonday sky, that he harbored no other design, and that a mere scholar had nothing to do with it." He was imprisoned along with the others. He left one scroll of verse, Listening to the Cuckoo. He also compiled a Flower Register to pass the time. While the three were in prison they produced a collection called Tears-in-Harmony: Longguang wrote one poem for Yongren, and Yongren one each for Longguang and Tiancheng. They inscribed their verses on the walls with torch soot. The righteous scholar Lin Kedong—or, by another account, Xu Ding of Taining—visited the prison, memorized the poems in silence, and so preserved them for posterity.
36
承謨初被難，部曲有張福建者，手雙刀，大呼奪門，衛承謨，群攢刃死之。 精忠令三十二人監守承謨，中有蒙古人嘛尼，欲免承謨，事泄，被磔。
When Fan Chengmo was first seized, a retainer named Zhang Fujian seized twin sabers, shouted to storm the gate, and tried to shield him. The mob closed in and cut him down. Jingzhong set thirty-two men to guard Fan. Among them was a Mongol named Mani who tried to save him. When the plot was exposed, Mani was torn apart.
37
葉有挺，字貞夫，福建壽寧人。 康熙九年進士，甫釋褐，即徒步南歸。 耿精忠以閩叛，檄郡邑，凡在籍搢紳悉坐名，勒限起送，有挺恥之，潛入江西界，佯言已死。 逾年，以念母潛返，偽縣令偵知之，持檄促赴召。 有挺告母曰：「兒得進士，思有以報君父。 今以進士被偽檄，是得一進士反為從逆之資。 兒死不赴，如母何？」 母以大義勉之，乃抱母大號，遁匿山寺。 僧知其為葉進士也，微拒之，有挺仰天歎曰：「有挺豈以儒者七尺軀苟延旦夕，為釋氏恐怖？ 又豈以身死蕭寺，貽主僧禍？」 夜起，北向九叩，南望母再叩，出走山下，自經古木死。 亂平，無以上聞者，故褒贈皆不及。
Ye Youting, courtesy name Zhenfu, was from Shouning in Fujian. He passed the metropolitan examination in the ninth year of Kangxi and, as soon as he left office, walked home to the south. When Geng Jingzhong rebelled in Fujian, he summoned every registered gentry-scholar by name and set a deadline for their delivery. Youting found this shameful, slipped into Jiangxi, and spread word that he had died. A year later, longing for his mother, he stole home. The rebel magistrate learned of it and pressed him with a summons. Youting told his mother that he had become a metropolitan graduate hoping to repay his sovereign and father. Now that same degree is invoked by a rebel summons, turning my title into a credential for treason. I would rather die than obey, but what will become of you?" His mother urged him on with the greater duty. He embraced her and wept, then fled to a mountain temple. The monks recognized him as the Ye graduate and turned him away. Youting looked skyward and cried that he, a scholar seven feet tall, would not cling to life for fear of monks. And would I die in their temple and bring disaster on its abbot?" That night he rose, kowtowed nine times to the north, twice toward his mother in the south, left the mountain, and hanged himself from an ancient tree. After the rebellion ended no one reported his death, so he received no posthumous honors.
38
同時閩中殉難者：蕭震，侯官人。 順治九年進士，任山西道監察御史，丁父艱，回籍。 精忠叛，謀討之，事泄，遇害。 張松齡，莆田人。 順治十二年進士，由庶吉士屢遷四川參議。 時川省彫敝，松齡加意撫綏，流亡漸復。 裁缺歸里，耿逆迫以偽職，羈數月，終不屈死。 施大晁，福清人。 康熙十二年進士。 聞變，匿金芝山，募壯士，助大兵進討，賊執之，嚼舌罵賊，嘔血數升死。 莆田舉人劉渭龍、建寧舉人謝邦協、南平舉人原任丹徒令鄒儀周，皆不受偽職。 渭龍匿深山絕粒死。 邦協舉家避村落中，逆黨以火攻之，不出，闔門遇害。 儀周為所執，不屈死。 光澤縣民毛錦生，素有力，賊躪其村，邑當事飭為練總，導大兵進剿，遇伏，死雲際關。 清流縣諸生李亭，隨邑令守城，並集鄉勇拒戰，旋被執，詈賊死。
Others in Fujian who died for the cause at the same time included Xiao Zhen of Houguan. A metropolitan graduate of the ninth year of Shunzhi, he served as investigating censor on the Shanxi circuit and returned home in mourning for his father. When Jingzhong rebelled he plotted resistance, but the plan was exposed and he was killed. Zhang Songling was a native of Putian. A graduate of the twelfth year of Shunzhi, he rose from Hanlin bachelor to vice commissioner of Sichuan. Sichuan was then devastated, but Songling devoted himself to relief, and refugees gradually came home. When his post was abolished he went home. Geng's rebels pressed a false appointment on him, held him for months, and killed him when he refused to submit. Shi Dachao was from Fuqing. He passed the metropolitan examination in the twelfth year of Kangxi. When rebellion broke out he hid on Golden Brocade Mountain, raised stalwarts, and aided the imperial advance. The rebels seized him; he bit through his tongue cursing them and died vomiting blood by the quart. Liu Weilong of Putian, Xie Bangxie of Jianning, and Zou Yizhou of Nanping—a licentiate and former magistrate of Dantu—all refused rebel appointments. Weilong hid deep in the mountains and starved himself to death. Bangxie took his family to a village refuge. The rebels set fire to the house; they would not emerge, and the whole household perished. Yizhou was captured and killed rather than submit. Mao Jinsheng, a strong commoner of Guangze, saw rebels overrun his village. The county appointed him militia chief to guide imperial troops. He was ambushed and killed at Yunji Pass. Li Ting, a licensed scholar of Qingliu, helped the magistrate defend the city and rallied village militia. He was soon captured, cursed the rebels, and died.
39
又有張存者，順昌人。 精忠亂作，存糾義旅保元坑鄉，脅授總兵劄，令率眾出江西，分大軍兵勢，存不從。 時和碩安親王岳樂駐師南昌，存潛使赴軍前乞援，併條上攻賊機宜。 岳樂授存總兵劄，令捍禦建昌、邵武、汀州等地，且為內應。 賊偵知之，急攻元坑。 地平，無險可扼，存以忠義激眾，屢敗賊，賊恚甚，分三路夾攻，卒以不支，存被執，死之。
There was also Zhang Cun of Shunchang. When Jingzhong rebelled, Cun raised a loyal militia to defend Yuan-keng. The rebels tried to appoint him grand marshal and send his men into Jiangxi to split the imperial forces, but he refused. Prince Yuelè of the House of An held Nanchang. Cun secretly sent envoys to beg aid and laid out a plan of attack. Yuelè gave him a grand marshal's commission to hold Jianchang, Shaowu, Tingzhou, and the surrounding country as an imperial ally within rebel lines. The rebels learned of it and stormed Yuan-keng. The land was flat and offered no strongpoint, yet Cun roused his men with appeals to loyalty and beat the rebels again and again. Enraged, they attacked on three sides. Overwhelmed at last, he was captured and killed.
40
戴璣，字利衡，福建長泰人。 順治六年進士，授主事，例轉湖廣按察司僉事。 時滇、黔未入版圖，上江防道尤要。 璣遍履所部，自岳州至嘉魚，立七汛，造哨船巡邏，萑苻無警。 又於洞庭湖接立三汛，行者尤便之。 洪承疇正經略五省，以「韓、範儔」稱之。 尋遷陝西西寧道，未行，丁父艱。 服除，補廣西右江道，駐柳州。 東闌土酋構禍日久，璣以恩意調解之。 大酋黃應元煽亂，則斬渠魁以徇。 諸蠻用是懷德畏威，頑梗盡化。 柳堡屯田，寄佃於民，既輸軍租，复應民役，為申請督撫，具奏獲免。 復修葺文廟及羅池司戶二賢祠。 會朝命裁併監司，解任歸里，督課諸子，教以忠孝大義。
Dai Ji, courtesy name Liheng, was from Changtai in Fujian. A metropolitan graduate of the sixth year of Shunzhi, he was appointed a principal secretary and then, by regulation, vice commissioner on the Huguang surveillance circuit. Yunnan and Guizhou were not yet fully under Qing control, so the upper Yangtze defense circuit was especially critical. He traveled his entire circuit, from Yuezhou to Jiayu, establishing seven river posts and patrol boats until bandits along the banks gave no trouble. He added three linked posts on Dongting Lake, which travelers found especially convenient. Hong Chengchou, then directing five provinces, compared him to Han Xin and Fan Li. He was soon promoted to the Xining circuit in Shaanxi but had not taken up the post when his father died. After mourning he was appointed to the Right River circuit in Guangxi and stationed at Liuzhou. The tribal chiefs of the eastern frontier had long been at odds; he settled disputes through conciliation. When the great chief Huang Yingyuan incited revolt, he executed the ringleaders as an example. The tribes thereafter honored his kindness and feared his power, and stubborn resistance melted away. Tenants on the Liubao garrison fields paid military rent yet were still liable for local labor service. He petitioned the governor and governor-general and won them exemption. He also restored the Confucian temple and the shrine to the Two Worthies of the Luo Pool registrar. When the court ordered a reduction of surveillance posts, he retired home, tutored his sons, and taught them the great duties of loyalty and filial piety.
41
耿精忠亂作，台灣賊圍漳州，時璣次子鏻為海澄公將，守東門。 賊劫至城下，使招鏻降。 璣大聲呼鏻堅守，勿以老人為念。 賊怒，牽去。 城破，鏻巷戰死，闔門為俘。 大兵复漳州，賊遁，璣與子鈃等乘間入山，而妻葉併諸幼子為賊執赴台灣，璣置不為意。 賊复犯海澄及長泰，璣再被執，脅之降，不從。 幽之密室，歷年餘，終不為屈，朝夕誦文信公正氣歌以自壯。 一日，顧謂子銑曰：「吾久辱，不死何為？」 遂絕粒。 數日，病甚，衣冠，命銑扶掖北向再拜，曰：「臣死，命也，當為厲鬼殺賊！」 索紙筆，大書「惟忠惟孝，可以服人」數字，嘔血數升死，年七十有四。
When Geng Jingzhong rebelled, Taiwan forces besieged Zhangzhou. Dai's second son Lin, a general under the Duke of Haicheng, held the east gate. The rebels pressed to the walls and sent envoys urging Lin to surrender. Dai shouted to Lin to stand fast and pay no heed to an old man's fate. Enraged, the rebels dragged him off. The city fell. Lin died fighting in the streets, and the whole household was taken captive. Imperial troops retook Zhangzhou and the rebels fled. Dai slipped into the hills with his son Ming and others, while his wife Ye and younger sons were carried off to Taiwan—a loss he refused to brood over. When the rebels struck Haicheng and Changtai again, he was captured once more and pressed to submit, but he would not. They shut him in a hidden room for more than a year, yet he never broke. Morning and night he recited Wen Tianxiang's Song of Righteous Spirit to steel himself. One day he turned to his son Xin and said he had borne this shame long enough and asked why he should linger in life." He stopped eating. Days later, gravely ill, he donned cap and gown, had Xin help him bow twice to the north, and declared that a subject's death was fate's decree and that he would become a vengeful ghost to slay rebels. He called for brush and ink and wrote in bold characters: only loyalty and filial piety can win men's hearts. He vomited blood by the quart and died at seventy-four.
42
劉欽鄰，江南儀徵人。 順治十八年進士。 康熙八年，授廣西富川縣知縣。 十三年，廣西將軍孫延齡叛應吳三桂，遣偽將陷平樂府，旋圍富川。 欽鄰募鄉勇城守，與賊相拒五十餘日。 同城把總楊虎受延齡偽劄，勾土賊千餘助攻，虎夜引賊入，欽鄰率家丁力戰，殺賊三十餘，家丁死者七，欽鄰被執。 賊加以毒刑，縛送桂林。 延齡誘降，不屈，羈之。 欽鄰賦絕命詞死，追諡忠節。
Liu Qinlin was a native of Yizheng in Jiangnan. He passed the jinshi examination in the eighteenth year of Shunzhi. In the eighth year of Kangxi he was appointed magistrate of Fuchuan County in Guangxi. In the thirteenth year of Kangxi, Guangxi General Sun Yanling rebelled in support of Wu Sangui, sent a rebel general to take Pingle Prefecture, and soon encircled Fuchuan. Qinlin raised local militia to hold the walls and kept the rebels at bay for more than fifty days. Yang Hu, a garrison corporal in the same city, accepted a forged order from Yanling and rallied more than a thousand native bandits to join the assault; at night Hu let the rebels inside. Qinlin led his household retainers in a desperate fight, killing more than thirty rebels; seven retainers fell and Qinlin was captured. The rebels tortured him savagely and sent him bound to Guilin. Yanling tried to win him over; he refused to yield and was held prisoner. Qinlin wrote a farewell poem and died; he was posthumously honored with the title Zhongjie (Loyal Integrity).
43
崔成嵐，鑲藍旗漢軍。 由官學生任鬱林州州判，署藤縣知縣。 十四年，孫延齡黨吳鳳等率賊數千犯藤縣，水陸夾攻，成嵐與守備劉志高、汪雲龍，典史黃新德守禦。 賊暫退，巳而復合。 延齡軍數千，攻城西南，抵禦益力。 巡撫洪陳明復遣援兵，協力剿殺，賊不退。 偽將軍緱成德复率賊萬餘由賀縣來，勢益熾。 成嵐等相持七晝夜，城陷，成嵐手刃二賊，歿於陣，志高等均死之。
Cui Chenglan was a Han bannerman of the Bordered Blue Banner. Starting as an Imperial Academy student, he served as assistant prefect of Yulin Prefecture and acted as magistrate of Teng County. In the fourteenth year, Wu Feng and other partisans of Sun Yanling led several thousand rebels against Teng County in a combined land-and-water assault; Chenglan, Garrison Commanders Liu Zhigao and Wang Yunlong, and Registrar Huang Xinde mounted the defense. The rebels withdrew for a time, then regrouped and returned. Several thousand of Yanling's troops assaulted the southwest wall, and the defenders fought back all the harder. Governor Hong Chenming sent reinforcements again, and all sides fought to destroy the enemy, but the rebels would not pull back. The rebel general Gou Chengde then marched from He County with more than ten thousand men, and the rebel strength surged. Chenglan and his comrades held out for seven days and nights until the city fell; Chenglan killed two rebels with his own blade and died in the fighting, and Zhigao and the others all perished as well.
44
新德，廣東海陽人。 讀書不多，好遣文，人皆笑之。 事亟時，命其子日禱扶母歸養。 既被執，賊欲授以偽官，新德曰：「王彥章且不肯降唐，況天朝臣子從賊乎？」 賊欲屠城，新德曰：「倡守城者，官也，殺尉足矣，於百姓何與？」 賊怒，斮之，新德罵不絕口。 刀斧交下，碎其屍。 家人四，婢一，皆死焉。 微官死事，世尤重之。
Huang Xinde was a native of Haiyang in Guangdong. He had little schooling but loved to write polished prose, which made him a figure of ridicule. As the crisis deepened, he told his son Ritao to escort his mother home for her upkeep. After he was taken, the rebels offered him a post in their regime; Xinde replied that even Wang Yanzhang had refused to bow to the Tang, so how could a servant of the dynasty join rebels?" When they threatened to slaughter the town, he said the officials alone had urged resistance and that killing the registrar would suffice—the common people had no part in it." The rebels in fury hacked him to pieces while Xinde never stopped cursing them. Blades and axes rained down until his body was torn apart. Four members of his household and one maidservant died with him. That a minor official should die for his post won him exceptional esteem.
45
柯永昇，漢軍鑲紅旗人。 由員外郎出任湖南糧道，累擢至湖廣巡撫。 康熙二十七年，飭裁湖廣總督，令標兵分別存撤。 五月，裁兵夏逢龍，同夥呼為夏包子者，結眾作亂。 二十二日，突入巡撫署，拒者輒刃之。 傷永昇臂，奪其印，复傷永昇足，僕地。 悉驅其親屬家人出走，搜掠財物。 永昇乘間自縊死。 賊四出剽略，永州錦田衛守備隨光啟嬰城守，力竭，死之。 武昌永定營中軍守備孟泰鏖戰金口，亦中砲歿。 守備李國俊陽附逢龍，從圍應城。 夜半，賊潛梯登城，國俊遽鳴鉦大呼，城中驚起，擊敗之。 脫還武昌，卒死樊口。 時署布政使者為葉映榴，自有傳。
Ke Yongsheng was a Han bannerman of the Bordered Red Banner. He left the post of Departmental Director to become Hunan Grain Intendant and rose step by step to governor of Huguang. In the twenty-seventh year of Kangxi he was charged with reducing the Huguang governor-general's forces and with deciding which garrison troops to retain or disband. In the fifth month the demobilized soldier Xia Fenglong, nicknamed Steamed-bun Xia by his fellows, rallied a mob and rose in revolt. On the twenty-second they stormed the governor's compound and cut down anyone who stood in their way. They wounded Yongsheng's arm and seized his seal, then struck his leg and knocked him to the ground. They drove out his family and retainers and looted his property. Yongsheng seized a moment alone and hanged himself. The rebels fanned out to pillage; Sui Guangqi, garrison commander at Jintian Guard in Yongzhou, held the walls until his strength gave out and he died. Meng Tai, central-army garrison commander of the Yongding Battalion at Wuchang, fought bitterly at Jinkou and was killed by cannon fire. Garrison Commander Li Guojun pretended to side with Fenglong and marched with him to besiege Yingcheng. At midnight the rebels tried to scale the walls on ladders; Guojun suddenly rang the gong and shouted the alarm, the city roused itself, and the assault was beaten off. He made his way back to Wuchang but eventually died at Fankou. The acting provincial treasurer at the time was Ye Yingliu, who has a separate biography.
46
道禪，滿洲鑲黃旗人，姓戴佳。 初為王府長史。 康熙中，厄魯特噶勒丹犯喀爾喀，朝命中外備兵。 三十五年，大兵三路進剿，道禪奉敕往諭噶勒丹。 先是，三十一年，員外郎瑪第奉使策妄阿喇布坦，為噶勒丹掠執，不屈死。 至是賊复誘降，道禪抗聲罵賊，死之。
Dao Chan was a Manchu of the Bordered Yellow Banner, clan name Daijia. He began as chief steward of a princely establishment. During Kangxi's reign the Oirat leader Galdan invaded Khalkha Mongolia, and the court ordered forces readied throughout the realm. In the thirty-fifth year the main forces advanced on three fronts; Dao Chan was ordered to go and deliver the imperial message to Galdan. Earlier, in the thirty-first year, Departmental Director Ma Di had been sent to Tsewang Arabtan, was captured by Galdan, refused to yield, and was put to death. Now the enemy again tried to win him over; Dao Chan shouted curses at them and was killed.
47
李茂吉，福建漳浦人。 台灣水師營把總，平日不以官小自卑。 康熙六十年，土賊朱一貴亂作，自請於副將許雲。 戰敗被擒，賊渠怪其不跪，叱之，茂吉舉足踢其案，案翻，奮力斷縛，直前奪刀殺賊。 賊共斫之，頭腦破裂，尚罵不絕口，賊碎其屍。
Li Maoji was a native of Zhangpu in Fujian. He was a corporal in the Taiwan naval battalion and never let his low rank diminish his sense of duty. In the sixtieth year of Kangxi, when the rebel Zhu Yigui rose, he volunteered for service under Vice General Xu Yun. Defeated and captured, the rebel chief rebuked him for refusing to kneel; Maoji kicked the man's desk over, broke his bonds, rushed forward, snatched a sword, and killed several rebels. The rebels hacked him down until his skull was split open, yet he never stopped cursing; they tore his body to pieces.
48
劉琨，字玉岩，四川保寧人。 由武舉從軍有功。 雍正八年，擢權雲南東烏營游擊，佐總兵劉起元守城。 烏蒙夷祿萬福者，舊土知府萬鍾族弟也。 先是，府隸四川，萬鍾數擾雲南邊界，雲貴總督鄂爾泰擒鞫伏法，使萬福父鼎坤襲職，移隸雲南。 時改土歸流，既設東川府，次及烏蒙，改授鼎坤守備，趣赴闕。 鼎坤怏怏行，密使萬福煽諸蠻為亂。 未發，琨密告起元為備，起元蔑視之，檄萬福來見。 萬福懼，遂嗾眾反，圍府城。 琨聞變，解所佩刀與妻張氏訣，出與起元商禦賊策，皆不應。 而游擊汪仁獨以撫賊說起元，起元從之，登城被賊辱。 琨遂開城，率數十騎大呼赴賊，游擊馬秉倫與之俱。 斬數百級，賊稍卻。 野夷數万蜂至，琨遂與秉倫相失，勢益孤。 轉戰至次日，弩穿左脅，創甚，北向再拜，割襟蘸血，大書石壁曰「淋漓鮮血透征衣，報國丹心總不移」十四字，拔刀自刎死。 賊歎其忠，以土覆之而去。 琨妻聞變，則以琨佩刀手斫二女及妾，乃引刀椿喉，一門同殉焉，語見列女傳。
Liu Kun, styled Yuyan, was a native of Baoning in Sichuan. A military licentiate, he entered service and distinguished himself in the field. In the eighth year of Yongzheng he was made acting mobile brigade commander of the Dongwu Battalion in Yunnan and helped Regional Commander Liu Qiyuan hold the city. Lu Wanfu of the Wumeng Yi was a younger kinsman of the former native prefect Wan Zhong. The district had formerly been under Sichuan; Wan Zhong had repeatedly raided the Yunnan frontier until Governor-General Ortai captured him, tried him, and put him to death, installing Wanfu's father Ding Kun in his place and placing the territory under Yunnan. As the court replaced native rule with regular administration, it had already set up Dongchuan Prefecture and next turned to Wumeng, reassigning Ding Kun as garrison commander and summoning him to the capital. Ding Kun set out in sullen resentment and secretly ordered Wanfu to stir the tribes into revolt. Before the plot erupted, Kun secretly warned Qiyuan to prepare; Qiyuan dismissed the warning and issued a summons for Wanfu to present himself. Wanfu, alarmed, incited his followers to rise and encircled the prefectural seat. When Kun heard of the revolt he gave his belt sword to his wife Lady Zhang in farewell, then went to Qiyuan to discuss how to fight the rebels, but received no answer. Only Mobile Brigade Commander Wang Ren urged Qiyuan to appease the enemy; Qiyuan listened, went up on the wall, and was humiliated by the rebels. Kun then threw open the gates, led several dozen horsemen in a shouting charge at the enemy, and Mobile Brigade Commander Ma Binglun rode with him. They cut down hundreds of the enemy and the rebels fell back somewhat. Tens of thousands of tribal fighters swarmed in; Kun was separated from Binglun and his position grew desperate. He fought on into the next day until a bolt pierced his left side; gravely wounded, he bowed twice toward the north, cut his robe to write in his own blood on a cliff face fourteen characters—"Streaming fresh blood soaks the campaign robe; the loyal heart to serve the state never shifts"—then drew his sword and took his own life. The rebels marveled at his loyalty, covered him with earth, and withdrew. When Kun's wife heard what had happened, she took his sword and killed their two daughters and his concubine, then turned the blade on her own throat; the whole household perished with him, as told in the Biographies of Exemplary Women.
49
秉倫既失琨，亦轉山箐間，鏢貫其頤，猶手剸數賊，力竭，跳崖死。
Separated from Kun, Binglun fought on through the mountain passes; a dart pierced his jaw, yet he still killed several rebels by hand before, spent, he leapt from a cliff to his death.
50
時官烏蒙通判者為劉鎮寶。 鎮寶，字楚善，江西彭澤人。 由舉人考授中書舍人，發雲南用知縣。 鄂爾泰器其材，奏擢通判。 鎮寶既蒞任，駐大關鎮，鎮距府三百里，為苗疆新闢地。 苗警既急，以鎮寶熟諳苗情，檄往招諭。 至則開陳禍福，詞甚備。 苗逆抗之，反執鎮寶。 鎮寶罵賊烈，爭斫之，支體糜碎。 事平，滇人以鎮寶與琨受害尤酷，為立廟祀，稱二劉公祠。
The subprefect of Wumeng at the time was Liu Zhenbao. Liu Zhenbao, styled Chushan, was a native of Pengze in Jiangxi. A provincial graduate, he qualified as a Secretariat drafter and was sent to Yunnan to serve as a county magistrate. Ortai admired his ability and memorialized the throne to promote him to subprefect. On taking office Zhenbao was posted to Daguan Town, three hundred li from the prefectural seat in newly pacified Miao territory. As the Miao unrest grew acute, he was ordered out to parley because he knew the tribes well. On arrival he laid out the rewards of peace and the cost of rebellion in full detail. The rebel Miao resisted and seized him instead. Zhenbao cursed them fiercely; they hacked at him in a frenzy until his body was torn to shreds. After order was restored, the people of Yunnan, who saw Zhenbao and Kun as having suffered especially cruel deaths, built a temple in their honor called the Shrine of the Two Lords Liu.
51
羅鳴序，湖北漢陽人。 康熙五十年舉人，任貴州麻哈知州、兼署黃平州事。 雍正十三年春，古州苗叛，脅清平、黃平、施秉、鎮遠四州縣，生熟苗皆應。 四月，陷清平縣之凱里汛，去黃平新州三十里。 鳴序時在黃平，聞變，趨新州謀守禦。 環州苗皆起，馳報府縣急援，不應。 苗大焚掠，鳴序以城亡與亡自誓。 客陳憲者，請與俱，鳴序卻之。 憲以「君能為忠臣，我獨不能為義士」為對，相與尋後山有樹可援系者，各默識之。 鳴序乃解兩州印付健僕送省，出公帑千付書吏藏某處，曰：「可以死矣！」 或曰：「此署事也，有本州在，何不去此而保麻哈？」 或曰：「此新州也，何不去此而保舊州？」 皆置不聽。 或告曰：「城陷矣！」 即趨向所識處，將自經。 俄又告賊猶未入，則又徐與憲還，登城守。 迨矢石器械盡，城中火起，無可再守，乃卒與憲至後山絓樹以死。 從死者數人，諸生初震、周大任兩家皆死之。 憲，浙江山陰人。
Luo Mingxu was a native of Hanyang in Hubei. A provincial graduate of the fiftieth year of Kangxi, he was prefect of Maha in Guizhou and also acted as administrator of Huangping Prefecture. In the spring of the thirteenth year of Yongzheng the Guzhou Miao rebelled, threatening Qingping, Huangping, Shibing, and Zhenyuan, and both settled and wild Miao joined them. In the fourth month they took the Kaili garrison in Qingping County, thirty li from the new seat of Huangping. Mingxu was at Huangping when he heard the news and rushed to the new prefectural seat to organize a defense. Miao throughout the district rose; he sent urgent pleas to the prefectural and county authorities for help, but none came. The Miao burned and looted on a wide scale; Mingxu swore he would perish with the city. His guest Chen Xian asked to stay with him, but Mingxu refused. Xian answered, "If you can die a loyal minister, why should I alone not die a righteous man?" Together they found trees on the hill behind the city suitable for hanging and each quietly noted the spot. Mingxu sent the seals of both prefectures to the provincial capital by a trusted servant, entrusted a thousand taels of public funds to a clerk to hide, and said, "Now I can die!" Some urged him that this was only an acting post while his own prefecture of Maha was safe, so why not withdraw there?" Others said this was only the new prefectural seat and asked why he did not fall back to the old one." He ignored every suggestion. Someone cried that the city had fallen." He hurried to the tree he had chosen and was about to hang himself. Moments later word came that the enemy had not yet broken in, so he and Xian walked back and took up the defense on the walls again. When arrows, stones, and arms were spent and fire broke out in the city with nothing left to defend, he and Xian at last went to the hill behind and hanged themselves from the trees. Several others died with them, and the households of the scholars Chu Zhen and Zhou Daren perished as well. Chen Xian was a native of Shanyin in Zhejiang.