Volume 489 Biographies 276: Loyal and Righteous 3: Zong Shihengbin, Ni Guozheng, Zhao Wenzhe with: Wang Rixing, Wang Shi, Sun Weilong, Wu Huang, Wu Yuedeng, Cao Yongyin, He Daoshen, Shen Qiyi with: Chen Mei, Wu Dandeng, Wen Mo with: Shao Ruchun, Li Nanhui, Tang Dakui with: Shi Qian, Zhou Dalun, Shou Tongchun with: Li Qiaoji, Xiong Enfu, Song Ruchun, Zhao Fu, Liu Sheng with: Teng Jiazan, Xiao Shuiqing with: Liu Dacheng, Wang Yisun, Wang Xingjian, Wang Xi with: Wang Zhaoding, Zuo Guanlan, Dong Ningchuan, Han Jiaye, Ye Huai, Lu Weiji, Mao Daying, Zhang Dapeng with: Bai Tingying, Yang Jixiao, Yang Tangdeng, Ceng Ai Tong Zu : Ceng Zhang Si, Luo Jiangtai, Huo Yongqing, Qiang Kejie with: Zhao Lundeng, Zong Shiyimei with: Jing Xing, Chen Xiaokuandeng, Wang Dingming with: Lv Zhiheng, Shao Yongzhideng, Yang Yanliang, Shi Zhangzhi, Wang Guangyu

列傳二百七十六·忠義三

Biography 276: Loyal and Righteous, Part Three

宗室恆斌，字絅文，太宗第十子輔國公韜塞後。授三等侍衞。父薩喇善，官吉林將軍，縁事命戍伊犁。方臥病，恆斌陳請代奏以身從父往，詔許之，而以沽名褫其職。恆斌在途侍疾，至廢寢食，父毎怒其愚，無幾微怨。既抵伊犁，父疾以瘳，將軍阿桂大賢之。會哈薩克新附，遣使入貢，有旨擇賢員伴送，阿桂即命恆斌充伴送官。途間馭陪臣忠信得大體，召見慰藉，復其官，令留京供職。恆斌請畢伴送事仍往伊犁侍父，允之。擢二等侍衞。會烏什回叛，恆斌隨將軍明瑞由伊犁倍道進剿，戰屢捷。領左翼兵陣城南山下，賊麕至，恆斌奮勇撃之，所向披靡。賊懼，隱城壕誘敵。怒馬而前，萬鏃齊發，不及禦，陣亡。事聞，褒卹，而宥其父罪還京。

Hengbin of the imperial clan, who styled himself Jiongwen, was descended from Garrison Prince Taose, the tenth son of Emperor Hong Taiji. He received appointment as a third-class imperial bodyguard. His father Salashan had been General of Jilin; because of a case against him, he was ordered to serve exile garrison duty at Yili. When his father fell seriously ill, Hengbin petitioned to go with him in person; the throne granted the request but stripped him of his post for ostentatious filial display. On the journey Hengbin nursed him so devotedly that he neglected sleep and food; though his father often berated him for folly, he never showed the least resentment. Once they reached Yili, his father recovered, and General Agui held him in high regard. When the Kazakhs newly submitted and sent tribute envoys, the court ordered a capable officer chosen to escort them, and Agui immediately named Hengbin escort commissioner. On the road he handled the envoys with loyalty and proper decorum; summoned to audience and commended, he had his post restored and was ordered to remain at court. Hengbin asked to return to Yili to care for his father once the escort duty was done, and permission was granted. He was promoted to second-class imperial bodyguard. When the Ush Muslims rebelled, Hengbin followed General Mingrui from Yili on forced marches to suppress them and won victory after victory. Commanding the left wing, he formed battle lines below the city's south wall; when the rebels surged forward, Hengbin charged fiercely and swept everything before him. Terrified, the rebels hid in the city moat to lure their foes into a trap. He charged forward on a furious steed; a volley of countless arrows struck him down before he could parry, and he died in battle. When word reached the court, posthumous honors were granted, and his father's sentence was pardoned so he could return to Beijing.

倪國正，字懋功，四川成都人。康熙舉人。雍正十年，揀發廣西，授義寧縣知縣。義寧東北曰雙江，苗、民雜處，與湖南城歩、綏寧二邑紅苗接壤，計千餘裡。隘口十，堡七十二，大小寨凡數百。不通教化，僅設雙江巡檢羈縻之。乾隆六年，楚匪黃順等煽粵苗，偽稱名號。國正計擒黃順，中道被劫，還合楚苗爲奸。國正牒文武諸大府請兵，撥駐四百名，苗稍靖。時大府意在招撫，知府張永熹、巡檢蔡多奇迎合其意，遂撤駐兵，而檄國正與多奇及縣丞呉嗣昌同往。國正將行，歎曰：「此所謂投虎以肉，徒肆其噬耳！」

Ni Guozheng, who styled himself Maogong, was from Chengdu in Sichuan. He had passed the provincial examination in the Kangxi era. In the tenth year of Yongzheng he was selected for service in Guangxi and appointed magistrate of Yining County. Northeast of Yining lay Shuangjiang, where Miao and Han peoples mingled; it bordered the Red Miao territories of Chengbu and Suining in Hunan, a frontier of more than a thousand li. The region had ten mountain passes, seventy-two forts, and several hundred stockades large and small. Untouched by regular administration, the area was held only by a Shuangjiang sub-prefect in loose suzerainty. In the sixth year of Qianlong, Hunan rebels led by Huang Shun stirred up the Guangdong Miao and proclaimed false titles. Guozheng plotted to seize Huang Shun, but was ambushed en route and driven back; Hunan rebels and Miao then joined forces. Guozheng petitioned the provincial authorities for troops; four hundred soldiers were stationed, and the Miao unrest subsided somewhat. The provincial authorities favored conciliation; Prefect Zhang Yongxi and Sub-prefect Cai Duoqi obliged that policy, withdrew the garrison, and ordered Guozheng to go with Duoqi and Assistant Magistrate Wu Sichang. Before setting out, Guozheng sighed and said, "This is throwing meat to a tiger—nothing but inviting a feast of blood!"

行數日，抵苗巣，苗挾兵出迓，氣囂甚，多奇易衣遁，衆失色。或告國正：「不去，禍將及！」國正曰：「吾固知犬羊之性，不先以威，不可以德化也。今日之事，有死而已。」付健役縣印，令間道馳還，正襟坐待之。苗突至，取官弁及隨行隸三十餘人，盡掊殺之。禁國正土窯，絶粒六日，縛至烈日中，去其衣，掘土埋足至膝，脅之降，不屈。授以紙筆，令「省中以萬金爲贖，可不死。」國正擲筆裂紙，大罵。苗怒，撃其齒，血流被衣，聲益厲。齒盡，截其舌。國正猶噴血作罵狀，遂撃死，沉屍深潭。事聞，帝爲之輟食。國正爲諸生時，書押則云「爲國盡忠」，案頭玉尺，亦刻「丹心捧日」，蓋報國之志，本素定雲。

After several days they reached the Miao stronghold; armed Miao came out to meet them with insolent swagger; Duoqi changed clothes and fled, and the rest turned pale with fear. Someone warned Guozheng, "If you do not leave now, disaster will strike!" Guozheng replied, "I have always known the nature of wolves and sheep: without force first, virtue cannot win them. Today there is nothing for it but death." He gave the county seal to a sturdy runner and sent him back by a hidden route, then sat upright in official dress and waited. The Miao rushed in, seized the officials and more than thirty attendants, and beat them all to death. They imprisoned Guozheng in an earthen pit and starved him for six days; they bound him in the blazing sun, stripped him, buried his feet to the knees in earth, and demanded surrender, but he would not yield. They gave him brush and paper with the demand: "Have the province send ten thousand taels in ransom and you may live." Guozheng flung down the brush, tore the paper, and cursed them fiercely. Enraged, the Miao smashed his teeth; blood soaked his robes, yet his voice only grew louder. When his teeth were gone, they cut out his tongue. Guozheng still spat blood in the gesture of cursing; they then beat him to death and cast his body into a deep pool. When word reached the throne, the Emperor lost his appetite for grief. As a student Guozheng had signed documents "Serve the state with utmost loyalty" and carved on his desk ruler "A loyal heart holds up the sun"—his resolve to serve the dynasty had been settled long before.

趙文哲，字升之，江蘇上海人。生有異禀，讀書數行下。同時靑浦王昶，嘉定王鳴盛、曹仁虎皆以能詩名，獨心折文哲。爲人瘦不勝衣，而意氣髙邁，由廩生應乾隆二十七年南巡召試，賜舉人，授内閣中書，在軍機章京上行走。以原任兩淮鹽運使盧見曾査抄案通信寄頓，褫職。時大軍徴緬甸，署雲南總督阿桂奏請隨軍。阿桂由緬至蜀，將軍温福方督師徴金川，見文哲，與語，大悅之。時温福與阿桂分兵，文哲遂入温福幕。温福重文哲，片時不見，輒令人覘文哲何作。已而連克金川地，三十七年十月，遂剿平美諾。以功復中書，又授戸部主事，仍隨營治事。三十八年，兵至木果木，六月，小金川降者叛，與金川合抄後路，師將潰，在軍者逆知賊大至，相率逃竄，文哲毅然以爲：「身爲幕府贊畫，且疊荷國恩，詎可舍帥臣而去！」卒與温福同死。

Zhao Wenzhe, who styled himself Shengzhi, was from Shanghai in Jiangsu. Gifted from birth, he could take in several lines of text at a glance. Wang Chang of Qingpu and Wang Mingsheng and Cao Renhu of Jiading were famed poets of the day, yet they alone deferred to Wenzhe. Frail and almost lost in his robes, he bore himself with lofty spirit; as a stipend student he passed the special examination on the Qianlong twenty-seventh southern tour, received the juren degree, was appointed Secretariat Drafter, and served among the Grand Council clerks. He was dismissed for exchanging letters and holding goods in trust in connection with the confiscation case of former Liang-Huai Salt Commissioner Lu Jianzeng. When the main army marched against Burma, Acting Yunnan Governor Agui asked that he accompany the campaign. Agui came from Burma into Sichuan, where General Wenfu was directing the Jinchuan campaign; Wenfu met Wenzhe, spoke with him, and was deeply impressed. Wenfu and Agui had divided their forces, and Wenzhe joined Wenfu's staff. Wenfu prized him so highly that if Wenzhe was out of sight even briefly, he would send someone to see what he was doing. They soon took Jinchuan territory in succession, and in the tenth month of the thirty-seventh year pacified Meinuo. For his service his Secretariat post was restored and he was made a principal secretary in the Ministry of Revenue, still serving with the army. In the thirty-eighth year the army reached Mugumu; in the sixth month surrendered Lesser Jinchuan troops rebelled and, joining Jinchuan forces, struck the rear; the army was near collapse and men fled in panic; Wenzhe declared firmly, "As staff planner who has again and again received imperial favor, how can I abandon the commander and flee!" In the end he died with Wenfu.

同時遇害者：刑部主事王日杏、新繁縣知縣徐瓚、酆都縣知縣楊夢槎、合州吏目羅載堂。其在各台站遇害者：潼川府通判汪時、漢州知州徐諗、内江縣知縣許椿、大竹縣知縣程廕桂、秀山縣巡檢郭良相、納溪縣典史許濟。其沿途被害者：候補從四品王如玉，候補知縣孫維龍、張世永，布政司照磨倪鵬，候補縣丞倪霖，秀山縣典史周國衡。先後殉難者：又有重慶府知府呉一嵩，原任貴州大定府知府鍾邦任，刑部主事特音布，原任湖南澧州知州呉璜，原任浙江雲和縣知縣彭元瑋，四川崇慶州知州常紀，原任廣西越巂廳通判呉景，納溪縣知縣章世珍，營山縣典史呉鉞。幕客同與難者：硃南仲、楊紹沂、熊應飛、田舒祿、顧佐、岳廷栻、周煒、鄭文、許國、長炳、王鳴鏞十一人。事定，四川成都府、金川崇化屯先後建祠祀之，均建慰忠祠碑。

Those killed at the same time included Ministry of Justice Principal Secretary Wang Rixing, Magistrate Xu Zan of Xinfan, Magistrate Yang Mengqiao of Fengdu, and Department Clerk Luo Zaitang of Hezhou. Those killed at relay stations included Vice Magistrate Wang Shi of Tongchuan, Prefect Xu Shen of Hanzhou, Magistrate Xu Chun of Neijiang, Magistrate Cheng Yingui of Dazhu, Sub-prefect Guo Liangxiang of Xiushan, and Archivist Xu Ji of Naxi. Those slain along the road included expectant fourth-rank official Wang Ruyu, expectant magistrates Sun Weilong and Zhang Shiyong, proofreader Ni Peng of the provincial administration commission, expectant assistant magistrate Ni Lin, and Xiushan archivist Zhou Guoheng. Others who died in the disaster included Chongqing Prefect Wu Yisong, former Dading Prefect Zhong Bangren of Guizhou, Principal Secretary Te Yinbu of the Ministry of Justice, former Lizhou Prefect Wu Huang of Hunan, former Yunhe Magistrate Peng Yuanwei of Zhejiang, Chongqing Prefect Chang Ji of Sichuan, former Yuexi Vice Magistrate Wu Jing of Guangxi, Naxi Magistrate Zhang Shizhen, and Yingshan Archivist Wu Yue. Staff who perished with them numbered eleven: Zhu Nanzhong, Yang Shaoyi, Xiong Yingfei, Tian Shulu, Gu Zuo, Yue Tingxu, Zhou Wei, Zheng Wen, Xu Guo, Chang Bing, and Wang Mingyong. After order was restored, shrines were built in succession at Chengdu in Sichuan and at the Chonghua garrison in Jinchuan, each with a stele in the Comfort-the-Loyal shrine.

日杏，字丹宸，江蘇無錫人。善書，於魏、晉以降書跡臨摹畢肖。官中書，行走軍機處。毎扈從行圍，遇公事旁午，坐馬上盤一膝，置紙膝上，信筆作小楷，疾如飛。有官中書者，見機要大臣，跽一足請事，日杏怒詈之，謂爲非人。知銅仁府，民以王靑天稱之。

Rixing, who styled himself Danchen, was from Wuxi in Jiangsu. A master calligrapher, he copied Wei, Jin, and later models with uncanny fidelity. He served as Secretariat Drafter on duty at the Grand Council. On every hunting tour, when business piled up, he would ride with one knee raised, paper on his knee, and dash off small regular script as fast as flying. When a fellow drafter knelt on one knee to address a Grand Council minister, Rixing cursed him for behaving like something less than a man. As prefect of Tongren, the people called him Lord Blue Heaven Wang.

汪時，浙江錢塘人。時駐岱多喇嘛寺，寺破，罵賊死。官軍收復小金川，見血影濺涅壁間，尚漉漉如濕焉。

Wang Shi was from Qiantang in Zhejiang. He was stationed at the Daiduo Lama Temple; when the temple fell, he cursed the rebels and died. When government troops retook Lesser Jinchuan, bloodstains on the walls still looked freshly wet.

程廕桂，浙江仁和人。與其子烈同遇害。

Cheng Yingui was from Renhe in Zhejiang. He and his son Lie were killed together.

孫維龍，字普田，寄籍宛平。先官安徽黟縣知縣，創立書院，延劉大櫆教士。又建石橋於漁亭鎭，通浙、楚往來，行旅稱之。

Sun Weilong, who styled himself Putian, held registered domicile in Wanping. He had earlier been magistrate of Yi in Anhui, where he founded an academy and invited Liu Dakui to teach. He also built a stone bridge at Yuting Town to link traffic between Zhejiang and Huguang, which travelers praised.

呉璜，字鑑南，浙江會稽人。父爚文，舉博學鴻詞科。璜爲商盤甥，早以詩名。

Wu Huang, who styled himself Jiannan, was from Kuaiji in Zhejiang. His father Yaowen had passed the special erudition examination. Huang was nephew to the poet Shang Pan and was known early for verse.

常紀，字銘勳，奉天承德人。以進士選授西充縣，有治行。嘗興建關神武祠，殉難後，縣民即關祠肖紀像祀之。

Chang Ji, who styled himself Mingxun, was from Chengde in Fengtian. As a jinshi he was appointed to Xichong County, where he governed well. He had built a temple to Guan Yu; after his death the county people placed his portrait in that temple and worshipped him there.

呉鉞，字炳臣，河南固始人。賊犯木果木時，鉞守澤耳多糧站，去大營六十里，大營以東，澤耳多以西，松林溝、赤裡角溝，倶爲賊奪。事急，有勸鉞走者，鉞奮然曰：「吾奉命守此，與站存亡，分也！與我共殺賊者，吾骨肉也！」因拔佩刀立木城旁，曰：「敢言走者斬！」衆心稍定。賊至，鉞率兵役御之，衆寡不敵，火器環撃木城，猶徒手抵賊，卒被戕。

Wu Yue, who styled himself Bingchen, was from Gushi in Henan. When rebels struck Mugumu, Yue held the Zerdor grain depot, sixty li from headquarters; east of headquarters and west of Zerdor, Songlin and Chili Jiao gullies had both fallen to the enemy. When danger mounted, some urged him to flee; he declared hotly, "I was ordered to hold this post—to live or die with the depot is my duty! Whoever will fight the rebels beside me is my own kin!" He drew his sword and stood by the wooden wall, shouting, "Whoever speaks of retreat dies!" The men's panic eased somewhat. When the enemy came, Yue led the garrison in defense; hopelessly outnumbered, they raked the wooden wall with fire; he still fought hand to hand and was finally killed.

曹永訚，字文甫，浙江金華人。雍正七年武舉人，補江南大河衞千總，洊擢四川海寧營參將。禦士卒嚴而有恩，多樂爲用。乾隆三十六年，隨温福徴小金川，提督董天弼檄守牛廠石卡，旋爲賊據，天弼自劾，並請治永訚罪。上念小金川事棘，置未問。永訚乃與阜和游撃宋元俊獻三策：一自斑斕山探小金川，撃其首；一自美諾趨甲金達，撃其中；一自約咱進取僧格宗，撃其尾。用其言頗效。永訚善謀，謀定而戰，元俊諳地利，進退有度，軍中曹、宋齊名。不數月，悉復明正侵地，前後十餘捷。

Cao Yongyin, who styled himself Wenfu, was from Jinhua in Zhejiang. A military provincial graduate in the seventh year of Yongzheng, he began as a company commander in the Jiangnan Dahe Guard and rose to regimental vice commander of the Sichuan Haining Battalion. Strict yet generous with his men, he won their willing service. In the thirty-sixth year of Qianlong he followed Wenfu against Lesser Jinchuan; Regional Commander Dong Tianbi ordered him to hold Niuchang Stone Pass, which soon fell; Tianbi impeached himself and asked that Yongyin be punished. The Emperor, seeing how critical the Lesser Jinchuan campaign was, set the matter aside. Yongyin and Fufu Brigade Commander Song Yuanjun then offered three plans: first, probe Lesser Jinchuan from Banshan and strike its head; second, advance from Meinuo toward Jajienda and strike its center; third, advance from Yoza to take Senggezong and strike its rear. Adopting their plan proved highly effective. Yongyin planned carefully and fought only after plans were set; Yuanjun knew the ground and maneuvered with discipline—the army spoke of Cao and Song as a pair. Within months they recovered all territory the enemy had taken in Mingzheng, winning more than ten victories.

三十七年，隨攻克布朗郭宗、底木達，執僧格桑父澤旺以獻。明年，師以賊扼險不得進，別取道攻昔嶺，移營木果木。未嚴備山後要隘，而賊突薄大營，劫糧台，奪砲局，會運糧士卒數千爭避入營，温福堅壁不納，轟而潰，賊蹂入，温福遂遇害。是時，永訚軍距稍遠，聞砲聲，遽嚴甲起，飛騎至，曰：「大營失矣！」問：「大將軍安往？」曰：「不知。」傍一騎至，曰：「宜速退！」叱曰：「大將軍不知所往，吾將焉往？」即蹀血進，殞於陣。同時殉難者，參將惠世溥以下四十七人。

In the thirty-seventh year he took part in capturing Bulangguozong and Dimuda and presented the captive Zewang, father of Senggesang. The following year, blocked by rebels holding the mountain passes, the army detoured to attack Xiling and shifted camp to Mugumu. The rear mountain passes had not yet been properly fortified when rebels stormed the main camp, looted the grain depot, and captured the artillery store. Thousands of supply troops rushed the gates seeking refuge, but Wenfu kept the walls sealed and barred their entry; the panicked mob burst through in uproar, the rebels poured in, and Wenfu was killed. Yongyin's troops were camped at some distance. Hearing the guns, he armored at once; a messenger galloped up crying, "The main camp has fallen!" He asked, "Where is the commander-in-chief?" I don't know," came the answer. Another horseman rode up and urged, "You should retreat at once!" He shouted back, "With the commander missing, where am I supposed to go?" He charged forward through the blood-soaked field and fell fighting. Forty-seven others died with him, from Battalion Vice Commander Hui Shipu on down.

何道深，字會源，山西靈石人。由武進士、乾淸門侍衞出爲貴州提標游撃。乾隆三十二年，兵部尚書明瑞總督雲、貴，進討緬甸，集諸道兵。明瑞聞道深訓練營卒可用，檄至永昌，果整練冠他軍。三路出師，以道深所統自隨。從取木邦，破錫箔，逾天生橋，大戰蠻結。賊立十六寨，豎木柵，列象陣力拒。道深冒矢石，攀柵先登，火槍中右額，紀功第一。

He Daoshen, courtesy name Huiyuan, came from Lingshi in Shanxi. A military jinshi and former Imperial Bodyguard of the Qianqing Gate, he was posted as brigade commander of the Guizhou provincial army. In 1767, Minister of War Ming Rui, as governor-general of Yunnan and Guizhou, launched a campaign against Burma and mustered forces from every sector. Hearing that Daoshen's men were well trained, Ming Rui summoned him to Yongchang; his troops proved the finest in the field, outshining every other unit. He marched out in three columns, taking Daoshen's force with his own. He helped capture Mubang, stormed Xibo, crossed Tiansheng Bridge, and fought a major battle at Manjie. The enemy raised sixteen fortified camps with wooden palisades and deployed war elephants in a determined defense. Daoshen braved a hail of projectiles, scaled the palisade first, and took a musket ball to the right forehead—earning top credit for the action.

又從入窮乍，去賊巣阿瓦城益近。賊斷木壘石守隘，官軍糧少，火藥鉛丸垂盡，將旋，賊抄其後。道深爲之殿，遇山谷險阨，必奮戰，俾全師得度至猛育。未至猛育前二日，道深中鳥槍，夜息，部下校進曰：「傷重矣。賊至日衆，道險，難與敵。盍稱病且逸歸乎？」道深曰：「賊衆，乃將卒致力時也。」叱之退。明日，戰益力。初，明瑞將中軍趨錫箔，別將分左右軍，異路約會師。及至猛育，兩軍渝約，前阻大山，賊盡塞蹊隘，環圍數重，軍殺馬以食。三十三年二月，明瑞令夜拔營，以次沖出。平明，賊來邀截，道深立髙岡指揮拒之，他軍士得從旁脱出。道深自晨戰至日中，被數創，始僕。

He pressed on into Qiongzhai, closing in on the rebel stronghold at Ava. The enemy blocked the passes with felled trees and stone barricades. Supplies ran low and ammunition was almost gone; as the army prepared to withdraw, rebels struck from the rear. Daoshen covered the retreat, fighting ferociously at every narrow pass until the entire force had broken through to Mengyu. Two days short of Mengyu, Daoshen was struck by musket fire. That night a junior officer approached him: "Your wound is serious. The enemy grows stronger each day, and the terrain makes fighting impossible. Why not plead illness and fall back while you still can?" Daoshen replied, "When the enemy is at its strongest—that is exactly when officers and men must give their all." He dismissed the officer with a sharp rebuke. The next day he fought all the harder. At the outset Ming Rui marched the main force toward Xibo while other generals took left and right columns on separate routes, planning to join up later. At Mengyu the two columns failed to link up. Great mountains blocked their advance, the enemy had sealed every pass, and they were encircled layer upon layer; soldiers slaughtered their horses for food. In February 1768, Ming Rui ordered a night breakout, troops breaking out one after another. At dawn the enemy blocked their path. Daoshen took a hilltop to direct the defense, allowing other units to slip out from the flanks. Daoshen fought from dawn until noon, sustaining multiple wounds before he finally collapsed.

道深撫士嚴而有恩，其始聞檄調也，令二日即行，凡無子、無兄弟者皆弗從。歿後，軍皆悲涕，以其帶、發還，詔賜葬本邑。

Daoshen commanded his men with strict discipline and genuine care. When the mobilization order arrived, he gave his troops two days to prepare—but barred anyone without sons or brothers from joining the campaign. After his death the troops wept openly. His belt and lock of hair were sent home, and the throne ordered him buried in his native place.

沈齊義，字立人，浙江烏程人。乾隆九年舉人，大挑用知縣，發山東。歴權冠、汶上、費、齊東等縣，題補泗水。齊義有吏能，初往鉅野辦賑，慮吏胥作姦，親自登記，歴數十里皆然。冠有翦辮訛言，謂妖人翦人辮髮，能以咒語攝其魂，令移他處錢物入己，被翦者數日即死。訊無實，悉縱去。他縣獄上，皆獲譴，人服其識。汶上爲入都孔道，東門外石橋久圮，撤而新之。南旺、蜀山、馬踏三湖，爲漕渠水櫃。堤壞，出貲修築，工固而民不擾。泗水多閒田，而民間畜蠶者少，悉令栽桑飼蠶，自此隙地皆桑，繭絲之饒甲他邑。費有冤獄，特緩其事，或以吏議懼之，齊義謂與其令民以冤死，毋寧被劾以去官。

Shen Qiyi, courtesy name Liren, was from Wucheng in Zhejiang. A provincial graduate of 1744, he was selected for magistrate appointment and posted to Shandong. He served as acting magistrate in Guan, Wenshang, Fei, Qidong, and other counties before receiving formal appointment to Sishui. Qiyi was a capable administrator. During famine relief at Juye, fearing clerk corruption, he personally kept the registers himself—a practice he maintained for dozens of li across the district. In Guan a panic spread about "queue-cutters"—supposed sorcerers who snipped off people's queues and hair, seized their souls by incantation, and transferred others' property to themselves; victims were said to die within days. Investigation found no substance to the claims, and he released them all. Magistrates in neighboring counties convicted such suspects and faced reprimands; the people respected his judgment. Wenshang stood on the main road to the capital. He rebuilt the long-collapsed stone bridge outside the east gate. Nanwang, Shushan, and Mata—the three lakes that served as water reservoirs for the Grand Canal. When the dikes failed, he funded repairs himself—sturdy work accomplished without burdening the people. Sishui had abundant uncultivated land but little sericulture. He ordered mulberry planting throughout, and soon every spare plot bore mulberry trees; the county's silk output topped the region. In Fei he deliberately delayed a wrongful prosecution despite clerks warning of reprisal. Better to face impeachment and lose one's post, he said, than let innocent people die unjustly.

三十七年，改授壽張。縣境趙王河湮三十餘年，大雨至，水無所洩，禾麥皆淹死，民多逃去。請募夫開濬，凡三十餘裡，上引範、濮諸水，悉達諸五空橋，自是南鄙無水患，民皆復業。故明籓府私田賦極輕，入淸謂之「更名地」。部議加賦，壽張更名地二千四百餘頃，先於雍正間，歸入籽粒地，加賦，而舊名猶存。乃檢尋故牘，以原委達大府，削除之。故事，歳辦河工稭料及解京黃蠟，分裡購買，吏用爲奸，爲往他所買解，民得免累。所至求民利病，若其身事。

In 1772 he was reassigned to Shouzhang. The Zhaowang River had been silted up for over thirty years. When heavy rains came, floodwaters had nowhere to go; crops drowned and people fled. He petitioned to dredge more than thirty li of channel, channeling the Fan, Pu, and other rivers to Wukong Bridge. From then on the southern borderlands were free of flooding, and people returned to their farms. Private lands once held by Ming princely estates carried extremely light tax assessments; under the Qing these were known as "renamed lands." The ministry proposed raising taxes on Shouzhang's 2,400-plus qing of renamed lands—though in the Yongzheng era these had already been reclassified as tax-grain land with higher levies, the old designation lingered on. He dug up the old records, traced the full history for the provincial authorities, and had the double taxation eliminated. By custom, each village quota supplied river-work straw and tribute wax for the capital—opportunities clerks exploited for profit. He arranged purchases elsewhere and delivered the tribute himself, sparing the people the burden. Wherever he served, he attended to the people's welfare as if it were his own concern.

三十九年八月二十八日夕，陽穀縣黨家店奸民王倫糾衆突起爲亂，入壽張。齊義聞變，即衣冠出蒞宅外，斥曰：「吾非贓吏，爾等劫我何爲？」賊伏拜曰：「知公廉，民等亦素沐公恩。但須及早從順，順則生，逆則死！」齊義駭曰：「爾等不顧赤族誅耶？」大罵之。賊謂齊義不知生死，麾衆退，令自爲計。齊義即入，解其印，令掘坎埋之。復出，家人及賓友挽其臂，揮去，趨宅外，僕又牽馬至，請上省告急，齊義曰：「若將使我蒙面見上官耶？」批其頰斥之。須臾，賊復至，有泣拜求請者。齊義大怒，拳足交下。賊擬以兵，齊義毒罵不絶口，遂攢殺之。先數日，齊義聞陽穀有妖人聚衆，遣人四出偵刺，賊懼禍及，首劫壽張，故齊義罹於難。賊既破壽張，遂掠陽穀。堂邑縣奸民王聖如亦劫殺邨落應倫，權縣事陳枚死之。

On the evening of August 28, 1774, the ruffian Wang Lun of Dangjiadian in Yanggu County gathered a mob and rebelled, advancing into Shouzhang. Hearing of the uprising, Qiyi dressed in official robes and stepped outside, shouting, "I am no corrupt official—why do you rob me?" The rebels bowed low: "We know you are honest—and we have long benefited from your kindness. But you must submit at once—obey and live, resist and die!" Qiyi was horrified: "Have you no fear of extermination for your whole families?" He cursed them loudly. Deciding Qiyi would not yield, the rebels withdrew and told him to make his own choice. Qiyi went inside, removed his official seal, and had a pit dug to bury it. He emerged again as family and friends grabbed his arms to pull him away. He brushed them off and rushed outside; a servant brought a horse, urging him to ride to the provincial capital for help. Qiyi said, "Would you have me shame myself before my superiors?" He slapped the servant's face and sent him away. Before long the rebels returned, some weeping and begging him to submit. Qiyi flew into a rage and beat them with fists and feet. The rebels drew their weapons, but Qiyi never stopped cursing; they hacked him to pieces. Days earlier Qiyi had learned of sorcerers gathering in Yanggu and sent scouts in every direction. Fearing exposure, the rebels struck Shouzhang first—thus Qiyi met his death. After seizing Shouzhang, the rebels raided Yanggu. In Tangyi County the ruffian Wang Shengru likewise raided and slaughtered villages in support of Wang Lun; Chen Mei, the acting magistrate, was killed.

枚，字元幹，廣西全州人。由舉人揀發山東，用知縣。聞聖如亂作，即馳往搜捕，盡逮賊黨妻子繫獄，而聖如以倫衆數千至。邑無城守具，人情恟懼。枚本攝任，將受代，或勸枚引去，枚指天日自誓，與城存亡。城陷，被執，怒目視賊。賊曰：「攝令爲令淸，赦勿殺。」枚愈怒，發豎眥裂，罵曰：「汝輩罪不赦，乃敢雲赦吾耶！」脅以刃，不屈。其弟元梁奔救，手刃數賊，賊縛枚及元梁至王倫屯，偪令跪，仍不屈。賊先斷枚兩足，又斷兩手，旋支解元梁，弟兄同時死。

Chen Mei, courtesy name Yuangan, was from Quanzhou in Guangxi. A provincial graduate, he was selected for posting to Shandong as district magistrate. When Shengru rebelled, Chen Mei rode out to arrest rebels and jailed their families—but Shengru arrived with several thousand of Wang Lun's followers. The county had no walls or defenses, and panic spread among the people. Chen Mei was only acting magistrate and due to be replaced, but when urged to flee he swore before heaven and earth to share the city's fate. When the city fell he was captured, glaring defiantly at the rebels. The rebels said, "The acting magistrate is an honest official—we spare his life." Chen Mei burned with greater fury, eyes bulging with rage: "Your crimes deserve no mercy—and you dare offer to spare me!" They pressed blades to his throat; he would not yield. His brother Yuanliang rushed to his rescue and killed several rebels with his own hands. The rebels bound both men and brought them to Wang Lun's camp, forcing them to kneel—they still refused. The rebels cut off Mei's feet, then his hands, then dismembered Yuanliang; the brothers died together.

堂邑訓導呉躭，福山人。年七十餘矣，攜侄文秀及僕王忠到官。賊劫學署，見其老，置不問，躭叱之，詞甚厲。賊怒，殺躭及文秀與忠。陽穀縣丞劉希燾、典史方光祀、壽張營游撃幹福、調守陽穀莘縣汛把總楊兆立、堂邑汛把總楊兆相等，亦先後被害。

Wu Dan, county instructor of Tangyi, was from Fushan. Over seventy years old, he arrived at his post with his nephew Wenxiu and servant Wang Zhong. When rebels raided the school office they spared the old man—but Wu Dan cursed them in the fiercest terms. Enraged, the rebels killed Wu Dan, Wenxiu, and Wang Zhong. Assistant Magistrate Liu Xitao of Yanggu, Records Clerk Fang Guangsi, Brigade Commander Gan Fu of the Shouzhang battalion, Company Commander Yang Zhaoli of the Yanggu-Shenxian garrison, Company Commander Yang Zhaoxiang of the Tangyi garrison, and others were likewise killed in turn.

温模，字孫朗，福建長樂人。入貲爲吏目，發甘肅，借補通渭縣典史。乾隆四十九年，鹽茶廳逆回田五倡新教作亂，聚石峰堡，遂犯通渭。模以回民馬世雄預告，知賊計，爲之備。知縣王慺恇怯不任事，模乃與縣署幕客邵如椿、縣紳李南暉同時城守。模率兵民登陴禦賊，凡七晝夜，士皆用命。糧盡，請開倉給守者，慺持不可。城將陷，馳返官廨，正衣冠北向拜，鍵戸自經死。世雄戰死。

Wen Mo, courtesy name Sunlang, was from Changle in Fujian. He purchased clerk rank, was posted to Gansu, and served as acting Records Clerk of Tongwei County. In 1784 the Muslim rebel Tian Wu of the Salt-Tea Office preached the New Teaching, rallied at Shifeng Fort, and attacked Tongwei. A Muslim named Ma Shixiong warned him in advance; Wen Mo learned the enemy's plans and prepared defenses. The magistrate Wang Song was too timid to act, so Wen Mo joined the secretary Shao Ruchun and local gentry leader Li Nanhui in organizing the defense. Wen Mo led soldiers and civilians onto the walls to repel the attack. For seven days and nights his men fought with complete discipline. When provisions ran out he petitioned to open the granary for the defenders—but Wang Song refused. As the city was about to fall, he raced back to the yamen, dressed in proper robes, bowed toward the north, locked the door, and hanged himself. Ma Shixiong fell fighting.

如椿，浙江紹興人。父以申韓術遊陝西，因佔咸寧籍，補諸生。如椿就慺聘，事急，乃立城闉，袒而大呼曰：「好男子！當從我守城殺賊。」應者數千人。令壯者執刀矛，老弱運甓石，並集城上，而身率猶子曾燮登西墉，以當賊衝。城庳薄，賊蟻附上，手短刀格鬥。良久，力不支，被執。賊方肆戮，猶大言曰：「首議守城者，我也！何多殺他人爲？」凡被十三創，曾燮被十一創，均罵不絶口死。

Shao Ruchun was from Shaoxing in Zhejiang. His father, a Legalist scholar, settled in Shaanxi and registered as a licentiate of Xianning. Employed by Wang Song, Shao Ruchun took his stand at the city gate when crisis came, stripped to the waist, and shouted: "Brave men! Follow me—defend the walls and kill the enemy!" Several thousand men answered his call. He armed the able-bodied with blades and spears, set the old and weak to hauling bricks and stones, and rallied everyone to the walls—personally leading his nephew Zeng Xie to the western rampart to meet the enemy's main thrust. The ramparts were low and weak; the enemy scaled them in swarms, and they fought hand to hand with short swords. After a long struggle their strength gave out, and they were captured. Even as the rebels butchered without restraint, he cried out defiantly: "I was the first to urge holding the walls! Why slaughter so many others when I am the one you want?" Shao Ruchun had taken thirteen wounds, his nephew Zeng Xie eleven; both expired still hurling curses without pause.

南暉，由舉人於乾隆三十年任四川威遠縣知縣，以疾告歸。先於逆回蘇十三肆擾通渭，有守禦功。至是又率子思沆、猶子師沆召募壯夫百五十人助城守，累擲大石殺賊。城陷巷戰，與子思沆同罵賊死。師沆自經死。安定縣典史費元燈，亦以奉檄偵賊被害。

Li Nanhui, a juren, served as magistrate of Weiyuan County in Sichuan from the thirtieth year of Qianlong until he retired on grounds of illness. Earlier, when the rebel Muslim Su Shisan had ravaged Tongwei, he had distinguished himself in the city's defense. Now he rallied his son Si Hang and nephew Shi Hang to raise a hundred and fifty men for the defense, repeatedly dropping heavy stones that killed many rebels. When the city fell they fought street by street; he and his son Si Hang were both killed still cursing the enemy. Shi Hang took his own life by hanging. Fei Yuandeng, the Anding County clerk, was likewise killed while scouting the rebels on official orders.

湯大奎，字緯堂，江蘇武進人。乾隆二十八年進士，授福建鳳山縣知縣。五十一年冬，台灣賊民林爽文作亂，起彰化，其黨曾伯達等應之，南竄鳳山。縣故無城，僅土垣三尺許。時大奎已秩滿候代，屬賊勢蔓延，乃率僚佐募鄕勇，日夜守禦。賊來攻，與參將瑚圖裡撃卻之。瑚圖裡馳馬逐賊去，大奎聞城北有警，捕内應四賊，斬以徇。方獎勵兵役，賊突進北門，入縣治，典史史謙死之。大奎朝服坐廳事，手劍撃賊，賊刃交下，猶瞋目詈不止。長子荀業從之官，先以父詩文稿畀其戚，令遠避，身佩刀蔽父不去，同遇害。大奎初喪其元，城復後，有僕識大奎係發線，形容亦約略可辨，因併入棺。孫二，貽汾自有傳。

Tang Dakui, courtesy name Weitang, was from Wujin in Jiangsu. He passed the jinshi examination in the twenty-eighth year of Qianlong and was appointed magistrate of Fengshan County, Fujian. In the winter of Qianlong 51, the Taiwan rebel Lin Shuangwen rose in Zhanghua; his lieutenants Zeng Boda and others answered the call and swept south into Fengshan. The county had never had proper walls—only a mud embankment some three feet high. Dakui's term was already up and he was awaiting a successor, but with the rebellion spreading he rallied his staff, enlisted local militia, and held the line day and night. When the rebels attacked, he and Assistant General Hu Tuli drove them back. Hu Tuli rode off in pursuit; hearing trouble in the north, Dakui rounded up four inside collaborators and had them beheaded as a public warning. While he was rallying the garrison, the rebels broke through the north gate into the yamen; the county clerk Shi Qian fell defending it. Dakui, in his formal robes, sat in the main hall and fought back with his sword; blades fell on him from every side, yet he glared and raged to the end. His eldest son Xunye had come with him to his post; first he entrusted his father's manuscripts to a kinsman and sent him to safety—then, sword drawn, he shielded his father and refused to flee. Both were killed. Dakui had first lost his head; when the city was retaken, a servant identified him by a birthmark on his hairline, and his features were still roughly recognizable, so the head was reunited with the body for burial. He had two grandsons; Yi Fen is given a separate biography.

謙，字昭和，順天宛平人。先遣子善戰奉大母出避，乃與大奎同城守。死後亦喪其元，爲百姓竊埋之，賊退始改殮。

Shi Qian, courtesy name Zhaohe, was from Wanping in Shuntian. He first sent his son Shanzhan to escort his grandmother to safety, then stood with Dakui to hold the city. He too lost his head in death; townspeople secretly buried it, and his body was not properly re-encoffined until the rebels had withdrawn.

周大綸，字理甫，直隸天津人。乾隆二十年，由貢生捐職州同，發福建，補台灣府彰化縣丞。數年，知民頑，憂形於色，屢言於上官，斥不信。任滿，將引見，假公事滯諸諸羅。亂作，大綸奮入縣治，縣令懦，甘以身殉。大綸曰：「國家建官，命能守，不命能死。坐致民逆，死以塞責，小丈夫也。」激之，弗應，爲謀所以御賊計。夜，賊入，據縣治，有見大綸者，縛去不殺，而勸之降。大綸大罵之，賊摑其頰，撫頰大哭曰：「此汚乃爲賊汚！」首觸柱，額裂。囚數日，卒遇害。大綸僕陳德以護主不去，大綸死，以頭椿賊，支解死。

Zhou Dalun, courtesy name Lifu, was from Tianjin in Zhili. In Qianlong 20 he purchased a zhoutong rank as a gongsheng, was posted to Fujian, and appointed assistant magistrate of Zhanghua County in Taiwan. Within a few years he saw how unruly the populace was; worry was plain on his face, but his repeated warnings to superiors were dismissed as alarmism. When his term ended he was bound for the capital for an audience, but tarried at Zhuluo on a pretense of official business. When the rebellion erupted, Dalun rushed into the yamen—but the magistrate was a coward, content merely to die by his own hand. Dalun said, "The throne appoints officials to hold the line—not merely to die. To let the people turn rebel and then die to satisfy one's conscience is the act of a small-minded man." He tried to goad the magistrate into action, but gained no answer; he then set about planning how to resist the rebels. That night the rebels took the yamen; those who recognized Dalun bound him but did not kill him, and tried to persuade him to submit. Dalun cursed them fiercely; the rebels struck his face; he touched his cheek and wept aloud: "This face—defiled by bandits!" He dashed his head against a pillar, splitting his forehead open. After several days in captivity he was at last killed. Dalun's servant Chen De refused to abandon his master; when Dalun was killed, Chen butted the rebels with his head and was hacked to pieces.

壽同春，名星，以字行，浙江諸暨人。習文法，客台灣淡水廳同知程俊署，年七十餘矣。竹塹城陷，俊先以出捕賊遇害。俊子攜印走，同春爲賊執，佯爲所用，賊留其黨三十六人守城，而自出掠。同春客淡水久，胥徒皆熟習，士民皆信服，潛爲糾合甚衆，出不意，就同知廳事駢斬留賊，即日閉城門，爲朝廷守。賊聞大駴，悉衆返攻，同春部勒其衆，日夜登陴。樵蘇既斷，髮屋掘鼠爲食，得間，輒出選鋒撃賊。相持數日，賊稍引卻。道通，署同知徐夢麟始以印至，次第招撫附近脅從者，夢麟一切倚同春辦治。是時，首逆負嵎，據大里杙自固，官軍環營其外，疑莫敢入。同春草書與夢麟，令上軍門，速攻之。久乃得報，合六路進剿。同春率官軍從西路入，而鹿港之兵，遷延失期。既入，無援，馬蹶，被獲。賊恨同春久，至是喜得報，攢刃支解之。

Shou Tongchun, whose given name was Xing and who went by his style name, was from Zhuji in Zhejiang. Trained in legal drafting, he had long served as an advisor in the yamen of Tamsui Sub-prefect Cheng Jun in Taiwan; he was already past seventy. When Zhuke fell, Cheng Jun was killed while leading a sortie against the rebels. Cheng Jun's son escaped with the official seal; Tongchun was captured but pretended to serve the rebels, who left thirty-six men to hold the city while they went raiding. Having served in Tamsui for years, Tongchun knew every clerk and runner and enjoyed the trust of gentry and commoners alike; he secretly rallied a large force and, catching the occupiers by surprise, had them beheaded in batch at the sub-prefect's hall, closed the gates the same day, and held the city for the dynasty. The rebels were thunderstruck; they massed their full strength and counterattacked, and Tongchun drilled his men and manned the walls around the clock. Firewood and forage exhausted, they tore up houses and dug out rats to eat; whenever an opening appeared, Tongchun sent picked fighters out to strike the enemy. After several days of stalemate the rebels gradually fell back. Once communications were restored, Acting Sub-prefect Xu Menglin arrived with the seal and began pacifying those who had been forced to join the rebels; Menglin entrusted all matters to Tongchun. The rebel chief had dug in at Dali; imperial troops ringed the place but hesitated to assault. Tongchun wrote urgently to Menglin, instructing him to report to headquarters and press for an immediate attack. It was some time before word came back: six columns would advance together to destroy the rebels. Tongchun led imperial forces in from the west, but the Lukang column stalled and missed the rendezvous. Cut off inside enemy lines without support, his horse fell and he was taken. The rebels had long nursed a grudge against Tongchun; at last able to settle the score, they hacked him to pieces.

又廣東嘉應州人李喬基者，名安善，以字行。善少林拳術。客台灣，見土豪嘯聚相仇殺，歎曰：「亂將作矣！」乃簡僑寓南北莊人團練之。亂作，郡城大震。召諸健兒曰：「賊衆一閧而出，遂破彰化、淡水、諸羅三城，所不即取郡城者，懼粵人躡其後耳。吾出兵牽制之，賊至則守，去則撃，相持久，則援師且至，賊不足平矣。」集萬餘人，莊爲柵，里爲台，計畝以爲糧。一莊有賊，諸台應之。賊數至，皆不得逞。十二月，率三千人從知縣張貞生復彰化，已而糧盡，士卒多散去，城复陷。明年正月，復從總兵柴大紀复諸羅。自起義兵與賊二十餘戰，斬馘萬計，賊銜之，以萬金購喬基首。二月，喬基與從子舉柏率健兒數百人赴鹿港請火藥，爲賊所偵。還至靑堈，伏發，御之，殺數百人。賊大至，矢石交下，突圍出，失舉柏。喬基三入賊中，傷左股，被獲，諸健兒皆戰死。賊誘喬基降，罵賊，賊斷其舌，縛而射之，猶不屈，乃磔焉。至是白衣冠哭者萬餘人，皆誓不與爽賊倶生也。是役也，死事之烈，以喬基爲最。

There was also Li Qiaoji of Jiaying Prefecture, Guangdong—given name Anshan, known by his style name. He was a master of Shaolin boxing. Living in Taiwan, he saw local bravoes band together in vendettas and sighed: "Trouble is coming!" He then enrolled migrants from the North and South Zhuang settlements in a militia. When the rebellion erupted, panic spread through the prefectural capital. He called his fighters together and said: "The rebels poured out and seized Zhanghua, Tamsui, and Zhuluo at a stroke; they have not yet stormed the prefectural seat only because they fear Cantonese militia cutting them off from the rear. If we march out to pin them down—hold when they come, strike when they go—we can hold long enough for reinforcements to arrive, and the rebels will not stand." He mustered more than ten thousand men, organized villages into stockades and hamlets into outposts, and apportioned grain by acreage. When rebels struck one village, every outpost answered the alarm. The rebels attacked repeatedly but gained nothing. In the twelfth month he led three thousand men with Magistrate Zhang Zhensheng to retake Zhanghua; but provisions ran out, most of his men drifted away, and the city fell again. The following first month he again joined General Chai Daji in retaking Zhuluo. From the time he raised the militia he fought more than twenty engagements and claimed thousands of enemy heads; the rebels nursed a deep hatred and put a ten-thousand-tael price on Qiaoji's head. In the second month Qiaoji and his nephew Jubo took several hundred fighters to Lukang for gunpowder—and were spotted by the rebels. On the return at Qinggou they walked into an ambush but fought it off, killing several hundred. A massive rebel force arrived; arrows and stones fell like rain; they fought their way out but lost Jubo. Qiaoji plunged three times into the enemy ranks, was wounded in the left thigh and captured; all his fighters died in battle. The rebels tried to turn him; he cursed them; they cut out his tongue, bound him, and shot him—yet he would not submit, and at last they dismembered him. More than ten thousand mourners in white assembled, all vowing they would not coexist with Lin Shuangwen's rebels. Of all who died in that campaign, none matched Qiaoji in sheer ferocity of devotion.

熊恩紱，字隆輔，廣西永康州人。乾隆十七年進士。父疾，意不在試，以訛脱列下等，歸本班選用，選授直隸永安縣知縣。累遷永平府知府。四十三年，髙宗東巡，召對稱旨，擢霸昌道，改大順廣兵備道。爲政務持大體，尤愼刑罰，時語人曰：「慮囚，但久跪索供，感寒濕即病足，或發他疾，皆足致死，豈獨三木能斃人也？」

Xiong Enfu, courtesy name Longfu, was from Yongkang Prefecture in Guangxi. He passed the jinshi examination in the seventeenth year of Qianlong. His father was ill and his heart was not in the exam; clerical errors dropped him to the lower tier, and he was assigned from the regular queue as magistrate of Yong'an County in Zhili. He rose eventually to prefect of Yongping. In Qianlong 43, on the Emperor's eastern tour he was called to audience and pleased the throne; he was promoted to intendant of Ba Chang Circuit and then reassigned as Da Shun Guang military intendant. In office he held to the larger view and was especially careful with punishments, saying: "When questioning prisoners, mere long kneeling under interrogation—in cold and damp the feet sicken, or other illnesses break out—any of which can kill. It is not only the rack and cangue that slay men."

始單縣有劉某者，習八卦教，煽惑鄕里，官捕而殺之，械其子於獄。人復就獄中傳其術，從者益衆。自山東、河北、直隸境無慮數万人。而段文經故胥吏，以事斥革家居，性險詐，屢挾數以役人，群服其黠，奉以爲帥。立期劫單縣獄，圖攻奪州郡。恩紱聞之，下元城令密捕所在匪黨，而郡縣吏皆通賊，多爲耳目者。走白賊云：「將屠滅汝等。」賊駴且恚，突於五十一年閏七月十四日夜半毀道署，入，殺恩紱。恩紱聞讙聲，疑失火，旋知有變，亟還。令人守庫，舉印授妻繆氏，挺身出，大罵。賊攢刃斫之。

Earlier in Shan County a man surnamed Liu had practiced the Eight Trigrams sect and stirred up the countryside; officials seized and executed him and kept his son shackled in jail. People continued to learn his teachings in the jail, and followers multiplied. Across Shandong, Hebei, and Zhili they numbered, by rough count, in the tens of thousands. Duan Wenjing, a dismissed clerk living at home, was cunning and deceitful; repeatedly he mustered numbers to compel others, and the sect accepted his cleverness and made him their chief. They fixed a date to storm Shan County jail and seize the surrounding prefectures and counties. Enfu learned of the plot and ordered the Yuan City magistrate to arrest local ringleaders in secret—but prefectural and county officials were in league with the rebels, many acting as their spies. They raced to warn the rebels: "He is going to wipe you out." The rebels were alarmed and enraged; on the night of the fourteenth day of the intercalary seventh month of Qianlong 51 they stormed and demolished the intendant's yamen and killed Enfu. Enfu heard the uproar, first thinking it a fire; realizing an attack was under way, he rushed back. He posted men to guard the treasury, handed the official seal to his wife Lady Miao, strode out, and cursed the attackers. The rebels set upon him with blades.

賊固與其黨有成約，以先期起事，不及應。戕恩紱後，即散劫郡縣署，皆以有備不獲逞，故鄰境得以次擒獲。恩紱被害，屍面如生，兩手猶作搏賊狀。家人以守庫被殺者六人，印以繆氏匿之，得無失。恩紱逆折賊謀，不至如三省教匪蔓延不已，躬犯大難，論者多之。

The rebels had fixed a coordinated date with their allies; by rising prematurely they left their confederates unable to join. After killing Enfu they scattered to raid neighboring yamens, but everywhere found defenses ready and gained nothing; neighboring jurisdictions were thus able to round them up one after another. When Enfu was killed, his face looked as though he still lived, both hands frozen in the posture of fighting the rebels. Six family members who guarded the treasury were killed; Lady Miao hid the seal, and it was not lost. By thwarting the rebels' plan Enfu kept the uprising from spreading endlessly as the three-province sect rebellions had; meeting the disaster in person, historians have widely praised him.

宋如椿，漢軍鑲紅旗人。以寶慶通判權乾州廳同知。乾隆六十年正月，黔、楚苗石柳鄧、石三保等叛，廳苗響應，居民爭避竄。如椿召諭之曰：「若屬先人丘壟皆在，不可棄。同知地方官，當爲若效死守。」皆許諾。已而賊勢張甚，棄去者大半。如椿被髮徒跣，週走號呼，勸之守，自旦至夕，不絶聲，訖不聽。賊旋攻西門，如椿仗劍出禦，傷左腿，歸，北向再拜自刎。從人張忠在側，固遣之，弗去，亦被創死。方賊攻急，如椿度不能支，呼巡檢江瑤佩廳印，令赴辰州求援。瑤出城，遽遇賊，死。其子朝棟挈印送辰，歸，覓父屍，與家屬倶遇害。

Song Ruchun was a Han Chinese bannerman of the Plain Red Banner. He served as acting sub-prefect of Qianzhou Department while holding the rank of tongpan of Baojing. In the first month of Qianlong 60 the Miao rebels Shi Liudeng and Shi Sanbao rose in Guizhou and western Hunan; local Miao answered the call, and the people fled in panic. Ruchun gathered the people and spoke to them: "Your forebears' tombs lie here. You cannot simply flee and leave them behind. As acting sub-prefect of this department, I am bound to hold this place and die in your defense if I must. Everyone agreed. Soon the rebels' power swelled, and more than half the people slipped away. Ruchun tore loose his hair, went barefoot, and ran through the streets shouting for them to stand firm—from dawn until nightfall his voice never stopped, but they would not heed him. When the rebels assaulted the west gate, Ruchun drew his sword and went out to meet them. Wounded in the left leg, he returned, bowed twice toward the north, and took his own life. His attendant Zhang Zhong stood beside him. Ruchun ordered him away again and again, but Zhang refused to go and was killed as well. As the assault grew desperate, Ruchun saw the city could not hold. He summoned the inspector Jiang Yao, entrusted him with the department seal, and sent him to Chenzhou for reinforcements. Yao had barely left the walls when he ran into the rebels and was killed. His son Chaodong carried the seal safely to Chenzhou, then came back to recover his father's body. He and his entire household were slain.

趙福，湖南零陵人。由行伍隨徴金川，有功，累擢至鎭筸中營守備。逆苗滋事，駐守淥溪口，淥溪爲鎭筸糧道，約士卒嚴，民安之。五月，官軍從狗腦岩潰歸，賊衆近萬人，謀絶糧道，攻之急。時守兵先抽調其半，民請福避去，福曰：「兵衞民，將統兵，爾輩可去，吾奉命守淥溪，去一歩，即失職。苗至，福怒馬奮槊當先拒之，殺數十人。苗分番更戰，民以福不得食，爲納橐饘，福揮去之。且曰：「賊之不遽追戮者，以我在也。我死，合力追汝，無焦類矣！」民泣涕去。麾下五十人，感福義，無一逃者。戰一晝夜，溪橋被撤，卒死且盡，手過山槍三發，斃苗數十人，指掌焦爛，不能持，身被數創，投溪死，民隔溪望者，咸痛哭。苗旋散去，難民數千賴之全活，後架數椽祀之，曰趙將軍廟。

Zhao Fu came from Lingling in Hunan. He rose from the ranks during the Jinchuan campaign, distinguished himself in battle, and was promoted step by step to battalion commandant of the middle battalion at Zhengang. When the Miao rebels stirred up trouble, he was posted to guard Luxikou on Zhengang's vital grain route. He kept his men under strict discipline, and the people lived in peace. In the fifth month the imperial army, routed at Gounaoyan, fell back in disorder. Nearly ten thousand rebels now aimed to sever the grain route and pressed the attack without mercy. Half the garrison had already been drawn off elsewhere. The townspeople begged Fu to escape. He replied: "Soldiers exist to protect the people, and a commander leads his men. You may leave—but I am ordered to hold Luxikou. One step back and I fail my post. When the Miao came up, Fu charged at the head of his men with spear leveled and cut down several dozen of the enemy. The Miao attacked in relays. Seeing that Fu had nothing to eat, the people brought him food in bags, but he waved them off. He told them: "The rebels hold back from chasing and killing you only because I am still here. Once I fall, they will come after you in force. Not one of you will survive! Weeping, the people fled. All fifty men under his command, moved by his example, stood their ground without a single deserter. The battle lasted a full day and night. The bridge over the stream was torn down, and his men were killed to the last man. Fu fired a musket three times with his bare hands, dropping several dozen Miao before his palms were scorched raw and useless. Wounded many times over, he cast himself into the stream and drowned. On the far bank the people who watched wept as one. The Miao soon withdrew. Several thousand refugees owed their lives to his stand. Later the people raised a small shrine in his honor and called it General Zhao's Temple.

劉昇，邵陽人。寶慶協把總，從副將某徴苗，副將逗留不前，升於衆中出謾語，某銜之。師至狗爬崖，令率百人爲前鋒，約舉白旗爲後援。升策馬轢陣，賊不能支，偵無後繼，复悉鋭搏戰。升連舉白旗，旗失，复解所服白衵招之，某故按兵不發，升戰死，百人殉焉。死極慘，首體糜粉，無可收瘞者。後祀昭忠祠，主入時，旋風暴起，吹氣作血腥，襲衆幾僕。時以鄕團死最烈者，有滕家瓚。

Liu Sheng came from Shaoyang. A company commander in the Baojing garrison, he served under a vice general on a Miao campaign. When the general hung back and refused to advance, Sheng spoke scornfully before the troops, and the general never forgave him. At Goupaya the general ordered him forward with a hundred men as vanguard, promising that a raised white flag would bring up the main force. Sheng drove his horse straight into the rebel line and broke it. When the enemy saw no reinforcements coming, they rallied every able fighter and closed in again. Sheng waved the white flag again and again until it was lost, then tore off his white undershirt to signal for help. The general deliberately held his men back. Sheng fell in battle, and all hundred of his men died with him. He died horribly—head and body crushed to pulp, with nothing left to bury. When his spirit tablet was later installed in the Shrine of Loyalty and Martyrdom, a sudden whirlwind rose, the air thick with the smell of blood, and the crowd was nearly knocked to the ground. Among the local militiamen who died most heroically in those days was Teng Jiazan.

家瓚，湖南麻陽人。諸生。有膂力，能負鐵砲撃賊。捐布政司理問職銜，居髙邨，與乾州苗接壤。乾隆六十年，逆苗掠麻陽，家瓚同兄監生家瑞、弟武生家瑤，悉出家財鉅萬，設卡堵禦，有功。自正月至四月，共打仗十八次，殺賊八十餘名，賊恨之。總督福康安寵異家瓚，家瓚爲畫破賊策甚備。一日，家瓚率衆守溪口，賊驟圍其居，曰：「出家瓚，禍可已。」族弟武生家泰挺身出，語其邨人曰：「豈可惜一身而害一邨？」遂大罵賊，自承爲家瓚。賊剝家泰皮，至死不更一辭。又執其家口，始知非家瓚也，全家被害。家瓚聞而馳救，無及，請官兵援助，官軍忌其能，不助一卒，且檄調鄕兵他去。家瓚復往溪口，與衆共守，賊急攻之，力鬥死。

Jiazan came from Mayang in Hunan. He was a licentiate. Powerfully built, he could shoulder an iron cannon and bring it to bear against the rebels. He had purchased the rank of director in the provincial administration commission and lived at Gaocun on the border with Qianzhou Miao country. In Qianlong 60, when rebellious Miao raided Mayang, Jiazan joined his elder brother Jiarui, a supervising student, and his younger brother Jiayao, a military licentiate, in spending tens of thousands in family wealth to set up checkpoints and hold the line. Their service was outstanding. From the first month through the fourth they fought eighteen battles and killed more than eighty rebels. The enemy came to hate him above all others. Governor-General Fuk'anggan singled Jiazan out for special favor. Jiazan submitted a detailed plan for breaking the rebel forces. One day, while Jiazan was away leading men to guard a stream crossing, rebels suddenly surrounded his home. "Give us Jiazan," they cried, "and the killing will stop." His clansman Jiatai, a military licentiate, stepped forward and told the villagers: "How can we save one man by sacrificing an entire village?" He cursed the rebels to their faces and claimed to be Jiazan himself. The rebels flayed him alive. To his last breath he never recanted. Only when they seized his household did they realize their mistake—and slaughtered his entire family. Jiazan raced home when he heard but arrived too late. He begged the regular army for help, but the commanders, envious of his prowess, refused him a single soldier and even ordered his militia transferred elsewhere. Jiazan returned to the stream crossing and stood with the villagers once more. When the rebels stormed the position, he fought to the death.

蕭水淸，字廣銓，廣東平遠人。以監生納捐，發湖北，補保康縣典史。嘉慶元年二月，白蓮教謀反，姚之富、齊王氏起襄陽，曹海揚、祁中耀起房竹，王蘭、曾世興起保康，衆各數万。齊王氏掠州郡，與王蘭會保康之白溪溝，賊黨楊昭爲内應，水淸計擒之，徇於衆，賊銜之。時守城兵以剿苗他調，縣令畏賊他往，城中空虚。水淸給印札曉諭四鄕，激以忠義。賊遽至，縣城故庳薄，水淸拒守，殺賊過當，歴五日夜不懈。遣勇健詣郡乞援，爲賊得，圍益急。水淸知不可爲，旋署，語其妻曰：「吾義不屈，爾其自爲計！」妻誓先殉，子其馨等及家人皆原從死。遂出，城已陷，遇賊縣治前，罵賊，死焉。教官黃義峰、呉珍義，子其馨、其芳，族子祚超，妻弟林鳳良同殉之。妻林氏、子婦韓及孫女與僕婦、婢女等，皆闔戸自刎。水淸死後，鄕勇始集，皆頭插小靑箬爲識，以別賊，從援軍擒賊首王蘭、曾世興。小靑箬者，即水淸印札之號令也。

Xiao Shuiqing, styled Guangquan, came from Pingyuan in Guangdong. A supervising student who had purchased an appointment, he was posted to Hubei and assigned as secretary of Baokang County. In the second month of Jiaqing 1 the White Lotus sect rose in rebellion. Yao Zhifu and Qi the Wang woman gathered their forces at Xiangyang; Cao Haiyang and Qi Zhongyao at Fangzhu; Wang Lan and Zeng Shixing at Baokang. Each band numbered in the tens of thousands. Qi the Wang woman swept through the prefectures and joined Wang Lan at Baixigou in Baokang. When the rebel agent Yang Zhao was exposed as an inside contact, Shuiqing seized him and executed him before the people. The rebels never forgave him. The county garrison had been drawn off to fight the Miao, and the magistrate, terrified of the rebels, had fled. The town stood defenseless. Shuiqing issued official notices to the surrounding townships, stirring them with appeals to loyalty and duty. When the rebels struck without warning, Shuiqing held the county's low, flimsy walls and fought them off, killing far more than his own losses, for five days and nights without rest. He dispatched brave men to the prefectural seat for reinforcements, but they were captured by the enemy and the siege tightened. Seeing that all was lost, Shuiqing returned to the yamen and told his wife: "I will not surrender. You must decide what to do for yourself." His wife vowed to die before him. His sons Qixin and Qifang, along with the rest of the household, declared they would die with him as well. He went out into the street. The city had already fallen. Confronting the rebels before the yamen gates, he cursed them to their faces and was killed. The instructors Huang Yifeng and Wu Zhenyi, his sons Qixin and Qifang, his clansman Zuochao, and his brother-in-law Lin Fengliang all died with him. His wife Lady Lin, his daughter-in-law Han, his granddaughters, and the servant women and maids—all cut their throats together, the entire household perishing as one. Only after Shuiqing's death did the local braves finally rally. Wearing small green bamboo leaves in their hair—the token he had ordered in his proclamation—they joined the relief force and captured the rebel chiefs Wang Lan and Zeng Shixing. Those green bamboo leaves were the very sign Shuiqing had commanded in his official notices.

賊旋犯竹山。竹山縣知縣劉大成，江西新昌人。乾隆四十六年進士，選授蒞任。縣界萬山中，故有專營駐防，亦以剿苗他調，留者僅百名。大成先捕得賊黨，有「約期搶據竹山」語，即飛牘告急，且與僚屬謀，曰：「吾守具未完，爲賊乘，必困。不如出據險要，相機堵禦。」方派撥間，賊已據保康。乃以典史呉國華、守備孫掄魁分守縣治及隘口，而自守武陽堡，當其衝。納縣印於懷，據險設伏，遴健足偵探，終夜無少休。賊突越後嶺，入縣焚掠，國華、掄魁倶不支，先後至武陽。大成復率以赴剿，槍斃十數。賊來益衆，遂退往武陽。國華、掄魁方出點兵，大成乃遣親信出探隘口。比反，大成已肅衣冠佩印北向自縊矣。國華、掄魁踵至，愕然，亦殉焉。別股賊犯襄陽呂堰驛，巡檢王翼孫亦以拒戰死。

The rebels next turned on Zhushan. Liu Dacheng, magistrate of Zhushan County, came from Xinchang in Jiangxi. A jinshi of Qianlong 46, he was selected for office and took up his post. The county lay deep in the mountains and had once had its own garrison, but those troops too had been sent off to fight the Miao. Only about a hundred men remained. Dacheng first captured a rebel agent who spoke of a planned assault on Zhushan. He sent urgent dispatches at once and told his staff: "Our defenses are not ready. If the rebels strike now, we will be cornered. Better to withdraw to the high ground and hold the passes, blocking them where we can." Even as he was issuing orders, the rebels had already taken Baokang. He posted the secretary Wu Guohua and garrison commandant Sun Lunbai to guard the county seat and the mountain passes, while he himself took up position at Wuyang Fort on the main line of attack. He tucked the county seal inside his robe, occupied the high ground, laid ambushes, and sent out his fastest scouts—working through the night without a moment's rest. Rebels broke over the ridge behind them, swept into the county, and burned and looted. Guohua and Lunbai could not hold and fell back to Wuyang one after another. Dacheng led a counterattack and shot down more than ten of the enemy. But the rebels kept coming in greater numbers, and he was forced to fall back toward Wuyang. While Guohua and Lunbai were out mustering troops, Dacheng sent trusted men to reconnoiter the pass. When they returned, Dacheng had already dressed in his official robes, put on the seal, faced north, and hanged himself. Guohua and Lunbai arrived moments later, stood stunned—and followed him in death. Another rebel force struck Lüyan Post on the Xiangyang route, where the inspector Wang Yisun also died fighting.

翼孫，江蘇長洲人。呂堰當驛道之衝，無城可守。翼孫聞變，募鄕勇戒備，而賊已大至。翼孫率衆迎撃，殲先鋒三人，遂登大橋御之。賊來益衆，鄕兵潰，又手刃數賊。賊矛環刺，受傷重，跳而投於水。賊以鉤起之，攢刃毀其屍。翼孫初至任，預立禦賊章程，一鄕勇十，設頭目一，頭目十，設總頭目一，各相鈐制，統於巡檢司。附近邨落，單丁獨戸，皆遷於鎭。選壯者充鄕勇。設哨探，定功過，儲糧秣，練刀仗，禁飲博，其區畫爲甚備雲。

Yisun came from Changzhou in Jiangsu. Lüyan lay on a vital stretch of the courier road, with no walled town to shelter behind. When word of the uprising reached him, Yisun raised local braves and prepared to resist—but the rebels were already upon him in force. Yisun led his men out to meet the attack, cut down three of the vanguard, and withdrew to the great bridge to make his stand. As more rebels poured in, the local militia broke. Yisun killed several of the enemy with his own blade. Spears closed in from every side. Badly wounded, he leaped into the river. The rebels dragged him out with hooks and hacked his body to pieces. On taking up his post, Yisun had drawn up a full system of local defense: ten braves to a squad leader, ten squad leaders to a chief, each level keeping the one below in order, all answerable to the inspector's office. He moved isolated households from nearby villages into the market town for safety. The strongest men were enrolled as local braves. He set up scouts and outposts, defined rewards and punishments, stockpiled grain and fodder, drilled his men in arms, and banned drinking and gambling. By all accounts his preparations were meticulous.

王行儉，江蘇溧陽人。由舉人大挑知縣，發陝西，補南鄭縣。以承審命案不實，褫職。嘉慶元年，投效軍營，二年，教匪竄汝河，以平利縣防守嚴，向東南偪白土路營。時行儉帶兵六百名，偕都司趙禧御之，賊分股前後夾攻，禧中刀傷歿。行儉罵賊不撓，身被矛傷十餘處，陣亡。以離任文員，帶兵協剿，罵賊捐軀，詔深卹之。

Wang Xingjian came from Liyang in Jiangsu. Selected through the grand licentiate examination for county magistrate, he was posted to Shaanxi and assigned to Nanzheng County. He was dismissed for errors in reviewing capital cases. In Jiaqing 1 he volunteered for military service. In the second year, when sect rebels fled toward the Ru River, they found Pingli County too well defended and turned southeast toward the Baitulu garrison. Xingjian commanded six hundred men and, with Colonel Zhao Xi, moved to intercept them. The rebels divided and attacked from front and rear. Xi was cut down and killed. Xingjian cursed the rebels without flinching, took more than ten spear wounds, and fell on the battlefield. A dismissed civil official who had taken up arms, cursed the enemy to the last, and died in battle, he was honored with a generous posthumous edict.

王銑，字麗可，江蘇武進人。以四庫館謄録勞，授華陰縣丞。性介，不合上官。先調守山陽豐陽砦，糾義勇八百餘人，皆鋒鋭可用。銑被豐陽知縣檄入城共守禦，義勇以所將非人，被殲。銑爲建祠山陽南關，勒石志名姓，哭之。三年，調至洵陽佐理撫卹事。縣令圖與銑分呑賑款，嚴斥之。縣令恚，圖中傷銑，以行台省需餉，急薦銑。行至雒南廟溝坡，坡髙二里，銑已北下坡，家人甫押後隊逾坡脊，賊髙均德大隊至坡南。探騎二，縱轡馳上。家人大呼，速銑下馬避賊，銑不應。探騎至坡脊，馳下夾銑去，幾一里，复馳回，一騎以矛剔銑面，一騎就刺胸及肋，皆洞穿而死。同以運餉死者，四川省有汪兆鼎。

Wang Xuan, styled Like, came from Wujin in Jiangsu. For his work as a copyist in the Siku Pavilion, he was granted the post of assistant magistrate of Huayin County. Unbending by nature, he clashed with his superiors. He was first posted to guard Fengyang Stockade in Shanyang, where he raised more than eight hundred volunteers—keen fighters every one. When the Fengyang magistrate ordered Xuan into the city to help defend it, his volunteers were left under another commander and wiped out. Xuan built a shrine at the south gate of Shanyang, had their names carved in stone, and wept over the dead. In the third year of the reign, he was posted to Xunyang to help oversee relief and welfare work. When Magistrate Tu schemed to split the relief funds with Xuan, Xuan denounced the plan in the strongest terms. The magistrate, furious, plotted against Xuan and, claiming the provincial authorities needed grain supplies, urgently recommended him for the transport mission. At Miaogou Slope south of Luonan—a rise two li high—Xuan had already gone down the north side. His men had just shepherded the rear guard over the crest when the rebel Gao Junde appeared on the southern slope at the head of a large band. Two mounted scouts spurred their horses uphill at a gallop. His retainers cried out, telling Xuan to dismount at once and get clear of the rebels, but he paid no heed. The scouts reached the crest, swept down, and carried Xuan off between them for nearly a li before wheeling back. One drove a spear through his face; the other thrust him in the chest and side. Every blow ran him through, and he died. Another who died on a grain-transport mission in Sichuan was Wang Zhaoding.

兆鼎，字子元，武進人。亦以四庫館勞，授直隸棗陽縣丞，以事褫職。赴四川軍營投效，未用。四年，同郡硃向隆爲達州巡檢，有解餉之役，邀兆鼎偕。至東鄕縣太平石岸遇賊，向隆逃，衆謂兆鼎非蜀官，盍亟避，兆鼎弗應。乃各奔，兆鼎獨守餉，罵賊被害。

Zhaoding, styled Ziyuan, came from Wujin. Like others in this account, he received the post of assistant magistrate of Zaoyang in Zhili for work in the Siku Pavilion, only to be stripped of office over a misconduct case. He volunteered at a military camp in Sichuan, but no one took him on. In the fourth year, Zhu Xianglong, a fellow townsman then serving as Dazhou inspector, was assigned to escort grain supplies and asked Zhaoding to accompany him. At Taiping Shian in Dongxiang County they ran into rebels. Xianglong fled. The others urged Zhaoding—no official of Sichuan—to get away immediately, but he would not budge. The rest scattered, but Zhaoding stayed with the grain, cursed the rebels to their faces, and was slain.

左觀瀾，字繡川，江西永新人。由舉人大挑知縣，發陝西，權五郎廳通判。五郎扼要川、陝，無城。觀瀾蒞任，既募鄕勇訓練，即牒大府，捐廉僱役，築土城，躬自督之。半月工竣，三日而教匪至，悉精鋭啓城追剿，斬獲甚衆。數日，賊突出別道，薄城，衆寡不敵，請援又不至，觀瀾乃召子承廕等勵之，皆泣對曰：「原從死。」即分兵乘城，夜多燃炬束，老弱大呼譟。賊不知虚實，引去。將軍德楞泰、明亮至，詢狀驚嘆，遣守備率兵駐城中，聽觀瀾節制，城守益堅，民樂爲用。

Zuo Guanlan, styled Xiuchuan, came from Yongxin in Jiangxi. Selected from the licentiate rolls for a magistracy, he was posted to Shaanxi and served as acting subprefect of Wulang Department. Wulang held a strategic choke point between Sichuan and Shaanxi, but there was no walled town. On taking office, Guanlan raised and drilled local militia, then petitioned the provincial authorities, paid for labor out of his own salary, and built an earthen wall under his personal supervision. The wall was finished in a fortnight. Three days later the White Lotus rebels appeared. Guanlan sallied with his best men, pursued them, and took a heavy toll in killed and captured. Days later the rebels broke out along another route and closed on the town. Outnumbered and with no help in sight, Guanlan called his son Chengyin and the rest to rally them. Through tears they answered, "We are ready to die with you." He then posted men along the walls. That night they lit great numbers of torches and faggots, while the old and weak raised a deafening clamor. Unable to judge whether the defense was real or a bluff, the rebels drew off. When Generals Delin Tai and Mingliang arrived and heard what had happened, they were astonished. They posted a garrison commander and his troops in the town under Guanlan's orders. The defenses grew stronger still, and the people served him willingly.

以勞補安定縣，西安府啓巡撫留之，巡撫悟，立止毋去任，而賊果悉衆至。見觀瀾立城堙，咸錯愕。觀瀾諭賊降，次日二百餘人至，觀瀾納之；守備欲殲以要功，觀瀾不聽。乃庭集降者曰：「汝等欲終從賊，即聽去。」降者稽首謝不敢。以後至六人，不可信，令降者自別之，果於裡衣得賊黨所以爲識者，即斬之，投六首城外，賊駭遁去。

Rewarded with transfer to Anding County, he was kept in place when the Xi'an prefect appealed to the governor, who saw the danger in time and forbade his departure—and the rebels soon arrived in full strength. When they saw Guanlan standing on the walls and ramparts, they were dumbfounded. Guanlan called on the rebels to surrender. The next day more than two hundred came in, and he took them in. The garrison commander wanted to slaughter them for the credit, but Guanlan refused. He then gathered the surrendered men and told them, "If you mean to go back to the rebels, you are free to leave." They kowtowed and protested that they would do no such thing. Six latecomers seemed suspect, so he had the surrendered rebels pick them out themselves. Hidden in their underclothes were the rebel tokens used for identification. He had all six executed, threw their heads outside the walls, and the rest of the band fled in terror.

三年，賊復大至，觀瀾舁大砲城上爲御，手發砲斃賊無算，觀瀾亦以砲裂傷砲，負痛，解佩刀付承廕，舁歸署，亟遣人間道請代，乃卒。後二百，援兵至，承廕泣叩軍門，原復仇，總督那彦成哀而壯之，俾隨官軍勦賊。四年十月，躡賊沙溝口，力戰陣亡，猶手父佩刀不可拔。父子倶歿王事，賜卹尤厚。觀瀾事繼母以孝稱。兄觀海，官上思州知州。時有兄弟爭財者，適得思州書，念弟甚，引蘇軾「世世爲兄弟」句，觀瀾讀而泣下，付訟者兄弟令閲。訟者感悔，泣謝去。

In the third year the rebels returned in strength. Guanlan had heavy guns mounted on the walls and fired them himself, killing rebels beyond count. A bursting cannon wounded him too. In pain, he gave his sword to Chengyin, was carried back to his office, sent a messenger by a hidden route to request relief, and died. Two days later reinforcements arrived. Chengyin wept at the army gate and begged to avenge his father. Governor Nayancheng was both grieved and impressed, and allowed him to march with the regular forces against the rebels. In the tenth month of the fourth year he tracked the rebels to Shagoukou, fought to the death, and still clutched his father's sword so tightly that it could not be drawn from his hand. Father and son had both died in the state's service, and the court's posthumous honors were unusually generous. Guanlan was known for the filial devotion with which he cared for his stepmother. His elder brother Guanhai was prefect of Shangsi. Two brothers were then suing each other over property when a letter arrived from Shangsi, full of longing for a younger brother and quoting Su Shi's line: "May we be brothers in life after life." Guanlan wept as he read it and gave the letter to the quarreling brothers. Moved to remorse, the brothers wept, thanked him, and went home.

董寧川，直隸永寧人。由武舉選授貴州鎭遠鎭標守備，隨剿苗匪。嘉慶元年，累擢至湖北興國營參將。三年，隨總兵諸神保等軍剿教匪，賞健勇巴圖魯名號。复隨副都統額勒登保進剿終報山，偕都司張廷楷等自西入，奮勇奪山隘。官軍魚貫上，並力攻撃，擒首逆覃加耀等。股匪劉成棟、張漢潮、張添倫分擾巫山、荊門及撲鬧楊坪邊隘，先後撃敗之。四年五月，股匪髙均德竄雲路溝邊隘，偕游撃姚國棟合攻，賊奔梓桐埡，复偕都司劉應世由瓘坪迎截，殲二百餘名，餘匪潰。寧川見有騎馬二賊目，追益力。至樹林中，賊棄馬遁。寧川令弁兵圍山腰，自率弁兵數十，下馬追入深林，賊並隊轉鬥，寧川中矛傷，仍手刃十餘人，斃騎馬賊一人，力竭，歿於陣。事聞，詔曰：「董寧川下馬撃賊，至被戕害，似此忠勇之臣，不能承受國恩，爲之墮涙！」命直隸總督胡季堂贍寧川母，命湖廣總督倭什布送寧川子及家屬歸原籍，皆出異數云。

Dong Ningchuan came from Yongning in Zhili. Selected as a military licentiate, he was made garrison commander of the Zhenyuan banner in Guizhou and took part in campaigns against Miao rebels. By the first year of Jiaqing he had risen through successive promotions to colonel of the Xingguo Battalion in Hubei. In the third year he marched under General Zhushhenbao against the White Lotus rebels and was granted the title Brave and Strong Baaturu. He again followed Vice Commander-in-Chief Eledengbao against Zhongbaoshan, entering from the west with Major Zhang Tingkai and others to storm the pass. Government troops climbed up in file, struck together, and captured the rebel chieftain Tan Jiayao and his lieutenants. He successively routed the rebel bands of Liu Chengdong, Zhang Hanchao, and Zhang Tianlun as they raided Wushan, Jingmen, and the border passes at Punao and Yangping. In the fifth month of the fourth year Gao Junde's band fled toward Yunlugou Pass. Ningchuan and Brigadier Yao Guodong attacked together and drove them to Zitongya. With Major Liu Yingshi he then cut them off at Guanping, killed more than two hundred, and the rest broke and ran. Spotting two mounted rebel leaders, Ningchuan pressed the pursuit even harder. In the forest the rebels abandoned their horses and fled on foot. Ningchuan sent officers and men to ring the hillside, then led several dozen of them on foot into the deep woods. The rebels massed and turned on him. Though speared, he still cut down more than ten men by hand and killed one mounted rebel before his strength failed and he fell in battle. When word reached the throne, an edict declared, "Dong Ningchuan dismounted to fight the rebels and was killed. That so loyal and brave a servant of the state should never live to enjoy the court's reward moves us to tears!" The emperor ordered Zhili Governor Hu Jitang to support Ningchuan's mother and Hubei-Hunan Governor Yashibu to escort Ningchuan's son and family home—all honors beyond the usual measure.

韓嘉業，字健菴，甘肅武威人。父增壽，官涼標千總，隨徴金川戰死。嘉業誓報父仇，入伍有功，累擢至陝甘督標游撃。

Han Jiaye, styled Jian'an, came from Wuwei in Gansu. His father Zengshou was a company commander in the Liangzhou banner and was killed in the Jinchuan campaign. Jiaye vowed to avenge his father, enlisted, distinguished himself in service, and rose through successive promotions to brigadier of the Shaanxi-Gansu governor's banner.

嘉慶元年，四川教匪滋事，陝西興安府屬地相接，奸民乘機蠢應，踞安嶺爲巣穴，憑髙恃險，立木城；又於髙廟山設立大卡，形勢陡峻。嘉業奉檄率兵由羊毛子堰進克之。復會他將進偪安嶺，遣健卒潛燒木城，賊驚潰，乘勝取大卡，擒戮無遺，擢參將。四年，嬍敗李樹之股匪，追出班鳩嶺，賊竄六道河，嘉業循河右追賊至廟子壩，賊遁入川境。未幾，賊又由川界老林入南鄭，時嘉業循江防守，聞之，亟率兵前駐法慈院，堵其北竄。賊將就淺渉嘉陵江，而沔縣賊三四千人，由阜川偪近官莊，陝甘總督松筠令嘉業偕直隸守備麻允光擇要迎撃。賊全數出磚峒子，嘉業馳馬首先沖入，賊分兩翼繞馬家嶺自上壓下，四面合圍。嘉業力戰突撃，馬蹶，复箭殺執旗賊。賊以矛直刺，甘肅鎭標把總髙騰蛟從旁格之，遂殺持矛賊，而群賊競進，嘉業中矛僕，遂死。騰蛟以身蔽其上，亦死，允光亦戰歿。事聞，優恤，諡武烈。後嘉業兄莊浪協副將自昌，亦陣亡盩厔，命共建一祠，賜名雙烈。

In the first year of Jiaqing, as White Lotus rebels rose in Sichuan, trouble spread to the adjoining districts of Xing'an Prefecture in Shaanxi. Local ruffians answered the call, seized Anling as their stronghold, exploited the heights and rugged ground, and threw up a wooden fort. They also built a major stockade on Gaomiao Mountain, whose position was steep and commanding. Ordered into action, Jiaye led his men through Yangmaozi Weir and took the position. Joining other commanders in the advance on Anling, he sent picked men to set the wooden fort afire by stealth. The rebels broke in panic. He pressed the advantage, took the major stockade, killed or captured every man, and was promoted to colonel. In the fourth year he routed Li Shuzhi's rebel band, chased them beyond Banjiu Ridge, and pursued them along the right bank of the Liudao River to Miaozi Dam before they slipped into Sichuan. Soon the rebels re-entered Nanzheng through the deep forests on the Sichuan border. Jiaye was then patrolling the river line; hearing the news, he rushed ahead to Facyuan to block their escape north. As the rebels prepared to wade the Jialing at a ford, three or four thousand more from Mian County closed on Guanzhuang through Fuchuan. Governor Songyun ordered Jiaye and Zhili Garrison Commander Ma Yunguang to intercept them at a critical point. The rebels poured out of Zhuandongzi in full force. Jiaye was first into the fray at a gallop. They split into two wings, swept down from Majia Ridge above him, and closed in from every side. Jiaye fought his way forward in a furious assault. When his horse went down, he still brought down the rebel standard-bearer with an arrow. A rebel thrust at him with a spear. Gao Tengjiao, a platoon leader of the Gansu banner, parried the blow and killed the spearman. But the rebels surged forward together. Jiaye took a spear thrust, fell, and died. Tengjiao threw himself over Jiaye's body and was killed as well, and Yunguang too fell in the fight. When word reached the court, he received generous posthumous honors and the title Wulie, "Fierce in War." Later Jiaye's elder brother Zichang, lieutenant colonel of the Zhuanglang brigade, also fell at Zhouzhi. The court ordered a joint shrine built for them and named it Shuanglie, "Two Fierce Ones."

葉槐，字廕階，浙江錢塘人。父文麟，官陝西，權孝義廳同知。教匪躪秦中，槐聞警省父，即具牒軍門自效。嘉慶二年正月，奉檄率鄕勇勦賊於光頭山，賊旋由河南盧氏竄商州，與孝義接壤，隨父乘障搘拄，賊不敢入。別股賊復由漢中東竄，將由鎭安、五郎逼孝義，复佐父堵禦。凡團練首領可用者，必傾身交接，以是豪健依附者甚衆。西鄕急，請援，槐選其鋒赴之。比至，賊即北竄。城固、洋縣有警，又率以往，賊遁入山。部分其衆，守通棧要路，而自逐賊，入虢川等處，陣斬賊，獲騾馬器械均無算。

Ye Huai, styled Yinjie, came from Qiantang in Zhejiang. His father Wenlin served in Shaanxi as acting subprefect of Xiaoyi Department. When White Lotus rebels swept through central Shaanxi, Huai hurried to his father's side and immediately petitioned army headquarters to enlist. In the first month of the second year of Jiaqing he was ordered to lead local militia against rebels at Guangtou Mountain. The rebels soon slipped from Lushi in Henan into Shangzhou on Xiaoyi's border. Huai and his father held the defensive line together, and the rebels did not dare cross in. When another rebel band broke east out of Hanzhong and threatened Xiaoyi through Zhen'an and Wulang, he again helped his father hold them off. Whenever he found a militia leader worth recruiting, he gave himself fully to winning that man's trust, and many of the region's toughest fighters rallied to him. When Xixiang sent an urgent call for help, Huai marched with his best men. By the time he arrived, the rebels had already fled north. When alarms sounded in Chenggu and Yang County, he marched there as well, and the rebels vanished into the hills. He split his force to hold the vital plank-road passes and personally chased the rebels into Guochuan and beyond, killing them in battle and capturing pack animals, horses, and arms beyond number.

賊東奔大峪口，孝義在重山中，無城郭，槐慮不能當，請援孝義，大府不許。槐不自安，拔營東追，果遇賊。會別部兵至，謂遇賊得捷，賊未必再犯孝義，阻其返。槐終慮孝義被困，復言於大府，謂「不發兵，即單騎行矣」。詞氣激昂，聞者色變。大府乃許撥鄕勇一千六百人隨槐行，抵孝義，賊果至。乃據險結營，令四山放號火，以張聲勢。西南賊尤勁，鄕勇人人思鬥，遂破賊前隊，斬其酋三人，賊稍卻。大隊來攻，复並力衝殺，賊無可乘，乃解去。

The rebels fled east toward Dayukou. Xiaoyi, buried in rugged mountains and without walls, seemed impossible to defend. Huai asked the provincial authorities for troops, but they refused. Unable to settle his mind, Huai broke camp and pursued east—and ran straight into the rebels. Troops from another unit then arrived and argued that, having already beaten the rebels, he need not hurry back—Xiaoyi was probably safe—and tried to stop him from returning. Still fearing Xiaoyi would be overrun, Huai appealed again to the provincial office: "If you will not send men, I will ride back alone." His words were so fierce that those who heard them blanched. The provincial authorities finally allotted sixteen hundred militiamen to march with him. They reached Xiaoyi just as the rebels arrived. He camped on defensible ground and ordered signal fires lit on the surrounding peaks to swell the appearance of his force. The rebels from the southwest were especially fierce, but the militiamen were spoiling for a fight. They smashed the enemy vanguard, killed three chieftains, and forced the rebels to give ground. When the main rebel force attacked, they charged together again. Finding no weakness to exploit, the rebels broke off and withdrew.

大府調其父權富平，槐亦入貲爲縣丞，當就選，戀父不行，留大營司偵候事。會賊渡漢江，偪洋縣，醴泉縣知縣陸維基請行，舉槐爲助，慨然偕往。維基帶勇練登手扳崖，至巔，遇賊，罵賊死。槐數突圍不得進，左旋至山梁，力竭，賊矛刺腰，大創死。僕四人皆從死。槐以衞父至，而卒死於兵，時皆壯之。維基，順天大興人。

The provincial authorities transferred his father to acting magistrate of Fuping. Huai had bought his way into candidacy as assistant magistrate, but refused to leave his father's side when appointment came due and stayed at headquarters to handle scouting. When rebels crossed the Han and threatened Yang County, Liquan Magistrate Lu Weiji volunteered to go and named Huai as his aide. Huai went with him without hesitation. Weiji led his militia up a cliff hand over hand to the summit, cursed the rebels when he met them, and was killed. Huai tried again and again to break through but could not. Wheeling left onto a ridge, he fought until spent; a rebel spear pierced his waist, and he died of the wound. All four of his servants died with him. Huai had come to protect his father, yet died in battle in the end; all who heard of it admired his courage. Weiji came from Daxing in Shuntian.

毛大瀛，字海客，江蘇寶山人。少以能詩名，爲「練川十二才子」之一。由附監生充四庫館謄録，用州同，發陝西，累爲河南巡撫畢沅、山東巡撫惠齡調用。大兵徴廓爾喀，惠齡督四川，辦理濟嚨糧務，檄大瀛赴西藏差遣，事竣，留川補用。借補潼川府經歴，以軍功擢授中江縣知縣。嘉慶元年，檄赴湖北軍營隨剿教匪，復以軍功擢授四川簡州知州。時惠齡由湖北入川，沿路勦賊，大瀛從之。四年，回簡州任。五年，股匪張子聰竄潼河，擾三台、中江地，官軍分路截剿，賊復分擾遂寧、樂至等處，由金堂之廣元寺，肆行焚掠，及簡州境。大瀛率鄕勇前往堵禦，行抵土橋溝，馬歩賊蜂至，力戰遇害。大瀛屢入督撫幕府，工牋奏，業此者二十年。山東巡撫國泰爲在京舊交，國泰性暴戾，獨敬事大瀛。國泰被嚴譴，大瀛盡始終之誼，爲時所稱。卹世職，孫岳生襲。岳生亦以詩文名一時。

Mao Daying, styled Haike, came from Baoshan in Jiangsu. As a youth he won fame as a poet and was counted among the "Twelve Talents of Lianchuan." Having entered through purchased student status, he served as a copyist in the Siku Pavilion, received appointment as a department vice-director, was posted to Shaanxi, and was repeatedly seconded by Henan Governor Bi Yuan and Shandong Governor Huiling. During the Gurkha campaign Huiling oversaw Sichuan and managed grain supplies at Jilong. He dispatched Daying to Tibet on official business, and when the mission ended Daying stayed on in Sichuan for further service. He served temporarily as recorder of Tongchuan Prefecture, then was promoted for military merit to magistrate of Zhongjiang County. In the first year of Jiaqing he was ordered to a Hubei army camp to fight the White Lotus rebels and was again promoted for military merit to prefect of Jianzhou in Sichuan. When Huiling marched from Hubei into Sichuan, fighting rebels all along the way, Daying marched with him. In the fourth year he returned to his post as prefect of Jianzhou. In the fifth year the bandit chief Zhang Zicong fled to the Tong River and ravaged Santai and Zhongjiang. Government troops gave chase along several routes, but the rebels split up again to harass Suining, Lezhi, and other districts. Passing through Guangyuan Temple in Jintang, they burned and looted all the way to the borders of Jianzhou. Daying led local militia out to meet them. At Tuqiao Gully, mounted and foot rebels swarmed in; he fought to the last and was killed. Daying had repeatedly served on the staffs of governors-general and governors, where he excelled at drafting memorials—a craft he had practiced for twenty years. Shandong Governor Guotai had been an old friend of his in the capital. Though Guotai was by nature violent and overbearing, he alone treated Daying with respect. When Guotai fell under severe imperial censure, Daying stood by him to the end, and contemporaries praised his constancy. The court granted posthumous honors and a hereditary office, which his grandson Yuesheng inherited. Yuesheng, too, won fame in his day as a poet and essayist.

張大鵬，陝西紫陽人，子楚常、希賢、紹堂，孫應朝、應邦、應選，皆諸生，餘皆布衣。家世以忠義爲教。嘉慶元年，賊犯紫陽洞、汝二河，官軍未集，大鵬率子孫、出家財，募鄕勇八百餘人，助有司守禦。賊掠龍形、響水二溝，楚常率衆進撃之，殺三人，遂前攻賊寨。山峻霧作，中傷歸。後三日，賊至大水溝觀音堂地，紹堂殺賊魁六十餘人。又三日，希賢與賊戰桃園，复殺三十一人。當賊之起，勢猛鋭，官軍亦避其鋒。至是運見殺傷，大憤，遂率黨數千人至，希賢首出逆戰，中槍死。紹堂據險隘，復爲賊殺。大鵬氣益奮，更率其孫應達、應祿、應愷、應試等持械深入，衝突躍呼，所殺傷甚衆。卒以衆寡不敵，皆戰死。初，張氏父子及孫凡十二人，自賊之興，戰死者七人，溺死者一人，傷者二人。陝西以鄕團死者，又有興平人白廷英。

Zhang Dapeng was a native of Ziyang in Shaanxi. His sons Chuchang, Xixian, and Shaotang, and his grandsons Yingchao, Yingbang, and Yingxuan, were all licentiates; the rest of the family were commoners. For generations the family had been raised on loyalty and righteousness. In the first year of Jiaqing, rebels struck Ziyang Cave and the two Ru Rivers. Before government troops could assemble, Dapeng led his sons and grandsons, spent the family fortune, and raised more than eight hundred local militiamen to help the officials defend the district. When the rebels looted the gullies of Longxing and Xiangshui, Chuchang led the militia forward, killed three men, and then pressed on to storm the rebel stronghold. The mountains were steep and fog closed in; he was wounded and withdrew. Three days later the rebels reached Dashuigou and Guanyin Hall, where Shaotang killed more than sixty of their chiefs. Three days after that, Xixian fought the rebels at Taoyuan and killed another thirty-one men. When the rebels first rose, their momentum was fierce, and even government troops gave their advance a wide berth. By then Yun had seen his losses and was furious. He led several thousand followers to the scene. Xixian was the first to ride out and meet them—and was shot dead. Shaotang held a strategic pass, but the rebels killed him there as well. Dapeng only fought harder. He led his grandsons Yingda, Yinglu, Yingkai, Yingshi, and the rest, weapons in hand, deep into the fray—charging, leaping, and shouting—and killed and wounded a great many rebels. At last, overwhelmed by numbers, they all fell in battle. In all, twelve men of the Zhang family—fathers, sons, and grandsons—had taken the field. Since the rebellion began, seven had died in battle, one had drowned, and two had been wounded. Among the Shaanxi militiamen who died in the fighting was Bai Tingying of Xingping.

廷英，縣舉鄕飲賓。嘉慶二年，教匪由蜀渡漢江而北，衆十餘萬，終南近山無完邨，廷英督鄕人築邨後張家寨避之。三年二月，賊自城東窺寨，寨人不二三百，賊急攻，槍矢雨下，丁壯悉潰。賊蟻附而登，廷英罵賊死，弟廷才、廷揚從死，賊倶焚之。次子筐廷英頭去，賊逐之，筐倒，頭落山下，後得於谷底，屍則焦爛不可辨矣。廷英年七十五，凡以守寨死者八十餘人。

Tingying had been nominated by the county as a village feast guest of honor. In the second year of Jiaqing, White Lotus rebels crossed the Han River northward from Sichuan with a force of more than one hundred thousand. Near the Zhongnan Mountains no village was left intact. Tingying had the villagers build a fortified hamlet, Zhang Family Stockade, behind the settlement and take refuge there. In the second month of the third year, rebels reconnoitered the stockade from the east of the town. The defenders numbered no more than two or three hundred. The rebels pressed the attack; gunfire and arrows fell like rain, and every able-bodied man broke and ran. The rebels swarmed up the walls like ants. Tingying cursed them and died; his younger brothers Tingcai and Tingyang died with him, and the rebels burned them all. His second son fled with Tingying's head in a basket. The rebels pursued him; the basket overturned and the head rolled down the slope. It was later recovered at the bottom of the ravine, but the body had been burned to ash and was beyond recognition. Tingying was seventy-five. More than eighty people died defending the stockade.

是年，四川各鄕團之死難者，爲廣元人楊繼曉，世居髙城堡。繼曉姙十三月而生，既壯，以氣力伏一鄕。捐職州同知，隨父璽蘇州督糧同知任所。聞教匪擾蜀，歸省母。時巴州已破，繼曉與同縣貢生楊哻等倡議團練。罄家財，得千餘人，請縣令給劄爲守禦，縣官不省，散去。賊破南江，距縣境長池數十里，縣令始速繼曉出禦。以烏合一散不易集，議先虚聲撓賊，作髙城堡、人自相要約語，列名至多，書投賊營，賊果遲疑不遽進。會陝賊姚之富等數万人穿老林出，將至德山，木門賊亦以數千人將至通坪。通坪居髙城後，德山亙其肋，長池枕其前。繼曉謀於衆，攻長池者，縣官自御之，而自任後路。夕漏三下，與族人楊冕率衆出木門之橫江梁，遇賊先鋒，鬥之。賊大隊至，不可敵，乃據險趣哻濟師。賊登山，了知兵少，無繼，合圍撃之。繼曉手刃數十人，力竭被執。至九曲坡，欲誘降之，大罵不屈，賊刳其腹而焚之，從戰者皆被戕。哻以三百人來援，至則皆歿，楊氏一門亦盡殲。

That year among the Sichuan militiamen who died in the fighting was Yang Jixiao of Guangyuan, whose family had long lived at Gaocheng Fort. Jixiao had been born after thirteen months in the womb. Once grown, his sheer physical strength made him master of the whole village. He purchased the rank of department vice-director and accompanied his father Xi to his post as grain-supply vice-director at Suzhou. When he heard that White Lotus rebels were ravaging Sichuan, he went home to see his mother. By then Bazhou had already fallen. Jixiao, together with the tribute student Yang Han and others of the same county, proposed raising a trained militia. He spent the family fortune and raised more than a thousand men, then asked the magistrate to issue them certificates authorizing local defense. The county officials ignored him, and the men drifted away. When the rebels took Nanjiang, still several tens of li from the county border at Changchi, the magistrate at last urgently summoned Jixiao to lead a defense. Since a hastily gathered force, once scattered, is hard to reassemble, they decided first to bluff the rebels: they drafted a letter in the name of Gaocheng Fort, full of mutual pledges and long rolls of names, and sent it into the rebel camp. The rebels hesitated and did not press forward at once. Just then the Shaanxi rebel Yao Zhifu and others, tens of thousands strong, emerged from the old forest and were nearing Deshan, while Mumen rebels were also advancing on Tongping with several thousand men. Tongping lay behind Gaocheng, with Deshan spanning its flank and Changchi lying before it. Jixiao consulted the men: the magistrate would meet any attack on Changchi himself, while Jixiao would take the rear route. At the third watch of the night he and his clansman Yang Mian led their men out by Hengjiang Bridge at Mumen, met the rebel vanguard, and fought. When the main rebel force arrived, they could not hold. They took up a strong position and sent word urging Han to bring up reinforcements. The rebels climbed the heights, saw how few the defenders were and that no relief was coming, encircled them, and attacked. Jixiao killed several dozen men with his own hand before his strength gave out and he was taken. At Jiuchu Slope they tried to induce him to surrender. He cursed them and refused. The rebels disemboweled him and burned his body, and every man who had fought with him was slaughtered. Han came with three hundred men to relieve them, but by the time he arrived they were all dead and the entire Yang clan had been wiped out.

楊堂、梁崇、李培秀，皆廣東嘉應州人。堂官四川蒼溪縣典史，崇官陝西咸陽縣典史，培秀官陝西試用典史。嘉慶三年，王三槐擾蜀，大軍追剿急，亡命四竄。堂守永興塲，士卒譁曰：「賊至矣！」皆欲走，堂手劍叱曰：「賊未至而棄糧，法當死，孰若守糧而死也！」賊至死之。三年，大軍駐鎭安剿張漢潮，崇率鄕勇剿鳳皇嘴賊，散，解囚回省。至孝義廳，遇賊。崇釋囚七人，曰：「若曹於法當死，然死於賊則枉，吾不忍也，可速去，毋從賊。餘義不可逃，死其所矣！」賊至，被執，不屈死。五年，培秀從大軍挽粟至四川大寧縣，與賊遇，盡委輜重於河，遣其僕曰：「速報大營，賊不得糧，必掠東郊，截而撃之，可盡覆也。吾死不及見矣！」大軍果破賊，訊俘，言培秀死時，賊不得糧，被二十一創雲。初，崇所釋囚七人，皆歸獄，報崇死事狀，曰：「吾不負梁典史也！」至是，七人皆赦。

Yang Tang, Liang Chong, and Li Peixiu were all natives of Jiaying Prefecture in Guangdong. Tang served as clerk of Cangxi County in Sichuan; Chong as clerk of Xianyang County in Shaanxi; and Peixiu as a probationary clerk in Shaanxi. In the third year of Jiaqing, Wang Sanhuai ravaged Sichuan. The main army pressed the pursuit hard, and desperate rebels scattered in flight. Tang was guarding Yongxing Station when the soldiers broke into an uproar: "The rebels are here!" Everyone wanted to run. Sword in hand, Tang shouted, "The rebels aren't even here yet and you'd abandon the grain—that's a capital offense. Better to die guarding the grain!" When the rebels came, he died where he stood. That same year the main army was stationed at Zhen'an suppressing Zhang Hanchao. Chong led local militia against the rebels at Fenghuangzui, routed them, and escorted prisoners back to the provincial capital. At Xiaoyi Department he ran into rebels. Chong released seven prisoners and said, "By law you deserve death, but to die at rebel hands would be a waste. I cannot bear that. Go quickly—and do not join the rebels. As for me, duty does not permit flight—I shall die where I belong!" When the rebels arrived he was taken, refused to submit, and was killed. In the fifth year Peixiu was hauling grain with the main army to Daining County in Sichuan when they met rebels. He dumped the entire convoy into the river and sent his servant with this message: "Report to headquarters at once: the rebels won't get the grain and will surely raid the eastern suburbs. Cut them off there and you can wipe them out. I shall die before I can see it!" The main army did rout the rebels. Interrogating prisoners afterward, they said that when Peixiu died the rebels never got the grain, and that he had taken twenty-one wounds. Earlier the seven prisoners Chong had freed had all returned to custody and reported how he had died, saying, "We did not fail Clerk Liang!" At that, all seven were pardoned.

曾艾，字虎卿，湖南新化人。嘗割左臂療父疾。以例貢考授州同，發江西，署安福等縣。艾夙爲嘉勇貝子福康安所知。辰州苗變，隨福康安軍令守麥地汛，從克諸砦有功。嘉慶元年，補貴州永豐州分防州同。州隸南籠，故苗地。州同駐冊亨，在萬山中，尤險遠難治。艾督各砦守本業，民、夷悉安。二年，遣人迎眷口，甫至，而南籠仲苗七柳須等遽叛。艾聞警，約駐防把總外委堅守，並諭四鄕亭目，招集良苗，繕城治械，令出肅然。賊至，部分守禦，自出城奮撃，往來策應。城中婦女，亦改裝登埤。相持半月，援兵卒不至。賊衆數万，圍益急，手發矢斃執旗賊魁。北門火起，率隊趨救，還賊城西隅，巷戰，中槍死。僕九人從死，兩妾聞訊皆自刎。次子爲其戚攜出，號泣曰：「吾父母皆死，何以生爲？」賊尾及之，亦中槍而殞。事聞，皆予卹。改南籠爲興義府，永豐爲貞豐州。

Zeng Ai, styled Hujing, was a native of Xinhua in Hunan. He once cut flesh from his left arm to treat his father's illness. After passing the routine tribute graduate examination he was appointed a department vice-director, posted to Jiangxi, and served as acting magistrate of Anfu and other counties. Ai had long been known to the valiant Prince Fukang'an. During the Chenzhou Miao rebellion he followed Fukang'an's orders to hold the Maidi post and won merit in the capture of several stockades. In the first year of Jiaqing he was appointed sub-garrison department vice-director of Yongfeng Prefecture in Guizhou. The prefecture was subordinate to Nanlong and lay in former Miao country. The vice-director was stationed at Ceheng, deep in the mountains—a place especially remote, perilous, and hard to govern. Ai saw that each stockade kept to its proper livelihood, and both Han and Yi were fully pacified. In the second year he sent for his family. They had just arrived when the Zhong Miao of Nanlong, led by Qi Liuxu and others, suddenly rose in rebellion. When Ai heard the alarm, he ordered the garrison corporal and outside clerk to hold firm, instructed the native chiefs of the four townships, gathered loyal Miao, repaired the walls, and prepared weapons. His orders were obeyed at once. When the rebels arrived he deployed the defense, rode out of the city to fight, and moved back and forth coordinating the response. Even the women of the city changed dress and took their places on the ramparts. The siege lasted half a month, but relief never came. The rebel force numbered in the tens of thousands and the siege tightened daily. Ai personally shot and killed the rebel chief who carried the standard. When fire broke out at the north gate he led a squad to the rescue, then fought the rebels in the alleys at the city's west corner, where he was shot and killed. Nine servants died with him. His two concubines, hearing the news, both took their own lives. His second son was carried off by a kinsman, weeping, "Both my parents are dead—what reason have I to live?" Rebels pursued and caught up with him. He too was shot and killed. When word reached the court, posthumous honors were granted to them all. Nanlong was redesignated Xingyi Prefecture, and Yongfeng was redesignated Zhenfeng Prefecture.

艾同族彰泗，字孔林。以拔貢生朝考用知縣，發陝西，授延川縣。嘉慶十年，權洋縣。時教匪被剿勢衰，以終南山爲窟穴，搜捕不易。朝議改五通通判爲同知，添設寧陝鎭總兵，募兵六千，改十大營鎭之，而以積年立功無業可歸之鄕勇充伍。以善後計，名曰「新兵」。新兵素難禦，司儲者又誤扣米折，於是陳先倫、陳達順等於十一年二月作亂，戕官，連破營城十九處，偪洋縣，彰泗拒守七晝夜，援兵阻河不能至，城陷，彰泗死之。民保其眷屬潛出，故不及於難。

Ai's clansman Zhangsi, styled Konglin. After passing the selected tribute graduate court examination he was appointed a magistrate, posted to Shaanxi, and assigned to Yan'an County. In the tenth year of Jiaqing he served as acting magistrate of Yang County. By then the White Lotus rebels, hard pressed by suppression, had lost momentum and made the Zhongnan Mountains their lair, where they were difficult to hunt down. The court decided to promote five tong sub-prefects to department vice-directors, establish a Ningshan Garrison general, recruit six thousand troops, reorganize ten major camps under his command, and fill the ranks with veteran militiamen who had no livelihood to return to. As a postwar settlement measure, they were called the "New Troops." The New Troops had always been hard to control, and the grain storekeeper had wrongly deducted their rice allowances. In the second month of the eleventh year Chen Xianlun, Chen Dashun, and others rose in revolt, killed officials, and in succession overran nineteen garrison towns, pressing on Yang County. Zhangsi held out for seven days and nights, but relief was blocked by the river and never came. The city fell, and Zhangsi died in its defense. Local people smuggled his family out in secret, so they escaped harm.

羅江泰，字靜波，浙江黃岩人。家貧，習賈。去賈投營，由外委歴擢游撃，皆在浙；由參將至副將在閩，總兵又在浙。前後與提督李長庚相左右，而在閩功特顯。長庚鋭意剿海寇蔡牽，專意外洋，凡閫内事均以屬江泰。賊船髙大，官軍仰攻失利，檄江泰造霆艇。艇成，陵賊船，賊大困，南走福建。江泰於白犬洋、四礵嶼、頭東各役倶有功，護海壇總兵。遂赴南洋，合金門總兵何定江截牽去路，橫撃於銅山，追至浮鷹洋。賊衝礁走，匿山上。江泰搜山，擒賊目王硃，又焚賊船於仰月橫山，賊皆墮水死。在閩逾年，凡十撃賊，號「敢死軍」。賊見江泰軍，輒引去。擢總兵，鎭金門。九年，移鎭定海。是時牽南竄台灣，長庚正總閩、浙水軍，同心戮力，誓殺牽。十年九月，牽船泊道頭，忽遁去。江泰從甌洋會八總兵追之，至盡山，失牽所在。黑雲起海上，亟令移港，風驟至，白波山立，群舟相撃觸，頃刻破碎。江泰大船帆重不可下，下及尺，船遽不知所終。朝命沿海各省探訪，久之無得者，葬衣冠黃岩。

Luo Jiangtai, styled Jingbo, was a native of Huangyan in Zhejiang. Born poor, he took up trade. He left trade for the army and rose from outside clerk to brigade commander, all in Zhejiang; from regimental commander to deputy general in Fujian, and back to major general in Zhejiang. He served alongside Admiral Li Changgeng throughout, but his achievements in Fujian were especially notable. Changgeng was determined to destroy the pirate Cai Qian and focused on the open sea, entrusting all coastal affairs within the circuit to Jiangtai. The pirate ships towered over the fleet, and government forces attacking from below were repeatedly beaten. Jiangtai was ordered to build thunder boats. When the boats were ready, they overwhelmed the pirate fleet. Hard pressed, the pirates fled south toward Fujian. Jiangtai distinguished himself at Baitian Sea, Sisong Isle, and Toudong, and served as acting major general of Haitan. He then sailed to the southern seas, joined Jinmen Major General He Dingjiang to cut off Cai Qian's escape, struck across at Tongshan, and pursued him to Fuying Sea. The pirates ran their ships onto the reef and fled, hiding in the mountains. Jiangtai searched the hills, captured the pirate leader Wang Zhu, burned the enemy fleet at Yangyue Hengshan, and the pirates all drowned. He spent more than a year in Fujian, fought bandits ten times in all, and his force was known as the "Death-Defying Army." Whenever bandits sighted Jiangtai's troops, they withdrew. He was promoted to major general and given command at Jinmen. In the ninth year he was transferred to garrison Dinghai. At this time Cai Qian fled south to Taiwan. Changgeng commanded the Fujian and Zhejiang fleets; with one heart and one purpose they swore to destroy him. In the ninth month of the tenth year, Qian's fleet anchored at Daotou, then suddenly slipped away. Jiangtai joined eight major generals from Ouyang in pursuit, reached Jinshan, and lost Qian's trail. Black clouds gathered at sea. He urgently ordered the fleet into harbor, but wind struck suddenly; white breakers towered like hills, the ships collided, and were shattered in moments. Jiangtai's flagship had sails too heavy to reef. Before they could be lowered even a foot, the vessel vanished without a trace. The court ordered the coastal provinces to search for him. After a long search with no result, hat and robes were buried at Huangyan.

霍永淸，字肇元，廣東南海人，居瀾石鄕。膂力絶人。嘉慶十四年，海氛未靖，大吏行封港策，海賊無所得食，相率蹂躪傍海各鄕，漸入内地，所過焚掠，怯懦者遂以款賊爲得計。八月，賊聯數十艘由陳邨、平洲、小圃直抵瀾石，衆議款之，永淸曰：「彼恃舟楫爲利，今深入重地，自取死耳。好男子從我殺賊，何爲低首求免乎？」主款者陽受約，賊至，從壁上觀。永淸獨率鄕勇堵禦，相持一日夜，賊稍卻。明日，督勇再戰，而款賊者導賊從邨後掩入，腹背受敵，力不支，中砲僕地，左右五人並死之。鄕人以永淸以死勤事，建祠祀之，名祠曰愍義。

Huo Yongqing, styled Zhaoyuan, was from Nanhai, Guangdong, and lived in Lanshi Township. His strength was extraordinary. In the fourteenth year of Jiaqing the seas were still unsettled. High officials closed the ports; deprived of supplies, pirates swept through coastal villages and pushed inland, burning and looting wherever they went. The timid began to think buying them off was the prudent choice. In the eighth month dozens of pirate ships linked up and came straight to Lanshi from Chen Village, Pingzhou, and Xiaopu. The people debated paying tribute. Yongqing said, "They rely on their boats; now they have penetrated deep into our territory and court death. Will good men follow me and kill these bandits? Why bow your heads and beg for your lives? Those who favored appeasement pretended to agree; when the bandits arrived, they watched from the walls. Yongqing alone led local militia to block them. After a day and a night of fighting the bandits fell back slightly. The next day he led the militia into battle again, but those who had colluded with the bandits guided them in from behind the village. Caught between two fronts, he could not hold out. Struck by cannon fire he fell, and five men at his side died with him. Because Yongqing had died in service, the township built a shrine to honor him and named it Minyi, "Compassion for Righteousness."

強克捷，陝西韓城人。嘉慶十三年進士，即用知縣，發河南，補滑縣。十八年九月，教匪李文成謀亂，期十五日與伏京城賊林淸中外同起事。克捷初蒞滑，有退吏某方訟系，爲白其誣出之。吏诇文成等逆謀，告克捷，歴申於守，不應。初六日，突執文成，嚴詰謀叛狀，笞斷其脛，及黨二十四人，鐍之獄。夜半，其黨牛亮臣突劫文成出，攻某吏，屠其家，踞城以叛，克捷及家屬倶死之。後文成焚死輝縣，林淸伏誅京城，詔：「克捷首先訪獲逆黨，俾二逆失約敗謀，後先授首，實屬功在社稷。」優恤，諡忠烈，祀京師昭忠祠。於韓城、滑縣皆建專祠，與難者均予附祀。並以前大學士王杰同隸韓城，士風淳茂，永廣文武學額各五名。

Qiang Kejie was from Hancheng, Shaanxi. A jinshi of the thirteenth year of Jiaqing, he was immediately appointed magistrate, sent to Henan, and posted to Huaxian. In the ninth month of the eighteenth year the sect rebel Li Wencheng plotted rebellion, setting the fifteenth day for a coordinated rising inside and outside the capital with Lin Qing's hidden forces in Beijing. When Kejie first took office at Huaxian, a dismissed clerk surnamed Fang was held on a lawsuit. Kejie cleared the false charges and released him. The clerk discovered Wencheng's treasonous plot, reported it to Kejie, and repeatedly appealed to the prefect, who ignored him. On the sixth he suddenly seized Wencheng, interrogated him sternly about the rebellion, flogged him until his shins were broken, and imprisoned him with twenty-four accomplices. At midnight his follower Niu Liangchen stormed the jail and freed Wencheng, attacked Clerk Fang, slaughtered his household, seized the city in revolt, and Kejie and his family were all killed. Later Wencheng was burned to death at Huixian and Lin Qing was executed in the capital. An edict declared: "Kejie was first to uncover and capture the rebels, causing the two traitors to miss their rendezvous and wrecking their plot. Both eventually lost their heads. His service to the state was real. He received exceptional posthumous honors, the title Zhonglie, "Loyal and Fierce," and enshrinement in the Zhaozhong Shrine in the capital. Special shrines were erected in Hancheng and Huaxian, and all who died in the uprising were granted attendant enshrinement. Because the former Grand Secretary Wang Jie was also from Hancheng and local culture was upright and flourishing, the civil and military examination quotas were permanently increased by five each.

在城者老岸鎭巡檢劉斌、教諭呂秉鈞、典史陳實勳同時預難；把總戚明彰以拒賊陣亡：均闔門殉節。逆黨赴硃邨説降，諸生硃繼連不屈，率邨人戰歿。滑縣變作，黨徐安國起長垣，知縣趙綸；又黨朱成貴起曹縣，知縣姚國旃；陷定陶，知縣賀德瀚：均死之。

Those who died in the city at the same time were La'an Town Inspector Liu Bin, Instructor Lu Bingjun, and Registrar Chen Shixun; Sergeant Qi Mingzhang fell fighting the rebels: all their households died together in martyrdom. Rebels came to Zhu Village to demand surrender. The licentiate Zhu Jilian refused and led the villagers to fight to the death. When Huaxian rose in revolt, the rebel Xu Anguo seized Changyuan; Magistrate Zhao Lun; Rebel Zhu Chenggui seized Caoxian; Magistrate Yao Guochan; Dingtao fell; Magistrate He Dehan: all were killed.

綸，浙江錢塘人。國旃，安徽歙縣人。林淸將爲亂，金鄕縣令廉知其謀，即羽檄各縣，皆不之信。國旃以幕友呉星萃力陳利害，乃爲緝捕計。以吏役多通賊，故賊攻縣治，急求星萃甘心，先國旃攢刺數十創死。

Lun was from Qiantang, Zhejiang. Guochan was from Shexian, Anhui. When Lin Qing was preparing rebellion, Jinxiang Magistrate Lian learned of the plot and immediately sent urgent dispatches to neighboring counties, but none believed him. After his secretary Wu Xingcui forcefully explained the danger, Guochan began planning arrests. Because many yamen staff colluded with the rebels, when they attacked the county seat they sought Xingcui above all. Guochan was stabbed dozens of times and died first.

德瀚，長沙寧鄕人。事急，令家丁賚印赴府告變，幕友硃樹堂等皆死於難。在籍洙泗學院學録孔毓俊等則率鄕勇助官勦賊，戰死奮義邨。

Dehan was from Ningxiang, Changsha. As the crisis mounted he sent a servant with the official seal to alert the prefecture. His secretaries Zhu Shutang and others all died in the fighting. Kong Yujun, registrar of the Zhush Academy on leave, and others led local militia to help suppress the rebels and died fighting at Fenyi Village.

林淸果於九月十五日率逆黨持械闌入禁城，頭等侍衞那倫應値太和門，聞警趨入，有勸其緩行者，不聽，曰：「國家世臣，當此等事，敢不急趨所守耶？」至熙和門，門閉，賊蜂至，被戕。那倫者，前太傅明珠後也。

On the fifteenth day of the ninth month Lin Qing indeed led armed rebels into the Forbidden City. First-rank bodyguard Nalun was on duty at the Gate of Supreme Harmony. Hearing the alarm he rushed in. Some urged caution, but he refused and said, "I am a hereditary servant of the dynasty. At such a moment, how dare I not hurry to my post? At the Gate of Conciliation and Harmony the gate was shut. Rebels swarmed upon him and he was killed. Nalun was a descendant of the former Grand Tutor Mingzhu.

宗室奕湄，鑲藍旗人。由筆帖式累擢至内閣侍讀學士。道光四年，命以頭等侍衞爲和闐辦事大臣。六年七月，回部逆裔張格爾入卡滋事，勾結喀什噶爾回衆爲内應。帝以和闐附近，命加意嚴防。八月，賊分擾葉爾羌，命揚威將軍大學士長齡帶兵往剿，取道和闐，奕湄派緑營弁兵前往策應，諭奕湄：「隨時査探彼處實在情形，如葉爾羌現在被圍，當令迅速相機前進，仍嚴防後路，毋墮賊計。否則即留兵和闐防堵，以壯聲威。」旋以葉爾羌失守，賊四出滋擾，奕湄仍回和闐駐守。賊偪城下，援兵未至，城兵僅八十餘名，奕湄晝夜嚴防，力竭城陷，死之。幫辦大臣桂斌同與於難。

Yimei of the imperial clan, of the Bordered Blue Banner. Starting as a clerk, he rose through repeated promotions to Reader of the Grand Secretariat. In the fourth year of Daoguang he was appointed Commissioner in Khotan with the rank of first-class bodyguard. In the seventh month of the sixth year the rebel descendant Jahangir crossed the pass to make trouble, colluding with Kashgar Muslims as inside allies. Because Khotan lay nearby, the Emperor ordered extra vigilance. In the eighth month rebels spread to harass Yarkand. The Emperor ordered Grand Secretary Changling, General-in-Chief, to lead troops against them by way of Khotan. Yimei sent Green Standard officers and men to support him. The Emperor instructed Yimei: "Keep constant watch on conditions there. If Yarkand is besieged, order a swift advance as circumstances allow, but guard the rear and do not fall into rebel traps. Otherwise keep troops at Khotan to hold the line and show strength. Soon Yarkand fell. Rebels spread in all directions, and Yimei returned to hold Khotan. Rebels pressed the walls. Reinforcements had not arrived; the garrison numbered barely eighty men. Yimei defended day and night until strength failed, the city fell, and he died. Assistant Commissioner Guibin died in the same disaster.

景興，李佳氏，滿洲鑲紅旗人，駐防伊犁。官佐領。嘉慶二十五年，喀什噶爾卡倫外布魯特滋事，伊犁將軍慶祥以景興熟悉回情，奏派馳往査看。經參贊大臣永芹奏留署協領事。道光六年六月，張格爾复率布魯特滋事，慶祥又令馳往偵訪，設法進剿。旋與七品伯克帕塔爾生擒奇比勒迪之子侄，縛解來城，伏誅。又探得張格爾與從前滋事汰劣克一處居住，即乘其未備，剿殺逆回百餘名，生擒楚滿一名。奏入，帝嘉之。是年八月，喀什噶爾城陷，與防禦佟善等皆力戰陣亡。喀什噶爾城圍攻兩月有餘，以城中回匪響應，穴地道而進，遂致不守。

Jingxing, of the Li clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Red Banner, stationed at Ili. He held the rank of company commander. In the twenty-fifth year of Jiaqing the Kirghiz beyond the Kashgar pass made trouble. Ili General Qingxiang, finding Jingxing familiar with Muslim affairs, memorialized to send him to investigate. Assistant Grand Minister Yongqin memorialized to keep him as acting assistant company commander. In the sixth month of the sixth year of Daoguang Jahangir again led the Kirghiz in rebellion. Qingxiang again ordered him to reconnoiter and find a way to attack. Soon, with the seventh-rank beg Qibat'er, he captured alive the sons and nephews of Qibiledi, sent them bound to the city, and they were executed. He also learned that Jahangir was living where the former rebel Tailieike had stayed. Striking before they were ready, he killed more than a hundred rebel Muslims and captured one Chuman alive. When the report reached court, the Emperor praised him. That eighth month Kashgar fell. He, Garrison Commander Tongshan, and others fought to the death. Kashgar was besieged for more than two months. Rebel Muslims inside responded, tunneling in until the city could no longer be held.

文員則七品小京官銜陳孝寬，以戍員派辦文案在城，與巡檢陳天錫、未入流陳德隆均死之。

Among civil officials, Chen Xiaokuan, a seventh-rank metropolitan official on exile duty handling documents in the city, along with Inspector Chen Tianxi and the unpaid clerk Chen Delong, all died.

王鼎銘，字新之，山東嶧縣人。由廩貢官中書，除湖南新田知縣。道光九年蒞任，先投城隍廟，誓於神。治事甚勤。夏旱，跪禱烈日中，有應，以是得民心。十二年正月，江華瑤匪趙金龍亂作，湖南提督海陵阿進剿。鼎銘慮煽邑瑤，即冒雪歩歴瑤棚戒諭。復召瑤長，曉以國法。與教官率紳士練鄕勇以守。突聞海陵阿等被戕池塘墟，即督衆禦賊。城外賊偪甚，將往諭賊，居民泣阻之。或報曰：「賊至！」城民驚竄，鼎銘朝服坐堂皇待之，書於幾曰：「仇我當殺我，勿傷我百姓。」指三尺練曰：「城亡，吾以此死。」以賊踪尚遠，徐之。近縣寧遠、桂陽民感鼎銘之能死守，集萬人請帶剿，於是四路同進。賊分隊出，斃之無算。越日，桂陽之臨泰、大富等鄕复集二萬人，鼎銘身先策馬出城南，誓大創之。賊突以槍砲抵拒，死甚衆。先是賊密約邑瑤供送藥丸，瑤未肯負鼎銘，不與。賊乘夜脅取，故火器复烈。衆潰，鼎銘殿後，賊追至，大肆殺戮。鼎銘四顧慟曰：「奈何殺我百姓？」中砲落馬，剜兩目，身首異地。邑人得而攢之，越九十二日始改斂，面如生。

Wang Dingming, styled Xinzhi, was from Yixian, Shandong. Through senior licentiate status he became a Secretariat secretary, then was appointed magistrate of Xintian in Hunan. In the ninth year of Daoguang he took office, first visiting the City God Temple to swear an oath before the deity. He governed with exceptional diligence. During a summer drought he knelt praying in the blazing sun. Rain came, and by this he won the people's trust. In the first month of the twelfth year the Yao rebel Zhao Jinlong of Jianghua rose in revolt. Hunan Provincial Commander Hailing'a marched to suppress him. Fearing the local Yao would be stirred up, Dingming trudged through snow on foot, visiting Yao settlements to warn them. He summoned Yao headmen again and explained the law of the land. With the education officer he led the gentry in drilling local militia for defense. Suddenly word came that Hailing'a and others had been killed at Chitangxu. Dingming immediately led the people to resist the rebels. Rebels pressed close outside the walls. He was about to go out to reason with them, but the townspeople wept and blocked his path. Someone shouted, "The rebels are coming! The townspeople fled in panic. Dingming, in court dress, sat in the hall awaiting them and wrote on his desk: "If you hate me, kill me—do not harm my people. Pointing to a three-foot length of white silk he said, "If the city falls, I die by this. The rebels were still distant, so he waited. People in neighboring Ningyuan and Guiyang, moved by Dingming's steadfast defense, gathered ten thousand men and asked to lead them against the rebels. Four columns then advanced together. The rebels came out in separate bands and were cut down in countless numbers. The next day Lintai, Dafu, and other townships in Guiyang mustered twenty thousand more. Dingming led from the front, riding out the south gate and vowing a crushing victory. The rebels suddenly met them with muskets and cannon. Casualties were heavy. Earlier the rebels had secretly asked local Yao to supply gunpowder. The Yao, unwilling to betray Dingming, refused. The rebels seized it by force at night, and their firepower grew fierce again. The force broke. Dingming covered the retreat. The rebels pursued and slaughtered freely. Dingming looked around in anguish and cried, "Why kill my people? Struck by cannon fire he fell from his horse. His eyes were gouged out; body and head lay apart. The townspeople recovered and assembled his remains. Only after ninety-two days could he be properly buried; his face looked as if he were still alive.

鼎銘殿後時，馬蹶，邑武生鄭奇光以所乘馬授之，鼎銘不可，強扶而上，鞭馬使疾馳。回身舞刀捍賊，受重創，死之。

As Dingming covered the retreat his horse stumbled. Local military licentiate Zheng Qiguang offered his own mount. Dingming refused, but was forced onto it and whipped the horse away at speed. Zheng turned back, swinging his blade to hold off the rebels, took grave wounds, and died.

呂志恆，江蘇陽湖人。由監生捐縣丞，發福建，累擢至台灣府知府。道光十二年，嘉義縣賊匪張丙等糾衆滋事，焚掠各莊，志恆率署知縣邵用之分路剿捕，用之行至店仔口被戕。志恆复帶兵撃賊於大排竹，以衆寡不敵遇害。先是逆匪輒以貪官汙吏妄殺無辜爲詞，帝疑有激變事，下福州將軍瑚松額等査奏無據，如例予卹。

Lu Zhiheng was from Yanghu, Jiangsu. Through purchased student status he became an assistant magistrate, was sent to Fujian, and rose to prefect of Taiwan Prefecture. In the twelfth year of Daoguang the bandits Zhang Bing and others in Jiayi County gathered followers, burned and looted villages. Zhiheng led Acting Magistrate Shao Yongfen on separate routes to suppress them. Yongfen was killed at Dianzai Pass on the way. Zhiheng again led troops against the rebels at Dapaizhu; hopelessly outnumbered, he was killed in the fight. The rebels had long claimed they were provoked by corrupt officials who killed innocents at will; the Emperor wondered whether outrage had sparked the violence and ordered Fuzhou General Husong'e to investigate. Finding no evidence, the court granted the usual posthumous honors.

方振聲，順天大興人。由供事選授福建巡檢，升嘉義縣鬥六門縣丞。賊逼鬥六門，振聲樹柵濬渠，率兵勇防堵。賊首黃城率匪黨攻撲，與署守備馬歩衢等協力守禦。賊夤夜縱火，蜂擁入柵，振聲持刀巷戰，戮數賊，力竭遇害。幕友沈志勇等同死之。妻女皆被戕甚慘。歩衢與把總陳玉威亦同時陣歿。

Fang Zhensheng was from Daxing in the Shuntian metropolitan district. Starting as a clerk, he was selected as a Fujian sub-prefect and later promoted to assistant magistrate of Douliumen in Jiayi County. When rebels threatened Douliumen, Zhensheng threw up palisades, cleared ditches, and led militia to hold the line. Bandit leader Huang Cheng led his followers in attack; Zhensheng and Acting Garrison Commander Ma Buqu and others defended together. The rebels fired the palisade at night and poured in; Zhensheng fought street by street, killed several, and fell when his strength gave out. His secretary Shen Zhiyong and others died with him. His wife and daughters were killed with appalling brutality. Buqu and Platoon Commander Chen Yuwei also died in battle at the same time.

楊延亮，字菊泉，湖南長沙人。嘉慶十六年，舉鄕試第一，成進士，用知縣，發山西。道光元年，補趙城縣。十五年，推升雲南南安州知州。時趙城有奸民曹順，以治病爲名，傳習先天教，與其黨謀爲不軌。斂錢造械，約八月分往平陽府、霍州、洪洞縣同時起事。三月，延亮尚未謝趙城任，偵得其狀，即飭兵役緝之。賊知謀洩，即糾黨潛入城，夤夜放獄囚，焚縣治，延亮死之，母妻子女及幕友楊成鼎同時遇害。事聞，詔用強克捷例予卹，特諡昭節。

Yang Yanliang, who styled himself Juquan, was from Changsha in Hunan. In the sixteenth year of Jiaqing he topped the provincial examinations, passed the palace exam, was appointed magistrate, and was posted to Shanxi. In the first year of Daoguang he took up Zhaocheng County. In the fifteenth year he was promoted to prefect of Nan'an in Yunnan. In Zhaocheng a scoundrel named Cao Shun preached the Primordial Heaven sect under cover of healing and plotted rebellion with his followers. They raised funds and forged arms, planning a simultaneous rising in the eighth month at Pingyang, Huozhou, and Hongtong. In the third month, before he had left Zhaocheng, Yanliang uncovered the plot and immediately ordered troops to seize the conspirators. When the rebels learned the plot was exposed, they slipped into the city, freed prisoners by night, and burned the magistrate's office; Yanliang was killed, and his mother, wife, children, and secretary Yang Chengding died with him. When word reached the court, posthumous honors were granted on the precedent of Qiang Kejie, with the posthumous title Zhaojie.

師長治，字理齋，韓城人。由舉人捐内閣中書，改知縣，選浙江上虞。道光二十一年，再選湖北崇陽，蒞任甫百日而及於難。先是，縣胥役催徴錢漕，久爲鄕民害。生員鍾人傑、金太和等起而包輸納，不數年皆驟富，與縣胥分黨角立。前令折錦元憒不治事，一惟胥役所爲，致兩次閧漕。援巡撫伍長華批牘「漕石加徴一斗」語制扁送縣，毀差房。武昌知府明俊務調停姑息，於是奸民日肆。錦元旋劾罷，以金雲門權縣事，擒太和置武昌獄，勢少戢。

Shi Changzhi, who styled himself Lizhai, was from Hancheng. A provincial graduate, he purchased appointment as Secretariat Drafter, then transferred to the magistracy and was posted to Shangyu in Zhejiang. In the twenty-first year of Daoguang he was posted to Chongyang in Hubei; barely a hundred days after taking office, he met disaster. For years the county clerks who collected taxes and grain dues had oppressed the countryside. Students Zhong Renjie and Jin Taihe and others monopolized tax collection; within years they grew rich and split into factions against the county clerks. The previous magistrate Zhe Jinyuan was indolent and let the clerks run everything, which led to two grain-transport riots. Citing Governor Wu Changhua's endorsement of an extra dou per grain stone, they posted placards in the county and wrecked the tax collectors' offices. Wuchang Prefect Ming Jun only mediated and indulged them, and the troublemakers grew bolder by the day. Jinyuan was soon impeached and dismissed; Jin Yunmen took charge of the county, Taihe was arrested and jailed at Wuchang, and unrest eased somewhat.

其年九月，長治至，人傑聞上游檄捕急，疑其仇生員蔡紹勳所譖，糾黨數百人篡取之。至則紹勳遁入城，躡追抵城，門閉，内外鼎沸。長治登城諭，不退，持竟夜，質明，人益衆。逾缺入，大索紹勳，不得，迫長治申狀，言紹勳作亂，人傑倡義捕反者，並請釋太和。時明俊以事至蒲圻，距崇陽一日程，長治先期遣長子懷印潛出，請明俊蒞縣鎭撫，而明俊急返武昌。衆益張，長治罵不屈，遂遇害。妾呉氏及侄女皆自經。家丁曹彬被殺。時十二月十二日也。

In the ninth month Changzhi arrived; Renjie heard urgent orders for his arrest and suspected his enemy, student Cai Shaoxun, had informed on him; he rallied hundreds of followers and seized Cai by force. Shaoxun fled into the city; the mob pursued to the gates, which were shut, and chaos erupted inside and out. Changzhi mounted the wall to reason with them, but they would not disperse; the standoff lasted all night, and at dawn the crowd swelled. They poured through a breach, hunted for Shaoxun in vain, and forced Changzhi to file a report claiming Shaoxun had rebelled, that Renjie had raised loyal forces to seize traitors, and demanding Taihe's release. Ming Jun was at Puqi on business, a day's march away; Changzhi had secretly sent his eldest son Huaiyin out with the seal to beg Ming Jun to come and restore order, but Ming Jun rushed back to Wuchang instead. The mob grew bolder; Changzhi cursed them and refused to yield, and they killed him. His concubine Lady Wu and his niece took their own lives. His servant Cao Bin was killed. It happened on the twelfth day of the twelfth month.

人傑以長治始至，無可歸罪，乃槥斂而哭祭之，言己以報仇倉卒，誤戕良吏，事不獲已，遂據城叛。脅衆逾萬，陷旁近數縣。明年正月，人傑等伏誅，卹世職。弟長鑣，官參將。於咸豐七年，援剿安徽，與賊戰婺源之橫槎，陣亡。

Renjie, finding no one else to blame since Changzhi had just arrived, coffined him and wept, claiming he had killed a good official in the heat of revenge, that events had spiraled beyond control, and then seized the city in open rebellion. He rallied more than ten thousand men and overran several neighboring counties. In the first month of the following year Renjie and his followers were executed, and hereditary honors were granted to Changzhi's family. His younger brother Changbiao served as a colonel. In the seventh year of Xianfeng, while aiding operations in Anhui, he fought rebels at Hengcha in Wuyuan and died in battle.

王光宇，字溥泉，興寧人。以未入流分湖北，歴權典史、巡檢事，治盜有聲，補崇陽典史。變作，衣冠自經死。

Wang Guangyu, who styled himself Puquan, was from Xingning. Posted to Hubei in the lowest clerical rank, he served acting terms as archivist and sub-prefect, gained fame for fighting bandits, and was appointed archivist of Chongyang. When the uprising broke out, he dressed in official robes and hanged himself.

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