1
列傳二百七十七
Biographies 277
2
忠義四
Loyalty and Righteousness, Part Four
3
張錫嶸王東槐曹楙堅等周玉衡王本梧陳宗元
Zhang Ximin, Wang Donghuai, Cao Maojian, and others; Zhou Yuheng, Wang Benwu, and Chen Zongyuan
4
明善覺羅豫立世焜徐榮許上達等郭沛霖王培榮
Mingshan, Aisin Gioro Yuli, Shikunkui, Xu Rong, Xu Shangda, and others; Guo Peilin and Wang Peirong
5
硃鈞錢貴升徐曾庾蕭翰慶黃輔相福格等
Zhu Jun, Qian Guisheng, Xu Zengyu, Xiao Hanqing, Huang Fuxiang, Fuge, and others
6
孔昭慈徐曉峰袁績懋楊夢岩鄧子垣羅萱
Kong Zhaoci, Xu Xiaofeng, Yuan Jimao, Yang Mengyan, Deng Ziyuan, and Luo Xuan
7
侯雲登黃鼎陳源兗瑞春鄂爾霍巴許承岳潘錦芳
Hou Yundeng, Huang Ding, Chen Yuanchong, Ruichun, Erheba, Xu Chengyue, and Pan Jinfang
8
廖宗元劉體舒李慶福等李保衡徐海等淡樹琪
Liao Zongyuan, Liu Tishu, Li Qingfu, and others; Li Baoheng, Xu Hai, and others; Dan Shuqi
9
褚汝航陳輝龍夏鑾儲玫躬李杏春硃善寶
Chu Ruhang, Chen Huilong, Xia Luan, Chu Wengong, Li Xingchun, and Zhu Shanbao
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莊裕崧萬年新易舉等
Zhuang Yusong, Wan Nianxin, Yi Ju, and others
11
張錫嶸，字敬堂，安徽靈壁人。 咸豐三年進士，選庶吉士。 四年，安徽巡撫袁甲三奏請總辦靈壁團練，授編修，記名御史。 十年，命視學滇南。 時回匪作亂，府縣多為賊踞。 或勸乞疾，錫嶸毅然曰：「吾奉命之官，寧避賊耶？」 叱馭不顧，竟到滇。 省城被圍，幫辦防務。 以丁母憂回籍。
Zhang Ximin, whose style name was Jingtang, came from Lingbi in Anhui. In 1853 he became a jinshi and entered the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor. The next year Yuan Jiasan, governor of Anhui, asked that he organize militia in Lingbi; he was made a Hanlin compiler and marked for eventual appointment as a censor. In 1860 he was assigned to inspect education in Yunnan. Hui rebels were then in rebellion, and bandits held much of the province. When others advised him to request leave on grounds of illness, he answered resolutely: "I hold an appointment from the throne. Shall I shrink from rebels?" He ordered his carriage on and, heedless of danger, reached Yunnan. After the provincial capital came under siege, he helped manage its defense. He later went home to mourn his mother.
12
曾國籓之徵捻也，駐軍臨淮，所部湘勇遣撤殆盡，僅存劉松山老湘營萬人，餘悉倚淮軍辦賊。 淮軍新建平吳功，將領多自矜。 國籓欲於淮北別募新營，使異軍蒼頭特起，備西北之用，而置將久難其選。 值錫嶸服闋來謁，國籓大喜，密疏奏保治軍濠上，謂其誦法儒先，堅忍耐苦，足勝將帥之任。 檄募敬字三營，隨湘軍戰守。 時湖團有通捻者，國籓下令遷徙，錫嶸分別良莠，聯絡義圩。 又以災賑日行泥淖中，圩民得蘇。
During Zeng Guofan's campaign against the Nian, his headquarters lay at Linhuai. Most of his Hunan troops had been withdrawn, leaving only Liu Songshan's ten-thousand-man veteran Hunan corps; everything else depended on the newly formed Huai Army. The Huai Army had just earned glory suppressing the Taiping south, and its commanders were inclined to pride. Guofan wanted to recruit a fresh unit north of the Huai—common soldiers raised outside the old Hunan networks, fit for the northwest—but for years he could find no suitable leader. Ximin visited him as soon as his mourning ended. Guofan was delighted and secretly recommended him to command on the Hao, praising his Confucian discipline, endurance, and fitness for high command. Orders went out to raise three battalions under the Jingzi banner, to campaign with the Hunan forces. Some lakeside militia were aiding the Nian. When Guofan ordered them moved, Ximin sorted loyal communities from traitorous ones and knit the righteous stockades together. He trudged through mud daily to distribute relief, and the people of the stockades survived.
13
捻寇張總愚竄陝西，國籓調劉松山軍赴援，令錫嶸統三營與俱，至則解西安圍。 復與賊戰於城西雨花寨，獨率百餘人衝擊，陷入賊陣，被十餘創而殞，時同治六年正月初六日。 贈侍講學士，賞世職。
After the Nian leader Zhang Zongyu broke into Shaanxi, Guofan sent Liu Songshan west and had Ximin lead the three battalions with him. They relieved the siege of Xi'an. In another battle at Yuhuazhai west of the city he charged at the head of a hundred-odd men, plunged into the enemy ranks, took more than ten wounds, and was killed—on 30 January 1867. Posthumously he was made a Hanlin reader-in-waiting, with an hereditary privilege for his line.
14
初錫嶸居京時，日鈔書數十紙，雖盛暑不輟。 祿薄，日常一餐，無一介乞助於人。 著有孝經章句讀、硃子就正錄、孝經問答行於世。 陝西巡撫劉蓉奏錫嶸死事，言：「自到營以來，嘗著草履，與士卒同甘苦。 文學之臣，能堅苦自奮如此，臣實惜之！」 家極寒，國籓賻三千金養其孤，漕運總督吳棠刻其遺書。
In his Beijing years he copied dozens of pages a day, never pausing even in midsummer. His pay was scant. He often ate once a day and never begged the least favor from anyone. His works included commentaries on the Classic of Filial Piety, Zhu Xi's Corrections, and Questions on the Filial Classic, all of which circulated widely. Governor Liu Rong of Shaanxi reported his death, writing: "From the day he joined the camp he wore straw sandals and shared the soldiers' hardships. That a scholar could drive himself so—Your servant truly mourns him!" His household was destitute. Guofan sent three thousand taels for the orphan; Wu Tang, director of grain transport, published his remaining books.
15
王東槐，字廕之，山東滕縣人。 生穎異，父病危，命飢寒毋廢學。 居喪哀毀，母以遺言勉之，乃忍痛致力群經。 屢空，日與昆弟食一餅。 道光十八年，聯捷進士，改翰林，散館授檢討。 二十四年，轉江西道監察御史，奏劾山東玩盜官吏，得實，升戶科給事中。 時議開礦益帑藏，已允行，東槐敬陳列聖封禁成訓，謂：「開採者，上非良吏，下非良民，請緩其令。」 事竟寢。 巡視北城，王府役車，橫行中逵，懲治不貸。 廉獲巨猾曹七，治如律。
Wang Donghuai, style name Yinzhi, was from Teng County in Shandong. He was precocious as a boy. On his deathbed his father told him never to let hunger or cold interrupt his studies. He was shattered by grief in mourning. His mother, remembering his father's charge, pressed him to persevere, and he threw himself into the classics. Again and again the family went hungry; he and his brothers shared one flatbread a day. In 1838 he passed both the provincial and palace examinations, entered the Hanlin, and after his probation became a reviser. In 1844 he became a Jiangxi circuit censor, impeached Shandong officials who had failed against bandits, proved his case, and rose to supervising secretary of the Household Bureau. The court was about to open mines to fill the treasury. Donghuai cited the sage emperors' bans on mining: "Mining makes neither good magistrates above nor good subjects below. I beg that the order be delayed." The proposal was dropped. Inspecting the northern city, he punished without leniency the palace servants whose carts blocked the roads. He seized the notorious outlaw Cao Qi and dealt with him by law.
16
三十年，應文宗登極求言詔，奏言：「捐例一開，鹽商輒請捐數十萬，運庫墊發，分年扣還。 覈其虧短，都不堪問。 即如道光二十年兩淮清查案內，欠至四千三百餘萬，是鹽商捐輸者，掩耳盜鈴之術也。 又官員捐輸，現任居多，所捐之項即庫款，所虧之項即捐款。 上年山東虧至一百四十餘萬，江、浙更甚，是現任官之捐輸，剜肉補瘡之術也。 是事例不停，庫虧不止。 若開礦之舉，臣曾疏陳不便，順天已停，而湘、贛等省試辦，驚擾百姓，利害莫測，則尤愈趨愈下也。 查戶部歲入之數，四千四百餘萬，歲出之數，三千九百餘萬，經費本自餘裕。 督撫整理有方，寇盜不作，則耗財者去一； 邊防慎守，無生事以挑外患，則耗財者又去一； 河防得要，長流順軌，不使更添別款，則耗財者又去一； 州縣之官，斥貪墨，重清廉，陋規力裁，流攤永禁，則耗財者又去一。 去此四害，而又罷不急之工，減無益之費，量入為出，而財患不足者，未之有也。」 奉諭：「貴州仍令開採，餘省著督撫確查，果不便民，即奏停止。」 左都御史王廣廕舉東槐忠鯁，升內閣侍讀學士，旋授湖南衡州知府，陛辭，帝面諭云：「汝樸誠，故任外事。」 未至，升福建興泉永道。
In 1850, answering Wenzong's call for counsel on his accession, he wrote: "Once the sale of offices opens, salt merchants instantly offer hundreds of thousands. The transport treasury advances the money and recovers it over years. Audit the deficits and none of it will bear scrutiny. In the 1840 audit of the two Huai salt districts alone, arrears exceeded 43,000,000 taels—proof that salt merchants' 'donations' are the old trick of stealing the bell while stopping one's ears. Officials' donations are worse: serving officers give most often, yet what they 'give' is public money and what they owe is booked as virtue. Shandong's deficit last year passed 1,400,000 taels; Jiangsu and Zhejiang were worse. Donations by sitting officials are cutting flesh to patch a wound. While the sale of offices continues, the treasury will never be made whole. Mining, which I opposed before—halted in Shuntian but tried in Hunan, Jiangxi, and elsewhere, unsettling the people for uncertain gain—is another step downhill. The Board of Revenue reports income above 44,000,000 and spending below 40,000,000—on paper the state should be flush. If governors govern well and bandits stay quiet, one leak is stopped; if borders are held firm and no one provokes foreign war, another leak is stopped; if river control is sound and no new levies are piled on, another leak is stopped; if local magistrates reject graft, honor honesty, abolish customary squeeze, and end illegal surcharges, a fourth leak is stopped. Remove these four wastes, halt non-urgent projects, cut useless spending, and match outlay to income, and the treasury will not run dry. The throne replied: "Guizhou may continue mining; other provinces must investigate, and where mining harms the people, report and stop it immediately." Censor-in-chief Wang Guangyin praised his loyalty. He became a Grand Secretariat reader, then prefect of Hengzhou in Hunan. At his farewell audience the Emperor told him: "You are honest and plain; that is why I send you outside the capital." Before he could take up Hengzhou he was made intendant of Xing, Quan, and Yongchun in Fujian.
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廈門濱海，俗又敝，東槐刊硃子試吏泉漳勸俗文揭於衢，傳誦多感發。 屬縣蠹役、訟師，嚴鋤治，惟與學舍生徒講析道義，則溫然以和。 海上番估好違約放恣，東槐戒毋逾尺寸，為國全大體，尤人所難。 咸豐元年，調湖北鹽法道，未赴，署福建按察使。 舉行保甲法，竭八晝夜，剖汀州互訐之訟。 親歷南台、閩安各海口，相度形勢，於夷船往來之處設卡樓、築砲台、資防守。 並令澳嶼漁戶盡編保甲，以清盜源。
Xiamen was a coastal post with rough customs. Donghuai posted Zhu Xi's counsels for Quan-Zhang officials and essays on moral reform; people read them aloud and were moved. In the counties he ruthlessly uprooted venal clerks and litigation brokers, yet with academy students he discussed the Way in warm, easy tones. Foreign traders in port habitually broke contracts and acted arrogantly. Donghuai forbade the slightest excess in the name of the state's larger interest—something few could do. In 1851 he was named to Hubei's salt circuit but never went; he acted as Fujian's provincial judge. He enforced baojia registration and, working eight days and nights without rest, untangled Tingzhou's feuding lawsuits. He inspected Nantai, Min'an, and other harbors, studied the terrain, and built barrier towers and batteries where foreign vessels passed. He enrolled offshore fishing families in baojia to dry up piracy at its source.
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二年，抵鹽法道任，捐備軍需，優敘。 粵匪犯湖南省城，調防岳州，躬勵將帥，夜不解衣臥。 剿臨湘縣土匪，獲首逆楊兆勝等。 复奉調防蒲、通，丁母憂，奪情留武昌。 提督博勒恭武棄岳州，東槐請於巡撫常大淳，全調城外兵勇，亟發庫藏勵士氣，尚可嬰城固守。 巡撫吝賞，不能用。 城陷，東槐偕妻蕭氏對縊死之，其女投井死，卹世職，諡文直。 子四，均賜舉人。
In 1852 he took the salt post, donated military supplies, and earned commendation. When the Taiping rebels struck Changsha, he was sent to Yuezhou, rousing the officers in person and sleeping in his clothes. He suppressed bandits in Linxiang and seized the chief rebel Yang Zhaosheng and his fellows. Ordered next to Puqi and Tongcheng, he was mourning his mother yet kept at Wuchang by special dispensation. When Bolegongwu abandoned Yuezhou, Donghuai begged Governor Chang Dachun to gather every soldier outside the walls, open the treasury to hearten the troops, and hold the city. Chang was miserly with rewards and would not act. When the city fell, Donghuai and his wife Lady Xiao hanged themselves; their daughter drowned herself in a well. He received an hereditary office and the posthumous name Wen Zhi. Four sons survived, each granted juren status by imperial grace.
19
同與此難者：湖北按察使曹楙堅，江蘇吳縣人。 豪於詩。 道光十二年進士，改庶吉士，散館授主事，官科道時擒治妖道薛執中。 江蘇巡撫創議南漕改折，上疏力言其不便，事遂寢。 漢黃德道延志，武昌縣知縣何開泰。 延志，瓜爾佳氏，滿洲正紅旗人。 何開泰，字梅生，安徽鳳陽人。 道光三十年進士。
Others who died in the same catastrophe included Hubei judge Cao Maojian of Wu County, Jiangsu. He was a bold poet. A jinshi of 1832, he entered the Hanlin and later became a principal secretary; as a censor he seized the sorcerer Xue Zhizhong. When the Jiangsu governor proposed converting southern tribute grain to cash, Maojian protested so forcefully that the plan died. Also Yan Zhi, intendant of the Han-Huang-De circuit, and He Kaitai, magistrate of Wuchang County. Yan Zhi was a Gioro Bannerman of the Plain Red. He Kaitai, style name Meisheng, was from Fengyang in Anhui. He became a jinshi in 1850.
20
周玉衡，字器之，湖北荊門州人，本鍾祥王氏，依外祖週，遂從姓焉。 嘉慶十二年舉人，道光四年，大挑知縣，發江西。 署會昌、龍泉、大庾，除龍南，調贛縣。 又署寧都、新建，遷義寧知州。 湖北崇陽土匪滋事，以協防功擢知府。 二十五年，授南康，調贛州。 咸豐元年，粵匪起，又以防守毗連粵境地方功進道員。 二年，授吉南贛寧道。 時廣東土匪竄始興，玉衡飭守備任士魁等協剿，殲擒甚夥。 三年，剿泰和竄匪失利，坐褫職留任。 以克復萬安、泰和、搜捕龍泉等處餘匪，援剿廣東南雄、韶州勞，復職。
Zhou Yuheng, style name Qizhi, was from Jingmen in Hubei. Born a Wang of Zhongxiang, he took his maternal grandfather Zhou's surname. A provincial graduate in 1807, he was chosen in 1824 for a magistracy and sent to Jiangxi. He acted in Huichang, Longquan, and Dayu, was appointed to Longnan, then transferred to Gan County. He later acted in Ningdu and Xinjian and became prefect of Yining. Bandit trouble in Chongyang, Hubei, won him promotion to prefect for joint defense. In 1845 he took Nankang and was moved to Ganzhou. In 1851, when the Taiping rebellion began, his defense of the Guangdong frontier earned him promotion to circuit intendant. In 1852 he received the Ji-Nan-Gan intendant's post. When Guangdong bandits struck Shixing, Yuheng sent Ren Shikui and others to coordinate pursuit and killed or captured many. In 1853 he fought bandits in Taihe, suffered defeat, was stripped of rank but kept at his post. Recovering Wan'an and Taihe, clearing Longquan remnants, and aiding Nanxiong and Shaozhou in Guangdong won back his rank.
21
五年，擢按察使，總理吉安軍務。 時粵匪由湘入贛，連陷郡邑。 玉衡子江寧布政司理問恩慶適奉差至，遂捐貲募勇，率恩慶領兵三千餘分路進剿。 先後復安福、分宜。 攻萬載，賊眾二萬拒官軍，玉衡身先士卒，奮勇鏖戰，恩慶繼之，斬馘無數。 克萬載，軍威大振。 賊由間道竄吉安，急率兵馳救，歷數十戰，斬馘數千。 賊圍城月餘，糧盡，死守，援不至。 地雷發，城陷，猶巷戰，手刃數賊，死之。 恩慶亦遇害。
In 1855 he became provincial judge and oversaw military affairs at Ji'an. The rebels then poured into Jiangxi from Hunan, taking prefectures and counties one after another. His son Enqing, a Jiangning bureau director then on duty in the area, donated funds and raised troops. Father and son led more than three thousand men in separate columns against the rebels. They recovered Anfu and Fenyi in turn. At Wanzai twenty thousand rebels blocked the imperial forces. Yuheng charged at the head of the troops; Enqing followed. The slaughter was beyond counting. The capture of Wanzai sent the army's morale soaring. The rebels slipped into Ji'an by a back road. He raced to relieve the city, fought battle after battle, and killed thousands. For over a month the rebels besieged the city. Food ran out, yet the defenders held on until no help came. A mine blew open the walls. Fighting continued in the streets until he cut down several rebels and was killed. Enqing died as well.
22
玉衡起家牧令，長聽斷，勤緝捕，有循聲。 及身在戎行，與士卒同甘苦，故人思效命。 卒，年六十有六。 詔視布政使例賜卹，諡貞恪，賞世職，祠祀吉、南、贛三府。 子恩慶贈知州銜，賞世職，詔祀荊門。 穆宗御極，追念殉難諸臣，各賜祭一壇，玉衡與焉。 玉衡第四子炎，知府。 剿匪泰和，陣亡，贈太僕寺卿，亦賞世職。
Yuheng had begun as a district magistrate, famed for sound judgments and relentless pursuit of criminals. In camp he shared the soldiers' hardships, and men who knew him were glad to die in his service. He was sixty-six at his death. The throne granted condolence on the commissioner scale, the posthumous name Zhen Ke, an hereditary office, and temples in Ji'an, Nan'an, and Ganzhou. Enqing received a posthumous prefect's rank and an hereditary office, with rites at Jingmen. On Muzong's accession, every martyr official received a state altar; Yuheng was included. His fourth son Yan became a prefect. Yan died fighting bandits at Taihe and was posthumously made vice-president of the Imperial Stud, with an hereditary office.
23
王本梧，字鳳棲，浙江鄞縣人。 道光六年，由拔貢朝考用七品小京官分兵部，進主事。 遷員外郎，充軍機章京，擢河南道監察御史。 奏言：「各省州縣設常平倉，出陳易新，備民間水旱之用。 近年州縣乘出借名色，任意侵蝕，新舊交代，捏造冊籍。 非以無為有，即折銀代穀。 設遇荒歉，倉無顆粒。 本年江西、湖北被水，皇上恩膏立沛，共撥銀百數十萬，兩省州縣未聞有碾動倉穀賑濟之處。 若非州縣朦蔽轉報，掩飾虧空，何至臨事束手！ 請敕督撫將所屬倉儲若干，盤查足額，有缺照數買補。 直隸、山東、河南等省，本年秋收豐稔，常平倉穀，正可及時採買。 民間村鄉有原立義倉者，地方官為倡捐，曉喻紳士，踴躍樂輸，不必官為辦理，致胥吏之擾。」 允行。 尋掌京畿道，疏陳水師營務廢弛，請飭海疆督撫留意人材，力加整頓，條列六事，曰：戰船宜堅固，戰具宜精良，將弁宜激勸，兵丁宜振作，海岸宜防守，商船宜護送。 帝納其言。 俸滿，截取知府。
Wang Benwu, style name Fengqi, came from Yin County in Zhejiang. In 1826, as a tribute student he entered the capital service in the Board of War and rose to bureau director. He became a vice director, served on the Grand Council staff, and was made Henan circuit censor. He wrote: "Every province keeps ever-normal granaries, rotating old grain for new against flood and famine. Magistrates now embezzle under the guise of loans, and on each transfer they forge the books. They invent grain that never existed or replace grain with silver on paper. When disaster strikes, the bins are empty. Jiangxi and Hubei flooded this year. The court poured out more than a million taels in relief, yet nowhere did officials mill ever-normal grain for the people. Only by hiding shortages in false reports could magistrates reach the crisis with empty hands. I beg that governors audit every granary, buy grain to fill shortfalls, and restore full stores. Zhili, Shandong, Henan, and others had rich harvests—this is the moment to refill the ever-normal bins. Where charitable granaries already exist, officials should encourage gentry donations—not run them themselves and invite clerkly extortion." The throne approved. He then oversaw the metropolitan circuit and reported naval decay, urging coastal governors to reform six things: stout ships, fine arms, motivated officers, spirited soldiers, guarded coasts, and escorted merchant traffic. The Emperor accepted his advice. At the end of his term he was named for a prefecture.
24
咸豐元年，授江西吉安府。 時吉安戒嚴，飭屬團練為備。 郴州陷，賊氛逼，籌防益力。 三年，賊竄撲南昌，本梧率兵馳援。 七月，泰和匪起，聞警折回。 偕贛南道周玉衡先後赴剿，行抵倉背嶺，賊直撲吉安。 本梧退保郡城，坐褫職留任。 賊攻城急，本梧激勵兵勇，登陴固守，相持五晝夜。 賊麕集城外，肆焚掠，本梧憤甚，身先士卒，出城迎擊。 斃賊百餘，俘十餘人。 守備岳殿卿擁兵城內不援。 中賊計，兵潰，勢孤力竭，猶手刃數賊，死之。 贈道銜，賞世職，祠祀吉安。
In 1851 he became prefect of Ji'an in Jiangxi. Ji'an was on war footing; he ordered militia training throughout the prefecture. After Chenzhou fell the rebels drew near, and he threw himself into defense. In 1853 rebels drove on Nanchang and he rushed troops to help. In the seventh month Taihe rebelled; he turned back at the news. With Zhou Yuheng of southern Gan he went to suppress them, but at Cangbeiling the rebels wheeled on Ji'an itself. Benwu retreated into the city, was stripped of rank, but kept at his post. The siege tightened. He roused the troops onto the walls and held for five days and nights. Rebels swarmed outside, burning and looting. Furious, he led a sortie from the gates. They killed over a hundred rebels and took more than ten prisoners. Garrison commander Yue Dianqing kept his men in the city and would not help. Trapped by an enemy ruse, his force broke. Alone and spent, he still cut down several rebels before he fell. Posthumously he received an intendant's rank, an hereditary office, and a temple at Ji'an.
25
陳宗元，字保之，江蘇吳江人。 道光十三年進士，吏部主事，歷郎中。 咸豐二年，俸滿用知府。 三年，記名以道府用，授江西吉安府。 吉安當往來之衝，先嘗被陷，宗元至，疆吏以西南保障委之。 五年九月，粵匪陷永新、安福，圖犯吉安，宗元力籌堵剿。 會按察使周玉衡率兵至，遂同克復二縣，賊竄逸。
Chen Zongyuan, style name Baozhi, was from Wujiang in Jiangsu. A jinshi of 1833, he served in the Board of Personnel and rose to bureau director. In 1852 his term ended and he was named a prefect. In 1853 he was marked for higher office and sent to Ji'an. Ji'an stood on a main route and had fallen once before. Frontier officials charged Zongyuan with guarding the southwest. In September 1855 the Taiping took Yongxin and Anfu and aimed at Ji'an. Zongyuan threw up defenses. Judge Zhou Yuheng came with troops; together they retook both counties and drove the rebels off.
26
十一月，賊自袁州、臨江回竄，別隊更自泰和來犯，號稱五六萬。 城中練勇及玉衡所部僅千人，紳民大懼，宗元慰勉之，分兵守要隘。 越六日，賊至，撲城。 宗元燃砲轟之，賊少卻，知無外援，築長圍，日夜攻撲。 宗元語玉衡及諸僚佐曰：「事急矣！ 非戰無以為守。」 會夜風雨大作，開城出擊，毀賊營數座，殺千人，奪旗幟無算。 賊恨之，攻益力，屢用梯衝、地道，俱不得逞。
In November rebels returned from Yuanzhou and Linjiang while another column from Taihe joined them, claiming fifty or sixty thousand. Only a thousand militia and Zhou's men held the city. The populace panicked; Zongyuan steadied them and posted guards at every vital point. Six days later the rebels came and stormed the walls. Zongyuan's guns drove them back briefly, but finding no relief they settled into a siege and attacked without pause. Zongyuan told Zhou Yuheng and his staff: "Matters are desperate! We cannot hold the city unless we fight." That stormy night they sallied out, burned several rebel camps, killed a thousand men, and seized countless banners. Humiliated, the rebels attacked harder with ladders, rams, and mines, but failed each time.
27
相持半月，城中糧且盡，宗元週巡慰勞，勉以大義，婦孺感憤有泣者。 十二月，宗元出與賊戰，身被數創，血至足，屹不為動。 城有缺口，宗元督勇填垛，行少疾，失足，自雉堞顛，折左股。 蹩躠复上，若無所苦。 遣使間道赴省告急，先後十八次，並繪援兵繞道地圖，卒不應。 六年正月，逆首石達開遣糾內應之賊，宗元屏左右，面與約，縱之。 翌日，賊果偪東門，而宗元命發空槍，賊遂放膽，蟻附城下。 宗元突鳴鼓角，槍彈矢石並下，賊不及退，死四五千人。
After half a month food ran low. Zongyuan toured the walls, preaching duty; women and children wept. In the twelfth month he fought outside the walls, took several wounds, blood pooling in his boots, yet never flinched. A gap opened in the wall. Supervising repairs he slipped from the parapet and broke his left thigh. He limped back to the wall as though nothing had happened. Eighteen messengers stole out to beg for help, maps in hand showing how relief might circle in—and none came. In the first month of 1856 Shi Dakai's agents sought inside help. Zongyuan met them alone, parleyed, and let them go. Next day the rebels pressed the east gate. Zongyuan ordered empty guns fired; emboldened, they swarmed the walls. Then drums and horns burst forth, and shot, stone, and arrow rained down. Trapped at the foot of the wall, four or five thousand died.
28
越兩日，賊復大至，宗元偕玉衡及僚佐分門御之，方馳至東門指揮城守，而西城地雷發，裂數丈，賊蜂擁入，玉衡被戕，城陷。 宗元率子世濟揮刀巷戰，與吉安通判王保庸、廬陵知縣楊曉昀等，同時遇害。 賊銜宗元深，割宗元父子首，懸東門城樓。 計與賊相持者六十五日。 其族父陳鈺，姻親週以衡，幕友李鴻鈞、硃芬、硃華、楊福鬯、葉廷樑、蔣志澐及家丁王杞、王慶，並兵勇等四十餘人俱殉焉。 宗元照道員例賜卹，予諡武烈。
Two days later they returned in force. Zongyuan and Zhou Yuheng split by gate. He had just reached the east wall when a mine blew the west wall open; rebels poured in, Zhou Yuheng was killed, and the city fell. Zongyuan and his son Shiji fought in the lanes with Wang Baoyong, Yang Xiaoyun, and others and died together. The rebels hated him fiercely, severed father and son's heads, and hung them on the east gate. The siege had lasted sixty-five days. His kinsman Chen Yu, in-law Zhou Yiheng, secretaries Li Hongjun, Zhu Fen, Zhu Hua, Yang Fuchang, Ye Tingliang, and Jiang Zhiyun, servants Wang Qi and Wang Qing, and more than forty soldiers and braves died with them. He received condolence on the intendant scale and the posthumous name Wu Lie.
29
世濟，監生。 城陷之前，宗元遣赴省，囑曰：「此間旦晚不保，汝得我問，即奉母挈弟妹歸奉大母，俱死無益。」 世濟既受命，已而復返城，城閉不得入，繞城號哭，乃縋而登之。 自此寸步不離父側，遇難時年二十一。
Shiji held student status at the Imperial University. Before the fall Zongyuan sent him to the provincial capital with orders: "Ji'an will not last. When my message reaches you, take your mother and siblings home to your grandmother. To die here together would be vain." Shiji obeyed, then turned back. The gates were shut; he circled the walls weeping until men lowered a rope and hauled him in. After that he never left his father's side. He was twenty-one when they died.
30
明善，字韞田，富察氏，滿洲鑲藍旗人。 父昌宜泰，河南開封知府，以濬賈魯河有功於民，祀名宦祠。 明善由筆帖式歷步軍統領、郎中。 道光中，出為湖北荊州知府，輸金修萬城堤。 繼水災，沿江郡縣皆患潦，荊州獨以堤固得安，眾皆德之。 尋調武昌。 咸豐二年，粵寇至，登陴助防守，勢不支，城陷，率眾巷戰死。 卹如製。 妾葉，聞訃自經死。
Mingshan, style name Yuntian, of the Fuca clan, was a Bordered Blue Bannerman. His father Chang Yitai, prefect of Kaifeng, dredged the Jia and Lu Rivers for the people and entered the temple of famous officials. Mingshan rose from clerk through Steppe Army commandant to bureau director. Under Daoguang he became prefect of Jingzhou and paid to repair the Wancheng dike. Later floods drowned every county along the river except Jingzhou, where his dike held, and the people blessed him. He was soon moved to Wuchang. In 1852 the Taiping came. He fought on the walls until the city fell, then led street fighting and died. He received standard posthumous honors. His concubine Ye hanged herself on the news.
31
覺羅豫立，字粒民，隸滿洲鑲藍旗。 由戶部筆帖式歷員外郎。 道光二十九年，出為江蘇鎮江知府，寬惠有恩，尤重甄拔人才。 每遇府試及課書院日，坐堂皇，手自甲乙，至夜不輟，所取多知名士。 咸豐三年，以失守府城褫職，仍留治軍需。 七年，克鎮江，復原官。 十年，浙江巡撫王有齡調總糧台。
Aisin Gioro Yuli, style name Limin, belonged to the Bordered Blue Banner. He rose from a Board of Revenue clerk to vice director. In 1849 he became prefect of Zhenjiang, mild and generous, and zealous in finding talent. On examination days he sat in court ranking papers until midnight; many of his picks became famous scholars. In 1853 he lost the city, was stripped of rank, but kept to run military logistics. In 1857 Zhenjiang was retaken and his rank restored. In 1860 Zhejiang governor Wang Youling put him in charge of the grain depot.
32
十一年，賊攻省城，豫立偕府縣官籌戰守，城垂陷，豫立督親軍開城決戰，刃及其膚，屹立不動。 悍賊以砲擊之，中額死。 閩浙總督左宗棠奏請優恤，並祀昭忠祠。 豫立工書，善行草，嘗集顏真卿多寶塔字，作詩數十首勒石，論者謂其人其字皆無愧真卿雲。
In 1861 rebels besieged the provincial capital. As the walls gave way Yuli led his guard out the gates. Blades cut him, yet he stood firm. A rebel gunner shot him in the forehead and killed him. Governor-General Zuo Zongtang asked special honors and a place in the Temple of Loyal Martyrs. He was a fine calligrapher. Carving poems built from Yan Zhenqing's Duobao Pagoda characters, critics said both man and hand honored the Tang master.
33
世焜，字顯侯，佚其氏，滿洲正白旗人。 初任江蘇常州知府，以愛民稱。 咸豐四年，調揚州，當賊亂後，市井蕭然。 世焜至，闢草萊，招流亡，還定安集之，民氣少蘇。 官廨已毀，借蔣氏園，顏其廳事曰三十六桂軒而為之記，曰：「百物凋殘，此桂獨盛，原吾民復蘇，欣欣向榮，亦如此也。」 明年，賊复渡江至，世焜知城不能守，誓死不去，率鄉兵二百人登城，城破，巷戰被執，勸之降，世焜紿以先釋難民然後可，俟民去遠，遽自刎死。
Shikunkui, style name Xianhou, clan name unknown, was a Plain White Bannerman. He first governed Changzhou in Jiangsu and was loved for his care of the people. In 1854 he was sent to Yangzhou after the rebellion; the city was ruined. He cleared ruins, called back refugees, and restored order until life stirred again. The yamen was gone. He borrowed the Jiang garden, named its hall Thirty-Six Cassias, and wrote: "All else lies waste, yet these trees flourish—may our people revive and flourish likewise." The next year the rebels crossed the Yangzi again. Knowing the city was lost, he refused to flee, led two hundred militiamen onto the walls, and when it fell fought until captured. Promised to surrender only after civilians were released, he waited until they were clear, then cut his own throat.
34
徐榮，字鐵生，漢軍正黃旗人，廣州駐防。 道光十六年進士，以知縣發浙江。 歷權遂昌、嘉興等縣，杭州理事同知。 授臨安，升玉環廳同知。 保知府，權溫州府事，招降洋盜莊通等二百餘人，授紹興府。 咸豐三年，調杭州，並護杭嘉湖道，創議海運章程。 時臨安、昌化、於潛土匪趙四喜等謀不軌，榮督兵剿滅之。 四年，粵匪竄徽州，浙撫黃宗漢以皖南新隸浙江，中旨亦以「保徽即以保浙」為言，奏派榮督辦徽防。 榮扶疾至防，親至箬嶺，開壕遏賊，增設天心洞防勇。 七月，勦賊櫸根嶺，斃賊二百餘名。 隨諸將克建德、東流兩縣，复敗賊堯渡。 十一月，移駐祁門，遍諭居民團練設防，共相保衛。 以糧運難繼，撤兵回浙。 安徽學政沈祖懋以徽防緊要，奏請留辦。 五年正月，升福建汀漳龍道。
Xu Rong, style name Tiesheng, was a Plain Yellow Bannerman stationed at Guangzhou. A jinshi of 1836, he was posted to Zhejiang as a district magistrate. He served as acting magistrate in Suichang and Jiaxing and as Hangzhou sub-prefect. He took Lin'an and rose to sub-prefect of Yuhuan. Recommended as prefect, he governed Wenzhou in an acting capacity, induced over two hundred pirates led by Zhuang Tong to surrender, and received Shaoxing. In 1853 he moved to Hangzhou, acted as Hang-Jia-Hu intendant, and drafted sea-transport regulations. When Zhao Sixi and other bandits plotted in Lin'an, Changhua, and Yuqian, Rong destroyed them. In 1854 rebels struck Huizhou. Because southern Anhui had just been placed under Zhejiang and the court said protecting Huizhou meant protecting Zhejiang, Huang Zonghan put Rong in charge of its defense. Ill but undeterred, Rong reached the front, dug trenches at Zhuoling to block the rebels, and posted guards at Tianxindong. In the seventh month he fought at Zhengenling and killed over two hundred rebels. With other commanders he retook Jiande and Dongliu and routed the enemy at Yaodu. In the eleventh month he moved to Qimen and organized militia defense throughout the district. Supply lines failed and he withdrew to Zhejiang. Anhui's educational commissioner Shen Zumao asked that he stay—Huizhou's defense was vital. In the first month of 1855 he was promoted to intendant of Ting-Zhang-Long in Fujian.
35
先是粵匪沿江上竄，由石埭之流離、霧露兩嶺分竄羊棧嶺，入踞黟縣。 時榮尚未赴任，即率師往漁亭防剿。 二月，連敗賊，殲二百餘。 嗣賊眾紛至，援兵未集，榮率其子慮善與署嚴州同知裕英等出戰，身受刀矛重傷，歿於陣，年六十有四。 用正三品例賜卹，於漁亭建專祠，以同時殉難之都司許上達、歙縣知縣廉驥元、候補按察司知事張穎濱及陣亡各員弁附祀。 妾伍，迎喪回寓殉難，亦予旌表。
Taiping forces had driven upriver from Shizhi, split at the Liuli and Wulu passes, crossed Yangzhanling, and seized Yi County. Before taking his new post he led troops to Yuting to fight. In the second month he won successive victories and killed over two hundred. More rebels came before help arrived. Rong led his son Lushan and Yu Ying into battle, took grave wounds, and died in the ranks at sixty-four. He received third-rank honors and a temple at Yuting, with Xu Shangda, Lian Jiyuan, Zhang Yingbin, and other fallen officers enshrined beside him. His concubine Wu died on meeting the coffin and was commended.
36
榮律己甚嚴，恆以「行無悔事，讀有用書」二語自勗。 守杭時，以時局多警，命鑿井署中，語家人曰：「此即古人止水亭也。 有變，吾即死此！」 卒踐其言，以勦賊而亡。
He held himself to two mottoes: "Leave no deed to regret; read only what is useful." During the Hangzhou crisis he had a well dug in the yamen and told his family: "This is my Pavilion of Still Water. When trouble comes, I die here!" He kept his word and died fighting rebels.
37
郭沛霖，字仲霽，湖北蘄水人。 少年即以經濟自負。 道光十六年進士，改翰林，授編修，累遷左贊善，記名道府用。 官翰詹時，講求河務，時各衙門保送河工人員，沛霖與焉。 既抵工，諮詢詳盡，謂治河宜識土性，宜合者合，宜分者分。 因勢利導，則不為害而為利。 檄管豐工兼引河工程，昕夕在工，與弁卒雜作。 凡佔數之增減，松纜之尺寸，極微極瑣之事，無不斟酌至當。 力主引河寬深，俾掣大溜，濬下游安東二塘、雲梯關、老鸛河等處，先修決口上下之險工，全啟各閘洞，以分水勢。 緩進占，緩合龍，以期步步追壓到底，為一勞永逸之計。 議不盡用。
Guo Peilin, style name Zhongji, was from Qishui in Hubei. From youth he prided himself on practical statecraft. A jinshi of 1836, he entered the Hanlin, became a compiler, rose to left aide to the heir apparent, and was marked for intendant or prefect. In the Hanlin he studied river control and was among those recommended for engineering duty. On reaching the works he said river control demands knowing the soil—join where joining is right, divide where dividing is right. Work with the terrain and water becomes ally, not enemy. He supervised Feng works and the diversion channel, living day and night among the laborers. Every figure, every cable length, down to the smallest detail, he weighed to exactness. He urged a wide, deep diversion to draw off the main current, dredging Andong, Yunti Pass, and Old Stork River, repairing breach works, and opening every sluice to split the flood. He favored slow closure of the dragon dike, pressing step by step for a permanent fix. Not all his plans were adopted.
38
咸豐三年，以道員留南河，尋署兩淮鹽運使，授江蘇淮揚道，仍兼署鹽運使。 時淮南引鹽道梗，鹽場尚完善，詔兩江總督怡良飭沛霖移駐通、泰適中之地，悉心經畫。 沛霖遂駐泰州，督銷引鹽。
In 1853 he stayed on the Southern Rivers as an intendant, acted as Huai salt director, took the Huai-Yang intendant's post, and still oversaw salt transport. The Huainan salt route was blocked but the fields intact. Yi Liang, governor-general of the two Jiangs, was told to station Peilin between Tongzhou and Taizhou to reorganize sales. Peilin moved to Taizhou and supervised official salt sales.
39
六年，賊再陷揚州，泰州戒嚴，沛霖募勇五百，集城、鄉團勇二萬，督屬籌防。 建議請江蘇布政使雷以諴移駐灣頭，防賊北竄。 幫辦軍務詹事府少詹事翁同書移駐瓦窯鋪，為自守有餘、進攻亦便之策，揚城旋复。 淮南旱，沛霖請留淮北折價洎畫提甲寅綱協貼，撫卹各場。 招徠殷戶殷灶，赴盱眙等處買米麥平糶。 七年，奏派督辦裡下河七州縣及通、海二州團練。 時江陰靖江水勇經費無出，有議設卡江北各港令自行抽釐者，沛霖力陳其弊，事遂寢。 有以淮南稅課造報不實聞者，詔毋庸署理運司，令總督何桂清等查參，以新任未即至，暫緩交卸。
In 1856 Yangzhou fell again. Taizhou mobilized; Peilin raised five hundred soldiers and twenty thousand militia. He asked that Treasurer Lei Yixian move to Wantou to block a northern rebel breakout. Weng Tonghe, assisting military affairs, camped at Wayao Pu; the strategy left room both to defend and attack, and Yangzhou was soon retaken. In Huainan drought Peilin sought discounted north-bank prices, advance subsidies for the salt quota, and relief for every field. He called wealthy merchants and salt makers to Xuyi and elsewhere to buy grain for fair-price sale. In 1857 he oversaw militia in the seven lower-river counties and Tong and Hai. Jiangyin and Jingjiang water braves lacked funds. A plan to let them levy surcharges at north-bank ports was killed by Peilin's protest. Reports of false Huainan tax returns cost him the acting salt directorship; He Guiqing was ordered to investigate, but handover waited on his successor.
40
先是淮南之旱也，言者請堵八壩資灌溉，命桂清等詳查酌辦。 沛霖力言：「下河七州縣眾水所歸，潦者其常，旱者其偶。 上年東南數省大旱，下河盡涸，此數十年一見，不可以常理論也。 然如高、寶兩邑，近居運河堤下，並未成災，而田產稻米，猶能以其餘接濟鄰境。 咸豐三年，前大臣琦善統兵至揚，盡啟八壩，餘悉緩堵，以為設險禦防之計。 是年十一月，揚州東路兵潰，六年三月，逆賊复陷揚州，終不敢越灣頭、萬福橋一步，是未堵各壩足以扼賊之明效大驗。 今日賊氛未熄，民力已殫，與其糜無益之費以病民，曷若留可守之險以防寇？ 現在大兵環攻瓜鎮，奔竄可虞，正宜留八壩以扼逆賊北竄之路。」 桂清據以覆奏，詔從之。
During the drought some urged blocking the eight dams for irrigation; He Guiqing was told to investigate. Peilin protested: "The seven lower-river counties collect every stream—flood is normal, drought rare. Last year's drought dried the lower river—a once-in-decades event, not the usual rule. Even Gao and Bao below the canal dike escaped disaster and still had rice to spare for neighbors. In 1853 Qishan opened all eight dams at Yangzhou, leaving the rest to be closed slowly as defensive barriers. When Yangzhou's eastern army broke in 1853 and rebels retook the city in 1856, they never crossed Wantou or Wanfu Bridge—proof the open dams held them. With rebels still abroad and the people exhausted, why waste money on dams when existing barriers already stop raiders? With imperial forces besieging Guazhen, this is the moment to keep the eight dams and block a northern breakout." He Guiqing so reported and the throne agreed.
41
桂清等旋以查明淮南稅課無以多報少情事上聞，九月，偕江寧布政使楊能格辦揚州東路團防，自募勇千二百人駐仙女鎮，與毛三元、三岔河營策應。 十一月，隨大軍克瓜洲、鎮江，桂清飭沛霖移駐揚州籌善後。 八年八月，偽英王陳玉成攻陷浦口，天長，儀徵相繼陷，賊大股徑趨揚州。 沛霖督眾迎剿，力不足，遂渡河至仙女鎮，招集潰卒，促援兵為復城計。 適提督張國樑渡江來援，沛霖率兵助之，揚州尋复。 大臣德興阿劾沛霖先期逃避，詔褫職查辦。 又以沛霖專辦揚州善後，與尋常兼轄不同，仍敕刑部擬罪。 嗣允大臣勝保、巡撫翁同書疏調，準發安徽充定遠大營總文案。 捻逆數万來攻，偕知縣周佩濂嬰城固守。 賊圍數匝，適已革副將盧又熊援兵至，夾擊大捷。
Investigation cleared the tax charges. In the ninth month he and Yang Nengge organized Yangzhou's eastern militia, posting twelve hundred men at Xiannü Town with Mao Sanyuan and the Sancha River garrison. In the eleventh month, after Guazhou and Zhenjiang fell to imperial troops, He Guiqing sent Peilin to Yangzhou to rebuild. In the eighth month of 1858 the rebel Prince Chen Yucheng took Pukou; Tianchang and Yizheng followed, and a great host bore down on Yangzhou. Outmatched, he crossed to Xiannü Town, rallied fugitives, and begged for relief to retake the city. Grand Coordinator Zhang Guoliang crossed the Yangzi; Peilin aided him and Yangzhou was retaken. Dexing'a accused him of fleeing early; he was stripped and investigated. Because his Yangzhou duties were special, the Board of Punishments was still to sentence him. Later Sheng Bao and Weng Tonghe secured his transfer to Anhui as chief clerk at the Dingyuan headquarters. Tens of thousands of Nian attacked; with Magistrate Zhou Peilian he held the city. Rebels ringed the walls until dismissed Vice Commander Lu Youxiong arrived and won a great joint victory.
42
九年六月，捻匪張漋又糾陳玉成眾數十萬再攻定遠，沛霖分守小東門，又熊以賊眾兵單拔營去。 總兵惠成出戰不利，沛霖督眾嚴守八晝夜。 十八日，力憊回寓，齧指血書「正大光明自盡」六字於壁，复乘馬出，提刀巷戰。 賊四面縱火，悍賊從後刺之，傷足墜馬，陣亡。 事聞，復原官，卹世職。 尋俞定遠士民請，建專祠。 沛霖服膺崑山顧炎武之學，兼通術數。 嘗言歲在甲子，金陵當復，並自知死難年月。 著有日知堂集等書。
In the sixth month of 1859 Zhang Zhan led hundreds of thousands against Dingyuan again. Peilin held the small east gate; Youxiong withdrew for lack of men. Major commander Huicheng's sortie failed; Peilin held the walls eight days and nights. On the eighteenth, spent, he went home, bit his finger, and wrote in blood on the wall "Upright and bright—I end myself," then rode out with a blade for street fighting. Rebels fired the city. A warrior stabbed him from behind; he fell from his horse and died. News of his death restored his rank and granted an hereditary office. Dingyuan's people were allowed a temple in his honor. Peilin followed the learning of Gu Yanwu of Kunshan and knew divination. He predicted Jinling would be retaken in a jiazi year and foreknew the date of his own death. His works included the Rizhi tang ji and other books.
43
時同守定遠者，為候補知縣王培榮。 培榮，湖北羅田人。 嘗在籍與舉人熊五緯練團剿蘄水土匪，五緯戰死，培榮中二十七創，不退，卒复蘄水縣城。 與沛霖同時殉難，屍失，家人即以從前所遺中創血衣葬之。
Candidate magistrate Wang Peirong defended Dingyuan with him. Wang Peirong was from Luotian in Hubei. At home he and graduate Xiong Wuwei raised militia against Qishui bandits. Wuwei fell; Peirong took twenty-seven wounds, held firm, and retook the county. He died with Peilin; his body was never found, and his family buried an old blood-stained coat.
44
硃鈞，字筱漚，浙江海寧州人。 由廩貢生捐同知，發江蘇，歷辦海運出力，獎擢知府。 咸豐七年，奏補蘇州府。 十年，護理按察使。 時粵匪犯浙江，吳中大震。 鈞募勇團練，嚴詰姦宄，人心少定。 四月，賊由常州猝逼蘇省，鈞晝夜登陴，誓以身殉，而外無援兵，知事已去，乃先令居民遷避。 城陷，率眾巷戰，身受數十創，力竭，投井自盡。 卹贈太常寺卿，給世職。 後以鈞在官多善政，建祠蘇州。
Zhu Jun, style name Xia'ou, was from Haining in Zhejiang. A purchased sub-prefect in Jiangsu, he earned promotion to prefect for sea-transport work. In 1857 he was appointed prefect of Suzhou. In 1860 he acted as provincial judge. When Taiping forces invaded Zhejiang, the Suzhou region panicked. Jun raised troops, hunted spies, and steadied the populace. In the fourth month rebels from Changzhou struck Suzhou. Jun held the walls, ready to die, but with no relief ordered civilians to flee. When the city fell he fought in the streets, took dozens of wounds, and drowned himself in a well. He was posthumously made vice-president of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices with an hereditary office. Later a temple was raised at Suzhou for his many good deeds in office.
45
把總錢貴升，元和人。 故業織，入貲竄名尺籍中，檄守婁門。 賊破閶門入，貴升未知也，遇二賊城壕，尚衣冠詰之。 賊訶之降，拔佩刀斫一賊，賊群至，亂斫死。 從者甚長張義，同與於難。
Sergeant Qian Guisheng was from Yuanhe. A weaver by trade, he bought his way onto the rolls and was posted to the Lou Gate. Rebels entered through the Chang Gate before he knew. Still in official dress he challenged two men at the moat. They ordered him to surrender; he cut one down; the swarm killed him. His attendant Zhang Yi of Chang died with him.
46
時江蘇巡撫徐有壬既殉節，其族弟名曾庾，字裕齋，道光舉人。 官工部，來寓巡撫署。 建議請兵居城外，民守城內，有壬不能用。 城垂陷，有壬促曾庾出避，慨然曰：「兄能死忠，弟獨不能死義耶？ 況弟亦曾忝一官者耶？」 自經死。
Jiangsu governor Xu Youcheng had already fallen. His kinsman Zengyu, style Yuzhai, was a Daoguang provincial graduate. He served in the Board of Works and was staying at the governor's yamen. He urged stationing troops outside while civilians held the walls; Youcheng would not agree. As the city was falling Youcheng told Zengyu to flee. He replied: "My brother died loyal—shall I alone live without honor? And have I not held office myself?" He hanged himself.
47
蕭翰慶，字黼臣，湖南清泉人。 咸豐元年，從都司徐大醇討賊廣西。 大醇死綏，翰慶冒險扶櫬返。 三年，侍郎曾國籓治水師，翰慶投效營中，屢敘至千總。 四年夏，爭紅旗報岳州捷，國籓奇其文雅，詢為讀書士，改敘從九品。 以隨剿粵匪功，屢擢至直州判。 七年，武昌克復，超晉知府，隨提督楊載福等克九江。 鄂督官文疏留鄂省，統帶龍坪以上至漢口水師。 九年正月，會陸師援湖南，時賊首石達開自江西道郴、桂圍永州，水師抵祁陽，沿江皆賊壘。 翰慶躬入小河，乘舢板督戰，平之。 總兵週寬世與賊戰長葉嶺，水師夾擊之，賊大敗。 詔以道員記名簡放。
Xiao Hanqing, style name Fuchen, was from Qingquan in Hunan. In 1851 he followed Battalion Commander Xu Dachun against rebels in Guangxi. When Dachun died on campaign, Hanqing risked his life to bring the coffin home. In 1853 he joined Zeng Guofan's new navy and rose to sergeant major. In the summer of 1854 he raced to report Yuezhou's fall with the red banner. Zeng Guofan, struck by his polish, learned he was a scholar and promoted him to sub-ninth rank. Campaigning against the Taiping won him repeated promotion to acting sub-prefect of Zhizhou. In 1857 Wuchang was retaken and he was jumped to prefect; he helped Yang Zaifu take Jiujiang. Governor Guan Wen kept him in Hubei commanding the fleet from Longping to Hankou. In the first month of 1859 the fleet aided Hunan while Shi Dakai from Jiangxi besieged Yongzhou; at Qiyang rebel forts lined the river. He took a sampan into a side channel, directed the fight, and cleared them. Major commander Zhou Kuanshi fought at Changyeling; the fleet pinched the rebels and routed them. The throne marked him for intendant.
48
十年，浙撫羅遵殿奏調楚軍援浙，翰慶與遵殿子忠祐有舊，遂請行。 倉猝無現兵，得唐訓方舊部訓字營四千人，益以降卒二千馳赴之。 抵皖，而杭州已陷。 時左都御史張芾方治徽、寧防務，留翰慶辦賊。 攻石埭、太平，克之。 方進攻池州，而常州促援，乃分降卒圍池，自帥訓字六營、親兵三營行。 途次聞湖州被圍，乃改援湖，以湖州為皖、浙咽喉，棄之，則兩浙潰爛。 行抵禮義橋，悍賊突出截橋，戰勝之。 日暮大雨，所部持仗立風雨中。 平旦啟行，距湖州四十里，甫半，賊大至，且戰且進，抵同心橋，賊來愈眾，圍數重。 參將吳修考、鄧茂先戰死，翰慶血戰良久，力竭死之，年三十有四，諡壯節。
In 1860 Governor Luo Zundian asked for Hunan troops in Zhejiang; Hanqing, friend to Luo's son, volunteered. With no troops ready he took Tang Xunfang's four-thousand-man Xunzi corps plus two thousand surrendered soldiers and hurried off. He reached Anhui to find Hangzhou already lost. Censor-in-chief Zhang Fei, defending Huizhou and Ningguo, kept him to fight rebels. He took Shizhi and Taiping. As he moved on Chizhou, Changzhou begged for help. He left surrendered troops to besiege Chizhou and marched with six Xunzi battalions and three guard battalions. Hearing Huzhou besieged, he turned there—Huzhou was the hinge of Anhui and Zhejiang; lose it and both provinces would unravel. At Liyi Bridge fierce rebels blocked the bridge; he beat them back. At dusk torrential rain fell; his men stood armed in the storm. At dawn they were forty li from Huzhou, barely halfway, when rebels swarmed in. Fighting forward to Tongxin Bridge, they were ringed many deep. Regimental commanders Wu Xiukao and Deng Maoxian fell; Hanqing fought until spent and died at thirty-four, posthumous name Zhuang Jie.
49
黃輔相，字斗南，貴州貴築人。 道光二十五年進士，用知縣，分廣西。 權陸川、博白縣事，以捕盜著能聲。 江南提督張國樑者，原名嘉祥，本盜魁也，糾黨寇博白，勢張甚。 輔相率練敗之，獲其酋。 三十年，權橫州知州。 時南寧各州縣盜賊蜂起，輔相招降數股，以賊攻賊計走之。 巨盜王斌，號九江三者，與其弟九江四大舉入橫之陶圩，輔相調團勇，會提督向榮合力兜擊，擒九江三兄弟，斃賊三千有奇。 博合圩附近十餘村，賊蟻聚，民多從逆者。 輔相聲言閱團，召諸生閔麟書等語之曰：「官不能除害，是屍位也； 紳不能衛鄉，是虛生也。 爾等豈無意乎？」 因泣。 諸生皆泣，誓殲賊。
Huang Fuxiang, style name Dounan, was from Guizhu in Guizhou. A jinshi of 1845, he was posted to Guangxi as a district magistrate. Acting in Lucchuan and Bobai, he won fame capturing bandits. Grand Coordinator Zhang Guoliang—born Jiaxiang, once a bandit chief—led a gang against Bobai with great force. Fuxiang's militia defeated him and seized his leader. In 1850 he acted as prefect of Hengzhou. Bandits swarmed Nanning; he induced several bands to surrender and set them against one another. The outlaw Wang Bin "Jiujiang San" and his brother invaded Tao Market. Fuxiang and Xiang Rong surrounded them, took the three brothers, and killed over three thousand. Near Bohe Market a dozen villages harbored rebels; many locals joined them. Reviewing militia, he told students led by Min Linshu: "Officials who cannot remove harm are corpses in office; gentry who cannot defend their country live in vain. Have you no will to act?" He wept. They wept too and swore to destroy the bandits.
50
咸豐元年二月，輔相從十餘騎至那陽，麟書等以團勇八千一夕至，圍陳山，賊遁獨竹，背倚高山。 率死士攀藤下，火其巢，擒斬甚眾。 餘黨竄上石，地險，不利仰攻，堅守困之。 賊糧盡，突圍出，追擊之，先後殪賊數千。 初，賊酋之降也，輔相察其詐，陽與羈縻。 至是陰遣諸生殺之，橫境以安。 以出奇制勝，擢直隸州知州，旋授鎮安府知府。 五月，賊糾眾撲州城，麕集南岸，輔相密令諸團分扼水陸要隘，遣子韶年率練伏村東。 夜半，以火具自大道攻入，別遣勁卒五百由小路抄襲，賊奔潰，斃無算。 餘匪躍入舟，守者截而焚之，悍賊數千無漏網者。 橫州肅清，賞花翎，並賞韶年六品翎頂。 十二月，改權南寧，兼權左江道。
In the second month of 1851 Fuxiang rode to Nayang with a dozen men; overnight Linshu brought eight thousand militia, surrounded Chen Mountain, and drove the rebels to Duzhu on the heights. Death-defying men climbed down by vines, burned the nest, and killed or captured many. Survivors fled to a cliff too steep to assault; he starved them out. When their food ran out the rebels broke out; pursuit killed thousands more. When chieftains had earlier "surrendered," Fuxiang saw through the fraud and only pretended to accept them. Now he had the students kill them secretly and Heng was pacified. For his stratagems he was promoted to Zhili magistrate, then prefect of Zhen'an. In the fifth month rebels massed on the south bank. Fuxiang posted militia at key points and hid his son Shaonian east of the village. At midnight fire weapons struck along the main road while five hundred picked men hit from a side path; the rout was total. Fleeing rebels leaped into boats; guards burned them—not one of thousands escaped. Hengzhou was cleared; he won the peacock feather and Shaonian a sixth-rank plume. In the twelfth month he acted in Nanning and as Zuojiang intendant.
51
二年春，艇匪自梧州連陷桂平、貴縣，圖犯左江，輔相率四百人馳抵橫州，斬其先鋒，賊震懾不敢入境。 勇目潘其泰與土賊有隙，賊假殺其泰名攻南寧，輔相堅守百五十日。 城中糧垂盡，毀銅錫器為砲子，力戰，圍解。 四年秋，權右江道，以巡撫勞崇光薦進道員。
In the spring of 1852 boat bandits from Wuzhou took Guiping and Guixian and aimed at Zuojiang. Fuxiang rushed four hundred men to Hengzhou, beheaded the vanguard, and they dared not cross the border. Brave Pan Qitai feuded with local bandits who used his name as pretext to attack Nanning; Fuxiang held one hundred fifty days. Food ran low; they melted copper and tin for shot, fought hard, and the siege lifted. In the autumn of 1854 he acted as Youjiang intendant and was advanced to intendant on the governor's recommendation.
52
五年，廣東賊李文茂圍潯州，犯武宣，署知縣硃爾輔以澛灘為北河要隘，自督兵屯守，乞濟師。 崇光檄輔相統水師駐武宣之碧灘，與澛灘犄角。 賊分水陸來撲，迎戰屢勝，艇賊何松亭率黨就撫。 八月，文茂陷潯州，屢攻澛灘，擊退之。
In 1855 Li Wenmao besieged Xunzhou and struck Wuxuan. Acting Magistrate Zhu Erfu held Lutan on the north river and begged for help. Governor Lao Chongguang sent Fuxiang's fleet to Bitan in Wuxuan to pinch Lutan. Rebels attacked by land and water and were repeatedly beaten; boat bandit He Songting surrendered. In the eighth month Wenmao took Xunzhou and repeatedly failed against Lutan.
53
六年二月，以餉絀撤澛灘防兵，賊麕至，糧盡援絕，勢岌岌。 輔相連牒布政使乞餉，不報。 复遺書桂林守李承恩，瀝陳四難四易，使聞於巡撫，有「力竭心殫，惟以一死報國」之語。 未幾，兵士果以飢譁，賊黨潛結土匪內應，開城納賊。 輔相督外委吳錦蘭等巷戰，格殺數十人，賊乘夜冒雨大至，署潯州營副將福格暨錦蘭皆死之。 輔相受創被執，絕粒罵賊，仰藥死，賊棄屍於江。 輔相才略足辦賊，時有旨調引見，而殉難事聞，賜卹如例。
In the second month of 1856 pay failed, Lutan's garrison was withdrawn, rebels swarmed in, and the post was desperate. Fuxiang begged the treasurer for pay again and again without answer. He wrote Guilin Prefect Li Chengen detailing four hardships and four advantages for the governor, saying his strength was spent and only death could repay the state. Soon hungry soldiers mutinied; rebel agents inside opened the gates. Fuxiang fought in the lanes with Wu Jinlan, killing dozens; rebels came in night rain; Vice Commander Fuge and Jinlan fell. Wounded and captured, he starved himself, cursed the rebels, took poison, and died; they threw his body in the river. Able enough to crush bandits, he had been summoned to court when news of his death brought standard honors.
54
孔昭慈，字云鶴，山東曲阜人，至聖七十一代裔孫。 道光十五年進士，改庶吉士，散館授廣東饒平縣知縣。 憂歸，服闋，發福建，署莆田、沙縣。 攝興化通判，授古田縣。 二十八年，調閩縣，進邵武同知，移台灣鹿港。 時南北匪徒洪恭等陷鳳山，知縣王廷幹、高鴻飛相繼死，郡城岌岌不保。 昭慈聞警，航海赴援，協力守禦，殲擒甚眾。 咸豐四年，擢台灣府知府，督捕餘孽，次第蕩平。 進道員，備兵台、澎，加按察使銜，兼督學政，以助餉加二品銜。 在台五年，威信大著，外裔內番悉畏服。
Kong Zhaoci, style name Yunhe, of Qufu in Shandong, was a seventy-first-generation descendant of Confucius. A jinshi of 1835, he entered the Hanlin and was sent to Raoping in Guangdong. After mourning he served in Fujian, acting in Putian and Shaxian. He acted as Tonghai sub-prefect and took Gutian. In 1848 he moved to Min County, became Shaowu sub-prefect, then Lukang in Taiwan. When Hong Gong's bandits took Fengshan and magistrates Wang Tinggan and Gao Hongfei fell, the prefectural city teetered. Zhaoci sailed to help, joined the defense, and killed or captured many. In 1854 he became Taiwan prefect and cleared the remaining bandits. He became intendant, commanded Taiwan and Penghu, took provincial judge rank and the education post, and earned second rank for aiding military funds. Five years in Taiwan made him feared by foreigners and aborigines alike.
55
同治元年，彰化亂民戴萬生等糾眾結會謀亂。 昭慈偵知，督兵馳抵彰化，部署未定，變起倉卒，城陷，巷戰，力竭不支，殉節文廟先聖前。
In 1862 Zhanghua's Dai Wansheng and others formed secret societies to rebel. He learned of the plot and rushed to Zhanghua, but the city fell before he could deploy. Fighting in the lanes until spent, he died before the Confucian temple.
56
昭慈為政，興利剔弊，不遺餘力。 莆田俗好鬥，推誠諭禁，勸以懲忿保身，治正兇不少貸，民憚法罷斗。 邑多孔氏寄籍，為創立義學。 沙縣土利藝茶，少耕植，遊民競逐末，暇則事攘奪。 為拔茶禁之，而農桑始興，至今利賴。 所至停採買，革津貼，捐粟平糶，多損己益民。 尤愛才，重林文察材略，白其復父仇可宥而薦之，殺賊立功，官至提督。 治盜嚴明，誅止其魁，盜之良者，或重其賢而避之。 歿後，匪為斂殯歸喪，愧歎曰：「吾輩負孔使君矣！」 卒，年六十八，卹世職，諡剛介，於立功地方建祠。
In office he promoted every good and cut every abuse. Putian loved brawling; he preached restraint, punished ringleaders without mercy, and brawling ceased. He founded a charity school for Kong clansmen registered from elsewhere. Shaxian lived on tea, not grain; idlers plundered between harvests. He lifted the tea-upland ban; farming revived and the county still benefits. Everywhere he stopped forced purchases, ended ferry squeeze, and sold grain at fair prices at his own cost. He prized Lin Wenchao, argued that avenging his father was pardonable, recommended him, and Lin rose to grand coordinator killing rebels. He executed only bandit chiefs; even outlaws sometimes respected him and stayed away. After his death rebels gathered his body for burial, sighing: "We have failed Superintendent Kong!" He was sixty-eight. He received an hereditary office, the posthumous name Gang Jie, and a temple where he had served.
57
徐曉峰，江蘇東台人。 初由供事隨工部侍郎呂賢基剿辦安徽捻匪，獎六品頂帶。 旋署蒙城縣知縣，有惠政。 時潁州府捻氛不靖，給事中袁甲三檄曉峰剿辦，先後獲其酋馬文俊、鄧大俊、馬在隴、馬九、陳建中等。 餘匪麕聚阜、亳交界，复擒捻首李致文於陣。 剿匪渦河，匪眾鳧水來撲，曉峰領隊堵截，賊砲從馬腹過，馬驚蹶，頸背皆傷，复上馬截擊賊渡河者，殲焉。
Xu Xiaofeng was from Dongtai in Jiangsu. He began as a clerk under Lü Xianji of the Board of Works against the Anhui Nian and won a sixth-rank plume. He acted as magistrate of Mengcheng with a benevolent record. When the Nian unsettled Yingzhou, Yuan Jiasan ordered Xiaofeng against them; he captured chieftains Ma Wenjun, Deng Dajun, Ma Zailong, Ma Jiu, Chen Jianzhong, and others. Remnants gathered on the Fuyang-Bozhou border; he seized Nian chief Li Zhiwen in battle. At the Wo River rebels splashed across the water. A shot passed through his horse's belly; though neck and back were wounded he remounted and cut down rebels crossing the river.
58
粵匪撲潁州府城，甲三復檄曉峰赴援，御之南岸河上，殲匪毀船。 匪於滁州駐馬河紮營為久踞計。 曉峰改裝潛探，隨按察使恩錫分三路進剿，毀賊營三座。 竄林母圩，复偕都司劉鶴翔等剿敗之。 又隨廬鳳道張光第追剿粵匪於高旺街，賊潰，追敗之。 烏江賊分隊襲後路，於大雨中麾眾痛擊，擒偽司馬等五人。 匪由江寧鎮下竄，陣斬偽佑天侯富姓、偽右四丞尉張盛林等。
When Taiping forces struck Yingzhou city, Jiasan sent him again; he held the south bank, killed rebels, and burned their boats. Rebels at Chuzhou camped on the Zhenma River intending to stay. Disguised, he scouted; with Judge En Xi he attacked in three columns and burned three camps. They fled to Linmu Stockade; with Liu Hexiang he defeated them again. With Intendant Zhang Guangdi he pursued Taiping forces at Gaowang Street, routed them, and chased them down. Wujiang rebels struck the rear; in heavy rain he attacked fiercely and took five leaders including a false Sima. Rebels fled from Jiangning Town; he killed the false You Tianhou Fu and the false Right Fourth Minister Zhang Shenglin among others.
59
咸豐七年，亳州捻匪劉老淵等竄擾李八莊等處，曉峰督兵攻剿，斃賊百餘，生擒三十餘人。 攻破宗圩匪巢，鄧圩賊內訌，被脅男婦閉門乞命，縛匪首李寅、悍賊劉破頭等三十五人。 姚圩賊二百餘人亦降，遂平兩圩。 著名巨賊，悉數就誅。 王圩捻匪复踞河抗拒，曉峰乘夜進攻，難民內應，遂擒匪首王紹堂。 乘勝收復東面七圩，宿州以南，一律肅清。 五六年間，曉峰於剿辦捻、粵各匪，戰功獨著。 由知縣歷保知府，至是擢道員，記名簡放。 旋授福建汀漳龍道，同治元年，赴任。
In Xianfeng 7, Liu Laoyuan's Nian raiders from Bozhou hit Liba Village and nearby hamlets; Xiaofeng led the attack, killing more than a hundred rebels and taking thirty-odd prisoners. They stormed the nest at Zong Stockade. At Deng Stockade infighting broke out; coerced villagers barricaded their doors and begged for mercy, handing over chieftain Li Yin, the brutal Liu Potou, and thirty-five others. More than two hundred rebels at Yao Stockade surrendered as well, and both stockades were cleared. Every notorious ringleader was put to death. Nian rebels at Wang Stockade again held the river line. Xiaofeng struck at night with refugees as inside allies and seized their chief Wang Shaotang. Pressing the advantage, he retook seven stockades to the east; everything south of Suzhou was pacified. In Xianfeng 5–6 his record against the Nian and Taiping forces was unmatched. Promoted step by step from magistrate to prefect, he was now raised to intendant and put on the appointment list. He was soon made intendant of Tingzhang-Long in Fujian and took office in Tongzhi 1.
60
三年二月，檄署按察使，督全省軍務，守延平。 粵匪餘孽竄粵，閩防解嚴，七月，還漳州道任。 賊復由粵竄閩，守漳者僅練勇二百五十人，賊遂勾結土匪攻城。 無備無援，九月十四日城陷，曉峰被執，死之。 妻王氏聞城破，知曉峰必死，先絞其女，亦自經。 卹贈內閣學士銜，給騎都尉世職，復以「曉峰從戎豫、皖由軍功洊升監司，自軍營回任，甫及旬餘，倉猝被害，最為慘烈。 妻女皆以身殉。 忠孝節烈，萃於一門」褒之，於死所建專祠。
In month 2 of Tongzhi 3 he was ordered to act as provincial judge, direct provincial military affairs, and hold Yanping. When Taiping remnants withdrew into Guangdong, Fujian stood down its alert; in month 7 he resumed the Zhangzhou intendant post. Rebels again spilled from Guangdong into Fujian. Zhangzhou had only 250 militia; they joined local bandits to storm the city. Unprepared and unreinforced, the city fell on the 14th of month 9; Xiaofeng was captured and killed. When the walls fell, Lady Wang knew Xiaofeng would not survive; she strangled their daughter, then hanged herself. He was posthumously given cabinet bachelor rank and a hereditary cavalry commandant's post, with praise noting that after rising through military merit in Henan and Anhui he had been back in office barely ten days when he was cut down—a death of exceptional brutality. His wife and daughter died with him. The court praised "loyalty, filial piety, chastity, and martyrdom united in one household" and built him a private shrine where he fell.
61
曉峰初從甲三軍，與馬新貽同幕，新貽謂曉峰殺氣滿面，目光灼灼射人，終當以義烈見。 及被賊執，備受凌虐，叱跪不跪，勸降不降，書其禁錮壁間有云：「壯志未酬，君恩莫補。 取義成仁，臣心千古。」 又絕命辭二章。 尋予諡剛毅。
Early in Jiasan's campaign, serving alongside Ma Xinyi, Xinyi said Xiaofeng's face was all battle-fury and his gaze burned—he would die a martyr's death. Once captured he was tortured mercilessly; told to kneel he refused, urged to surrender he refused. On his cell wall he wrote: "My great ambition remains unfulfilled; I cannot repay the emperor's grace. To choose righteousness and complete one's humanity—such is a loyal minister's heart for all time." He also left two death poems. He was soon posthumously titled Gangyi (Resolute).
62
袁績懋，字厚安，順天宛平人，原籍江蘇陽湖。 父俊，道光九年進士，官河南知縣。 績懋，道光二十七年進士，以一甲二名授編修，散館改主事，分刑部。 旋丁父艱，服闋，授例以道員赴閩。 時漳、泉初下，好事者欲多殺以邀功，而清查叛產，尤多誣陷，人心洶洶，將復叛。 總督慶端檄績懋往治其事，至則集眾於庭，取叛冊焚之，脅從者皆獲免，人情大安。 皆曰：「使君活我！」 事竣，委赴延平府會辦軍事，即令署延建邵道。
Yuan Jimao, styled Hou'an, was from Wanping in Shuntian; his family hailed from Yanghu in Jiangsu. His father Jun passed the jinshi examination in Daoguang 9 and served as a magistrate in Henan. Jimao became a jinshi in Daoguang 27, placed second in the top tier; he entered the Hanlin as compiler, then transferred to the Board of Punishments as a principal secretary. After his father's death and mourning, he bought an intendant's post and went to Fujian. Zhangzhou and Quanzhou had just fallen. Zealots wanted mass executions for credit; rebel-property inquiries brought false charges, unrest spread, and revolt threatened again. Governor-general Qing Duan sent Jimao to handle the crisis. He assembled the people, burned the rebel rolls, and freed the coerced; the region calmed at once. They cried: "You have given us our lives!" When the work was done he was sent to Yanping to manage military affairs and was made acting intendant of Yanjian-Shao.
63
粵匪時竄邵武，勢張甚，績懋親督軍士，夜撲賊營，賊驚潰，追斬悍酋數名。 賊大憤，鳩眾出儳道陡截之。 我軍既寡，又軍實未備，戰不支，乃退守順昌。 防軍僅數百名，相持月餘。 有勸之棄順昌、守延平者，績懋以：「順昌為省垣屏蔽。 順昌不守，則賊長驅直逼省城，大勢去矣！ 且數万生靈，視我進退為存亡，敢輕去耶？」 於是守益堅，賊不得逞，乃潛隧城，實火藥，地道發，城陷，賊蜂擁進。 績懋知事去，躬率死士戰西門，連刃數賊，賊以騎突之，僕地，引刀自殺，刺不及，賊執而去，刃亂下，醢而死。 時咸豐八年九月十二日也。 事聞，優恤，贈按察使，入祀京師及陣亡地方昭忠祠，世襲騎都尉。 嗣常州、順昌奉特旨建專祠，追諡文節。 子學昌，官至湖南提法使。
Taiping remnants raiding Shaowu were formidable. Jimao led a night assault himself; the enemy panicked and fled, and several fierce chiefs were cut down in pursuit. Enraged, they mustered a large force and cut them off by a steep shortcut. Outnumbered and short of supplies, his men could not hold; they fell back to Shunchang. With only a few hundred defenders, the stand lasted more than a month. Some advised abandoning Shunchang for Yanping. Jimao answered: "Shunchang shields the provincial capital. If Shunchang falls, the rebels will ride straight to the capital—the whole province is lost! And tens of thousands of lives hang on whether we stay or go—how can I abandon them?" The garrison held harder. Unable to break in, the rebels mined the walls, packed the tunnel with powder, blew the breach, and poured through. Seeing all was lost, Jimao led his best men at the west gate and killed several rebels in succession. Cavalry overran him; he fell and tried to cut his own throat but failed. They dragged him off and hacked him to pieces. It was the 12th of month 9, Xianfeng 8. The court granted exceptional honors: posthumous provincial judge, enshrinement in the capital and local Shrines of Loyal Martyrs, and a hereditary cavalry commandant's post. Later, by special edict, Changzhou and Shunchang built private shrines to him; he was posthumously titled Wenjie (Cultured Integrity). His son Xuechang became judicial commissioner of Hunan.
64
績懋性通敏，書過目輒成誦，號稱淹雅。 著有諸經質疑十二卷，通鑑正誤十卷，漢碑篆額考異二卷，味梅齋詩草四卷。
Quick-witted and sharp, he could recite a text after one reading and was famed for erudition. His works included Doubts on the Classics (12 juan), Corrections to the Comprehensive Mirror (10 juan), Study of Han Stele Seal Inscriptions (2 juan), and Weimei Studio Poems (4 juan).
65
楊夢岩，湖南鳳凰廳人。 諸生。 入田興恕幕。 咸豐六年，興恕率虎威軍援江西，勇果名天下，夢岩實贊助之。 累功由縣丞擢同知。 興恕奉命援黔，以夢岩綜理營務。 時苗酋楊龍台煽惑諸苗，出沒不時，以思南、石阡為尤甚。 夢岩與田興奇、沈宏富等焚剿之。 會夢岩晉保道員，遂自領一軍扼守思南。
Yang Mengyan was from Fenghuang in Hunan. He was a licentiate. He joined Tian Xingshu's staff. In Xianfeng 6 Xingshu led the Tiger Might Army to Jiangxi; their courage made them famous, and Mengyan was his right hand. Merit after merit raised him from assistant magistrate to sub-prefect. When Xingshu was ordered to Guizhou, he put Mengyan in charge of camp administration. Miao chief Yang Longtai was stirring the tribes to raid at will; Sinan and Shiqian suffered worst. Mengyan, Tian Xingqi, Shen Hongfu, and others burned them out. Promoted to intendant on merit, he took personal command and held Sinan.
66
同治元年正月，石阡賊來攻，與副將吳通才犄角扼守，會援至，賊敗走。 二月，夢岩帥師次浮橋，賊分道來攻，通才戰死，夢岩極力鏖戰，賊卒敗走。 三月六日，賊復數倍來攻，更番迭進，累日夜不休，營忽陷。 夢岩奮臂大呼，持矛入賊陣，刺殺數人，身受十九傷，力竭死之。 照布政使例賜卹，於思南及原籍建專祠。
In Tongzhi 1, month 1, Shiqian rebels attacked. He and Vice Commander Wu Tongcai held in mutual support until relief arrived and the enemy fled. In month 2 he encamped at Fudiao Bridge. Rebels struck from several directions; Wu Tongcai fell in battle, but Mengyan fought on fiercely until the enemy broke and ran. On the 6th of month 3 the rebels returned in overwhelming numbers, wave after wave day and night, until the camp suddenly collapsed. Mengyan shouted and charged into the enemy ranks with a spear, killing several before nineteen wounds brought him down. He received posthumous honors at the provincial treasurer level, with private shrines at Sinan and his home county.
67
鄧子垣，字星階，湖南新寧人。 咸豐初，以諸生從同邑劉長佑勦賊江西臨江、撫州、新城，與湖南永州、寶慶，皆有功，累保知縣。 石達開走貴州，竄廣西，還窺義寧，子垣與參將江忠朝自武岡趨扼全州，為東安、零陵等屬屏蔽。 賊由靈川渡河竄楊梅坪，又偕忠朝壁界首。 賊掠道州、永明、江華而東，自藍山趨桂陽、宜章，又從江忠義轉戰數百里，殺賊殆逾萬。 忠義病歸，子垣與忠朝代領其眾。 十一年，貴州銅仁、石阡、思州、松桃、天柱、工卩水賊窺湖南，檄子垣赴黔會剿，同治元年，屢破之，晉知府。 复檄援廣西，攻桂嶺賊巢，環擊三時，毀其砲台，擒斬甚眾。 賊黨廖永賢懼，原輸誠為內應，官軍分薄內壕，擲火焚燒，永賢開西閘納軍，遂克桂嶺要隘。 進搗蓮塘賊壘，逆首張高友、陳士養恃險抗拒。 懸重賞，募死士，潛由內貨村僻徑，捫蘿攀葛出賊背，破其西柵。 翼日復進攻，悍賊由山澗奪路奔，督軍截擊，斬張、陳兩賊，擒殲及墜岩死者無算，餘眾乞降。 蓮塘平，以道員侭先選用。
Deng Ziyuan, styled Xingjie, was from Xinning in Hunan. Early in Xianfeng, as a licentiate under his townsman Liu Changyou, he fought rebels in Jiangxi's Linjiang, Fuzhou, and Xincheng and in Hunan's Yongzhou and Baqing, earning repeated recommendations to magistrate. When Shi Dakai fled through Guizhou into Guangxi and threatened Yining again, Ziyuan and Battalion Commander Jiang Zhongchao raced from Wugang to block Quanzhou and shield Dong'an, Lingling, and neighboring districts. The rebels crossed at Lingchuan and slipped toward Yangmeiping; Ziyuan and Zhongchao fortified Jieshou together. They plundered Daozhou, Yongming, and Jianghua and drove east from Lanshan toward Guiyang and Yizhang. Following Jiang Zhongyi he fought across hundreds of li and killed nearly ten thousand rebels. When Zhongyi fell ill and went home, Ziyuan and Zhongchao took joint command of his troops. In Xianfeng 11, Guizhou rebels from Tongren, Shiqian, Sizhou, Songtao, Tianzhu, and Gongshui threatened Hunan; Ziyuan was ordered to Guizhou. In Tongzhi 1 he won repeated victories and was promoted to prefect. Ordered again to Guangxi, he besieged the Guiling rebel stronghold for three watches, smashed their batteries, and killed or captured a great number. Rebel Liao Yongxian, terrified, offered to turn coat. Government troops pressed the inner ditch with fire attacks; Yongxian opened the west gate and the vital pass at Guiling fell. At Liantang, rebel chiefs Zhang Gaoyou and Chen Shiyang held the heights and fought stubbornly. He offered rich bounties for volunteers, sent them by a hidden trail through Neihuo Village, climbing vines to strike the enemy's rear, and broke the western palisade. The next day he attacked again. Fierce rebels broke out through ravines; his troops cut them off, killed Zhang and Chen, and slaughtered countless others who were captured, cut down, or hurled from the cliffs; the rest surrendered. With Liantang cleared, he was given priority selection as intendant.
68
三年，粵賊竄江西，陷新城，子垣會諸軍破走之，新城复。 巡撫沈葆楨以捷聞，命以道員留江西。 時賊分踞金谿、東鄉、宜黃、崇仁、南豐各城，而崇仁之賊尤悍，增壘城外，為負嵎計。 子垣張兩翼橫沖之，城外賊潰，竄潘橋、秀才埠。 城賊出犯，再擊敗之，直逼崇仁城下。 賊聚悍黨許灣，遙為聲援，提督鮑超破之。 子垣乘勢复崇仁，賜勇號。
In Tongzhi 3, Taiping forces raided Jiangxi and seized Xincheng. Ziyuan joined the allied armies, routed them, and retook the city. Governor Shen Baozhen reported the victory and kept him in Jiangxi as intendant. Rebels held Jinxi, Dongxiang, Yihuang, Chongren, and Nanfeng; those at Chongren were fiercest, ringed the walls with new fortifications, and fought like cornered beasts. Ziyuan sent both wings in a sweeping charge; the outer rebel line broke and fled toward Panqiao and Xiucai Bu. Rebels sallied from the city; he beat them back again and closed on Chongren's walls. A tough rebel force at Xuwan tried to relieve the city from afar; Grand Coordinator Bao Chao smashed them. Ziyuan pressed the advantage, retook Chongren, and received a bravery title.
69
五年冬，率精捷營助剿貴州苗匪，駐軍工卩水，會攻頗洞老巢。 寨頭苗黨數万來援，逆擊敗之，徑搗頗洞，山高寨險，不能下。 選趫捷精勇，攜藥踰嶺，入巢縱火，自督軍登山猛攻，斃苗數千，山谷皆平，遂克頗洞。 疊破甘林、杉木等屯，由記名岩直趨茂林坡，盡毀碉卡，追擊至傳水寨，赭其巢。 黎平、靖州肅清。 以糧運不繼，壁清溪。 時按察使黃潤昌率軍來會，分餉哺之，約進攻。 八年正月，破文德關兩路口各隘，師益進，合攻鎮遠府、衛兩城，克之。 連破牙溪、田壩、黃蠟坡等三十餘屯。 潤昌欲乘勝由東路疾攻，命營務處羅萱，偕子垣馳謁布政使席寶田請濟師，寶田遣提督榮維善助之。 三月，進規施秉，逆酋包大肚據巢死守，力戰，斃苗千餘，拔施秉。 复破白洗等寨，進圖黃平。
In winter of Tongzhi 5 he led the Jingjie Battalion against Guizhou Miao rebels, camped at Gongshui, and joined the assault on Podong's main nest. Tens of thousands of Miao from Zaitou came to the rescue; he repulsed them and pushed on to Podong, but the heights were too steep to storm. He picked his swiftest men, sent them over the ridge with explosives to fire the nest, then led a uphill assault that killed thousands of Miao, flattened the valleys, and took Podong. He then took Ganlin, Shanmu, and other stockades in turn, swept from Jiming Rock to Maolin Slope, destroyed every blockhouse, and burned Chuanshui Stockade to the ground. Liping and Jingzhou were pacified. Short of supplies, he dug in at Qingxi. Provincial Judge Huang Runchang arrived with reinforcements; Ziyuan shared rations with his men and planned a joint advance. In Tongzhi 8, month 1, he broke the passes at Wende Guan and Lianglukou, pushed forward, and jointly captured Zhenyuan prefecture and its guard city. He then overran Yaxi, Tianba, Huangla Slope, and more than thirty fortified villages in succession. Runchang wanted a fast thrust down the eastern route. He sent Camp Affairs officer Luo Xuan with Ziyuan to ask Provincial Treasurer Xi Baotian for help; Baotian dispatched Grand Coordinator Rong Weishan. In month 3 he moved on Shibing. Rebel chief Bao Dadu held the nest to the death; after hard fighting more than a thousand Miao were killed and Shibing fell. He then broke Baixi and other stockades and turned toward Huangping.
70
黃平州，滇、黔孔道也，蜀兵援黔，輒為所阻。 潤昌議通此道，時維善軍戰久，疲，請休息，萱亦以苗眾道險勸留屯，潤昌不可，師遂進。 道出黃飄山，中伏，子垣盪決數十次，地險，不能出，中砲死之，諸軍皆敗。 語具榮維善、黃潤昌傳。 優詔賜卹，原籍及死事地方建專祠，諡壯毅。
Huangping was the main corridor between Yunnan and Guizhou; Sichuan relief columns were repeatedly stopped there. Runchang meant to open that road. Weishan's troops, long in the field, asked to rest; Xuan too warned of massed Miao and treacherous terrain. Runchang refused, and the army pushed on. Near Huangpiao Mountain they walked into an ambush. Ziyuan charged again and again but could not break out of the rough ground; a cannon shot killed him, and the whole force collapsed. The fuller story appears in the biographies of Rong Weishan and Huang Runchang. An imperial edict granted posthumous honors, private shrines at his home and where he fell, and the posthumous name Zhuangyi (Steadfast Resolve).
71
羅萱，字伯宜，湖南湘潭人。 父汝懷，芷江學訓導，著有湖南褒忠錄。 萱少警悟，工詩、善書。 弱冠為諸生，總督賀長齡、教諭鄧顯鶴咸器之。 咸豐元年，粵賊犯湖南，萱倡鄉團，習技擊。 四年，曾國籓帥水師東下，闢掌書記，貽書極推重。 從克武漢田家鎮，敘訓導。 國籓進圖九江，水師失利，萱僅以身免。 國籓重整水師，屯南康，皆策馬相從，調護諸將，各當其意。 六年，石達開陷瑞、臨、袁、吉、撫、建諸郡，省垣孤懸，萱從國籓單舸赴南昌，達開稍引去。 國籓檄萱領江軍三千人攻建昌，复檄助攻撫州，合攻瑞州。 破沿途賊卡，擊走靖安、奉新守隘賊。 當是時，城賊數万日伺隙，九江賊复率二萬來援，萱與劉騰鴻等堅壘嚴陣以待，八戰皆捷，江西軍始振。 論功擢知縣。 騰鴻喜攻堅，萱引孫子書戒之，不聽。 騰鴻克瑞，竟以創死。
Luo Xuan, styled Boyi, was from Xiangtan in Hunan. His father Ru Huai served as instructor at Zhijiang and wrote Records of Hunan's Loyal Martyrs. As a youth he was bright and quick, wrote fine poetry, and excelled at calligraphy. He became a licentiate at twenty; Governor-general He Changling and Instructor Deng Xianhe both marked him for talent. In 1851, Guangdong rebels entered Hunan. Xuan rallied local defense corps and trained them in combat. In 1854, when Zeng Guofan sailed east with his river force, he made Xuan chief secretary and wrote to him with the highest esteem. After the recapture of Wuhan and Tianjiazhen, he received appointment as instructor. During Guofan's push toward Jiujiang the fleet was routed; Xuan narrowly escaped with his life. Guofan rebuilt the fleet and camped at Nankang. Xuan rode at his side, smoothing relations among the commanders and winning each one's trust. In 1856, Shi Dakai overran six prefectures, leaving the provincial capital isolated. Xuan sailed with Guofan alone to Nanchang, and Dakai eventually pulled back. Guofan dispatched Xuan with three thousand river troops to take Jianchang, then redirected him to assist at Fuzhou and join the assault on Ruizhou. He smashed rebel outposts along the march and drove the garrison bands from the passes at Jing'an and Fuxin. Rebel forces in the tens of thousands lurked inside the city while twenty thousand more marched from Jiujiang. Xuan and Liu Tenghong held fortified lines and won eight straight engagements, reviving morale across the Jiangxi army. For his service he was promoted to county magistrate. Tenghong preferred direct assaults on walled positions. Xuan quoted Sunzi to counsel restraint, but Tenghong ignored him. Tenghong took Ruizhou but died of his wounds in the fighting.
72
假歸，湘撫駱秉章檄治團練，粵撫郭嵩燾囑創水師，皆不肯久留。 自以文士，不欲棄科舉，屢應省試，卒不遇，益肆力於學。 尋與知府劉德謙領威信軍防郴，會霆軍叛勇掠茶、攸間，萱與德謙敗之，遁入粵。 進屯樂昌，當事命增募一營，號威震軍。 賊平，累功晉同知。 按察使黃潤昌奉檄統萬人援黔，潤昌與萱同邑，邀與俱。 萱綜文案，兼營務處。 每晝出領隊，夜歸削牘，以克鎮遠府、衛二城功，遷知府。 進規施秉，連戰皆捷。 黃平之敗，與文武將領十八人同死之。 卹贈太常寺卿，附祀黃潤昌祠。
While home on leave, Luo Bingzhang of Hunan pressed him to organize militia and Guo Songtao of Guangdong asked him to build a new river force; he declined to remain in either assignment. A scholar at heart, he would not give up the examination track. He sat the provincial exams again and again without success, and poured himself ever more deeply into learning. He soon joined Prefect Liu Deqian in commanding the Weixin Army at Chenzhou. When mutinous soldiers of the Ting Army raided Chaling and Youxian, Xuan and Deqian routed them and drove them into Guangdong. He moved up to Lechang, where officials authorized a new battalion called the Weizhen Army. After the rebels were suppressed, repeated merit brought him promotion to subprefect. Intendant Huang Runchang was ordered to lead ten thousand men to aid Guizhou. A fellow townsman, he asked Xuan to accompany him. Xuan managed official papers and served in the camp administration office. By day he led troops in the field; by night he drafted dispatches. For capturing Zhenyuan prefecture and its garrison city he was promoted to prefect. Pressing toward Shibing, he won a string of victories. At the disaster at Huangping he fell alongside eighteen civil and military officers. The court posthumously made him vice minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and enshrined him alongside Huang Runchang.
73
萱性澹泊，從軍十數年，不圖仕進，而耽學弗倦。 著有儀鄭堂文箋註二卷，粵遊日記一卷，蓼花齋詩詞四卷。
Xuan lived simply. For more than a decade he served in the field without chasing promotion, yet never tired of scholarship. He left behind Collected Commentaries from the Yizheng Hall in two fascicles, Diary of a Journey in Guangdong in one fascicle, and Poetry and Lyrics from the Liaohua Studio in four fascicles.
74
侯雲登，河南商丘人。 道光二十一年進士，由內閣中書洊升刑部郎中。 咸豐六年，補江南道監察御史。 奏言：「皖、豫接壤，向有捻匪，自粵匪北竄蒙、亳，捻匪乘之蜂起。 捻首張洛行更句結蘇添福等，合為一股，所過荼毒，蒙、亳迤北，歸德以東，數百里幾無人煙。 一誤於張維翰，而永夏受困，馬牧被焚； 再誤於武隆額，而賊擾掠歸、陳。 武隆額雖撤歸巡撫英桂調遣，並張維翰迄今未聞撤參，且其營勇，多雜匪類。 今邱聯恩軍亦潰敗，歸德決河未堵，防備綦難。 儻捻匪逾河而北，句結東省災民，其患甚大。 查匪逾十萬，擾及四省，惟賴兵力兜剿，而調集需時。 莫若以勇濟兵，請於皖、汴、蘇、魯接壤之區，設立勇營，簡員督辦。 本年二月間，命已革左副都御史袁甲三隨同英桂剿辦捻匪，請即加以卿銜，責令募勇。 其於勸約鄉團、捐辦勇糧，必能悉心籌畫，次第舉行。 擬辦法四條：一，酌保文武，勸懲悉照軍營之法； 一，審度地勢，擇要安營，與官兵互相策應，遏賊北竄； 一，急籌糧餉，請先由糧台撥給，並四省就近州縣動項奏撥，仍勸捐以資接濟； 一，明定賞罰，認真訓練，以嚴紀律。」 等語。 疏入，朝廷頗韙其議。
Hou Yundeng came from Shangqiu in Henan. He became a jinshi in 1841 and rose from Grand Secretariat secretary to director in the Ministry of Justice. In 1856 he was appointed censor for the Jiangnan circuit. He submitted a memorial: "Anhui and Henan share a border where Nian bandits have long been active. After Guangdong rebels fled north into Mengcheng and Bozhou, the Nian rose in swarms to exploit the chaos. Nian leader Zhang Luoxing joined forces with Su Tianfu and others. Their path left devastation in its wake; for hundreds of li north of Mengcheng and Bozhou and east of Guide, the land was nearly depopulated. First came Zhang Weihan's blunder, which left Yongxia trapped and Macheng in flames; then Wulong'e's mistake, after which rebels ravaged Guide and Chen. Wulong'e was recalled and placed under Governor Ying Gui of Henan, yet Zhang Weihan has still not been dismissed and investigated, and Wulong'e's troops are riddled with bandit elements. Qiu Lian'en's force has now been shattered as well, the Yellow River breach at Guide is still open, and defense has become exceedingly difficult. Should the Nian cross the river north and link up with destitute refugees in the eastern provinces, the danger would be grave indeed. The rebels number more than one hundred thousand and threaten four provinces. Only a converging campaign by regular troops can suppress them, but gathering such forces takes time. The better course is to reinforce the army with local braves. Brave camps should be established along the borders of Anhui, Kaifeng, Jiangsu, and Shandong, each under a designated supervisor. This February the dismissed left vice censor Yuan Jiasan was ordered to assist Ying Gui against the Nian. He should immediately receive ministerial rank and be charged with recruiting braves. In rallying local militia and organizing grain for the braves, he would surely plan carefully and execute each step in turn. He proposed four measures: first, recommend civil and military officers for reward and punishment according to army regulations; second, assess the terrain, establish camps at critical points, and coordinate with regular troops to block the rebels' northward flight; third, urgently secure provisions and pay from the grain bureau and from nearby prefectures and counties in the four provinces by memorialized appropriation, while also soliciting donations; fourth, set clear rewards and punishments, train the troops rigorously, and enforce strict discipline. The memorial closed with proposals to that effect. The throne largely approved his proposal when the memorial reached court.
75
九年，掌京畿道事務，授給事中。 又言：「捻匪蹂躪豫境二十餘州縣，仍分股四出焚掠，擾及直、東邊境。 雖有關保、博崇武等軍，兵力過單，馬隊未能精壯。 儻賊再蔓延，非獨豫省全局不保，直、東亦防不及防。 救急之法，惟有直、東兩省防兵並力進剿，並請催副都統巴揚阿將所帶馬隊赴豫，與關保合軍剿辦。 並請令副都統德楞額統軍由歸德探賊剿擊，必可制勝。 再東明、長垣已無匪踪，請令直督將所派東明、長垣之兵，出境協剿，以壯聲威。 豫省肅清，直、東南路，不待設防，均可無虞矣。」 十年，授甘肅寧夏道，同治元年，陝回倡亂，靈州被圍，佐領富隆阿援軍戰失利，雲登督兵勇進剿，斬馘無算，圍立解。 護督恩麟上其功，加按察使銜，賞花翎。
In 1859 he assumed charge of the Metropolitan circuit and was appointed supervising secretary. He memorialized again: "Nian bandits have ravaged more than twenty prefectures and counties in Henan, still splitting into bands to burn and plunder in all directions and threatening the borders of Zhili and Shandong. Though Guan Bao, Bo Chongwu, and others command troops there, their numbers are too few and the cavalry lacks strength. If the rebels spread further, Henan may not hold at all, and Zhili and Shandong will be caught unprepared. The urgent remedy is for Zhili and Shandong to combine their garrison troops in a joint offensive, and to urge Vice Banner Commander Bayang'a to bring his cavalry to Henan and join Guan Bao. Vice Banner Commander Deleng'e should likewise be ordered to lead troops from Guide in pursuit of the rebels; victory would then be assured. Dongming and Changyuan are already clear of rebels. The Zhili governor should be ordered to send his troops there across the border to assist in suppression and lend weight to the campaign. Once Henan is pacified, the southern approaches to Zhili and Shandong will need no special defense and the region will be secure." In 1860 he was appointed intendant of Ningxia in Gansu. In 1862, when Shaanxi Hui rebels rose and besieged Lingzhou, Assistant Banner Commander Fulonga's relief force was beaten back. Yundeng led troops and braves in a counterattack, killing countless rebels and lifting the siege at once. Acting Governor En Lin reported his achievements. He received the rank of provincial judge and was awarded the peacock feather.
76
時寧夏令彭慶章屢請散團，雲登以回性險詐止之。 恩麟檄雲登開城納降，慶章暗為回匪內應，變猝起，雲登率兵巷戰，被執不屈，死之。 子錫田同遇害。
Ningxia Magistrate Peng Qingzhang repeatedly urged disbanding the militia, but Yundeng refused, warning that the Hui were treacherous by nature. En Lin ordered Yundeng to open the gates and accept surrender. Qingzhang secretly colluded with the Hui rebels, and a sudden uprising erupted. Yundeng fought house to house, was captured, refused to yield, and was killed. His son Xitian was killed as well.
77
黃鼎，字彝封，四川崇慶州人。 以諸生倡辦團練。 同治元年，粵匪犯敘永廳，鼎率所部，佐官軍擊破之，敘功授教諭。 二年，復新寧。 松潘番亂，總督駱秉章檄鼎募蜀中驍勇士，得五百人，為蜀軍彝字營。 會四川布政使劉蓉巡撫陝西，檄鼎以所部從。 時粵寇擾漢中，偽啟王梁成富據南鄭，分兵陷諸州縣，且東侵興安境。 鼎會陝軍分道討擊，盡复諸城邑。
Huang Ding, whose style name was Yifeng, came from Chongqing prefecture in Sichuan. As a licentiate he organized local militia. In 1862, Guangdong rebels invaded Xuyong. Ding led his men to assist the regular army in defeating them and was rewarded with appointment as instructor. The following year he recovered Xinning. When the Songpan tribes rebelled, Governor Luo Bingzhang ordered Ding to raise fierce warriors from central Sichuan. He gathered five hundred men and formed the Yi-character Battalion of the Sichuan Army. When Sichuan Provincial Treasurer Liu Rong became governor of Shaanxi, he ordered Ding to bring his troops along. Guangdong rebels were then ravaging Hanzhong. The false Prince Qi Wang Liang Chengfu held Nanzheng, sent columns to seize towns and counties, and pushed east into Xing'an. Ding joined Shaanxi forces in a divided campaign and recovered every city and district.
78
三年二月，漢中土寇曹燦章召滇賊藍朝柱自川北進犯陝南，前鋒至松花坪，將越秦嶺而北。 檄鼎率所部邀擊，遇賊七里溝，大破之，轉戰八十餘裡，擒斬殆盡。 是役也，鼎所將才千人，破悍賊數万，號奇捷。 朝柱黨悉平。 四月，破燦章於八里坪，獲之。
In the second month of 1864, Hanzhong bandit Cao Shenzhang called in Yunnan rebel Lan Chaozhu from northern Sichuan to invade southern Shaanxi. The vanguard reached Songhuaping and was poised to cross the Qin Mountains northward. Ding was ordered to intercept them. At Qiligou he shattered the rebel force, fought for more than eighty li, and killed or captured nearly all of them. In that battle Ding commanded barely a thousand men yet routed tens of thousands of hardened rebels—a victory hailed as miraculous. Lan Chaozhu's entire faction was suppressed. In the fourth month he defeated Canzhang at Baliping and took him prisoner.
79
梁成富南寇襄樊不利，引而北入興安境，山南三郡悉戒嚴。 鼎聞警，自漢中東援，而賊已出山，焚掠鄠縣，遂渡渭而北。 鼎率師沿渭追擊，賊不得逞。 是時蜀寇西北犯階、秦，謀出山窺蘭、鞏，秉章急召鼎屯畢口。 四年正月，大會諸軍，進師階州，力戰抵城下，督軍以地雷轟城，諸軍填壕樹梯而上，斬偽昭武王蔡昌榮於陣，賊乞降，遂復階州。
Liang Chengfu's southern thrust against Xiangyang and Fan Cheng failed, and he turned north into Xing'an. The three prefectures south of the mountains went on full alert. Hearing the alarm, Ding marched east from Hanzhong to assist, but the rebels had already emerged from the mountains, burned and plundered Hu County, and crossed the Wei northward. Ding pursued them along the Wei and prevented them from gaining ground. Sichuan rebels were then pressing northwest into Jie and Qin, intending to break out toward Lanzhou and Gongchang. Bingzhang urgently recalled Ding to encamp at Bikou. In the first month of 1865 he assembled the armies and advanced on Jiezhou. After fierce fighting at the walls, his troops blasted the fortifications with land mines, filled the moat, and scaled the ramparts. The false Prince Zhaowu Wang Cai Changrong was killed in battle, the rebels surrendered, and Jiezhou was recovered.
80
十二月，蓉合諸軍三十餘營，與捻首張總愚戰於滻橋，鼎以所部橫貫賊陣，殲斃甚眾。 會天大雪，藥繩皆濕，軍士殭凍，賊突以萬騎穿湘軍陣，統將蕭德揚兄弟三人皆戰死，軍大潰。 鼎以千人憑原為異軍，湘軍既熸，賊悉萃於鼎，圍之數十重。 夜三鼓，賊少疲，鼎乃結圜陣，騎兵居中，步卒環外，以矛護槍，力戰，突出。 鄉晨，賊傅城東關，意鼎已沒，忽睹彝字旗，大驚。 鼎麾軍迎戰，敗之，賊始退。 是役也，微鼎，西安城幾危。
In the twelfth month, Rong combined more than thirty battalions and fought Nian chieftain Zhang Zongyu at Chanqiao. Ding drove his men in a lateral charge through the rebel lines and killed a great many. Then heavy snow fell, wetting every fuse; soldiers froze stiff. Ten thousand rebel horsemen suddenly pierced the Hunan army's line. Commander Xiao Deyang and his two brothers were killed, and the army broke in rout. Ding held the high ground with a thousand men as a separate force. Once the Hunan army was destroyed, every rebel converged on him and surrounded him in layer upon layer. At the third watch, when the rebels had grown weary, Ding formed a circle with cavalry at the center and infantry on the outside, spears shielding the muskets. After fierce fighting he broke through. At dawn the rebels pressed the east gate, believing Ding had fallen. Suddenly they saw the Yi-character banner and were stunned. Ding wheeled his troops to meet them, routed them, and the rebels finally withdrew. But for Ding in that battle, Xi'an would nearly have fallen.
81
六年四月，敗賊於大荔、朝邑，捻寇稍衰，而叛回复熾，犯鳳翔，遊騎及省城西郊。 鼎移師進擊，累破之，斬偽元帥一。 賊東走，據富平張家堡，鼎追擊，夜襲其壘，斬馘無算。 賊由臨津南渡渭，覬入南山，鼎悉力拒之，賊不得西。 十月，會諸軍追賊至三原，旋移援汧陽，率步將韋佔雄、徐佔彪等先登陷陣，大破賊黃里鋪，追擊至五里坡，又敗之。
In the fourth month of 1867 he defeated rebels at Dali and Chaoyi. The Nian threat eased, but Hui rebels surged again, invaded Fengxiang, and raiding horsemen reached the western suburbs of the provincial capital. Ding shifted his army forward, repeatedly defeated them, and killed one false marshal. The rebels fled east to Zhangjiabao in Fuping. Ding pursued them, raided their camp by night, and killed countless men. The rebels crossed the Wei south from Linjin, aiming to enter the southern mountains. Ding blocked them with all his strength and kept them from moving west. In the tenth month he joined other armies in pursuit to Sanyuan, then shifted to aid Qianyang. Leading infantry commanders Wei Zhanxiong and Xu Zhanbiao among others, he was first over the walls and into the enemy ranks, routed the rebels at Huanglipu, pursued them to Wulipopo, and defeated them again.
82
七年，賊竄甘肅之靈臺，犯涇州，西安迤西，汧、隴、乾、邠間，無慮皆為賊據。 鼎率所部為游擊軍，隨賊上下，相持數月，大小數十戰，累克堅巢。 甘賊與陝回合，悉眾來犯，鼎復大破之。 鼎以戰功由教諭累擢至陝西道員，賞二品頂戴，兩賞巴圖魯勇號，至是授陝西陝安道，未之任。
In 1868 the rebels fled to Lingtai in Gansu and invaded Jingzhou. West of Xi'an, across Qian, Long, Qian, and Bin, scarcely a district remained free of rebels. Ding led his men as a mobile force, shadowing the rebels for months through several dozen engagements and repeatedly storming fortified nests. When Gansu rebels joined Shaanxi Hui forces and attacked in full strength, Ding routed them again. For repeated battlefield merit Ding rose from instructor to Shaanxi circuit intendant, received a second-rank official's button, was twice granted the title of Brave Batu, and was now appointed intendant of Shan'an in Shaanxi, though he had not yet assumed the post.
83
八年，回酋陳林等糾大眾來犯，鼎率所部嚴陣以待，賊不得進，譟而走。 鼎追擊十數里，涇、慶賊悉平。 初鼎督涇州賑，撫屯田，廣為招徠。 至是涇州得民屯十三萬畝有奇，營屯五千有奇，鎮原得民屯十三萬有奇，平涼、崇信各有差，軍益饒富。 甘肅土寇張貴為亂，鼎一鼓平之。
In 1869 Hui chieftain Chen Lin and others mustered a great host to attack. Ding held a strict formation; the rebels could not break through and fled in disorder. Ding pursued them for more than ten li and fully pacified the rebels of Jing and Qing. Earlier Ding had overseen famine relief at Jingzhou and managed garrison farming, actively recruiting settlers. By then Jingzhou held more than 130,000 mu of civilian garrison land and more than 5,000 mu of military garrison land; Zhenyuan held more than 130,000 mu of civilian garrison land; Pingliang and Chongxin held lesser amounts; and the army grew ever more abundantly supplied. When Gansu local bandit Zhang Gui rebelled, Ding crushed him in a single attack.
84
左宗棠會諸軍進攻金積堡，堡，回酋馬化隆偽都也。 化隆遣將據固原，抗大軍，鼎大破之，復其城。 賊走狄道、河州，复擊敗之。 捷聞，賞內府珍物。 九年，金積堡未下，湘軍大將劉松山新戰歿，軍事方棘，宗棠檄召鼎會固原提督雷正綰赴援。 軍抵牛頭山，山峽狹隘，為金積堡第一門戶，賊恃為天險，鼎力攻拔之，連下數十壘。 復攻馬家堡，環圍三面，缺其一，設伏以待。 賊果由缺處遁，伏發，賊大敗。 進傅金積堡，盡毀附近小壘，師集堡下，晝夜環攻，遂克之。 化隆父子伏誅，餘黨悉平。 以功賞黃馬褂。 十三年，移防陝北，旋丁父憂，詔奪情留軍中。 光緒二年六月，部將湯秉勳以不給四川咨文之嫌，突起刺之，遂卒於軍。
Zuo Zongtang combined the armies for an advance on Jinjibao, the stronghold that served as the false capital of Hui chieftain Ma Hualong. Ma Hualong sent a general to hold Guyuan against the main force. Ding shattered that army and recovered the city. The rebels fled toward Didao and Hezhou, and he defeated them again in pursuit. News of the victory reached the throne, and he received rare treasures from the imperial storehouse. In the ninth year Jinji Fort still held out. Liu Songshan, the Hunan Army's chief general, had just fallen in battle and the campaign hung in the balance. Zongtang ordered Ding to join Lei Zhengzhuan, the Guyuan garrison commander, in marching to the rescue. When his troops reached Niutou Mountain—the first and narrowest gate to Jinji Fort, which the rebels treated as impassable terrain—Ding stormed it at full force and rolled through dozens of outlying forts. At Majiabao he encircled the fortress on three sides, deliberately leaving one gap open and placing hidden troops to wait. The rebels fled exactly through the gap; the hidden force rose up, and they were routed. He pressed on to Jinji Fort itself, razed every outlying redoubt, massed his men at the walls, and besieged the place day and night until it fell. Hualong and his son were put to death, and every remaining rebel was subdued. For this service he was granted the yellow riding jacket of honor. In the thirteenth year he was posted to northern Shaanxi. When his father died he should have gone into mourning, but the throne ordered him to remain with the army instead. In June of 1876 his subordinate Tang Bingxun, angry over withheld Sichuan paperwork, suddenly assassinated him in camp.
85
鼎治軍素嚴，在防所招集流亡，開墾荒蕪，修濬堡渠，興學課士，得軍民心。 其屯軍漢中也，曲阜孔廣銘落拓廢寺中，鼎軍行經其寺，睹廣銘題壁詩，異之，召與語，叩所學，大悅，遂延入幕。 鼎軍所鄉有功，半廣銘策也。
Ding ran a tight camp. Where he garrisoned he resettled refugees, turned wasteland to fields, cleared irrigation works, and founded schools to examine local scholars—winning loyalty from soldiers and civilians alike. While encamped at Hanzhong, Ding's troops passed an abandoned temple where Kong Guangming of Qufu—penniless and adrift—had been living. Ding saw a poem Guangming had written on the wall, was struck by it, questioned the man's learning, and delighted, brought him onto his staff. Half the victories Ding's men won in the field owed to Guangming's counsel.
86
陳源兗，字岱雲，湖南茶陵州人。 道光十八年進士，改翰林，授編修，旋授江西吉安府。 先是源兗妻易氏以源兗遘疾幾殆，籥天原以身代，刲臂和藥飲源兗，源兗以愈，易氏旋病卒。 同鄉公舉孝婦，請旌於朝。 源兗適召對，宣宗垂詢及之，遂有是命。 以迴避原籍調廣信，母故，去任。 服闋，簡放安徽遺缺知府，補池州。
Chen Yuanyuan, styled Daiyun, came from Chaling in Hunan. He received his jinshi degree in 1838, joined the Hanlin as a compiler, and was soon sent as prefect of Ji'an in Jiangxi. When Yuanyuan lay near death, his wife Lady Yi prayed Heaven would accept her life in place of his, cut her arm, mixed the blood into his medicine, and nursed him back to health—then fell ill herself and died. Their neighbors petitioned the throne to honor her as a model of wifely devotion. Yuanyuan was at court when Emperor Xuanzong heard of the case and asked about it himself; the decree followed. Transferred to Guangxin to satisfy the rule against serving in one's native province, he left his post when his mother died. After mourning he was appointed to a vacant prefecture in Anhui and took up Chizhou.
87
咸豐三年，粵匪自桐城竄撲廬州，巡撫江忠源檄源兗赴廬協守，賊架雲梯薄城而登，源兗守大東門，屢卻之。 賊复穴威武門為隧道，伏地雷，官軍迎掘之。 尋水西門地雷發，轟塌城垣數丈，急搶築，城卒完。 時陝甘總督舒興阿奉命統兵萬五千人來援，屢戰不利，賊連日攻益急，城中餉乏兵疲。 十二月，賊复穴水西門隧道攻入，源兗自東城馳救，至則江忠源已戰歿，遂赴文廟自經死。 先嘗與所親謁文廟，徘徊庭樹，謂「事亟吾且死此，以無負先師殺身成仁」之訓，蓋死志素定雲。
In 1853 Guangdong rebels from Tongcheng struck at Luzhou. Governor Jiang Zhongyuan summoned Yuanyuan to help hold the city. The rebels raised scaling ladders against the walls; Yuanyuan defended the Great East Gate and drove them back again and again. The rebels tunnelled under the Gate of Martial Prestige and planted mines; government troops dug toward them from inside. Then a mine at the West Water Gate blew a gap several yards wide in the wall; they raced to shore it up and kept the city whole. Shaanxi-Gansu Governor-General Shu Xing'a arrived with fifteen thousand relief troops but lost battle after battle. The rebels tightened their siege daily while the city starved and its defenders frayed. In December the rebels broke in again through the West Water Gate tunnel. Yuanyuan galloped from the east wall to help—and found Jiang Zhongyuan already dead in battle. He went to the Confucian temple and hanged himself. He had once told a friend under the temple trees: "When the end comes I will die here, and not dishonor the Master's teaching that one fulfills humanity by laying down one's life." His resolve had been fixed long before.
88
瑞春，字慰農，姓鄂濟氏，蒙古正藍旗人。 由筆帖式洊升理籓院郎中、軍機章京，擢湖州府知府。 治尚寬平，有瑞佛之稱。 湖城危急，與副將鄂爾霍巴、郡紳趙景賢激勵軍民，嬰城固守。 景賢主湖郡鄉團，多專擅，瑞春無所忤，嘗曰：「趙兵睢陽之儔，我其為許遠乎？」 城陷，西門火起，朝服升堂，賊至脅降，大罵不屈，被害。 母章佳氏及妻、妾、二子、子婦皆死於難。
Rui Chun, styled Weinong, of the Eji clan, was a Mongol bannerman of the Plain Blue Banner. Starting as a clerk, he rose through the Court of Colonial Affairs and the Grand Council staff to become prefect of Huzhou. He governed with gentle fairness and earned the nickname "Buddha Rui." When Huzhou faced collapse he joined Vice General E'erhubo and the local gentleman Zhao Jingxian to brace soldiers and townspeople for a last stand behind the walls. Jingxian ran the district militia with a heavy hand, but Rui Chun never crossed him. "Zhao's men are the Suiyang garrison reborn," he said once. "Am I not Xu Yuan to his Zhang Xun?" When the city fell and flames leapt at the west gate he put on his court robes and took his seat in the hall. Rebels demanded his surrender; he cursed them and was put to death. His mother Lady Zhangjia, his wife and concubines, his two sons, and their wives all perished in the fall.
89
鄂爾霍巴，字斐堂，滿洲正白旗人。 起家侍衛，出為湖州協副將。 湖州初次解圍，上守城功，鄂爾霍巴以屬邑失守自劾，時論偉之。 餉糧久匱，困甚，以衣物質錢自給。 每圍急，身出巡城，而閉妻子於後堂，外環火藥，戒家人曰：「有不測，即舉火，無污賊！」 如是者屢矣。 及城陷，在北城督戰，策馬回署，則賊已入廳事。 手燃火繩，藥發，闔家轟死。
E'erhubo, styled Feitang, was a Manchu of the Plain White Banner. He entered service as an imperial guardsman and was posted as assistant garrison vice general at Huzhou. After the first lifting of the siege the throne rewarded the city's defenders; E'erhubo submitted a self-accusation for counties lost under his command, and public opinion admired him for it. With supplies long gone he was reduced to pawning his clothes for food. In every crisis he patrolled the walls himself, shut his family in the rear hall ringed with gunpowder, and told them: "If the worst comes, light the fuse—do not let the enemy have you!" He repeated this many times. When the city finally fell he was fighting at the north wall. He galloped back to headquarters—and rebels were already in the main hall. He struck the fuse himself. The blast killed every soul in the house.
90
時署烏程縣事者為許承岳。 承岳，字柱山，湖南寧鄉人。 由縣丞擢署縣事，誓與瑞春死守。 千總熊得勝以搜米擾民，涕泣阻之，得勝開東門降賊。 承岳即騎馬歸署，手刃二女，自縊於官所，妾錢氏從死。
Xu Chengyue was then acting magistrate of Wucheng County. Chengyue, styled Zhushan, came from Ningxiang in Hunan. Promoted from sub-prefect to acting magistrate, he swore to hold the city or die with Rui Chun. Company Commander Xiong Desheng's grain raids tormented the people; Chengyue wept and pleaded with him to stop—but Desheng opened the east gate to the rebels. Chengyue rode straight home, killed his two daughters himself, hanged himself in his office, and Concubine Qian died with him.
91
潘錦芳，湖州人。 城圍久，趙景賢以江蘇巡撫駐軍上海，作血書乞援，募能犯圍出者。 錦芳時老病，家亦賣酒小康，獨激於義憤，請行，展轉得達。 議以鬆江提督曾秉忠率水師絕太湖而西，為外內合攻計。 湖賈之在上海者，且聚貲鉅萬餉之。 行有日矣，有尼之者，中變，錦芳流涕曰：「老夫出城時，糧將罄矣。 兵一日兩粥，民食草根樹皮，空巷敝廬，死亡枕藉。 其倖存者，數老夫之行，旦暮待援，懼不相及。 城外賊如麻，登高叫呼，兵則憑堞應答，岌岌將為變。 鄉人之賈於此者，念在圍親屬，其愁迫何如？ 獨恨水師無翼而飛耳。 彼尼之者，何不仁乎？ 嗚呼！ 吾不復見趙公矣。」 抵案大呼，嘔血以死。
Pan Jinfang was from Huzhou. The siege dragged on. Zhao Jingxian, knowing the Jiangsu governor's force was at Shanghai, wrote a plea in blood and sought someone bold enough to slip through the lines. Old and sick, making a modest living selling wine, he alone answered the call—moved by outrage rather than duty—and after a hard journey got the message through. The plan called for Songjiang commander Zeng Bingzhong to bring the fleet west across Lake Tai for a pincer attack from inside and out. Huzhou merchants in Shanghai raised tens of thousands in silver to feed the relief effort. The day was set—then someone blocked the plan and the relief collapsed. Jinfang wept: "When I left the city, the grain was almost gone. Soldiers got two bowls of gruel a day; civilians gnawed roots and bark. Empty streets, ruined houses, corpses stacked in the alleys. Those left alive were counting the days since I left, waiting for rescue—afraid help would come too late. Rebels packed the fields like standing grain. They shouted from hilltops; defenders shouted back from the walls. The army was on the edge of breaking. Think of our townspeople doing business here, their families trapped inside—how desperate they must be! If only the fleet had wings to fly. What cruel soul would block relief like this? Alas! I shall never see Zhao again." He slammed the desk, cried out, vomited blood, and died.
92
廖宗元，字梓臣，湖南寧鄉人。 道光二十年進士，以知縣分浙江，任仙居、德清等縣，有能名。 權歸安，粵逆自廣德進窺湖州，宗元建議：「湖州四面阻山，有險足恃，且城多富室，粟芻無虞。 今寧國雖潰，營將田宗升、楊國正皆宗元鄉人，若給以糗糧，可使為我固守。」 知府從其言，悉以防務屬之。 賊至，出擊。 賊知有備，引去。 會蘇、常、杭、嘉諸府相繼陷，賊复擾湖。 道員蕭翰慶陣亡，宗元收其潰卒，入城餉之。 明日出戰，大捷，賊敗走。 有以蜚語上聞者，解任聽勘，事得白。
Liao Zongyuan, styled Zichen, came from Ningxiang in Hunan. A jinshi of 1840, he served as magistrate in Zhejiang at Xianju, Deqing, and elsewhere and earned a name for competence. While acting magistrate at Gui'an, with rebels advancing from Guangde toward Huzhou, Zongyuan argued: "Huzhou is walled by mountains—defensible ground—and its wealthy houses can supply grain and fodder for a long siege. Ningguo may have fallen, but the camp officers Tian Zongsheng and Yang Guozheng are my countrymen—give them provisions and they will hold for us." The prefect agreed and put the entire defense in his hands. When the rebels came he marched out to meet them. Finding the city ready, they withdrew. Then Suzhou, Changzhou, Hangzhou, Jiaxing, and the rest fell in turn, and Huzhou came under attack again. When Circuit Intendant Xiao Hanqing fell in battle, Zongyuan rallied his broken troops, brought them inside the walls, and fed them. The next day he fought and won a great victory; the rebels broke and ran. Malicious gossip reached the throne; he was suspended pending investigation—and was cleared.
93
會偽忠王李秀成陷金華、處、嚴諸府，浙撫王有齡因檄宗元署紹興府。 時浦江、義烏、東陽皆不守，紹興戒嚴。 既受篆，議調外江砲船入內港，勿為賊有； 議設水柵，以斷賊道； 請徵團防勇丁入城：均為在籍團練大臣王履謙所阻。 九月，宗元令營將何炳謙率水師出擊，戰歿，敗卒歸伍。 富紳張存浩等挾捐輸之嫌，誣其通賊，毆傷宗元，履謙置不問。 賊果由浦江入諸暨，奪外江砲船，渡臨浦，陷蕭山，以撲紹興。 履謙率姚勇走上虞，有開門迎賊者，城遂陷。 宗元朝服坐公堂，罵賊不屈，死之。 詔以：「宗元力籌防守，嚴催富戶捐輸，致被富紳張存浩等誣毆，旋复禦賊捐軀，城亡與亡。 實屬大節凜然，深堪嘉憫。 照知府例優議給卹，並於死所祠祀，以彰忠藎。」 給世職。
When the rebel "Loyal Prince" Li Xiucheng seized Jinhua and neighboring prefectures, Zhejiang Governor Wang Youqian appointed Zongyuan acting prefect of Shaoxing. Pujiang, Yiwu, and Dongyang were already lost; Shaoxing went on full alert. Once installed he proposed moving outer-river gunboats into the inner harbor before the rebels could seize them; erecting water barriers to block rebel routes; and calling local militia inside the walls—all were blocked by Wang Luqian, the home-leave militia minister. In the ninth month he sent camp officer He Bingqian with the fleet to attack; Bingqian was killed and his beaten men straggled back. Wealthy gentry led by Zhang Cunhao, angry over contribution levies, accused him of collusion with the enemy, beat him, and Wang Luqian looked the other way. The rebels came through Pujiang into Zhuji, seized the outer-river gunboats, crossed at Linpu, took Xiaoshan, and bore down on Shaoxing. Wang Luqian fled toward Shangyu with Yao's troops; someone opened the gates to the enemy, and the city fell. Zongyuan, in full court dress, took his seat in the hall, cursed the invaders, and was killed. The throne declared: "Zongyuan threw himself into organizing the defense and pressing the wealthy for contributions, for which Zhang Cunhao and others slandered and beat him; he then returned to face the enemy and died when the city fell—perished with his post. His integrity was unshakeable—an example to honor and mourn. Grant posthumous honors at prefect rank, enshrine him where he died, and make his loyalty known." A hereditary rank was granted.
94
劉體舒，字云岩，雲南景東廳人。 道光十三年進士，用知縣，分直隸，授廣宗。 二十一年，揀發廣西，署養利知州，除融縣。 進直隸州知州，授鬱林。 咸豐四年，權潯州府事。 時艇賊梁培友、大口昌縱橫水面，聞體舒至，就撫，已而叛去。 糾貴縣賊趙洪、李七等眾數千犯郡城，體舒督兵登陴守禦，更番出擊，分兵截歸路。 戰西關，擒斬千七百餘級，賊遁。 追至河邊，毀賊船數十，餘匪仍退據貴縣。 巡撫勞崇光奏薦堪勝道府任，進知府，尋授思恩，權潯州如故。
Liu Tishu, styled Yunyan, came from Jingdong in Yunnan. A jinshi of 1833, he was posted as magistrate to Guangzong in Zhili. In 1841 he went to Guangxi, served as acting prefect of Yangli, then took Rong County. Promoted to direct-controlled prefect, he was assigned to Yulin. In 1854 he acted as prefect of Xunzhou. Boat pirates Liang Peiyou and Da Kouchang ruled the rivers; they submitted when Tishu arrived, then rebelled again. Zhao Hong, Li Qi, and other Gui County rebels mustered thousands and attacked the prefectural seat. Tishu manned the walls, rotated sorties, and cut off their retreat. At the west gate they killed or captured more than seventeen hundred; the rebels fled. They pursued to the river, destroyed dozens of rebel boats, but the remnant band fell back on Gui County. Governor Luo Chongguang recommended him for higher office; he was promoted to prefect, assigned to Si'en, and kept acting at Xunzhou.
95
五年，廣東賊季文茂等溯江西上，犯潯州，培友等與之合，賊萬餘，晝夜環攻，絕城中運道。 七月，穴地攻小南門，陷其郛，賊蟻附上。 官軍奮擊，矢石雨下，斃賊數百，體舒血書乞援。 八月，按察使張敬修、參將尹達章自平南督水師至石嘴，戰失利。 賊诇知糧盡援絕，攻益急，官軍飢疲不能拒，城陷。 體舒暨桂平知縣李慶福、卸縣事舒樺均被執不屈，死。 經歷宣元烺自縊，典史沈廉赴水死。 體舒贈太僕寺卿銜，賞世職，慶福等賜卹有差。
In 1855 Li Wenmao and other Guangdong rebels moved upriver on Xunzhou. Liang Peiyou joined them—more than ten thousand men besieging the city day and night and cutting its supply lines. In the seventh month they tunneled under the small south gate, broke through the outer wall, and rebels swarmed up like ants. Government troops fought back under a rain of arrows and stones, killing hundreds. Tishu wrote a plea in blood begging for relief. In the eighth month Censor-in-Chief Zhang Jingxiu and Brigade General Yin Dachang brought the fleet from Pingnan to Shizui—and lost. The rebels learned the city was starving and alone; they tightened the assault until the exhausted garrison gave way and the city fell. Tishu, Guiping Magistrate Li Qingfu, and former acting magistrate Shu Hua were taken captive, refused to submit, and were killed. Registrar Xuan Yuanlang hanged himself; clerical officer Shen Lian drowned himself. Tishu received posthumous rank as Vice Minister of the Court of the Imperial Stud and a hereditary office; Qingfu and the others received honors in proportion.
96
李保衡，浙江會稽人。 由訓導捐同知，分貴州。 同治元年，署普定縣知縣。 時貞豐回匪陷歸化，延及縣屬白岩、沙子溝，擊敗之。 粵賊偪安順，保衡籌防，獲間諜，得賊情，豫為備，賊不得逞。 賊何二竄擾，又督團兵兜擊，殲賊數百，境賴以安。 三年，調署鎮寧州知州，明年，署興義府知府，時回酋金阿渾據新城，陽反正，陰蓄髮，懷異志。 保衡率敢死士數十，徑抵城下，呼之出，示以威信，阿渾感服，薙發就撫。 降酋馬忠署安義游擊，擁兵驕恣，侵知府權，縱部卒虐民。 保衡規之曰：「既反正，當圖晚蓋，奈何若此？」 忠為斂跡。 流亡歸集數百戶，總督勞崇光疏薦保衡政聲卓著，擢知府。 丁父憂，奏請奪情留任。
Li Baoheng came from Kuaiji in Zhejiang. He purchased office as assistant prefect and was sent to Guizhou. In 1862 he served as acting magistrate of Puding County. When Zhenfeng Hui rebels seized Guihua and threatened Baiyan and Shazigou in his jurisdiction, he beat them back. Guangdong rebels threatened Anshun; Baoheng fortified the city, caught a spy, learned their plans, and blocked them. When the bandit He Er raided the area he sent militia in pursuit, killed hundreds, and restored quiet to the district. In 1864 he acted at Zhenning; the next year at Xingyi. Hui chieftain Jin Ahun held Xincheng, feigning submission while secretly keeping his queue and plotting rebellion. Baoheng rode to the walls with dozens of volunteers, called Ahun out, and won him over with a show of firmness and mercy. Ahun shaved his head and submitted. The surrendered chieftain Ma Zhong, acting ranging colonel at Anyi, grew arrogant with his troops, overstepped the prefect's authority, and let his men abuse civilians. Baoheng warned him: "You've come back to the fold—make amends for the past. Why behave like this?" Zhong pulled back. Hundreds of refugee families returned. Governor-General Luo Chongguang recommended Baoheng's outstanding governance and he was promoted to prefect. When his father died he petitioned to remain in office rather than enter mourning.
97
五年，以貞豐回匪馬衝負隅，檄都司熊忠、守備劉萬勝等進剿。 賊分股來拒，進踞距城三十里八達地方，與普坪黑夷王罰傭句結，保衡督忠等設伏截擊，斬馘無算。 萬勝亦擊退頂廟賊，合師攻八達。 罰傭勢蹙，詐降於忠。 忠將至新城受降，保衡力阻，不聽，竟遇害。 聞變，亟調興義、普安團練御之。 未至，賊偪城下，保衡登陴固守，或勸以「勢急徒守無益，盍逆師境上為兩全計」。 保衡曰：「臣子之義，城亡與亡，吾知效死勿去，他非所知也！」 三月，忠部降卒與賊通，城陷。 保衡巷戰，手刃多賊，力竭被執，罵賊不屈，受鱗傷死。 屬紳劉官禮等以重金募人覓其骸，越二年始獲葬。 署經歷徐海、州同李善鬥同遇難。 詔贈道員，祠祀興義，海、善鬥附祀。
In 1866, with Zhenfeng Hui rebel Ma Chong holding out, he ordered Brigade Commander Xiong Zhong and Garrison Commander Liu Wansheng to advance against him. The rebels split into columns and seized Badatong, thirty li from the city, allying with Fan Yungou, Black Yi king of Pufu. Baoheng set an ambush through Zhong and his officers and killed without count. Wansheng drove back the rebels at Dingmiao and joined the main force at Badatong. Fan Yungou, cornered, feigned surrender to Zhong. Zhong was about to ride to Xincheng to accept the surrender; Baoheng pleaded against it, but Zhong would not listen—and was murdered. On word of the disaster he hurriedly mobilized militia from Xingyi and Pu'an. Before they could arrive the rebels were at the walls. Baoheng held the ramparts. Some urged him: "This is hopeless—why not withdraw to meet reinforcements at the border?" Baoheng replied: "A subject's duty is to perish with his city. I know how to die where I stand—that is all I know!" In the third month turncoats from Zhong's former command opened the gates, and the city fell. Baoheng fought street by street, killing many with his own blade. Exhausted and captured, he cursed the enemy and was hacked to death. Local gentry led by Liu Guanli paid handsomely to recover his body—it took two years to find and bury him. Acting registrar Xu Hai and sub-prefect Li Shandou died in the same disaster. The throne posthumously promoted him to circuit intendant, enshrined him at Xingyi, and added Xu Hai and Li Shandou to the shrine.
98
淡樹琪，四川廣安州人。 咸豐六年，以知府候補雲南。 先是雲南各郡縣漢、回相殺，回人據大理諸州縣。 樹琪至滇境，聞變，遣家屬還，間道至省城。 次日，城門晝閉，得奸人托福、托壽，搜其家，旗幟刀矛咸具。 事既洩，諸回不自安。 漢人聞回人之欲相殘也，為先發計，一呼而眾合，城內外火光殺聲兩日不絕。 初，樹琪以部曹出守貴州，苗匪亂，辦賊有聲。 大吏就問計，樹琪因乘間說曰：「漢、回相仇久矣，直漢者曰回曲，直回者曰漢曲，兩直不相下，是助之攻也。 今日之事，誠宜兩曲之，以蓄謀曲回，而以擅殺曲漢。 然後宣布天子威德，示禍福利害，使各愛其身家，亂庶幾止。」 又請設勸捐籌餉局，不十日，軍民輸錢米者十餘萬，省城事稍定。
Dan Shuqi came from Guang'an in Sichuan. In 1856 he went to Yunnan as a candidate prefect. Across Yunnan Han and Hui had been slaughtering one another; Hui forces held Dali and surrounding counties. Reaching the border and hearing of the chaos, he sent his family home and took a secret route to the provincial capital. The next day the gates were shut at noon. He seized conspirators named Tuofu and Tuoshou and found flags, blades, and spears stockpiled in their homes. When word spread, the Hui population grew restless. Han residents, hearing the Hui meant to strike first, beat them to it. At a single call mobs formed; fire and slaughter raged inside and outside the walls for two days without pause. Earlier, posted from the ministry to Guizhou during the Miao rebellions, he had earned a reputation for suppressing disorder. Officials sought his counsel. Shuqi said: "Han and Hui have hated each other for years. Each side insists the other is wrong. When both demand to be right, you're only fueling the fight. Treat both as in the wrong—punish the Hui conspirators, punish the Han vigilantes who killed without authority. Then proclaim imperial authority, show reward and ruin, and let each side choose to protect home and family—the violence may stop." He also set up a contributions bureau; within ten days soldiers and civilians gave more than a hundred thousand in cash and grain, and the capital began to stabilize.
99
各郡縣告急，警報迭至，大吏卒遣樹琪及副將謝周綺防堵碧雞關，屬以練勇三千人。 樹琪視所屬練勇不習戰，餉又不能持久，不得已至關。 關去城三十里，地狹不能布眾，乃去關八里硃家祠屯駐。 時亂回據彩鳳山下，左曰三家村、曰二里坡，皆賊窟，其右則昆陽、安陵地。 大吏責樹琪辦賊，樹琪使練目熊載攻三家村，從九品周廷軫攻二里坡，周文舉具船五十號攻賊前，其右則委之安陵州牧，剋日逼賊巢。 至日，樹琪與周綺整隊據彩鳳山頂。 辰、巳交，大霧滿山谷，數武外不可辨。 左右或勸且收隊，樹琪歎曰：「督戰方急，而諸路兵又分遣，軍令不得失期，今日但有戰耳。」 揮隊下山，俄報左路敗，載與廷軫死，樹琪軍遽潰。 周綺先走，樹琪據嶺畔一大松立，僕何彬、李秉、劉喜、楊紳皆有力能戰，無何，三僕戰死。 紳持矛擁樹琪，樹琪據地呼殺不絕聲，賊從後砍紳墜嶺下，樹琪旋遇害。 時六月二十六日，距至雲南僅七十餘日。 事聞，贈太僕寺卿。
Distress calls poured in from every county. Officials sent Shuqi and Vice General Xie Zhouqi to hold Bijiguan with three thousand militiamen. He found his militia untrained and his supplies short—but went to the pass anyway. The pass lay thirty li from the city on ground too narrow for his full force, so he camped eight li back at the Zhu Family Shrine. Rebel Hui held the slopes of Caifeng Mountain. To the left were Sanjiacun and Erlipo—both rebel strongholds; to the right lay Kunyang and Anling. Pressed to act, Shuqi sent militia chief Xiong Zai against Sanjiacun, ninth-rank officer Zhou Tingzhen against Erlipo, Zhou Wenju with fifty boats against the front, and delegated the right flank to the Anling prefect—all to converge on the rebel nest on a set day. On the day appointed Shuqi and Xie Zhouqi formed ranks atop Caifeng Mountain. Between seven and ten in the morning fog filled the valleys—nothing visible beyond a few paces. Aides urged him to pull back. Shuqi sighed: "Headquarters is pressing us, every column is already committed—we cannot miss the day. Today we fight." He ordered the descent. Soon word came: the left flank had collapsed; Zai and Tingzhen were dead—and Shuqi's men broke and ran. Xie Zhouqi fled first. Shuqi stood his ground beside a great pine on the ridge. Servants He Bin, Li Bing, Liu Xi, and Yang Shen fought fiercely—three of them died there. Shen shielded him with a spear while Shuqi stood his ground shouting "Kill!" without pause. Rebels cut Shen down from behind; Shuqi was killed moments later. It was the twenty-sixth of the sixth month—barely seventy days since he had reached Yunnan. Report reached the throne; he was posthumously made Vice Minister of the Court of the Imperial Stud.
100
褚汝航，字一帆，江蘇吳縣人，或曰廣東人。 道光二十八年，捐職布政司經歷，發廣西。 粵匪倡亂，汝航於金田及新墟等處剿擊出力，累功擢知府。 應曾國籓招，至湖南，與夏鑾督造戰艦，練水軍。 咸豐四年，率所部复岳州，复湘潭。 賊犯城陵磯，汝航偕鑾分路進擊，奪賊前船，殪偽丞相汪得勝等，追殲殆盡。 捷聞，以道員選用。 尋賊由擂鼓台上竄，汝航督兵迎擊，敗之。 賊復以船伏城陵磯，夾洲為誘敵計。 汝航偕鑾暨都司楊載福等督兵直偪城陵磯，賊眾未及抄截，被水陸官軍分途擊潰，夾洲泊船亦被毀。 以汝航膽力俱壯，奏獎鹽運使銜。 嗣統師船於下游一帶與總兵陳輝龍等水師排陣合攻，多所殲斃，並火其舟。 其時群賊下竄，風逆船膠，賊艘复集，官軍陷入重圍，輝龍及游擊沙鎮邦等俱陣歿。 汝航等督軍馳救，均被鉅創，死之。 汝航條理精密，為國籓所重，及死，尤痛惜焉。
Chu Ruhang, styled Yifan, was said to be from Wuxian in Jiangsu—though some claimed Guangdong. In 1848 he purchased office as provincial registrar and was sent to Guangxi. When the Cantonese rebels rose he fought hard at Jintian, Xinxu, and elsewhere and rose to prefect through repeated merit. Answering Zeng Guofan's call he came to Hunan, and with Xia Luan built warships and trained the river force. In 1854 he led his troops to retake Yuezhou and Xiangtan. When rebels struck Chenglingji, Ruhang and Luan split their attack, seized the enemy vanguard, killed the false chancellor Wang Desheng, and pursued until almost none remained. News of victory brought selection for circuit intendant. Soon rebels fled via Leigutai; Ruhang intercepted and routed them. The rebels hid boats at Chenglingji again, using a mid-river islet as bait. Ruhang, Luan, and Brigade Commander Yang Zaifu drove straight on Chenglingji before the enemy could flank them; land and river troops routed the rebels and destroyed the boats at the islet. For his courage and vigor he was awarded the rank of salt transport commissioner. He then commanded the fleet downstream alongside Regional Commander Chen Huilong's river force in combined attacks that killed many and burned enemy boats. Rebels fled downstream; headwinds grounded the fleet; rebel boats swarmed in; government troops were trapped—Huilong, Ranging Colonel Sha Zhenbang, and others all fell in battle. Ruhang led a rescue force, took mortal wounds, and died. Meticulous and disciplined, Ruhang was deeply valued by Guofan—whose grief at his death was especially sharp.
101
輝龍，廣東吳川人。 國籓定水師勦賊策，輝龍實先以廣東兵船從。 城陵磯之役，自乘拖罟船先發，而汝航繼之。 死事上聞，賜諡壯勇。
Chen Huilong came from Wuchuan in Guangdong. When Guofan planned the river campaign, Huilong was first to bring Guangdong war boats into the fight. At Chenglingji he led in a stern-towed fishing boat with Ruhang close behind. His death was reported to the throne; he was granted the posthumous title Zhuangyong.
102
夏鑾，字鳴之，江蘇上元人。 以附生從九品發廣西。 盜匪陳亞貴滋事，鑾捐貲募勇在荔浦、修仁防剿，保府經歷。 與汝航治水軍，凡器械之屬及營製，多鑾手定。 同复岳州，同复湘潭，歷保府同知。 城陵磯之役，汝航統師船進擊，鑾於陸路設伏互應。 進剿至白螺磯蘆葦中，賊眾复集，鑾手刃數賊，躍入水中，死之。 諸生何南青同戰歿，事聞，均賜卹如例。
Xia Luan, styled Mingzhi, came from Shangyuan in Jiangsu. As a supplementary licentiate of ninth rank he went to Guangxi. When the bandit Chen Yagui rebelled, Luan funded militia at Lipu and Xiuren and earned retention as prefectural registrar. With Ruhang he built the river force; most equipment and camp regulations were Luan's design. Together they retook Yuezhou and Xiangtan; through merit he rose to sub-prefect. At Chenglingji Ruhang led the fleet while Luan set land ambushes in support. Pursuing to the reeds at Bailuoji the rebels swarmed back; Luan killed several with his own blade, leapt into the water, and died. Licentiate He Nanqing also died in the fighting; both received posthumous honors by regulation.
103
儲玫躬，字石友，湖南靖州人。 廩生。 少有大志，讀書喜講求營陣攻擊之法，嘗於本籍擒治傳習左道倡亂者。 道光二十九年，土匪李沅發作亂，踞新寧縣城，玫躬督鄉勇從間道馳截要隘，助官軍討平之，敘功以訓導即選。 咸豐三年，選授武陵縣訓導，江西泰和縣土匪闌入茶陵州，巡撫駱秉章檄令募勇討賊。 八月，賊竄安仁縣，玫躬偕把總張大楷往援，遇賊於安仁、酃縣交界地，與酃縣團勇合力兜剿，大敗之。 常寧土匪圍攻藍山縣城六晝夜，玫躬复偕縣丞王珍等會剿，陣斬六百餘名，賊潰，藍山以全。 移剿股匪於道州四眼橋，玫躬繼各營至，逼賊而陣，奮擊敗之，追殲殆盡。 玫躬為偏將，兵不滿五百，未嘗出境與大寇戰，馳逐衡、永、郴、桂間者，先後凡三年。 粵匪竄擾湖南，逼省城，曾國籓在籍督辦團練，檄玫躬等各統所部遏之。
Chu Meigong, styled Shiyou, came from Jingzhou in Hunan. He was a licentiate scholar. From youth he dreamed big and studied military tactics eagerly; once in his home district he captured men spreading heterodox cults and inciting revolt. In 1849 the bandit Li Yuanfa seized Xinnning County. Meigong led village braves by hidden paths to cut key passes and helped government troops restore order; for this he earned immediate selection as assistant prefect. In 1853 he took up as assistant prefect of Wuling. When Jiangxi bandits from Taihe invaded Chaling, Governor Luo Bingzhang ordered him to raise troops against them. In the eighth month rebels entered Anren. Meigong and Platoon Commander Zhang Dakai marched to help, met them on the Anren-Ling border, joined Ling County militia in an encirclement, and routed them. Changning bandits besieged Lanshan for six days and nights. Meigong joined Assistant Magistrate Wang Zhen, killed more than six hundred in battle, broke the siege, and saved the county. At Siyanjiao in Daozhou he joined the other columns, formed battle lines against the bandits, routed them, and pursued until almost none survived. As a junior commander with fewer than five hundred men he never fought major invaders outside the province—but for three years he ranged between Heng, Yong, Chen, and Gui hunting bandits. When Guangdong rebels threatened the Hunan capital, Zeng Guofan, supervising home-leave militia, ordered Meigong and others to block their advance with their commands.
104
四年正月，賊攻寧鄉縣，玫躬偕候選同知趙煥聯往援，遂冒雪夜發，身先馳之。 抵縣南門，城已破，賊正縱火焚掠。 玫躬率勇目喻西林、文生楊英華等奮力奪西門入，轉戰城南北，賊屍填街市。 悍賊橫截之，复挺矛入賊隊。 圍數匝，身被十餘槍，力竭，與西林、英華等同歿於陣。 國籓疏以「玫躬寧鄉一戰，以五百勇敵賊三千，斬馘數百，我兵喪亡止十八名，賊氣奪夜竄，寧鄉卒得保全，合邑感激，欲為建祠。 藍山、道州戰績，擬保同知直隸州，撫臣未及匯奏，不料遽爾捐軀，請照進秩議卹。」 詔進贈道員，諡忠壯。 湖南巡撫駱秉章立忠義專祠，祀安徽巡撫江忠源等，復請以玫躬附祀，從之。
In the first month of 1855 rebels attacked Ningxiang. Meigong and candidate assistant prefect Zhao Huanlian marched through snow by night with Meigong riding in the lead. They reached the south gate to find the city already breached and rebels burning and looting. Meigong led Brave Officer Yu Xilin, licentiate Yang Yinghua, and others in a charge through the west gate, fought north and south through the city, and left rebel corpses piled in the streets. Fierce rebels cut them off; he drove his spear back into the enemy ranks. Surrounded many deep, pierced by more than a dozen spears, strength gone—he died in battle with Xilin and Yinghua. Guofan reported: "At Ningxiang Meigong met three thousand rebels with five hundred men, killed hundreds, lost only eighteen of his own, broke the enemy's spirit so they fled by night, and saved the county—the whole district wished to build him a shrine. His victories at Lanshan and Daozhou had earned nomination for promotion to assistant prefect—the provincial governor had not yet submitted the memorial when he fell. Please grant posthumous honors at the rank proposed." The throne posthumously promoted him to circuit intendant and granted the posthumous title Zhongzhuang. Hunan Governor Luo Bingzhang founded a shrine to the loyal and righteous, honoring Anhui Governor Jiang Zhongyuan among others, and petitioned that Meigong be included as well. The court approved.
105
李杏春，字石仙，湖南湘鄉人。 少工製藝，神清體弱，而膽識過人。 由廩生投效軍營，以功用訓導。 咸豐四年，隨寧紹台道羅澤南軍。 義寧州之戰，與縣丞蔣益澧率兵數百，當賊黨七八千。 杏春直馳中路，賊潰走，諸軍追殺十餘裡，斃賊六百人。 复戰鼇嶺，賊多墜崖死。 乘勝偪西門，與各軍環攻，克之。 至是累功進同知直隸州，進剿湖北通城，督兵攻西北，澤南自將中軍繼之，斃悍賊數十。 賊狂奔入城，諸軍疾躡之，奪門入，立復縣城。 賊竄蒲圻，杏春敗之道口。 賊踞梯木山，率眾攀藤上，焚其巢。
Li Xingchun, who styled himself Shixian, came from Xiangxiang in Hunan. As a young man he excelled at the civil-service essay form. Though slight of build and delicate in health, he possessed courage and judgment beyond his years. He left his stipend-student status to join the army and, for his achievements, received appointment as instructor. In 1854 he served under Circuit Intendant Luo Zeyuan of Ningbo, Shaoxing, and Taizhou. At the battle for Yining Prefecture, he and Assistant Magistrate Jiang Yili led a few hundred men against a rebel force of seven or eight thousand. Xingchun charged straight through the enemy center. The rebels broke and ran; pursuing forces cut them down for more than ten li and killed six hundred men. At Aoling they fought again, and many rebels plunged to their deaths from the heights. Riding the momentum, they pressed the western gate. The combined forces ringed the city, stormed it, and took it. By then repeated merit had promoted him to subprefect of Zhili Prefecture. He marched against Tongcheng in Hubei, directed the assault on the northwest, and Luo Zeyuan led the center army in support—they killed dozens of the rebels' fiercest fighters. The rebels raced back into the city. Government troops closed in hard on their heels, forced the gate, and retook the county seat immediately. The rebels fled toward Puqi, and Xingchun routed them at Daokou. The rebels had seized Timushan. He led his troops up the slopes by vine and rope and burned out their nest.
106
逆首石達開率大股來援，官軍分三路應之，杏春當右路松林之賊，躍馬登山，整隊以待。 賊洶湧麕至，官軍突前擊之，斬執旗悍賊酋十餘人，餘眾驚走。 明日，賊眾二萬來犯，眾議退師，杏春不可，曰：「大軍在後，退則全軍奪氣。」 與參將彭三元扼要堵禦，鏖戰五時，斬馘數百。 咸寧賊悉眾來援，崇陽土匪響應，眾數万，圍營三匝。 杏春與三元分路馳突，相持兩時許，砲下如雨，三元戰死。 杏春勒馬回救，麾下勸之走，弗從，曰：「彭參將死，我何忍獨生？」 馳入賊陣，手刃悍賊一人而死。 贈知府銜，附祀塔齊布專祠。
Rebel leader Shi Dakai marched in with a large relief force. Government troops split into three columns to meet him; Xingchun took the right flank against the rebels at Songlin, spurred his horse up the mountain, and formed his men to receive them. Rebels surged forward in waves. Government troops charged, cut down more than ten standard-bearing chieftains, and the rest broke in panic. The next day twenty thousand rebels attacked. Some officers urged a withdrawal, but Xingchun refused. "The main army is behind us," he said. "If we pull back, the whole force will lose heart." He and Regimental Commander Peng Sanyuan held the critical positions. After five hours of fierce fighting they killed or captured several hundred men. Every rebel force in Xianning marched to their aid, and local bandits in Chongyang rose in response. Tens of thousands in all ringed the camp on three sides. Xingchun and Sanyuan split up and charged from different directions. They held for more than two hours under cannon fire thick as rain before Sanyuan fell in battle. Xingchun wheeled his horse to go back for him. His men begged him to run, but he refused. "Commander Peng is dead," he said. "How could I leave and live alone?" He spurred straight into the rebel ranks, cut down a fierce fighter with his own blade, and was killed. Posthumously he was granted the rank of prefect and enshrined alongside Taqibu in his memorial hall.
107
硃善寶，字子玉，浙江平湖人。 由監生入貲為州判，剿海州、徐州匪，保同知，署江寧府督糧同知。 咸豐十年，隨總督何桂清駐常州，江南大營陷，常州大震，桂清以守禦事悉任善寶。 既，賊陷丹陽，桂清遁，欽差大臣和春亦走無錫，提督張玉良收潰卒營城外，亦戰敗。 賊從奔牛鎮來犯，城兵千餘，旦夕垂破。 善寶以常州為蘇、浙門戶，常州不守，則蘇、浙瓦解，卒不去。 賦絕命詩以見志，與通判岳昌勵眾登陴，殺賊千計。 賊麕至，攻益力，城陷，戰青果巷，被十餘創，死之。 卹世職。
Zhu Shanbao, who styled himself Ziyu, came from Pinghu in Zhejiang. He bought his way in as a prison graduate and received appointment as subprefecture judge. After suppressing bandits in Haizhou and Xuzhou he earned promotion to subprefect and served as acting grain-intendant subprefect at Jiangning. In 1860 he joined Governor He Guiqing's garrison at Changzhou. When the great Jiangnan camp collapsed, the city was thrown into panic, and Guiqing put the entire defense in Shanbao's hands. Before long Danyang fell. Guiqing fled; Imperial Commissioner He Chun withdrew to Wuxi; and Regional Commander Zhang Yuliang tried to rally the broken troops outside the walls, only to be defeated again. Rebels advanced from Benni Town. The garrison numbered barely a thousand, and the city seemed ready to fall at any hour. Shanbao believed Changzhou guarded the door to Suzhou and Zhejiang: if Changzhou fell, the whole region would come apart. He would not abandon the city. He wrote a death poem to declare his resolve, then with Subprefect Yue Chang rallied the defenders onto the walls and killed rebels by the thousand. Rebels massed and pressed the assault with growing fury. When the city fell he fought in Qingguo Lane, took more than ten wounds, and died. The court granted hereditary office to his survivors.
108
莊裕崧，陽湖人。 以監生輸餉獎通判，銓四川。 佐駐藏幫辦大臣恩慶治里塘夷務，晉直隸州知州。 初，裕崧幕遊蜀，至是例迴避，恩慶疏留辦善後。 藏事畢，改省甘肅。 同治元年，補鹽茶廳同知，廉慎自持，諳練政治。 廳屬回目王大桂等以平遠回揚言漢民傳帖約期滅教，轉相煽惑，於是群回驚疑，謀起事。 裕崧與涼州鎮總兵萬年新馳赴秦家灣敵營，曉以禍福，責以大義，回眾跪道左，咸聽命。 裕崧等領赴固原，遣員分赴各莊，回戶皆就撫。 獨臣賊馬彪、馬新成等抗拒不服，大桂立殺之，繇是無一敢抗者，事遂定。 其年秋，循化、巴燕戎格撒拉回族時出攻剽，分擾西寧、碾伯、隆德、河州，居民苦之。 裕崧奉檄與諸軍分道進擊，戰屢捷。 撒回勢蹙，相率歸命。
Zhuang Yusong came from Yanghu. A prison graduate, he contributed grain funds and was rewarded with appointment as subprefecture judge, then selected for service in Sichuan. He served under Tibet's Resident Commissioner En Qing on Litang Yi affairs and was promoted to direct-appointment subprefect. Yusong had first gone to Sichuan as a staff adviser. When routine rules required him to withdraw from the case, En Qing memorialized the throne to keep him for the follow-up. After Tibetan affairs were settled he was transferred to Gansu. In 1862 he was appointed subprefect of the Salt and Tea Department. Upright and self-restrained, he was thoroughly practiced in the arts of administration. Wang Dagui, a Hui leader under the department, and others spread word that Han communities in Pingyuan were posting notices calling for a fixed day to wipe out the faith. Alarm spread from group to group until Hui communities everywhere grew fearful and began plotting revolt. Yusong and Liangzhou Garrison Commander Wan Nianxin rode to the rebel camp at Qinjiawan, reasoned with them about reward and ruin, and appealed to their duty. The Hui masses knelt along the road and submitted. Yusong and his colleagues escorted them to Guyuan and sent officers to every village. Hui households throughout the region accepted pacification. Only the ringleaders Ma Biao, Ma Xincheng, and their followers still refused to yield. Dagui had them executed on the spot, and after that no one dared resist. The crisis was resolved. That autumn Salar Hui from Xunhua and Bayan raided repeatedly, splitting into bands that struck Xining, Nianbo, Longde, and Hezhou. The people endured constant misery. Ordered into the field, Yusong marched with government forces along several routes and won victory after victory. Cornered, the Salar Hui surrendered in waves.
109
二年，護理總督恩麟狀其績，晉知府。 俄而固原回楊大娃子等犯鹽茶廳，年新戰失利，直逼廳城，裕崧率文武登陴固守踰月。 賊力攻，內奸啟西門，遂長驅入。 裕崧率團丁巷戰，矢盡糧絕，被執，擁至禮拜寺，百計威脅，詈賊不屈，遂及於難。 前都司高如岡、照磨胡敉皆戰死。 賊入署，執幕友四川舉人易舉索印，拒不與，並家丁李暢等十一人同時被殺。
In the second year Acting Governor En Lin memorialized his record of service, and he was promoted to prefect. Before long Guyuan Hui under Yang Dawizi attacked the Salt and Tea Department. Nianxin lost a battle, and the rebels drove straight for the city. Yusong led civil and military officers onto the walls and held out for more than a month. The rebels assaulted the walls with full force. A traitor inside opened the western gate, and they poured in. Yusong fought through the lanes with local militia until arrows and grain were both exhausted. Captured and dragged to the mosque, he was threatened in every way, cursed his captors, and refused to submit. He was killed. Former Battalion Commander Gao Rugang and Registrar Hu Xu also died in the fighting. Rebels broke into the yamen, seized staff adviser Yi Ju—a juren from Sichuan—and demanded the official seal. He refused. He and eleven household servants, including Li Chang, were killed together.
110
年新，湖南人。 固原失陷，馳往查辦，賊偽乞降，率眾潛至襲擊，為所執，不屈，死之。
Wan Nianxin was from Hunan. When Guyuan fell he rode out to investigate. The rebels feigned surrender, then led their men in a hidden assault, captured him, and killed him when he refused to submit.