1
列傳二百八十
Biographies 280
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忠義七
Loyal and Righteous 7
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張繼庚從弟張繼辛李翼棠等趙振祚趙起
Zhang Jigeng; his younger cousin Zhang Jixin; Li Yitang and others; Zhao Zhenzuo; Zhao Qi
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馬善陳克家馬釗臧紓青竇元灝馬三俊張勛吳文謨
Ma Shan; Chen Kejia; Ma Zhao; Zang Shuqing; Dou Yuanhao; Ma Sanjun; Zhang Xun; Wu Wenmo
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吳廷香孫家泰江圖悃程葆彭壽頤陳介眉亓祈年
Wu Tingxiang; Sun Jiatai; Jiang Tukun; Cheng Bao; Peng Shouyi; Chen Jiamei; Qi Qinian
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唐守忠吳山俞焜戴煦張洵鍾世耀孫義
Tang Shouzhong; Wu Shan; Yu Kun; Dai Xu; Zhang Xun; Zhong Shiyao; Sun Yi
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汪士驤錢松毛雝魏謙升金鼎燮巴達蘭布等
Wang Shixiang; Qian Song; Mao Yong; Wei Qiansheng; Jin Dingsie; Badalanbu and others
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包立身王玉文孫文德李貴元等羅正仁陳起書
Bao Lishen; Wang Yuwen; Sun Wende; Li Guiyuan and others; Luo Zhengren; Chen Qishu
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陳景滄何霖蹇諤趙國澍宋華嵩伯錫爾
Chen Jingcang; He Lin; Jian E; Zhao Guoshu; Song Hua; Song Boxi; Er
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張繼庚，字炳垣，江蘇江寧人。 父介福，道光六年進士，湖南保靖縣知縣。 繼庚少有志節，補諸生，幕遊湖南。 咸豐三年，從布政使潘鐸守長沙。 圍既解，料賊必東竄，辭歸省母。 江寧布政使祁宿藻方籌守禦，稔其才，招與謀。 繼庚慮兵不足，增募壯勇，舉諸生李翼棠等統之。 明年，賊至，請仿古火城法，於城內開壕積薪，城上築兩牆，為孔以出火器。 城下兩旁設牛皮柵，伏精兵以堵賊。 時宿藻已卒，總督不能用。 二月，城陷，繼庚率眾巷戰，從弟繼辛及李翼棠、侯敦詩等皆死。 繼庚赴水不沉，旋陷賊中，為書算。 自念死誌已決，欲將有所為，乃以母託戚友，變姓名為葉芝發，陽與賊暱，盡得其虛實。 會欽差大臣向榮軍至，因與諸生週葆濂、夏家銑及錢塘人金樹本謀結賊為內應，而使金和、李鈞祥、何師孟出報大營。 有張沛澤者，悍賊也，同謀而中悔，首其事，家銑死之，繼庚以偽名免。
Zhang Jigeng, courtesy name Bingyuan, was a native of Jiangning in Jiangsu. His father Jiefu passed the jinshi examination in the sixth year of the Daoguang reign (1826) and served as magistrate of Baojing County in Hunan. From youth Jigeng was a man of firm principle; he qualified as a licentiate and went to Hunan to serve on a magistrate's staff. In the third year of Xianfeng (1853) he joined Provincial Administration Commissioner Pan Duo in the defense of Changsha. After the siege was raised, he judged that the rebels would drive eastward, resigned his post, and went home to see his mother. Qi Suzao, provincial administration commissioner of Jiangning, was then organizing the city's defenses; impressed by Jigeng's ability, he brought him in to plan with him. Fearing the garrison was too weak, Jigeng raised more militia and placed the licentiate Li Yitang and others in command. The following year, when the rebels arrived, he proposed reviving the ancient "fire-city" tactic: trenches and fuel stores within the walls, double parapets above with embrasures for firearms. Along both flanks below the wall he erected hide palisades and stationed elite troops to intercept the enemy. By then Qi Suzao had died, and the governor-general would not put the plan into effect. In the second month the city fell. Jigeng led his men in street fighting; his younger cousin Jixin, Li Yitang, Hou Dunshi, and others were all killed. Jigeng threw himself into the water but did not drown; he was soon taken by the rebels and put to work as a clerk. Resolved to die if he must but determined still to act, he placed his mother in the care of relatives and friends, took the alias Ye Zhifa, feigned loyalty to the rebels, and learned their dispositions in full. When Imperial Commissioner Xiang Rong's army arrived, he joined the licentiate Zhou Baoqian, Xia Jiayin, and Jin Shuben of Qiantang in a plot for an inside rising, dispatching Jin He, Li Junxiang, and He Shimeng to carry word to headquarters. A fierce rebel named Zhang Peize had joined the plot but turned informer midway; Jiayin was executed, while Jigeng survived under his assumed name.
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九月，復遣人上書向榮，言：「水西門賊所不備，有船可用，太平門近紫金山，越城亦易為力，緣城賊壘皆受約束。」 既得報，益結死士張士義、劉隆舒、呂萬興、硃碩齡等，以待大軍。 書七上，屢約屢爽。 城中人情洶洶，事垂洩，繼庚泣謂其友曰：「事急矣！」 夜縋入營，痛哭自請師期，諸將皆感動。 張國樑欲留之，繼庚不可，歸而大軍復以雨雪不果至。 他日繼庚出，遇沛澤於途，唶曰：「此葉芝發也！」 執赴賊所，施嚴刑，不為動，徐曰：「我張炳垣，書生耳，焉預他事？ 沛澤食鴉片，懼我發之，乃誣我耶？」 賊搜之，信，遂殺沛澤，繼庚被縶不得出。
In the ninth month he again sent men to write Xiang Rong: "At the Water Gate the rebels are off guard and boats can be used; Taiping Gate is near Purple Gold Mountain and the wall can be taken there as well; rebel stockades around the circuit are all pledged to our plan." Once word came back, he rallied still more men sworn to die—Zhang Shiyi, Liu Longshu, Lü Wanxing, Zhu Shuoling, and others—to hold themselves ready for the main force. Seven letters went up; again and again a date was set, and again and again it was missed. Panic spread through the city and the plot was near exposure; weeping, Jigeng told his friends, "Time is running out!" That night he was let down by rope into the camp, wept as he pleaded for a fixed day of assault, and moved every general present. Zhang Guoliang wanted to keep him, but Jigeng refused; he went back inside, and once more the main army failed to arrive, halted by rain and snow. One day Jigeng went out and met Peize on the road, who cried, "There is Ye Zhifa!" He was dragged to the rebel headquarters and tortured without yielding, then said calmly, "I am Zhang Bingyuan, only a scholar—what other business would I be in? Peize is an opium eater and fears I will expose him—is that why he frames me?" The rebels investigated and believed him; they executed Peize, but Jigeng was held fast and could not leave the city.
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明年二月，金和等引官兵易賈人服入城，與諸生賈鍾麟等伏神策門，殺巡更賊，以斧斷木柵，毀其半，賊驚走。 亟舉砲，六品軍功田玉梅及敢死士張鴉頭先眾上城，斬守賊十餘人，援賊麕至，玉梅跳免。 大索城中，鴉頭被獲，窮詰不得主名，乃益搒掠繼庚，楚毒備至。 時廬州知府胡元煒降賊在坐，繼庚躍起謂曰：「若官江南，寧不知江南人孱弱，非老兄弟合謀，誰敢為內應者？」 老兄弟，賊中呼楚、粵人之悍勇者也。 賊信其言，繼庚索賊官冊一一指，賊輒殺之，橫屍東門者三十四人。 賊旋悟，曰：「中汝計矣！」 令速殺之。 繼庚臨死，色不變，呼天者三，成絕命詞，有云：「拔不去眼中鐵，嘔不盡心頭血，吁嗟窮途窮，空抱烈士烈。 殺賊苦無權，罵賊猶有舌。」 遂車裂以死。 事聞，贈國子監典籍，建專祠，予世職。
In the second month of the following year Jin He and others led imperial troops into the city dressed as merchants; with the licentiate Jia Zhonglin and others they ambushed at the Divine Strategy Gate, killed the night watch, and with axes smashed half the wooden palisade, sending the rebels fleeing. Cannon were fired at once; Tian Yumei, a sixth-rank military merit holder, and the daredevil Zhang Yatou climbed the wall ahead of the rest and cut down more than a dozen defenders; rebel reinforcements poured in, and Yumei leaped down and got away. The rebels searched the city; Yatou was taken but would not name his master under torture, so they redoubled the beating of Jigeng with every cruelty. Hu Yuanwei, prefect of Luzhou who had defected to the rebels, was present; Jigeng leapt up and said, "You served in Jiangnan—do you not know how frail Jiangnan men are? Without the Old Brothers in on it together, who would dare rise inside the walls?" "Old Brothers" was rebel slang for the fierce fighters from Hunan and Guangdong. The rebels believed him; Jigeng had the rebel roster brought and denounced man after man, and each was killed on the spot—thirty-four bodies piled at the East Gate. The rebels soon saw through it and cried, "We have been taken in!" They ordered him killed immediately. As he faced death his color never changed; thrice he cried to Heaven and composed a final poem: "The iron in my eye I cannot pluck out; the blood in my heart I cannot vomit away; alas, the end of the road—only a martyr's fire held in vain. Powerless to slay the rebels, I still have a tongue to curse them." He was then executed by dismemberment. When word reached the court, he was posthumously made Recorder of the Imperial Academy; a private shrine was erected and a hereditary rank granted.
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張士義，乳名鴉頭，江寧人。 故無賴而有肝膽，能急人之急。 在賊中與所素狎者醉歌，若無事然。 繼庚遣劉隆舒招之，袖短刀二授之，曰：「汝能殺賊，當以功名顯。」 士義慨然曰：「我何人，張先生義士乃下交，誓必殺賊，富貴非所望也！」 繼庚獄急，趣士義速圖。 眾請於大營，遣田玉梅等八人入城助之。 咸豐四年二月二十二日夜，士義與劉隆舒、呂長興、硃碩齡等凡五十七人，乘晦登城。 遇一賊手紅燈，騰身斫之，擲首城外以為信。 复殺賊十餘人，而官軍終不進。 乃下斬關，柵堅不可啟，擲火燒之，不燃。 柵內賊起，抽矛刺之，環城賊皆起，角嗚嗚然，眾知事不濟，遂遁。 明日，賊閉門大索，有沈獸醫者首之，士義等被執，窮其主使。 士義叱曰：「欲殺則殺，主使不可得也！ 天下人皆欲殺汝，獨我哉？」 遂與隆舒、長興、碩齡俱死。
Zhang Shiyi, childhood name Yatou, was a native of Jiangning. Once a street tough, he had nerve and always rushed to help others in need. Inside rebel lines he drank and sang with old acquaintances as though nothing were wrong. Jigeng sent Liu Longshu to win him over, drew two short knives from his sleeve, and said, "If you can kill rebels, glory and rank will be yours." Shiyi answered fervently, "Who am I, that the righteous Master Zhang should stoop to know me? I swear I will kill rebels—riches and rank are nothing to me!" With Jigeng in prison and time short, he pressed Shiyi to move at once. His companions petitioned headquarters, which sent Tian Yumei and seven others into the city to help. On the night of the twenty-second of the second month, fourth year of Xianfeng (1854), Shiyi, Liu Longshu, Lü Changxing, Zhu Shuoling, and fifty-three others climbed the wall under cover of darkness. They met a rebel carrying a red lantern, sprang upon him and cut him down, and hurled his head outside the wall as a signal. They killed more than ten rebels besides, but the imperial troops never came forward. They went down to force the gate, but the palisade would not give; they tried to burn it with torches, and it would not catch. Rebels inside the palisade rallied and thrust with spears; rebels all along the wall answered; horns blared; seeing the attempt had failed, they scattered. The next day the rebels shut the gates and searched house by house; a veterinarian surnamed Shen informed on them; Shiyi and his comrades were seized and interrogated for their leader. Shiyi shouted, "Kill me if you will—you will never get our leader! Everyone under Heaven wants you dead—do you think it is only I?" He died together with Longshu, Changxing, and Shuoling.
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是時繼庚以諸生舉義，鄉里士慷慨相從者：夏家銑，字季質，江寧人。 工詩文。 城陷，賊挾充書記，作詩罵賊，賊搜得之。 時繼庚內應事泄，賊疑家銑知其謀，拷掠無所承，不知家銑實與聞也。 賊誘之曰：「汝有父母妻子，以為質，則釋汝。」 家銑時昏憊，遽以母妻對。 賊至家，其妻蔡匿母，罵家銑曰：「汝母死且十年，何處得汝母耶？」 遂與妻俱被戮死。
When Jigeng as a licentiate took up the cause, among the local men who rallied to him was Xia Jiayin, courtesy name Jizhi, of Jiangning. He was accomplished in poetry and prose. After the city fell the rebels pressed him into clerical service; he wrote poems reviling them, and the rebels found the verses. Jigeng's inside plot had just been exposed; the rebels suspected Jiayin knew of it and tortured him, but he confessed nothing, though he had in truth been in on the scheme. The rebels coaxed him: "Name your parents and wife and children as hostages, and we will let you go." Dazed and worn out, Jiayin blurted out his mother and wife. The rebels came to his house; his wife Cai hid his mother-in-law and reviled him: "Your mother has been dead ten years—where do you expect them to find her?" She and his wife were both put to death.
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同預翻城之舉而未死者：金和，字亞匏，上元人。 性兀傲，工詩賦，好聲色。 縱酒，飲輒數斗。 江寧失守，陷於賊，衣短後衣，與賊兵轟飲相爾汝，因廉得賊情。 繼庚為其妻弟，與和通謀。 和與賊稔，出入無所問，孑身叩向榮軍門，請以身質，家在賊中不顧也。 事敗，和以質得脫。 有秋蟪吟館集。
Others who took part in the plot to turn the city but survived included Jin He, courtesy name Yapao, of Shangyuan. Proud and unconventional by nature, he was skilled in fu and fond of wine, women, and song. He drank heavily, often several dou at a sitting. When Jiangning fell he was trapped among the rebels; dressed in short jackets he caroused with rebel soldiers on familiar terms and so learned their secrets in detail. Jigeng was his brother-in-law, and the two conspired together. Intimate with the rebels, he came and went unchallenged; he went alone to Xiang Rong's camp and offered himself as hostage, though his family remained inside the city. When the plot failed, he got out because he had given himself as surety. He left a collected works titled Autumn Cicada Chanting Hall.
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孫文川，字澂之，上元人。 敏悟，工詩賦。 洪秀全據金陵，以計奉母間道出，復入，與繼庚謀翻城應外兵。 終日芒鞋手一筐如丐，奔走近賊地，不避風雪。 得賊中曲折，具以報官軍，因是屢捷，而翻城事卒無成。 嗣習互市案牘，知外人情偽。 英人李泰國購輪舶助李鴻章戰，既乃要挾索費，不受中國進止。 鴻章聞文川才，薦入都，盡發泰國陰謀，朝廷褫泰國總稅務司職，遣船回國，事得解。 以功洊擢知府。 著讀雪齋集。
Sun Wenchuan, courtesy name Chengzi, was a native of Shangyuan. Quick-witted, he was accomplished in fu. When Hong Xiuquan held Nanjing, he contrived to escort his mother out by a secret route, slipped back in, and with Jigeng plotted to open the city to the besieging army. All day he went in straw sandals with a basket like a beggar, running close to rebel posts through wind and snow. He learned the rebels' inner workings and reported them in full to the imperial army, which won repeated victories on his intelligence, though the rising inside the walls never succeeded. Later he mastered treaty-port paperwork and came to know foreigners' ways and motives. The Englishman Horatio Nelson Lay bought steamships to aid Li Hongzhang's campaigns, then demanded payment and refused to take orders from the Chinese government. Li Hongzhang, hearing of Wenchuan's ability, recommended him to the capital; he exposed Lay's whole scheme, the court dismissed Lay as Inspector General of Customs and sent the fleet home, and the crisis was settled. For this service he was promoted step by step to prefect. He wrote the collected works Reading Snow Studio.
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週葆濂，字還之，江寧人。 詩才清麗。 陷城中，與內應事，謀洩，脫歸。 選寶應訓導。 著且巢詩存。
Zhou Baoqian, courtesy name Huanzhi, was a native of Jiangning. His poetry was clear and refined. Trapped in the city, he took part in the inside plot; when it was exposed he got out alive. He was appointed director of studies at Baoying. He left the poetry collection Temporary Nest.
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汪汝桂，字燕山，上元人。 幼負奇力，或勸入伍及應武童試，皆不可。 初陷賊中，追者至，手批殺一賊，擲過壕而免。 田玉梅入城，汝桂與俱往還。 習繪事，畫仕女尤工。
Wang Rugui, courtesy name Yanshan, was a native of Shangyuan. From boyhood he had unusual strength; people urged him to enlist or sit for the military licentiate exam, but he refused both. When he was first trapped among the rebels and pursuers caught up, he killed one with his bare hands, hurled the body over the moat, and escaped. When Tian Yumei went into the city, Rugui went in and out with him. He studied painting and was especially skilled at figures of ladies.
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吳復成，字蔚堂，上元人。 性慷慨，賈於粵久，咸豐初始歸。 賊陷金陵，與人語多不辨，惟復成解之，以是為賊所信。 因說賊設機杼，織緞匹，用匠十萬人，文弱陷賊者得以免； 又說賊造船運柴薪，賊稱其能。 婦嬰緣是遁者又六七千人。 既，與繼庚謀內應，事泄，奔向榮軍，不知重也。 及曾國籓欲諜賊虛實，或以復成薦，因蓄髮入賊中，得曲折以告。 曾國荃圍金陵，李秀成自蘇州來援，賊掘地道出攻，復成偵得之，報國荃為備，遂大破賊。 以功敘縣丞，不就，卒以賈終。
Wu Fucheng, courtesy name Weitang, was a native of Shangyuan. Generous by nature, he had traded in Guangdong for many years and returned home at the start of the Xianfeng reign. After the rebels took Nanjing, they could scarcely understand anyone they spoke with—only Wu Fucheng could interpret for them, and on that account the rebels trusted him. He then persuaded the rebels to establish looms and weave bolts of silk, putting a hundred thousand craftsmen to work so that the frail and weak among those trapped in the city were spared slaughter; He also persuaded them to build ships to haul firewood and fuel, and the rebels praised his resourcefulness. Thanks to these schemes, another six or seven thousand women and children were able to escape. Later he joined Zhang Jigeng in plotting an internal rising; when the plot was exposed, he fled to Xiang Rong's camp without fully grasping how grave the danger had become. When Zeng Guofan sought intelligence on rebel strength and dispositions, someone recommended Fucheng; he let his hair grow long again, slipped back among the rebels, learned their movements in detail, and reported them. When Zeng Guoquan besieged Nanjing, Li Xiucheng marched from Suzhou to relieve the city and the rebels tunneled out to attack. Fucheng discovered the plan, warned Guoquan to prepare, and the rebels were routed. For his service he was nominated for the rank of county assistant magistrate, but he declined the appointment and lived out his life as a merchant.
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胡恩燮，字煦齋，江寧人。 與繼庚謀內應，出入賊中者三十六次。 破衣草履，溷跡如丐。 往往伏壕內，或潛立橋下堅冰中，屢瀕於危。 母陷賊中，以奇計脫之。 後以功敘知府。
Hu Enshe, courtesy name Xuzhai, was a native of Jiangning. Working with Zhang Jigeng on the internal rising, he entered and left rebel-held territory thirty-six times. Dressed in ragged hemp and straw sandals, he hid in squalor disguised as a beggar. He often lay in ditches or stood hidden beneath bridges in the frozen ice, repeatedly close to death. His mother was trapped among the rebels; he rescued her with an ingenious ruse. Later, for his service, he was nominated for the rank of prefect.
21
田玉梅，字鼎臣，四川酉陽州人。 入應事起，求敢內成者，吳復成以書抵玉梅，玉梅裹紅巾挺身從復成行。 數日，出言賊情如繪，向榮乃信任之。 奪門既無成，明日賊殺張士義等百餘人，不得主名，則令領石達開憑帖，無者逮訊。 復成領數百紙貽諸同志。 玉梅手一紙立通衢，發短言異，見賊往來反詰之，賊竟無知者，乃偕八人者俱出。 後以功敘河南同知直隸州，補太康縣知縣。 十年，英、法國聯軍犯天津，京師戒嚴，請濟師勤王，大府不許。 自帥所部至汝陽沙官橋，為捻匪所阻，憤極死戰，被戕。 卹贈太僕寺卿。 諸人於是役皆冒死為之，例得附書，以竟事之本末。
Tian Yumei, courtesy name Dingchen, was a native of Youyang Prefecture in Sichuan. When the plot for an internal rising began and men were sought bold enough to act inside the walls, Wu Fucheng wrote to Tian Yumei; Yumei bound on a red turban and threw in his lot with Fucheng. Within days his reports on rebel dispositions were as vivid as a painted map, and Xiang Rong came to trust him. The attempt to seize a gate had already failed; the next day the rebels executed Zhang Shiyi and more than a hundred others. Unable to learn the ringleader's name, they ordered everyone to produce passes bearing Shi Dakai's authorization—anyone without one was arrested and questioned. Fucheng handed out several hundred of these passes to his comrades. Yumei took one pass and stood in a busy street, speaking brief, cryptic words; rebels passing by questioned him in turn, yet none caught on. He and eight companions walked out together. Later, for his service, he was nominated as acting sub-prefect of Henan in Zhili Prefecture and appointed magistrate of Taikang County. In the tenth year the British and French allied armies attacked Tianjin and the capital was placed on alert; he asked permission to march to the emperor's relief, but the provincial authorities refused. He led his own troops to Shaguan Bridge in Ruyang, where Nian rebels blocked the road; fighting in a rage to the last, he was killed in action. He was posthumously granted the title of Grand Master of the Imperial Stud. All these men in this affair risked their lives without hesitation; by regulation they could be recorded here to bring the full story to its close.
22
趙振祚，字伯厚，江蘇武進人，順天宛平籍。 道光十五年進士，改庶吉士，授編修。 兩遇大考皆前列，二十二年，遷詹事府贊善。 咸豐三年，寇陷金陵，蘇、常震動，振祚上書當事，原歸本籍辦團練。 奏請，報可，遂歸。 集貲置保衛局，募兵購械，仿行保甲，人心以安。 常州北門瀕江，焦湖船屢出剽掠，積為民患。 振祚乃擇要隘口岸立稽查卡房，並設水師戰艦，嚴備以待，境獲寧輯。 六年，賊艎蔽江下，鎮江幾不守，避難者絡繹。 振祚固結人心，訓練士卒，率眾詣丹陽，會督師者赴援，圍乃解。 賞花翎，加翰林院侍讀銜。
Zhao Zhenzuo, courtesy name Bohou, was a native of Wujin in Jiangsu, registered in Wanping, Shuntian. In the fifteenth year of the Daoguang reign he passed the jinshi examination, entered the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor, and was appointed a compiler. He placed at the top in both major palace examinations; in the twenty-second year he was promoted to Junior Mentor in the Household of the Heir Apparent. In the third year of Xianfeng, when rebels took Nanjing and Suzhou and Changzhou were thrown into turmoil, Zhenzuo petitioned the authorities for leave to return home and organize local defense. His request was approved and he went home. He raised funds to set up a defense bureau, recruited troops and bought arms, and organized the populace on the baojia model until the region grew calm. Changzhou's north gate lay on the river, and boats from Jiao Lake often raided upstream—a chronic scourge on the people. Zhenzuo chose key crossings and river mouths for inspection stations and stationed armed war junks on patrol until the district was secure again. In the sixth year rebel fleets filled the river driving south; Zhenjiang nearly fell, and refugees poured in without cease. Zhenzuo steadied public morale, drilled his troops, and led a force to Danyang to join the commander in relieving the city; the siege was lifted. He was awarded a peacock feather and the additional Hanlin title of Reader.
23
時總督何桂清駐常州，郡人編修趙曾向出其門，振祚素輕之，以是常訐其短於桂清，遇事齮齕。 嗣曾向被命佐常州團練，益掣其肘，不得已，請解事，保衛局遂廢。 十年，和春軍潰丹陽，常州大警，桂清宵遁，曾向亦舉室渡江而北，於是紳民復請振祚出督團勇。 是時兵單糧絕，寇氛日迫，事已不可為，复毅然誓眾固守，並率所練五十人出城招集潰勇。 會北鄉石堰土盜蜂起，遂領眾往捕，以眾寡不敵，戰失利，力竭，死之。 常州亦旋陷。 事聞，贈太僕寺卿，予世職。
Governor-General He Guiqing was then at Changzhou; the local compiler Zhao Zengxiang had been his protégé. Zhenzuo had always held Zengxiang in contempt and often denounced him to Guiqing, so that at every turn his affairs were obstructed. When Zengxiang was later ordered to share command of Changzhou's militia, the interference grew worse; Zhenzuo had no choice but to resign, and the defense bureau was dissolved. In the tenth year He Chun's army was shattered at Danyang and panic seized Changzhou; Guiqing fled by night and Zengxiang moved his entire family north across the Yangtze. The local gentry and populace again begged Zhenzuo to take command of the militia. Troops were few, supplies gone, and the enemy closed in day by day—the city was already beyond saving. Even so he swore before the people to hold on and led his fifty trained men outside the walls to rally scattered fugitives from the rout. When bandits swarmed at Shiyan in the northern countryside, he led his men to suppress them; outnumbered, his force was beaten, his strength failed, and he was killed. Changzhou fell soon afterward. When the news reached court, he was posthumously made Grand Master of the Imperial Stud and granted a hereditary office.
24
同治三年，李鴻章疏稱：「其六世祖尚書趙申喬為康熙時名臣，子姓分居蘇、常。 江、浙淪陷，男女死者四十三人，其弟浙江經歷振禋亦死於難。」 得旨，予振祚常州建祠，餘附祀。
In the third year of Tongzhi, Li Hongzhang memorialized: "His sixth-generation ancestor, Minister Zhao Shenqiao, was a celebrated statesman of the Kangxi era; the clan's branches were scattered through Suzhou and Changzhou. When Jiangsu and Zhejiang were overrun, forty-three men and women of the family perished; his younger brother Zhentun, a bureau clerk in Zhejiang, also died in the disaster." The throne ordered a temple built for Zhenzuo in Changzhou, with the others enshrined there as associated spirits.
25
振祚忼爽重節介，口素吃，遇不平事，憤懣謾罵，期期不避人，故多遭怨。 然好獎借人才，人亦以此多之。 善詩、古文詞，精漢學，著有明堂考一卷，文、詩集若干卷。
Zhenzuo was blunt and high-minded, with a stammer; when he met injustice he would burst into furious curses, stammering in public without restraint, and so made many enemies. Yet he loved to praise able men, and for that people also held him in affection. He excelled at poetry and ancient-style prose and was a fine scholar of Han learning; his works included one fascicle of Investigations of the Bright Hall and several fascicles of essays and poems.
26
同族起，道光舉人。 同時城守。 城陷，命合室婦女自沉園池，遂整衣冠坐廳事。 賊至，有識起者，勸令自全，大聲叱賊，引刀自剄。 子諸生曾寅以身衛父，刃賊數人，被害。 兄子浙江候補知縣祿保，罵賊，死尤烈。
A clansman, Zhao Qi, passed the provincial examination in the Daoguang reign. He defended the city alongside Zhenzuo. When the city fell, he ordered the women of his household to drown themselves in the garden pool, then straightened his robes and cap and seated himself in the main hall. When rebels arrived, some who knew him urged him to save himself; he shouted curses at them, drew a blade, and cut his own throat. His son, the licentiate Zengyin, shielded his father with his body, killed several rebels, and was slain. His elder brother's son Lubao, an expectant magistrate in Zhejiang, cursed the rebels and died with especial ferocity.
27
馬善，字遇皋，長洲人，世居蘇垣北鄉。 有智略，膂力過人。 咸豐十年閏三月，金陵大營潰，總督遁，賊席捲而南。 夏四月丁丑，蘇州陷。 善先受檄主黃土橋團練，集七圖義勇三千人，朝夕訓練，庀水陸戰守具。 聞變，嚴陣以待。 明日，賊果至，迎擊金巷橋。 又明日，賊大掠八字橋，又趣援之。 越四日，賊分兩路至，一出齊門至宜橋，一出閶門至禪定橋。 善率勇千人自當宜橋，遣子安瀾率勇數百當禪定橋，先後均有斬獲。 賊將竄常熟，夜遣安瀾率千人潛至八字橋，盡括岸側灰窯遺棄磚瓦塞遠近橋下，居民已空，無知者。 越數日，賊船至，不得過。 城賊約滸關至青黛湖，合宜橋、禪定橋三路並進，善分兵拒之，而自擊青黛湖，失利，賊旋退。 已而賊大至，善設伏青黛湖畔，遣弟增及安瀾誘賊入湖，伏發勝之，獲賊船十，俘賊首攀大福，梟其首，賊為奪氣。
Ma Shan, courtesy name Yugao, was from Changzhou; his family had long lived in the northern countryside outside Suzhou. He was resourceful and brave, with strength beyond ordinary men. In the intercalary third month of the tenth year of Xianfeng the great camp at Nanjing collapsed, the governor-general fled, and the rebels rolled south. On dingchou day in the fourth month of summer, Suzhou fell. Shan had already been ordered to command militia at Huangtu Bridge; he mustered three thousand volunteers from seven districts, drilling them day and night and equipping them for war on land and water. When he heard what had happened, he formed battle lines and waited. The next day the rebels came as expected; he met them at Jinxian Bridge. The day after, the rebels looted heavily at Bazigiao Bridge, and he hurried there again to drive them off. Four days later the rebels advanced in two columns—one from Qi Gate toward Yi Bridge, one from Chang Gate toward Chanding Bridge. Shan led a thousand militiamen himself at Yi Bridge and sent his son Anlan with several hundred to hold Chanding Bridge; at both places they killed rebels and took prisoners. When the rebels were about to slip toward Changshu, he sent Anlan at night with a thousand men to Bazigiao Bridge to gather discarded bricks and tiles from riverside lime kilns and choke the bridges for miles around. The inhabitants had already fled, and no one knew what they were doing. Days later rebel boats arrived and could not get through. Rebels inside the city planned a joint advance from Hukou Pass to Qingdai Lake along three roads through Yi Bridge and Chanding Bridge. Shan split his force to meet them and personally attacked at Qingdai Lake; he was beaten back, but the rebels soon withdrew. Before long the rebels came in strength. Shan laid an ambush on the shore of Qingdai Lake and sent his brother Zeng and Anlan to bait the enemy into the lake; when the trap closed they won a great victory, seized ten rebel boats, captured the chieftain Pan Dafu, and displayed his head until rebel morale collapsed.
28
偽忠王李秀成憤不得逞，大舉來攻，善盡銳御之，自辰至午，殺傷相當。 賊退，團勇歸局午食，賊遽掩至，善率親兵迎戰，手刃騎馬賊三人，傷於胸，猶疾呼殺賊，飛鏃中頭角而踣。 安瀾方赴常熟請軍火，馳歸斂之，面色如生。 當是時詔舉團練，吳人脆弱，賊至則靡，獨善以能殺賊聞。 卹贈知州銜，給世職。 安瀾後從巡撫李鴻章軍，鄉導得力，卒復甦州。
The Taiping Loyal King Li Xiucheng, enraged at his failure, launched a major assault. Shan threw in every able fighter; from mid-morning until noon the killing was even on both sides. The rebels pulled back; the militia returned to camp for the midday meal when the enemy suddenly rushed them. Shan led his bodyguard into the fight and personally cut down three mounted rebels. Wounded in the chest, he still roared for his men to kill the enemy until a flying bolt struck his temple and he fell. Anlan had gone to Changshu for munitions; he galloped back to recover the body, which looked as though he were still alive. An edict had gone out calling for local militia, yet the people of Wu were soft—when rebels came they fled—while Shan alone was famed for standing his ground and killing rebels. He was posthumously granted the rank of prefect and a hereditary office. Anlan later served under Governor Li Hongzhang as a trusted local guide and took part in the recovery of Suzhou.
29
陳克家，字子剛，元和人。 道光二十四年舉人。 少英異，為桐城姚瑩所器重。 抗心希古，落落寡合。 文章自許北宋，儷體宗六朝，詩學黃庭堅。 咸豐三年，挑教職。 時金陵為賊據，欽差大臣向榮駐師城外，翼長福興阿聘克家入幕。 福遷去，江南提督張國樑复聘之。 十年閏三月，國樑檄克家主健勇營事，十五日，賊大至，督弁勇迎戰，兵敗死之。 克家之死也，營中大亂，求屍不得。 克家祖鶴，熟精明代事，為明紀一書，用通鑑義法，崇禎三年後猶闕，克家續成之，合為十六卷。
Chen Kejia, courtesy name Zigang, was a native of Yuanhe. In the twenty-fourth year of the Daoguang reign he passed the provincial examination. From youth he showed exceptional talent, and Yao Ying of Tongcheng held him in high regard. Upright in spirit and drawn to antiquity, he stood apart and kept few companions. In prose he modeled himself on the Northern Song; in parallel prose he looked to the Six Dynasties; in poetry he followed Huang Tingjian. In the third year of Xianfeng he was selected for an educational post. Nanjing was then in rebel hands; Imperial Commissioner Xiang Rong's army lay outside the walls, and the wing commander Fuxing'a took Kejia onto his staff. When Fuxing'a was transferred, Jiangnan Military Governor Zhang Guoliang engaged him in turn. In the intercalary third month of the tenth year Guoliang put him in charge of the Valiant Braves camp; on the fifteenth day the rebels attacked in force, officers and men met them in battle, the line broke, and Kejia was killed. When Kejia fell the camp collapsed in chaos and his body could not be recovered. Kejia's grandfather He was a deep student of Ming history and had begun a dynastic chronicle in the style of the Comprehensive Mirror; the portion after the third year of Chongzhen was still unfinished, and Kejia completed it for a total of sixteen fascicles.
30
馬釗，字遠林，長洲人。 與克家同歲舉人。 治經學有名。 咸豐三年，前江蘇巡撫許乃釗副向榮統兵金陵，釗入許營時，有川、楚兵所帶餘丁，率驍勇，而蘇垣空虛，釗建議募為一軍，得千餘人，號曰撫勇。 粵匪劉麗川反嘉定，土匪周立春繼之，連陷青浦等六縣。 向榮檄釗率撫勇卷甲赴之，至青浦，夜半，銜枚薄城，克之，獎內閣中書銜。 事定，重赴金陵。 十年春，浙江告急，偕總兵熊天喜赴援，复四安鎮、廣德州。 奉調馳回，遇賊丹陽，戰白塔灣，中槍死。 二人以文士從軍，卒死於陣，吳人稱之。
Ma Zhao, courtesy name Yuanlin, was a native of Changzhou. He passed the provincial examination in the same year as Kejia. He was famed for his classical scholarship. In the third year of Xianfeng the former Jiangsu governor Xu Naiding served as Xiang Rong's deputy at Nanjing. When Zhao joined Xu's command, he found spare men among the Sichuan and Huguang contingents—seasoned fighters—and with Suzhou undefended proposed recruiting them as one corps; more than a thousand were mustered under the name Pacifying Braves. The Cantonese rebels under Liu Lichuan rose at Jiading; local bandits under Zhou Lichun followed, and together they overran six counties including Qingpu. Xiang Rong ordered Zhao to march the Pacifying Braves to the scene in full kit. They reached Qingpu at midnight, stormed the city in silence, and Zhao was rewarded with the nominal title of Vice Secretary of the Grand Secretariat. When the crisis was over he returned to Nanjing. In the spring of the tenth year Zhejiang called for aid; he marched with Commander Xiong Tianxi, recovered Sian Town and Guangde Prefecture. Recalled in haste, he met rebels at Danyang, fought at Baitawan, was shot, and died. Both men were scholars who took up arms and died in battle; the people of Wu still speak of them.
31
臧紓青，字牧菴，江蘇宿遷人。 道光十一年舉人。 自少倜儻好談兵，所交多不羈之士。 當英吉利入寇，紓青見武備廢弛，人不知兵，寇至多被殘害，因團練鄉兵，凡萬人。 嗣入靖逆將軍幕府，將軍主和，紓青獨主戰，後以和議成，奏獎同知銜，不受，曰：「以和受賞，不亦恥乎？」 嘗以邳州知州勒捐案被牽涉，查辦大臣週天爵雪之。
Zang Shuqing, courtesy name Mu'an, was a native of Suqian in Jiangsu. In the eleventh year of the Daoguang reign he passed the provincial examination. From youth he was bold and unconventional, loved to talk of war, and kept company mostly with rough, free-spirited men. When Britain invaded, Shuqing saw how neglected the defenses were and how little the people knew of war; when the enemy came many were slaughtered. He therefore raised a local militia of ten thousand men. He then joined the Pacification General's staff. The general favored peace; Shuqing alone pressed for war. When peace was concluded, a memorial recommended him for the nominal rank of subprefect, but he refused, saying, "To take reward for peace—would that not be shameful?" He was once drawn into the Peizhou magistrate's forced-donation scandal; the investigating commissioner Zhou Tianjue exonerated him.
32
時粵逆陷安慶，據江寧，淮南北捻匪乘釁為亂，聚黨多者至數千人，與粵逆互為聲勢。 天爵因疏請紓青練勇剿匪，且聽自成一隊。 匪素懾紓青威名，稱之曰「老虎兵」。 所至撲滅解散，多原歸附效死者。 天爵卒，副都御史袁甲三繼任，亦深倚之。 累擢通判，賞四品銜。
The Taiping rebels had then taken Anqing and held Nanjing; Nian bandits north and south of the Huai seized the moment to revolt, some bands numbering thousands, and they bolstered one another with the Taiping forces. Tianjue memorialized asking that Shuqing drill militia to suppress the bandits and be permitted to command his own column. The bandits had long feared Shuqing's name and called his men the Tiger Troops. Wherever he marched he crushed or dispersed them; many came over willingly and were ready to die for him. When Tianjue died, Vice Censor-in-chief Yuan Jiasan took his post and leaned on him just as heavily. He was promoted repeatedly to deputy prefect and granted fourth-rank nominal rank.
33
先是桐城以三年十月失陷，士民先後乞援於圍廬州提督和春、圍舒城提督秦定三，幾一年，皆不應。 甲三時駐兵臨淮，念桐人請救之殷，又欲取安慶以截江路，自請進剿。 文宗以臨淮扼南北之要，不許。 甲三於是疏請檄紓青剿辦，允之。
Tongcheng had fallen in the tenth month of the third year; for nearly a year its gentry and commoners pleaded in turn to Commissioner He Chun at the siege of Luzhou and Commissioner Qin Dingsan at the siege of Shucheng, and neither answered. Jiasan was then encamped at Linhuai. Mindful of how urgently Tong had called for help, and wishing to seize Anqing and sever the river line, he volunteered to advance in suppression. Emperor Wenzong held that Linhuai guarded the vital link between north and south and would not allow it. Jiasan then memorialized asking that orders go to Shuqing to conduct the suppression, and the court agreed.
34
時侍郎曾國籓已克復武昌，破田家鎮，順流東下，使提督塔齊布、道員羅澤南進攻廣濟、黃梅。 朝廷既允甲三請，復以國籓兵屢捷，於是命紓青速進兵潛、太接應。 時和春、秦定三軍皆久無功，詔旨切責，令速破賊以圖會剿。 紓青又得國籓書相期會，於是疾馳至桐，兩敗賊於大關、呂亭驛，追至城下，時四年十一月六日也。
By then Vice-President Zeng Guofan had retaken Wuchang, smashed Tianjiazhen, and was driving east down the Yangtze, sending Commander Taqibu and Intendant Luo Zenan against Guangji and Huangmei. The court having granted Jiasan's request, and with Zeng Guofan's army winning victory after victory, it ordered Shuqing to hurry into Qianshan and Taihu to make contact. He Chun's and Qin Dingsan's armies had then long gone without success; an edict sharply rebuked them and ordered them to rout the rebels at once for a combined campaign. Shuqing also had Zeng Guofan's letter fixing a rendezvous; he galloped to Tong, twice routed the rebels at Daguan and Lüting Post, and chased them to the walls—on the sixth day of the eleventh month of the fourth year.
35
紓青以舒、廬圍師率離城十餘裡，不斷賊出入餉道，以故久無功。 桐之南門通安慶，賊來援則當其衝，遂自率兵勇圍之，而令參將劉玉豹、同知李安中圍東門。 時攻城之器未具，城堅不可猝拔。 賊既敗於湖北，又懼桐城或破，則與湘軍成夾擊勢，悉力來援。 紓青先後迎擊於王林莊、掛車河，皆勝之，追至陶衝驛，擒斬既多，獲械無算。 卒以舒、廬軍不予接應，又不急攻城以分賊勢，賊用是得專事援桐。 玉豹、安中又性懦，無能當賊，紓青至以「諸君不能戰，不能攻，又不能守，事事須我一人」誚之，弗卹也。
Shuqing saw that the armies investing Shucheng and Luzhou kept camp more than ten li from the walls and never severed the rebels' supply lines—hence their long stalemate. Tong's south gate faced Anqing; rebel relief would have to meet that thrust. He took the braves himself to invest it and set Brigade-General Liu Yubao and Subprefect Li Anzhong on the east gate. Siege engines were not yet in place; the walls were stout and could not be carried in a rush. Defeated in Hubei, the rebels also feared that if Tongcheng fell they would be caught between two fires by the Hunan Army, and threw everything into relief. Shuqing met them in turn at Wanglin Village and Guache River and won both fights; chasing to Taochong Post he killed and captured a great host and took arms beyond reckoning. In the end the Shu and Lu armies neither supported him nor pressed their sieges to split rebel strength, so the rebels could throw their whole weight into saving Tong. Yubao and Anzhong were timid besides and could not stand against the rebels; Shuqing even mocked them—"You cannot fight, cannot storm, cannot hold—everything rests on me alone"—but they paid no heed.
36
十七日，賊援大至，玉豹、安中卻走，城賊复突出西門焚營。 紓青與諸生張勛殊死戰，殺三百餘賊，以後無繼者，賊伏遽起，紓青胸面間中二十餘創，死焉。 紓青既死，賊復得志，武昌再陷。
On the seventeenth rebel relief arrived in strength; Yubao and Anzhong pulled back, and rebels in the city sallied from the west gate and burned the camp. Shuqing and the licentiate Zhang Xun fought to the death and killed more than three hundred rebels; when no one came up behind them, men in ambush sprang up; Shuqing took more than twenty wounds to chest and face and fell. With Shuqing dead the rebels had their way again, and Wuchang fell a second time.
37
紓青治兵有紀律，初，賊以土匪目官兵以惑民聽，至是一洗此恥。 桐城破後，凡先以助餉團練，賊皆甘心焉。 民以紓青來，秋毫無犯，雖被禍，無不感泣思之。 事聞，賜三品卿銜，予騎都尉世職。 後有竇元灝。
Shuqing kept strict discipline among his men; at first the rebels had smeared the imperial troops as bandit soldiers to turn the people, but he washed away that stain. After Tongcheng fell, the rebels nursed a settled hatred for everyone who had helped fund or train the militia. When Shuqing came the people were not harmed in the least; though disaster struck, none failed to weep for him and keep him in mind. When word reached the throne he was granted third-rank chamberlain rank and the hereditary office of Chief Commandant of Cavalry. There was also Dou Yuanhao.
38
元灝，邳州人，咸豐元年舉人，援例為員外郎，分刑部。 八年，捻賊大熾，竄徐州，邳當其衝，元灝集鄉團，先後偕知州畢培貞、周力城，都司濮楓等堵剿，擊斬甚多。 十年，州城被圍，守禦四晝夜，城賴以全。 賊結幅匪大舉，由蘭、郯渡河，元灝與參將於殿甲合剿，被圍，力竭死。 贈太僕寺卿銜，賞世職。
Yuanhao was a native of Peizhou, a provincial graduate of the first year of Xianfeng, who bought office as an outer secretary in the Ministry of Justice. In the eighth year Nian bandits flared up and swept into Xuzhou; Peizhou lay in their path. Yuanhao raised local militia and, with Magistrate Bi Peizhen, Zhou Licheng, Garrison Commander Pu Feng, and others, blocked and hunted them in turn, killing a great many. In the tenth year the prefectural seat was besieged; he held it four days and four nights, and the city stood. Rebels allied with bandit hosts in a great rising and crossed the river from Lan and Tan; Yuanhao and Brigade-General Yu Dianjia fought them together, were surrounded, and he died when his strength gave out. He was posthumously given Grand Master of the Court of the Imperial Stud nominal rank and a hereditary commission.
39
馬三俊，字命之，桐城人。 祖宗璉，父瑞辰，皆進士，以經學顯名。 三俊能世其家，顧屢困鄉舉。 咸豐元年，以優行第一貢太學，又舉孝廉方正制科。 三年，安慶失守，桐人恟懼，知縣遁去，奸民蜂起。 官兵往來境上，亦乘亂為患。 獨縣學生張勛誓死不避，三俊亦急起而坐鎮之，擒斬為首者十數人。 又偕勳立法，勸富家給散貧者，亂稍定。
Ma Sanjun, courtesy name Mingzhi, was a native of Tongcheng. His grandfather Zonglian and his father Ruichen were both metropolitan graduates renowned for classical scholarship. Sanjun carried on the family tradition, yet repeatedly failed the provincial examinations. In the first year of Xianfeng he topped the superior-conduct list and entered the Imperial Academy, and was also chosen for the Filial and Incorrupt special examination. In the third year Anqing was lost; the people of Tong were terrified; the magistrate fled, and ruffians swarmed up everywhere. Imperial troops passing through the district also preyed on the chaos. Only the county student Zhang Xun swore he would not flee; Sanjun too rose at once to take command, seized a dozen-odd ringleaders, and had them beheaded. He and Xun also set rules in law, urging wealthy households to give out grain to the poor, and the turmoil eased somewhat.
40
賊既陷安慶，盡趨江寧，諸統帥皆遠避，置安慶、蕪湖不堵截。 三俊知賊之必回竄也，日夜在明倫堂訓練鄉兵，又時與勳往四鄉聯合團眾。 於是桐城練勇，名聞江南北。 賊犯太湖，與勳揚兵堵境上，賊莫測虛實，莫敢逼。 已而賊攻江西，不克，回據安慶，修守備，桐人大恐。 巡撫李嘉瑞駐廬州，前按察使張熙宇駐集賢關，皆畏安慶不敢至。
Once the rebels held Anqing they all pressed on Nanjing; the commanders kept far off and left Anqing and Wuhu unguarded. Sanjun knew the rebels would surely raid back; day and night he drilled militia in the Hall of Bright Ethics, and often went with Xun through the four townships to rally the militia. Tongcheng's drilled braves became a name known north and south of the river. When rebels struck Taihu, he and Xun showed force along the border; the rebels could not tell real from feigned strength and dared not press in. Before long the rebels attacked Jiangxi without success, fell back to Anqing, and strengthened its defenses; the people of Tong were terrified. Governor Li Jiarui held Luzhou; former Surveillance Commissioner Zhang Xiyu held Jixian Pass—both feared Anqing and would not come near.
41
三俊上書巡撫，其略謂：「制寇之道，必能攻而後可守； 守御之策，必先據要害而後可保城池。 全州不守，禍及湖南； 岳州不守，禍及武昌； 小孤不守，禍及安慶； 安慶不守，然後禍及江寧、鎮江、揚州、大江南北。 此明驗也。 自粵西起事以來，賊之所破，多不守而破，非因守而破也； 賊之所敗，多不戰而敗，非力戰而敗也。 觀桂林、長沙、南昌、開封四省城，苟能死守，賊未有陷之者。 六合小邑，殺賊數千，而賊不敢至。 江浦、含山、許州皆以守而得全，不大可見乎？ 今江北全勢完固，虛實未為賊覺，而安慶之賊，又皆江西殘敗之餘，且未齊集。 望於此時迅速進攻，而分兵守桐，以為接應。 如安慶不利，當可退守桐城，以為舒、廬之障。 此機一失，賊或竄桐、舒，以入廬州，則與北匪勾結，河南北東西、畿輔之地危矣。」 巡撫韙其言，遣總兵恆興與熙宇合軍堵剿，實不前進。
Sanjun wrote the governor, in substance: "To master rebels one must be able to attack before one can defend; the policy of defense must seize the vital points before the cities can be held. If Quanzhou is not held, Hunan is threatened; if Yuezhou is not held, Wuchang is threatened; if Little Orphan Hill is not held, Anqing is threatened; if Anqing is not held, then Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Yangzhou, and all the lands north and south of the Yangtze are lost. That is plain proof. Since the rising in western Guangdong, most places the rebels have taken fell because no one held them, not because holding failed; most defeats the rebels have suffered came without a fight, not from hard battle. Look at Guilin, Changsha, Nanchang, and Kaifeng—wherever a provincial capital has been held to the death, the rebels have never yet taken it. Liuhe, a small county, killed thousands of rebels, and the rebels did not dare approach. Jiangpu, Hanshan, and Xuzhou all stood because they were held—is the lesson not plain enough? North of the river our whole position is still sound, and the rebels do not yet know our real strength; the rebels at Anqing are only the broken remnants from Jiangxi and are not yet fully gathered. I urge a swift attack now, with a detachment left to hold Tong as the link. If Anqing goes badly, we can fall back and hold Tongcheng as a shield for Shucheng and Luzhou. Miss this chance and the rebels may slip through Tong and Shucheng into Luzhou, join the northern bandits, and put Henan, the north, east, west, and the capital districts in peril." The governor approved his argument and sent Commander Heng Xing to join Xiyu's force in blocking the rebels—but in truth they never advanced.
42
十月，賊大至，熙宇、恆興兵皆卻走，三俊獨與勳率鄉團數百人拒之，不利。 賊遂道桐城以入舒城，陷廬州，渡河而北，蔓延千里，皆如三俊所料。 城陷時，三俊父被執不屈死。 三俊以不孝不忠自責，誓復仇報國。
In the tenth month the rebels came in strength; Xiyu's and Heng Xing's men all pulled back; Sanjun and Xun alone led several hundred militiamen to meet them and failed. The rebels then marched through Tongcheng into Shucheng, took Luzhou, crossed the river north, and spread disaster for a thousand li—just as Sanjun had warned. When the city fell his father was taken and died refusing to submit. Sanjun blamed himself as unfilial and disloyal and swore to avenge his father and serve the dynasty.
43
四年夏，與前任桐城知縣成福、六安參將慶麟，招集義勇於霍山，請助官軍殺賊，且言「事成不邀功賞，事敗則以身死之」。 於是上三路進兵策，而自任桐城一路。 先頓兵中梅河以俟，而提督秦定三軍之圖舒城者，延期不進。 三俊既孤軍深入，恥不肯退。 至周瑜城，援絕餉匱，奸民構賊夜襲營，力戰死之。
In the summer of the fourth year he joined former Tongcheng magistrate Cheng Fu and Luzhou brigadier Qing Lin to raise volunteers at Huoshan, asked to aid the imperial army against the rebels, and said, "If we succeed I want no reward; if we fail I will die for it." He then submitted a plan for a three-pronged advance and took the Tongcheng column himself. He first camped on the Zhongmei River to wait, but Qin Dingsan's army at the siege of Shucheng lagged and would not move. Sanjun had pushed deep with a lone column and was too ashamed to pull back. At Zhouyu Fort his relief was cut and his stores gone; local ruffians turned the rebels on the camp by night, and he fought until he fell.
44
勳，字小嵩，與三俊同縣人。 家貧，好倡舉義行。 嘗搜羅桐城節孝貞烈婦女二千餘人無力上聞者，匯請旌表，著總旌錄四卷。 桐城既破，三俊起義兵霍山，與之定計，即往見秦定三，以急擊舒城，與襲桐之師相應說之，定三不應，事遂敗。 嗣聞紓青統兵至桐，往六安迎之，謂紓青曰：「桐近日賊勢與前不類，兵單援寡，難操勝算。 不如先助攻舒，舒破，與秦軍合，事乃有濟。」 又數以書勸定三，卒不應，紓青亦不肯往。 十一月十七日，遂隨紓青督戰，死之。 隨死者有吳文謨。
Xun, courtesy name Xiaosong, was a fellow townsman of Sanjun. His family was poor, but he loved to lead acts of public righteousness. He once gathered more than two thousand chaste and martyred women of Tongcheng who could not afford to petition the throne, submitted them for imperial commendation, and compiled four fascicles of the General Commendation Record. After Tongcheng fell Sanjun raised loyal troops at Huoshan; with him Xun laid plans, then went to Qin Dingsan and urged a swift strike on Shucheng to match the column striking Tong—but Dingsan would not listen and the plan came to nothing. Later, hearing Shuqing had brought troops to Tong, he went to Lu'an to meet him and said, "The rebel strength at Tong lately is not what it was; you have few men and little help—it will be hard to win. Better join the attack on Shucheng first; when Shucheng falls and you unite with Qin's army, the plan may work." He wrote again and again to urge Dingsan, but in the end there was no answer, and Shuqing would not go either. On the seventeenth of the eleventh month he followed Shuqing into battle and died there. Wu Wenmo died with him.
45
文謨，字翼甫，亦同縣人。 年少負氣，與三俊子復震為友。 三俊死，文謨不告其子，獨冒險往獲其屍。 勳重其人，遂隨勳奔走，請兵不倦，殉節時年二十有一。
Wenmo, courtesy name Yifu, was from the same county. Young and high-spirited, he befriended Sanjun's son Fuzhen. When Sanjun fell, Wenmo did not tell his son but went alone through danger to bring back the body. Xun prized him and kept him at his side, running everywhere to beg for troops without rest; he died for the cause at twenty-one.
46
吳廷香，字奉璋，廬江人。 敏博沈毅，與桐城戴鈞衡、馬三俊友，以文章風節相砥礪。 以優貢生舉咸豐初元孝廉方正。 上書論時事，有國士之目。 三年，粵賊東下，陷安慶，廬江土寇應之，駸駸迫城下。 邑團練鄉兵推廷香為督，擊寇，擒其渠，斬之，盡破其黨。
Wu Tingxiang, courtesy name Fengzhang, was a native of Lujiang. Quick-minded, learned, and steady, he befriended Dai Junheng and Ma Sanjun of Tongcheng and sharpened one another in letters and moral resolve. Presented to the Academy on superior conduct, he was chosen in the first Xianfeng cycle for the Filial and Incorrupt examination. He memorialized on affairs of state and was spoken of as a man of national caliber. In the third year Taiping rebels drove east, took Anqing, and local bandits in Lujiang rose in answer, pressing ever closer to the walls. The county militia chose Tingxiang as commander; he struck the bandits, seized their chief, beheaded him, and broke their faction utterly.
47
尋，粵賊棄安慶去，長驅薄金陵，踞其城。 是年夏，復遣悍酋沿江西犯，再陷安慶，皖北震動。 廷香复倡義募鄉勇六百人，自率之守梅山黃姑閘，遏江路。 時賊張甚，官吏兵民所在迸散。 賊自桐城北擾，舒、巢、無為相繼淪沒，獨廬江賴廷香固扼得全。 十一月，廬州陷，巡撫江忠源死之，官軍、團練望風逃潰。 十二月，廬江亦不守。 廷香時在防次，扼腕慷慨，誓必得當以報國。
Before long the Taiping rebels left Anqing and marched in a long drive on Nanjing, seizing the city. That summer they again sent fierce chieftains up the Jiangxi route, retook Anqing, and north Anhui shook. Tingxiang again led the call to raise six hundred volunteers and took them himself to hold Huanggu Pass at Meishan and block the river line. The rebels were then at their height; officials, soldiers, and commoners fled wherever they stood. Rebels raided north from Tongcheng; Shucheng, Chaohu, and Wuwei fell one after another; only Lujiang, by Tingxiang's stubborn hold on the pass, was kept whole. In the eleventh month Luzhou fell. Governor Jiang Zhongyuan died in the fighting, and regular troops and militia broke and ran at the first alarm. By the twelfth month Lujiang too was lost. Tingxiang was still on the line. He clenched his fists in grief and swore he would find some fitting way to serve the state.
48
四年二月，提督和春敗賊於廬州； 七月，提督秦定三大捷於舒城； 舟師復自海道入扼東西梁山，斷賊歸路。 賊悉眾北趨，諸州縣守賊少，曾國籓复率大軍下武昌。 廷香聞則奮然起，言於眾，謂：「誠以此時出賊不意复邑城，益與江上、下諸路軍相應，合謀以圖皖中，賊可殲也。」 乃召募三千人，與外委熊允升將之趨縣門，兼密約舊時勇目居城中者為內應。 八月，大破守賊，賊渠任大剛走，追斬之，遂復廬江。 大江東、西以鄉兵敗賊克城，蓋自廷香始。
In the fourth year, the second month, Commissioner He Chun defeated the rebels at Luzhou; in the seventh month Commissioner Qin Dingsan won a great victory at Shucheng; the river force again came in by sea to seize East and West Liang Mountains and sever the rebels' retreat. The rebels massed and drove north. With so few men left to hold the counties, Zeng Guofan again marched a great host down on Wuchang. When Tingxiang heard this he rose at once and told the assembly, "Strike now, while the rebels do not expect it, retake the county seat, and link arms with the armies upriver and down. Plot together for central Anhui, and the rebels can be destroyed." He raised three thousand men. With the external appointee Xiong Yunsheng in command they hurried to the county gate, and quietly won over the old militia leaders still inside the walls. In the eighth month he broke the rebel garrison. The chieftain Ren Dagang fled, was run down and beheaded, and Lujiang was retaken. For militia east and west of the Yangtze to beat rebels and retake a city—this began with Tingxiang.
49
既，賊知廬江無援，合安慶、桐城諸路來攻，廷香出擊，屢有斬獲，而賊聚益眾，江中賊亦逼城下。 廷香豫乞救廬、舒大營，久未報。 及賊大至，何桂珍檄蔡萼、沈承貽以六百人自六安赴援，至邑，則縱兵大掠，遇賊反走，賊益焚四野，火光燭天。 廷香夜登陴，望救不至，拊膺泣曰：「吾志清逆亂，不克，而重禍鄉里。 勢窮援絕，來者非人。 吾死此，分耳，亂將若之何？」 數日，糧竭，萼、承貽引遁，城遂再陷。 廷香率死士巷戰，自午夜至黎明，從者僅三人，力盡死之，允升同及於難。
The rebels soon saw that Lujiang had no help. They united columns from Anqing, Tongcheng, and elsewhere. Tingxiang went out again and again and took heads, but the enemy swelled, and river rebels closed under the walls. Tingxiang had already pleaded with the main camps at Luzhou and Shucheng. For a long time no answer came. When the rebels came in strength, He Guizhen ordered Cai E and Shen Chengyi forward from Lu'an with six hundred men. They reached the town and turned their men loose to plunder. They met the rebels and ran. The enemy burned the countryside until the sky glowed. Tingxiang climbed the wall at night. No relief came. He beat his breast and wept, "I meant to put down rebellion. I failed, and brought ruin on my own county. We are spent, and no one is coming—only men who are not men. I die here. That is my share. What will become of the chaos?" Within days the grain was gone. Cai E and Shen Chengyi slipped away, and the city fell again. Tingxiang led his last men in the lanes from midnight to dawn. Only three followed him. He fought until he fell. Yunsheng died in the same disaster.
50
初，廷香將倡義，或危其事，尼之。 廷香從容曰：「如若言，亂將誰拯耶？」 其人悚然退。 及事急，將自裁，或奪刀掖之行，廷香抗聲曰：「复城守城，雖非吾責，吾義也。 城危而走，義何居焉？ 出郭一步，非死所也！」 比戰歿，邑人求得其屍，藁葬之。 詔建專祠廬江，予世職。 子長慶繼其志，累官至提督，以功顯。
When Tingxiang first called men to arms, some called the venture too risky and tried to stop him. Tingxiang answered calmly, "If that is so, who will save us from chaos? The man shrank back and left. When things turned desperate he meant to kill himself. Someone snatched the blade and pulled him away. Tingxiang shouted, "To retake the city and hold it was never my office alone, but it is my duty. When the walls are failing and you run—where is honor then? One pace outside the gate is no place for a man to die! He fell in the fight. The townspeople found his body and buried him in a simple grave. The throne ordered a private shrine at Lujiang and a hereditary post for his line. His son Changqing took up his cause, rose to commissioner by repeated promotion, and won fame in the field.
51
孫家泰，字引恬，壽州人。 大父有善行，仁宗嘗書「盛世醇良」四字顏其門。 家泰生有殊禀，嬉戲異群兒。 每出語，長老驚若成人。 未冠，補諸生。 道光二十九年，入貲為員外郎，分刑部廣西司，治牘明決，為上官所器。 咸豐三年，粵寇竄擾江、皖，工部侍郎呂賢基奉命回籍督辦團練，請以家泰從。 時皖南北郡邑相繼不守，官吏望風避走，群盜蜂起。 定遠陸遐齡倡亂據城，道路梗塞。 朝命再起週天爵為安徽巡撫，天爵就詢策略，家泰密為擘畫，數旬之間，遐齡父子就擒，脅從解散，餘盜斂跡，壽春兵以驍勇聞。
Sun Jiatai, courtesy name Yintian, came from Shouzhou. His grandfather was known for virtue. Emperor Renzong once wrote four characters, "Pure Integrity in a Flourishing Age," for the lintel of their gate. Jiatai seemed marked from birth. Even in play he was unlike other boys. When he spoke, village elders started as if he were already a man. He became a licentiate before he came of age. In the twenty-ninth year of Daoguang he bought office as an outer director in the Ministry of Punishments, Guangxi Bureau. His papers were sharp and clear, and his superiors prized him. In the third year of Xianfeng Taiping rebels ravaged Jiangnan and Anhui. Vice Minister Lü Xianji was sent home to raise militia and asked Jiatai to go with him. Prefectures and counties across the region fell one after another. Officials fled at a whisper. Bandits swarmed up everywhere. Lu Xiangling of Dingyuan raised revolt and seized the city. The roads were cut. The court recalled Zhou Tianjue as governor of Anhui. Tianjue asked Jiatai for a plan. In a few weeks the Xiangling father and son were taken, their followers scattered, the rest of the bandits faded, and the Shouxian troops won a name for hard fighting.
52
軍興，徵調四出，留鎮者少，又乏食，巡撫檄家泰勸捐募兵為固圉計。 壽故繁庶，富家大賈務厚藏，鮮遠識，無應者。 家泰則盡貨其貲產以濟用，所募皆敢死士。 明賞罰，嚴簡練，一軍肅然。 廬、鳳、潁、六安諸寇憚其強，不敢窺。 尋，天爵卒於潁州，舒城再陷，呂賢基死之。 家泰失所隸，勢遂孤。 尋為人所構，吏議落職。 家泰語人曰：「時事糜爛，守土之吏，畏賊如虎狼，而視民如魚肉，是驅良入於暴也，吾無死所矣！」 自是杜門家居，口不言兵事。 既毀家佐軍，貧甚，菽水養親，晏如也。
War drew troops away on every side. Little was left to guard the walls, and food ran short. The governor ordered Jiatai to raise funds and recruit men to hold the district. Shou had once been rich. Great merchants hoarded their wealth and could not see ahead. No one answered the call. Jiatai sold everything he owned to pay for the effort. Every man he raised was ready to die. Rewards and punishments were plain, drill was tight, and the whole force stood in order. Rebels around Luzhou, Fengyang, Yingzhou, and Lu'an dared not test him. Before long Tianjue died at Yingzhou, Shucheng fell again, and Lü Xianji was killed. Jiatai lost his patron. His position stood alone. Soon enemies framed him, and the civil officers moved to strip him of rank. Jiatai told others, "The times are rotten. Men who should guard the soil fear rebels like tigers and wolves, yet treat the people like meat on the block. That drives the good to violence. There is no decent place left for me to die!" After that he shut his door and never spoke of war again. He had ruined his house to help the army and was very poor, yet he fed his parents on plain fare and was content.
53
既，賊氛益熾，諸州縣團練，多陰附賊，而鳳臺苗沛霖所部尤橫桀不可製。 初，沛霖為諸生，請於知州金光箸欲練鄉團，而自為練總，光箸不之許。 沛霖遂聚群不逞為亂，鄰邑豪猾多歸之。 官軍畏其眾，遣人招撫，授以官，為羈縻計。 數年累薦至川北道，加布政使銜。 沛霖不奉命，南據正陽關，北扼下蔡，繼襲懷遠，陷之，號稱苗練，駸駸逼壽州。 壽人恟懼，謀聚保，眾議非家泰莫屬，辭不獲，強起。 號召部曲，上書軍帥，力主剿，未報。
The rebels grew bolder. Militia in many counties secretly joined them. Worst of all were the men of Miao Peilin in Fengtai—proud, violent, and beyond control. Peilin had been a licentiate. He asked Prefect Jin Guangzhu to let him train a rural corps under his own command. Guangzhu refused. Peilin then gathered ruffians and rose in revolt. Bold men from nearby counties flocked to him. Regular troops feared his numbers. They sent envoys to pacify him and gave him office, hoping to leash him. Year after year he was promoted until he held the Sichuan North circuit and nominal rank as provincial administration commissioner. Peilin would not obey. He seized Zhengyang Pass in the south and blocked Xia'ai in the north, then stormed Huaiyuan and held it. He called his force the Miao Militia and closed on Shouzhou. The people of Shou were afraid and talked of mass defense. Everyone said only Jiatai would do. He refused until he could refuse no more, and was pressed to lead. He rallied his old troops and wrote to the commanders urging all-out suppression. No answer came.
54
沛霖遣諜入壽州，家泰殺之，沛霖益怒，盡發其黨來攻，守者恐不敵。 忌家泰者，乃倡言獻家泰與其副蒙時中於賊，以紓壽禍。 有司迫行，眾大譁，將以力抗。 家泰夷然曰：「吾昔募健兒刺苗逆悍將，今又戮其諜，欲甘心者我也。 守土非其人，順逆不明至此，事之不濟，天也。 吾身許國矣，吾死而城安，其又奚卹？」 遂仰藥死。 既歿，按察使張學醇复縛時中付賊寨，並遇害。 是年九月，沛霖卒陷壽州，家泰家屬被執，不屈，皆死之。
Peilin sent spies into Shouzhou. Jiatai had them killed. Peilin raged and sent his whole party against the town. The defenders feared they could not stand. Men who envied Jiatai began to say the town should hand him and his deputy Meng Shizhong to the enemy to buy peace. The magistrates tried to force it through. The people roared in protest and were ready to fight. Jiatai said calmly, "I once raised bold men to strike down the Miao rebels' fiercest captains. Now I have killed their spy again. The men who want my blood are fixed on me. The wrong men hold the land. Loyalty and treason are confused. If we fail, that is Heaven's will. I have given my body to the state. If I die and the city stands, what is left to mourn?" He drank poison and died. After he was gone, Provincial Commissioner Zhang Xuechun bound Shizhong too and sent him to the rebel camp. Both were killed. In the ninth month of that year Peilin took Shouzhou at last. Jiatai's family were seized, refused to submit, and all died.
55
同治二年，科爾沁親王僧格林沁督師至，沛霖敗死，壽州平。 聞家泰一門死事狀於朝，詔贈四品卿，照陣亡例賜卹，建祠壽州。 父贈祖，弟家彥、家德，子傳洙，咸卹贈有差。
In the second year of Tongzhi Prince Sengge Rinchen of Horqin led the army. Peilin was beaten and killed, and Shouzhou was recovered. When the court heard how Jiatai's whole household had died, it posthumously made him a fourth-rank chamberlain, granted battle-death rites, and raised a shrine at Shouzhou. His father was raised in posthumous rank. His brothers Jiayan and Jiade and his son Chuanzhu received graded honors.
56
江圖悃，字汝華，旌德人。 富膽略。 經商，寓舒城。 侍郎呂賢基辦團勦賊，過舒城，與圖悃一見相契，特命帶鄉團，扼守舒城衝要，賊不敢過。 三年十月，桐城被陷，乘勝至舒城，賢基戰不利，死之。 圖悃猶力戰，狂呼殺賊。 久之，賊至益眾，援兵不至，歿於陣。 圖悃前以助餉贈知府，至是歿，舒人義之，相與私諡曰仁惠。 宣統初，補諡莊潔。
Jiang Tukun, courtesy name Ruhua, came from Jingde. He was bold and resourceful. He was a merchant and lived at Shucheng. Vice Minister Lü Xianji was organizing militia to fight rebels. He passed through Shucheng, met Tukun, and took to him at once. He put Tukun in charge of local troops to hold the town's vital points, and rebels did not dare pass. In the tenth month of the third year Tongcheng fell. The enemy pressed on to Shucheng. Xianji fought and was beaten, and died. Tukun still fought on, roaring to kill rebels. The rebels kept coming. Relief never came. He fell in the line. He had earlier been given nominal prefect rank for helping with funds. When he died the people of Shucheng honored him and together gave him the private posthumous title Benevolent and Kind. Early in the Xuantong reign a further posthumous title was added: Solemn and Pure.
57
程葆，歙縣人。 道光十三年進士，以主事分工部。 咸豐二年六月，外授廣東肇慶府知府。 時粵匪麕集皖境，謀犯浙江，葆赴任，道經杭州，巡撫何桂清奏令回籍治鄉團助剿。 五年，賊陷休寧，葆率民團出境援，與官軍會擊於東、南二門，斃賊目，賊驚退入城。 諸軍連夜進攻，賊由西門遁，遂拔休寧，乘勝克復石埭。 自是葆益激勵鄉團，屢助官軍勦賊，徽郡肅清。 旋檄赴杭助守，城陷，死之。
Cheng Bao came from She county. He passed the palace examination in the thirteenth year of Daoguang and served as a director in the Ministry of Works. In the sixth month of the second year of Xianfeng he was sent out as prefect of Zhaoqing in Guangdong. Taiping rebels were massing in Anhui and meant to strike Zhejiang. Bao was on his way to his post when he passed Hangzhou. Governor He Guiqing memorialized that he should return home, raise militia, and help suppress the rebels. In the fifth year the rebels took Xiuning. Bao led local militia out to help. With the regular troops he struck the east and south gates, killed a rebel officer, and drove the enemy back inside the walls. The allied forces attacked through the night. The rebels slipped out the west gate. Xiuning was retaken, and the victors went on to recover Shiting. After that Bao roused the militia again and again, helped the regular army crush rebels, and Huizhou was cleared. He was soon ordered to Hangzhou to help hold the city. The city fell, and he died.
58
彭壽頤，字子文，江西萬載人。 道光二十九年舉人。 咸豐四年，粵匪連破江西郡縣，知縣李峼棄城遁，壽頤率團練禦賊，追剿上高、新昌，皆捷。 以籌餉忤李峼，峼袒奸民，壽頤揭前棄城事。 巡撫陳啟邁夙諱賊，恐上聞，以蜚語誣捕壽頤，欲致死滅口。 欽差大臣曾國籓奏言：「數年以來，諭旨諄諄，飭行團練，多無實效。 惟湖南平江縣、江西義寧州以本地捐款練本地壯丁，屢殲悍黨，為賊深畏。 四年，義寧之捷，巡撫陳啟邁冒功濫保，遍私親暱，人心解體，團練遂散。 賊再攻州，抵拒經月，省兵竟無援救，城陷，屠民數万。 向使練丁尚存，何致慘禍如此？ 五年，饒州、廣信之失，鄱陽、興安之失，陳啟邁通融入奏，寬減處分。 萬載之失，知縣李峼有避賊重咎，舉人彭壽頤有勦賊殊功，奸民彭三才有餽賊實據，陳啟邁竟袒庇屬僚，架誣團練義士。 餽賊不斥，避賊不劾，獨於勦賊者，目為豺狼，指為逆黨。 臬司惲光宸，逢迎喜怒，褫革逮拘，酷暑重刑，百端凌虐。 臣以壽頤才識卓越深沉，疊商留營效用，陳啟邁堅僻不悟，釀成冤獄。 義寧之團，以保舉不公毀於前； 萬載之團，又以訟獄顛倒毀於繼。 人心何由固結？ 大局恐致貽誤。」 奉諭：「陳啟邁革職，惲光宸交新任巡撫文俊查辦。」 壽頤早以刑斃矣。 南昌梅啟照嘗云：「國籓雅度無怒容，惟於壽頤逮獄，深為憤痛。」 七年，劉長佑敗，新喻、袁州三縣民率丁壯助軍，軍复振，世益以此思壽頤。
Peng Shouyi, courtesy name Ziwen, came from Wanzai in Jiangxi. He became a presented scholar in the twenty-ninth year of Daoguang. In the fourth year of Xianfeng Taiping rebels overran one Jiangxi county after another. Magistrate Li Kun abandoned his post and ran. Shouyi led militia against them and chased them through Shanggao and Xinchang, winning every fight. He raised funds for the war and crossed Li Kun. Kun protected local bullies. Shouyi brought out the record of Kun's earlier flight from the city. Governor Chen Qimai had always hated to hear of rebels and feared the court would learn the truth. He spread lies, seized Shouyi, and meant to kill him to seal his mouth. Imperial Commissioner Zeng Guofan wrote, "For years the throne has urged militia training, yet in most places it has come to nothing. Only Pingjiang in Hunan and Yining in Jiangxi, drilling local men on local funds, broke fierce bands again and again. The rebels feared them. In the fourth year, after the victory at Yining, Governor Chen Qimai claimed the credit and stuffed his reports with kin and friends. Morale collapsed, and the militia melted away. The rebels came again. The town held for a month. Provincial troops never came. The city fell, and tens of thousands of civilians were butchered. If those militiamen had still stood, how could disaster have fallen so hard? In the fifth year Raozhou and Guangxin fell, then Poyang and Xing'an. Chen Qimai sent in smooth lies and saw his punishment eased. When Wanzai fell, Magistrate Li Kun deserved blame for fleeing the rebels, Peng Shouyi deserved honor for fighting them, and the rogue Peng Sancai had proof of supplying the enemy. Yet Chen Qimai shielded his men and framed the militia heroes. Men who fed the rebels went untouched. Men who ran from them were not punished. Only those who fought the rebels he called wolves and traitors. Provincial judge Yun Guangchen played to every whim. He stripped Shouyi of rank, seized him, tortured him in the summer heat, and tormented him without end. I hold that Peng Shouyi was a man of rare depth and ability, whose worth the army had proved again and again; Chen Qimai's stubborn blindness turned that merit into a wrongful conviction. First the Yining corps was broken by biased promotions; then the Wanzai corps was undone by lawsuits and verdicts stood on their head. How then can loyalty be knit together? The wider war effort may be put at grave risk. The throne ordered: Chen Qimai stripped of his post; Yun Guangchen remanded to the incoming governor Wen Jun for inquiry. By then Shouyi had already been executed. Mei Qizhao of Nanchang recalled: 'Our Prince was mildness itself—yet the arrest of Shouyi filled him with bitter grief.' In the seventh year, after Liu Changyou's defeat, the men of Xinyu and Yuanzhou rallied their young men to the colors and the army rose again—and men everywhere remembered what Shouyi might have done.
59
陳介眉，山東濰縣人。 道光十八年拔貢生，朝考用知縣，發江蘇，署宿遷、鹽城等縣，擢通州知州。 屢獲海洋巨盜，擢知府，授河南歸德府知府。 咸豐三年，捻匪竄虞城之楊家集，介眉督兵追殲三百餘，生擒二百餘。 粵賊陷歸德，褫職回籍。 十一年，捻匪竄山東，抵濰縣，介眉迎剿，與候選訓導陳威鳳、武舉譚占元等，均力竭陣亡。 復原官，卹贈太僕寺卿銜，賞世職，建專祠，並祀威鳳、占元及同日陣亡之武生千總銜陳執蒲等。
Chen Jiemei was from Weixian, Shandong. Made a tribute student in Daoguang 18, he passed the palace examination for the magistracy, served in Jiangsu at Suqian and Yancheng among other posts, and rose to prefect of Tongzhou. He took major pirates on the coast more than once, was raised to prefect, and received Guide Prefecture in Henan. In Xianfeng 3 the Nian struck Yangjiaji in Yucheng; Jiemei pursued them, killed over three hundred, and captured more than two hundred. When the Taiping took Guide he was dismissed and sent home. In the eleventh year the Nian entered Shandong and came to Weixian; Jiemei went out to fight them alongside Chen Weifeng and Tan Zhanyuan—and all died where they stood when strength failed. His rank was restored, he was posthumously made Vice Minister of the Imperial Stud, granted a hereditary title, and given a temple of his own; Chen Weifeng, Tan Zhanyuan, and Chen Zhipu, who died the same day, were worshipped beside him.
60
同縣人亓祈年，道光五年舉人，截取知縣。 捻匪熾，祈年治西鄉團練，匪竄縣境，祈年登圩固守。 圩破，率眾巷戰，力竭被縛，罵賊不屈死，侄文豐等同時陣亡。 卹贈道銜，賞世職，建專祠，文豐等附。 唐守忠，鉅野人。 咸豐初，為平陽屯々官。 四年，粵賊陷鉅野，土匪竊發，守忠聞警馳歸，遭匪劫，僅以身免。 與鄉人生員張桂梯、職員姚鴻傑等議舉團練，為守衛計。 旬日集義勇五千餘人，分三隊，捕斬土匪數十名，賊遂遁，嘉祥、鉅野間悉平。 土匪懼，以所劫物展轉還守忠，並乞隨團勦賊，誓不為亂，守忠察其誠，納之。 時年飢人乏食，守忠使子錫齡偕張桂梯各村勸捐助賑，富出貲，貧出丁，括計餘糧，計月分給，謂之均糧，而團練之勢愈固。 曹州、濟寧兩屬鄉團來附，賊不得逞，去。
Of the same county was Qi Qinian, juren in Daoguang 5, on the list for a magistracy. As the Nian flared, Qinian drilled the western townships; when they crossed the border he manned the stockade and would not yield. The wall gave way; he fought house to house until spent, was taken, and reviled the rebels to his last breath; his nephew Wenfeng and others died with him. He was posthumously made a circuit intendant, given a hereditary office and a temple; Wenfeng and the rest were honored there as well. Tang Shouzhong was from Juye. Early in Xianfeng he held office in the Pingyang garrison lands. In the fourth year the Taiping took Juye while local bandits stirred; Shouzhong raced home on the news, was waylaid, and barely escaped alive. He met with the student Zhang Guidi, the clerk Yao Hongjie, and other townsmen to raise a militia for the county's defense. In ten days he mustered five thousand volunteers in three columns, hunted down dozens of bandits, drove the rebels off, and cleared the country between Jiaxiang and Juye. The bandits, afraid, sent back their plunder and asked to march with the militia against the rebels, vowing never to rise again; Shouzhong judged them sincere and took them in. Famine had emptied the granaries; Shouzhong sent Xiling and Zhang Guidi from village to village to levy relief—the wealthy in cash, the poor in labor—pooling grain for monthly shares called junliang, and the militia's hold tightened. Militias from Caozhou and Jining joined him; the rebels found no opening and withdrew.
61
五年，河決銅瓦廂，鄆城、鉅野、嘉祥等縣當其衝，守忠聞豐工黃水下游淤涸成灘，官出示招墾，因率災民數万人南下認種。 仿屯田法，以教諭王孚、千總唐振海等分領之，名曰湖團，亙二百餘裡，濬溝築圩，編保甲，嚴守望。 徐州、蕭、碭、豐、沛等縣人聞賊警，則相率投避，得免於難者數年。
In the fifth year the river burst at Tongwaxiang and Yuncheng, Juye, and Jiaxiang lay in its path; learning that below the Fenggong works the Yellow River had silted into dry shoals and the authorities were calling for settlers, he led tens of thousands of refugees south to open new fields. On the model of military colonies he put Wang Fu, Tang Zhenhai, and others in charge of sections called the Lake Corps, two hundred li long—ditches dug, walls raised, baojia registered, watches kept night and day. For years, at the first rumor of rebels, families from Xuzhou, Xiao, Dang, Feng, Pei, and the rest fled to the Lake Corps and were spared.
62
八年，捻匪來犯，守忠率團遮擊，擒賊樊三、丁豹等斬之，敘功給五品頂戴。 十年，欽差大臣僧格林沁令守忠隨官軍助剿，敗賊大劉莊。 同治元年，捐助軍餉，又捐已墾熟田為魚台書院經費。 二年，白蓮池教匪由滕縣偷渡湖西，守忠截擊，生擒賊目陳周等多名，餘匪悉遁。
In the eighth year the Nian attacked; Shouzhong met them, took Fan San and Ding Bao and other rebel chiefs and beheaded them, and was rewarded with a fifth-rank button. In the tenth year Senggelinqin had him march with the regulars; he helped rout the rebels at Daliuzhuang. In Tongzhi 1 he gave money to the army and set aside reclaimed farmland to endow the Yutai Academy. In the second year sect rebels from Teng slipped west across the lake; Shouzhong cut them off, seized Chen Zhou and other chiefs alive, and the rest scattered.
63
四年九月，捻匪張總愚、任柱等悉眾來攻，守忠集丁堵禦，一再請援兵不至，力戰六日，眾寡不敵，死之。 方守忠被圍，賊數使招降，守忠誓死拒之。 及戰敗，與族叔千總振海、子生員錫彤同被執。 賊舁至銅山袁家廟，多方脅之降，守忠罵不絕口，遂並見害。 江督曾國籓疏請優恤，建祠立傳，從之，贈道銜。 子錫彤，照四品以下陣亡例議卹，給世職。 尋在沛縣捐建專祠。
In the ninth month of the fourth year Zhang Zong'en and Ren Zhu brought the full Nian host; Shouzhong walled up with what men he had, called again and again for help that never came, fought six days against hopeless odds, and fell. As the siege tightened the rebels sent envoys to offer terms; he vowed to die rather than yield. When the line broke, he was taken with his kinsman Zhenhai, a battalion officer, and his son Xitong, a licentiate. They were dragged to Yuanjia Temple in Tongshan and pressed from every side to submit; Shouzhong never stopped reviling them, and all three were slain. Zeng Guofan asked the throne for full honors, a shrine, and a biography; the court agreed and made him a circuit intendant posthumously. His son Xitong was mourned under the rules for officers below the fourth rank who die in battle and given a hereditary title. A private temple was later raised for him in Pei county.
64
吳山，字岩青，河南光山人。 生三日喪父，母周守節撫孤，家極貧，紡績供山讀書。 道光二十五年，舉於鄉，會試不第，留京三載，與袁保恆、裴季芳相切磋，聲譽日起。 時光山有匪患，山以寡母在堂，二子尚幼，又無期功強近之親，就揀選知縣職，倉卒歸。
Wu Shan, styled Yanging, came from Guangshan in Henan. He lost his father at three days old; his mother Zhou kept her chastity and reared him in bitter poverty, spinning to pay for his books. He became a provincial graduate in Daoguang 25, failed the palace exam, and spent three years in Beijing studying with Yuan Baoheng and Pei Jifang until his name was widely known. Banditry was rife in Guangshan; with an aged mother, small sons, and no near kin to rely on, he accepted a magistracy on the selection list and hurried home.
65
先是，邑民郭三，兇黠。 兄弟七人，郭五、郭六尤悍。 郭三充縣皁役，滿佈黨與。 知縣水安瀾恇懦，為郭三等挾制，無所不至。 彼時有「郭滿城」之謠。 郭三充臥龍臺鄉保，倡首為匪，向四楞子、曾傳佐等，皆領桿頭目，肆行劫掠，並至各鄉按畝加糧供食，並勾通亳、壽各州各匪，謀殺官起事。 山有鄉望，眾舉為團首，倡辦團練，地方恃以安，而郭三忌之。
Before this a local man, Guo San, had been violent and sly. Seven brothers in all—Guo Wu and Guo Liu the fiercest. Guo San held a post as county runner and filled the yamen with his men. Magistrate Shui Anlan was a coward in Guo San's grip; nothing was beyond their reach. People said in those days, 'Guo owns the town.' As headman at Wolongtai he led the outlaws; Silengzi, Zeng Chuanzuo, and others commanded armed bands, extorted grain from every village, and conspired with ruffians in Bozhou and Shouzhou to murder officials and rise in revolt. Shan was respected in the district and was made head of the militia; the country rested easier for it, and Guo San hated him for it.
66
咸豐四年四月，郭三糾眾突至小向店派糧，山拒而不納，尋，集鄉團與之抗。 匪巢臥龍台，距小向家集僅十二里，郭三揚言非殺山不可。 或有勸山走避者，山曰：「我所以觸匪怒者，原以抗匪派糧，若臨難而逃，任匪所為，則初志謂何？ 今日之事，有死而已。」 遂挺身督鄉團與戰，眾寡不敵，被擒，山罵不絕口，匪怒戕之。 後俞御史劉毓楠奏建專祠。
In the fourth month of Xianfeng 4, Guo San marched on Xiaoxiangdian to seize grain; Shan turned him away and mustered the township guard to fight. Their stronghold at Wolongtai lay only twelve li from Xiaoxiangjiaji; Guo San swore Shan must die. Friends begged him to run; he answered: 'I angered them by refusing their levy—if I bolt now and leave the countryside to them, what was the point? Today there is nothing left but to die.' He led the militia out himself, was overwhelmed and taken, and cursed them to the end; they slew him in fury. Later Censor Liu Yunan asked that a temple be built to him.
67
俞焜，字昆上，浙江錢塘人。 嘉慶二十五年進士，改庶吉士，授編修。 道光十三年，遷御史，奏請申明律義，以正倫紀，略言：「律載'弟妹毆同胞兄姊死者皆斬'。 注云：'毆死期親尊長，若分首從，則倫常斁矣。 '此古今定律，所以維名教也。 其聽從尊長，毆死以次期親尊長之犯，向律擬斬，定案時夾簽聲請，疊經改為斬監候，歸入服制情實。 自道光三年御史萬方雍奏，將聽從尊長，毆死以次期親尊長，下手傷輕之卑幼，均科傷罪。 刑部定為條例，至今沿之。 因思例從律出，例因時變通，律一成不易。 致死尊長，豈得仍論傷之重輕？ 今以勉從尊長，下手傷輕，止科傷罪，則與'死者皆斬'之律未符。 此例既百無一抵，何以肅典刑而正人心？ 請仍遵不分首從本律，夾簽聲請，以昭平允。」 下部議行。
Yu Kun, styled Kunshang, was from Qiantang, Zhejiang. Jinshi in Jiaqing 25; entered the Hanlin as a bachelor and became a compiler. In Daoguang 13 he became a censor and urged that the law be stated plainly to uphold the bonds of kin, writing in part: 'The Code says that a younger brother or sister who beats a full sibling to death shall be beheaded. The commentary explains: 'To beat to death a senior within the mourning circle—if one splits ringleader from follower, the moral order itself is undone.' That statute, old as the dynasties, is what holds civilization upright. Those who, obeying an elder, killed the next senior in line were once sentenced to immediate beheading; memorials on folded slips had again and again commuted that to imprisonment, treating the case as a matter of family obligation. Since Daoguang 3, when Censor Wan Fangyong proposed it, a junior who struck lightly while obeying an elder and killed the next senior was punished only as for ordinary assault. The Ministry of Justice made that a regulation, and it has stood ever since. Sub-statutes grow out of the Code and may bend with the age; the Code itself does not bend. When a kinsman lies dead, can the court still weigh how hard the blow was? To punish reluctant obedience with a light hand as mere assault is to empty the words 'all who die are beheaded.' A rule that almost never applies cannot awe the realm or set men's hearts right. I ask that the original statute be restored without distinction of roles, with mercy sought by memorial as of old, so that justice may be seen to be even-handed.' The ministries deliberated and carried his recommendation into effect.
68
十七年，授河南彰德府知府，以東河大工勞最，用道員，擢永定河道。 調衡永郴桂道，緣事降調。 咸豐九年，督辦團練，操防勤奮，復道銜。 十年，粵賊亂熾，焜商遣駐防軍守獨松關，李秀成犯杭，焜與侍郎戴熙登陴拒守二十餘日。 城陷，巡撫羅遵殿殉之。 焜憑柵堵禦，與滿城犄角，復相持五日。 彈盡，柵毀，賊眾，焜猶手刃數賊，矛洞胸，歿於陣。 明日，張玉良援師入，將軍瑞昌會擊，賊卻而焜已死。 論者謂滿城之存，焜有力焉。 賜諡文節，建專祠。 同殉之繼室陳氏，女蘊祺、蘊璿附祀。
In year 17 he became prefect of Zhangde in Henan; his work on the Eastern River earned him a circuit post and then the Yongding River superintendency. He was moved to the Heng-Yong-Chen-Gui circuit and later reduced in rank after a dispute. In Xianfeng 9 he took charge of the militia, drilled them tirelessly, and regained his circuit rank. In the tenth year, as the Taiping flared, Kun posted garrison troops at Dusong Pass; when Li Xiucheng struck Hangzhou he and Vice Minister Dai Xi held the walls for more than twenty days. The city fell and Governor Luo Zundian perished with it. Kun fought from the barricades in concert with the Manchu quarter and held out five days more. Shot and timber gone, the rebels pressing in, he still cut down several with his own hand before a spear took him in the chest. Next day Zhang Yuliang's relief came up and General Ruichang struck together; the rebels drew off—but Kun was already dead. Men said the Manchu city still stood because Kun had held the line. The court gave him the posthumous name Wenjie and a temple of his own. His wife Chen and his daughters Yunqi and Yunxuan, who died with him, were honored in the same shrine.
69
同縣戴煦，字鄂士。 增貢生。 候選訓導。 精算術。 西人艾約瑟見煦所著求表捷術，心折之。 又工畫，神似倪迂，評者謂出乃兄熙上。 熙既投水殉節，聞之歎曰：「吾兄得死所矣！」 亦投井死。 著有莊子順文，陶靖節集註，四元玉鑑細草，對數簡法諸書。 熙自有傳。
Of the same county was Dai Xu, styled Eshi. An enrolled tribute student. A candidate for instructor. A master of mathematics. The missionary Joseph Edkins read his Quick Methods for Finding Tables and was overcome with admiration. He painted too, in the manner of Ni Zan; connoisseurs held him above his brother Xi. When he learned that Xi had drowned himself in martyrdom, Xu sighed: 'My brother has found the death that suits him!' He threw himself down a well and followed him. His writings include Zhuangzi Shunwen, notes on Tao Qian, a commentary on the Jade Mirror of the Four Origins, and treatises on logarithms. Xi has a separate biography.
70
張洵，字肖眉，錢塘人。 咸豐二年進士，改庶吉士，授編修，命在上書房行走，文淵閣校理。 十年，粵匪由安徽竄浙江，杭州省城被圍，巡撫羅遵殿奏入，洵請假省親。 上召見，垂詢浙省軍情。 洵抵浙江，杭州失而旋复。 先是洵母談氏，因賊逼杭城，率洵妻施氏，洵子惇典、從典、敘典、念典，女喜姑闔門赴水，被救得不死。 施氏即命惇典、念典等護其姑出城。 賊至，施氏遣喜姑先投井死，自率敘典躍池中殉焉。 杭州將軍瑞昌以聞，上嘉施氏孝義兼全，下部旌卹。
Zhang Xun, styled Xiaomei, was from Qiantang. Jinshi in Xianfeng 2; Hanlin bachelor; compiler; attached to the Upper Study Hall and the Wenyuan Pavilion. In the tenth year the Taiping swept from Anhui into Zhejiang and besieged Hangzhou; when Luo Zundian's report reached court, Xun asked leave to go home. The Emperor received him and questioned him closely on Zhejiang's armies. By the time Xun arrived, Hangzhou had fallen and been retaken. Before that, when the rebels closed on Hangzhou, his mother Lady Tan led his wife Lady Shi, their sons Dundian, Congdian, Xudian, and Niandian, and their daughter Xigu into the river; all were pulled out alive. Lady Shi at once sent Dundian, Niandian, and the rest to guard their mother-in-law out of the city. When the rebels came, Lady Shi sent Xigu first into a well, then led Xudian into a pool and died beside her. General Ruichang of Hangzhou reported the matter; the throne praised Lady Shi's perfect filial piety and righteousness and ordered the ministry to honor and comfort her kin.
71
尋，洵母自以老需人侍奉，為洵繼娶勞氏。 未幾，丁母憂，洵省城無房產，僦居於仁和縣之永泰鎮。 十一年，賊大股复犯浙江，餘杭、蕭山相繼失陷，省城被圍。 洵念受恩至重，不忍坐視，乃自永泰鎮挈眷赴省，與官紳籌守禦； 並謀諸巡撫王有齡，會合駐防兵，力通江路。 顧賊勢張甚，圍城兩月餘，城陷，洵與勞氏、惇典、從典、念典皆死之。 洵兄濂之妻李氏及女九姑，亦先後殉焉。
Soon after, Xun's mother, finding herself old and in need of care, arranged a second marriage for him to a woman of the Lao clan. Before long he was in mourning for his mother; he owned no house in the capital and rented lodgings in Yongtai Town, Renhe County. In the eleventh year a great rebel column struck Zhejiang again; Yuhang and Xiaoshan fell one after another, and the provincial city was besieged. Mindful of the depth of favor he had received, Xun could not sit idle; he led his household from Yongtai Town to the city and joined officials and gentry in planning its defense; and consulted Governor Wang Youling to gather the garrison troops and break the river line. Yet rebel strength was overwhelming; after more than two months the city fell, and Xun, Lady Lao, Dundian, Congdian, and Niandian all perished. Xun's sister-in-law, née Li, wife of his elder brother Lianzhi, and her daughter Jiugu likewise died for principle, one after another.
72
方城之垂陷也，洵聞警，即索衣冠北向叩頭畢，賦詩三絕，有「白雲堆裡吾將去，前輩風流有戴公」之句。 書竟，授僕張昇，遂投井死。 同治元年，太常寺卿許彭壽以聞，以「一門六口，同時殉難，實屬深明大義，忠烈可嘉」褒之。 八年，國子監司業孫詒經復請加恩予諡建祠，允之，諡文節。
As the city neared its fall, Xun heard the alarm, donned cap and gown, kowtowed toward the north, and wrote three quatrains, one line reading: "Into the heap of white clouds I shall go—among the elders' grace there was Dai Gong." When he had finished writing, he gave the poems to his servant Zhang Sheng and threw himself down a well. In Tongzhi 1, Xu Pengshou of the Ministry of Rites reported the case, commending "six of one household martyred together—truly a grasp of great principle, loyalty and valor worthy of praise." In the eighth year Sun Yijing, vice-director of the Imperial Academy, again petitioned for added honors, a posthumous title, and a shrine; the request was granted, and he was given the posthumous title Wenjie.
73
鍾世耀，字嘯溪，仁和人。 道光二十一年進士，改庶吉士，散館，授兵部主事。 移疾歸，負鄉望，城再陷，賊將授以偽官，絕粒殉節。
Zhong Shiyao, styled Xiaoxi, was from Renhe. Jinshi in Daoguang 21; Hanlin bachelor; after leaving the academy he was made a principal secretary in the Ministry of War. He went home on grounds of illness, a man of standing in his county; when the city fell again the rebels offered him a post in their regime; he starved himself to death.
74
孫義，字樸堂，錢塘人。 道光九年進士，官福建仙遊縣知縣，有循聲。 告歸後，課徒自給，同時殉難。
Sun Yi, styled Putang, was from Qiantang. Jinshi in Daoguang 9; magistrate of Xianyou in Fujian, with a reputation for humane government. After he retired he taught pupils to live on and died a martyr when the city fell.
75
汪士驤，字鐵樵，錢塘人。 襲世職，授杭州營千總。 擅詩名，工篆隸，晚年作小楷尤精。 咸豐十一年，賊再至，先以年老休致，居危城中，神色自若，日以忠義訓家人。 賦詩有「我死家人生，辱家即辱我」等語。 城破，全家皆躍水死。
Wang Shixiang, styled Tieqiao, was from Qiantang. He inherited a hereditary post and was appointed company commander of the Hangzhou garrison. He was famed for poetry and skilled in seal and clerical script; in later years his small regular hand was especially fine. In Xianfeng 11 the rebels returned; he had already retired on grounds of age, yet lived in the besieged city with unshaken composure, daily schooling his household in loyalty and righteousness. In his poems he wrote lines such as: "If I die, my household lives; to shame the house is to shame me." When the city fell, the whole household leapt into the water and drowned.
76
錢松，字叔蓋，錢塘人。 嗜金石篆刻，有文譽。 賊初陷杭垣，先期具藥汁，誓死。 家傍清波門，賊從此入，遂與家人同仰藥，麾侍者還其室，曰：「今日得死所，而男女顛僕一室可乎？」 語定而絕。
Qian Song, styled Shugai, was from Qiantang. He loved bronzes, stones, and seal carving, and had a literary reputation. When the rebels first took Hangzhou, he had prepared poison in advance, resolved to die. His home stood by Qingbo Gate, where the rebels entered; he and his family drank the poison together, then sent the servants back to their quarters, saying: "Today I have found the death that suits me—yet should men and women lie heaped together in one room?" With that he fell silent and died.
77
毛雝，字西堂，錢塘人。 諸生。 事親孝。 年十三，能作大字。 工書，得潤筆盡給貧乏。 督辦東北隅團練，城再陷，自縊死。
Mao Yong, styled Xitang, was from Qiantang. A licentiate. He was filial toward his parents. At thirteen he could write large characters. Skilled at calligraphy, he gave every fee he earned to the poor. He supervised militia drill in the northeast quarter; when the city fell again he hanged himself.
78
魏謙升，字滋伯，仁和人。 九歲能文，弱冠后雄長壇坫。 尤工書。 以廩貢生選仙居縣訓導，不就。 家居西馬塍，以著述自娛，垂五十年，有書三味齋稿。 賊自湖州逼省城，家當其衝，或諷宜移居避之，不應。 賊火其廬，乃挈妻子走靈隱山中。 賊退，僑寓城中，嘯歌不輟，自號無無居士。 城再陷，謙升方老病，驅至萬安橋下死，妻周氏同時殉節。 週能書，世以鷗波夫婦擬之。
Wei Qiansheng, styled Zibo, was from Renhe. At nine he could write essays; after coming of age he dominated the literary world. He was especially skilled at calligraphy. As a senior licentiate he was selected instructor of Xianju but declined. He lived at Ximacheng, amusing himself with writing for nearly fifty years; his works include Drafts of the Three-Flavors Studio. When rebels from Huzhou pressed the capital, his home lay in their path; some urged him to move away, but he would not. The rebels burned his house; he led his wife and children into Lingyin Mountain. When the rebels withdrew he lodged in the city, singing without cease, and styled himself the Recluse of No-Nothing. When the city fell again Qiansheng was old and ill; he was driven to Wan'an Bridge and killed; his wife Lady Zhou died with him. Lady Zhou could write as well; people likened them to the Zhao Mengfu couple.
79
金鼎燮，字承高，秀水人。 諸生。 咸豐季年，署臨安訓導兼教諭。 以事詣省城，寇至，圍久，糧絕，至煮篋上革以食。 城破，雜難民中出，至臨安，率鄉團禦寇，死之。
Jin Dingsie, styled Chenggao, was from Xiushui. A licentiate. In the closing years of Xianfeng he served as acting instructor and director of studies at Lin'an. On business he went to the capital; when the rebels came the siege dragged on until food ran out and they boiled leather from trunks to eat. When the city fell he slipped out among the refugees, reached Lin'an, led local militia against the rebels, and died.
80
庚辛之役，省城再陷，杭人殉難者至眾，而旗營死事尤烈。 其著者：協領巴圖蘭布等守花市營門，佐領德克登額、佛爾國納、德勒蘇等守錢塘門，呼松額、格勒蘇、印福等督隊出湧金門，皆迎戰，奮刀殺賊，先後陣亡。 又協領賽沙畚、連生等，佐領薩音納、伊勒哈春等，防禦貴祥、明阿納等，驍騎校志善、佛爾奇納等，文職如知府伊麗亨等，武職千總安忻保等，皆陣亡。 合營縱火自焚，男婦死者八千餘人。
In the campaigns of 1860–61 the capital fell again; martyrs among the people of Hangzhou were countless, but the banner garrison's deaths were especially fierce. Among the most noted: Assistant Commandant Batulanbu and others held Huashi Camp Gate; Vice Commandants Dekedenge, Foerguona, and Delesu held Qiantang Gate; Husonge, Gelesu, and Yinfu led troops out Yongjin Gate—all met the enemy, cut down rebels with their blades, and fell in turn. Assistant Commandants Saishaben and Liansheng, Vice Commandants Sayinna and Yilehachun, Defense Officers Guixiang and Mingana, Brave Cavalry Captains Zhishan and Foerqina, the civil official Prefect Yiliheng, the military officer Company Commander Anxinbao—all likewise fell. The whole camp set fires and burned themselves; more than eight thousand men and women died.
81
包立身，諸暨人。 家五十八都之包村，世業農。 性樸魯，裡黨莫之重。 咸豐十年，忽能言休咎，多奇中。 節食茹素，夜則結跏趺坐。 時賊氛漸偪，人懷憂懼，爭奔詢，立身惟以行善為勗。 人疑信參半，不知其嫺武略也。
Bao Lishen was from Zhuji. His family lived in Bao Village in the fifty-eighth district and had farmed for generations. Plain and slow by nature, his neighbors thought little of him. In Xianfeng 10 he suddenly began foretelling fortune and misfortune, often with uncanny accuracy. He ate sparingly and kept a vegetarian diet; at night he sat cross-legged in meditation. As the rebels drew near, people came in crowds, anxious and afraid; Lishen urged only that they do good. People were half in doubt and half in belief, not knowing he was skilled in the arts of war.
82
十一年九月，賊陷紹興府，他賊復自金華來，諸暨亦陷。 於是首倡義旗，從者響應。 村踞山，三面皆水田，惟一路由塍埒達村。 賊焚掠至其地，立身以靜待動，入者輒為所斃。 避賊者麕投之，棲止無隙地。 乃益選壯勇成勁旅，賊來攻，數不勝。 立身不出村勦賊，賊至則戰，戰則身先，當其鋒立踣。 眾見賊易擊，雖文弱者亦揮戈從事，間諜入村者，罔弗獲。 無事則焚香默坐，有所指揮，從之必勝，遠近驚以為神。 賊憚甚，使素稔立身者招降，立斬之。 乃悉糾數郡悍黨，更番進攻，而往者輒衄。 群賊聞調攻包村，如就死地。 相持八九月，大小數十戰，斃賊十餘萬，精銳強半盡。
In the ninth month of the eleventh year rebels took Shaoxing; others came from Jinhua, and Zhuji fell as well. He was the first to raise the banner of resistance, and followers answered from every side. The village stood on a hill, ringed on three sides by paddies; only one path along the dikes led in. When rebels burned and plundered their way there, Lishen met force with stillness; whoever entered was cut down. Refugees from the bandits crowded in until no space remained. He picked still more stout fighters for a crack corps; the rebels attacked again and again without success. Lishen did not leave the village to pursue rebels; when they came he fought, and in fighting he took the lead—standing in their charge, foes fell on the spot. The crowd saw rebels were easy to strike; even men weak in letters swung spears to join; spies who slipped into the village were without exception taken. When there was no fighting he sat silently burning incense; whatever he directed, following it meant victory—near and far marveled, thinking him divine. Rebels feared him greatly and sent one who knew him well to offer surrender; he beheaded the envoy at once. They mustered fierce bands from several prefectures and attacked in relays, yet each assault was beaten back. When bandits heard they were ordered against Bao Village, it was like being sent to their death. For eight or nine months they held on, fighting dozens of battles great and small, killing more than a hundred thousand rebels until half their crack troops were gone.
83
賊目有周姓者，眇而通形家言，乃週覽村外，悉其川源山脈。 會旱，溪流弱，賊壅其上流，遂無涓滴。 村外井水，賊舉腐屍填之，出汲，則先以火器越井而陣，後人出屍乃得汲，腥穢不可飲，然且難得。 人眾食寡，賊又四面斷糧道，不得達，賊遂索戰無已時。 每合陣，所損相當，勢不能久持，終無一人言降者。 賊遂陰穿隧道而以金鼓聲亂之，立身不之省。
A one-eyed rebel commander named Zhou, skilled in geomancy, surveyed every stream and ridge around the village. Drought came; the streams ran low and rebels dammed the upper reaches until not a trickle remained. Wells outside the village—the rebels filled them with rotting corpses; to draw water one first had to array fire-weapons over the well, then haul out corpses before drawing—foul and undrinkable, and even that was hard to obtain. Many mouths and little food; rebels also cut grain routes on all sides so none could get through; they then challenged battle without respite. Each time the lines closed the losses were equal; they could not hold out long, yet in the end not one spoke of surrender. The rebels dug tunnels in secret and masked them with gongs and drums—Lishen never caught on.
84
七月朔日，賊穴隧道自村社廟出，即縱火焚廟，眾出不意，大亂。 賊遇人即殺，未遇賊者亦倉皇圖盡。 立身見事敗，與其妹鳳英率親軍數千人死戰，潰圍出，至馬面山。 賊躡之，圍數匝，鏖戰不得脫，中砲死。 鳳英亦力竭自刎死，全家皆遇害，從者亦無一得脫。 合村死者，蓋六十餘萬人。
On the first day of the seventh month rebels tunneled out from beneath the village temple, set fire and burned it; the crowd rushed out unprepared and fell into great disorder. Rebels killed whoever they met; those who did not meet rebels also frantically took their own lives. Lishen saw the cause was lost; with his sister Fengying he led several thousand of his guard in desperate battle, broke the encirclement, and reached Maimian Hill. Rebels followed hard, surrounded them in many rings, and fought until there was no escape—he was struck by cannon fire and died. Fengying too, her strength exhausted, killed herself with a sword; the whole family perished, and none of their followers escaped. The dead of the whole village amounted to more than six hundred thousand.
85
王玉文，字緯堂，金華人。 性強毅，好談經濟。 道光二年舉人。 咸豐四年，授於潛教諭。 會粵寇據金陵，數上書當道論兵事，指陳兩浙形勢甚悉。 既而浙壤告警，奉檄領兵守天目山，又令塹於潛、臨安山谷，防賊闌入。 既至，躬自履視，得某關廢阯，實為要隘，因建言修之。 初偕昌化教諭高文祿行團練，於潛令素與玉文忤，多方撓之。 及是議築關，益譁然以為多事，而玉文銳於自任，不之顧。
Wang Yuwen, styled Weitang, was from Jinhua. Strong and resolute by nature, he loved to discuss statecraft. Provincial graduate in Daoguang 2. In Xianfeng 4 he was appointed instructor of Yuqian. While the Taiping held Nanjing he wrote again and again to the authorities on military affairs, mapping the peril facing both Zhejiangs in painstaking detail. When Zhejiang sounded the alarm, he was ordered to lead troops to hold Tianmu Mountain and to dig trenches in the valleys of Yuqian and Lin'an to keep rebels from slipping through. On arrival he surveyed the ground himself and found an abandoned pass that was truly a strategic choke point; he memorialized to repair it. At first he joined Changhua instructor Gao Wenlu in militia drill; the Yuqian magistrate had long been at odds with Yuwen and obstructed him at every turn. When the plan to build the pass arose, the uproar grew that he was making needless trouble, but Yuwen was keen to shoulder the task himself and paid no heed.
86
十年，賊陷杭州，玉文將百人扼關，欲乘賊歸擊其惰，文祿力讚之。 於是昌化、臨安、新城及本境山氓，咸持梃原受節度，官紳交阻之，事遂寢。 玉文恚甚，乞病歸，甫束裝，聞寇至，歎曰：「臨難而去，非夫也！」 乃輟行。 適援軍至，玉文戒以守關毋出，不聽，戰五晝夜，眾寡不敵，棄關走。 賊入城，官皆遁，有門下士偕二輿夫、一擔者來迎，玉文堅不去，迎者旋散。 乃朝服挾刃坐，一賊當先入，格殺之，即舉火自焚。 遺書付其子曰：「天熱，吾清白之體，不可俾鬱蒸，有鹽硝，舉以自化，汝曹毋過悲痛也！」 寇退，得其屍池水中，朝服爇去，跣一足，眾哭殮之。 以其先有告病牒，大吏不以殉難聞，士民咸以為冤。
In the tenth year rebels took Hangzhou; Yuwen with a hundred men held the pass, intending to strike the rebels when they returned weary—Wenlu strongly approved. Then men of Changhua, Lin'an, Xincheng, and hillfolk of his own district, all with clubs, were ready to place themselves under his command; officials and gentry together blocked it, and the matter was shelved. Yuwen was deeply aggrieved; he begged leave on grounds of illness and was about to pack when he heard bandits had come; he sighed: "To flee when peril is at hand—that is not the act of a man!" With that he stayed his journey. Relief troops arrived; Yuwen urged them to hold the pass and not sally forth, but they would not listen; after five days and nights of fighting, outnumbered, they abandoned the pass and fled. The rebels entered the city; officials all fled; a follower with two sedan-bearers and a porter came to fetch him, but Yuwen would not leave, and they soon dispersed. He put on court dress, blade in hand, and sat waiting; when the first rebel entered he cut him down, then set fire and burned himself. He left a letter for his son: "It is hot; my spotless body must not be left to molder—there is saltpeter; use it to reduce me to ash; do not grieve beyond measure!" When the bandits withdrew his body was found in the pool; his court dress was burned away and one foot bare; the people wept and laid him out for burial. Because he had earlier filed for sick leave, senior officials did not report him as a martyr; scholars and commoners alike called it an injustice.
87
孫文德，嘉善人。 咸豐十年，年八歲，賊陷嘉善，家人攜出城，遇賊，相失，獨至村舍。 薄暮，十餘賊入舍就炊，將休矣，文德潛乞砒毒於賣藥人何桂生，密啟釜置之。 飯熟，賊方飢，食之，斃九人。 二人未食，大駭，考掠文德，奮身大罵，賊殺之。
Sun Wende was from Jiashan. In Xianfeng 10, when he was eight, rebels took Jiashan; his family carried him out but met rebels and were separated; he alone reached a farmhouse. At dusk a dozen rebels entered to cook and rest; Wende secretly begged arsenic from the apothecary He Guisheng and slipped it into the pot. When the meal was ready the hungry rebels ate, and nine died. Two had not eaten; terrified, they tortured him; Wende sprang up and cursed them; the rebels killed him.
88
李貴元，字祥枝，永康人。 事母孝，以強有力聞。 賊至，年已八十，乃出其大鐵鐧擊賊。 賊懼不敢動，貴元從容登樓。 及群賊擁至，貴元遂遇害。 越日，其子求遺骸以出，賊亦不之罪也。 時錢塘汪玉璋、義烏金士玉、長興副貢生王泰東，均年逾八十，先後預於難。
Li Guiyuan, styled Xiangzhi, was from Yongkang. Filial toward his mother, he was famed for his strength. When rebels came he was already eighty; he brought out his great iron mace and struck at them. The rebels were afraid to advance; Guiyuan calmly went upstairs. When a crowd of rebels pressed in, Guiyuan was killed. Next day his son came for the body; the rebels did not harm him. About then Wang Yuzhang of Qiantang, Jin Shiyu of Yiwu, and Wang Taidong of Changxing, a deputy tribute student—all past eighty—also died in the calamity.
89
富陽瞽者陳小福，避山中，從賊者識其神卜也，囚之。 官兵攻急，賊勢蹙，乃命之卜。 小福曰：「若輩必盡死，無遺類，何卜為？」 賊怒，剜其目，磔之。
Chen Xiaofu, a blind diviner of Fuyang, hid in the hills; rebels who knew his gift imprisoned him. Government troops pressed hard; the rebels' position tightened, and they ordered him to divine. Xiaofu said: "You will all die to the last man—why bother to divine?" The rebels in rage gouged out his eyes and dismembered him.
90
皮匠某，逸其姓名。 十一年，圍急，閩兵絕糧，不欲戰，巡撫王有齡登陴泣。 匠忽手百金至，叩首曰：「小人勸苦，蓄得百五十金，今留五十金自贍，餘請助餉。」 有齡為榜示轅門示勸。 城陷，匠自經死。
A leatherworker whose name is lost. In the eleventh year the siege grew desperate; Fujian troops had no grain and would not fight; Governor Wang Youling wept upon the wall. The craftsman came forward with a hundred taels of gold, kowtowed, and said: "I am a poor worker who saved a hundred and fifty taels; I keep fifty for myself and offer the rest for the army's rations." Youling posted a notice at the yamen gate to encourage the example. When the city fell the craftsman hanged himself.
91
羅正仁，湖南郴州人。 諸生。 咸豐三年，土匪蜂起，三月十四日夜半，突有賊數百人攻入城，戕知州胡禮箴。 正仁急起，倡辦團練，獲賊二十餘人，殺之。 由是各處效法，不數日，諸匪咸撲滅，餘黨恨正仁刺骨。 會粵匪陷州城，土寇與合，正仁复率團要擊之。 賊懸賞購正仁，正仁走避。 久之，聞母病，歸，賊偵知。 一日昧爽，突有賊三人至其家，正仁猝無所備，乃率二子春官等御之。 俄賊眾奔至，眾寡莫敵，遇害。 二子亦受重創，佯死得免。 後春官痛父，更集團，日以剿匪為事。 五年，城再陷，率團復攻之，每戰奮不顧身，多斬馘，為鄉里所倚庇。
Luo Zhengren was from Chenzhou, Hunan. A licentiate. In Xianfeng 3 bandits rose; on the night of the fourteenth of the third month several hundred rebels burst into the city and killed Prefect Hu Lizhen. Zhengren rose at once, organized militia, captured more than twenty rebels, and executed them. Other places followed his lead; within days the bandits were crushed; survivors hated Zhengren bitterly. When Cantonese rebels took the city, local bandits joined them, and Zhengren again led militia to strike. Rebels offered a bounty for Zhengren; he went into hiding. Long afterward he heard his mother was ill and returned home; rebels learned of it. One dawn three rebels came to his door; caught unprepared, he led his sons Chunguan and the others to fight. Soon a rebel host arrived; outnumbered, he was killed. His two sons were badly wounded but played dead and escaped. Later Chunguan, grieving his father, raised militia again and made hunting bandits his daily work. In the fifth year the city fell again; he led militia to retake it, fighting recklessly and taking many heads, and the countryside leaned on him for protection.
92
同州人陳起書，字通甫，幼從兄起詩講求經世學，由附貢生候選訓導。 道光十三年，逆瑤趙金龍叛，起書條陳禦瑤策，知州姚華佐多采用之，州城得無患。 金田賊起，起書謂西粵一隅地，賊不能久居，必竄楚。 竄楚，則大軍必扼衡州，郴、桂將首受禍。 遂畫守御之計，州牧不能用。 乃糾同志自集團丁於觀音寨、大頭隴，並築堡、修牆為堅壁計。 無何，賊果至，聞州境有備，遂引去。 時土寇邱倡道煽亂，擾及閭里，上官檄官軍剿之，不獲。 起書命次子善墀、戚張樹榮依計誘擒之，並獲賊渠黃中鳳，事平。 咸豐五年四月，廣東賊何祿寇宜章，五月，州城陷。 起書率團練扼北鄉，賊不敢犯。 有東鄉戚黨招起書為畫守禦策，祿適湘鄉王珍率師由衡州來援，乃命善墀迎師，自往東鄉，行抵塘溪，擬聯絡瑤嶺鄉民以拒之。 而土匪咸通賊，偵其往，中道要劫之，遂被執。 群賊久耳起書名，擁於坐，宛轉誘降，起書罵不絕口，抵死不降，賊遂計議俟何祿至，乃縛其手，日夜環守之。 起書於八月七日絕粒，死之。
His fellow townsman Chen Qishu, styled Tongfu, had studied statecraft with his cousin Qishi in youth and was a candidate instructor on enrolled tribute status. In Daoguang 13 the Yao rebel Zhao Jinlong rose; Qishu memorialized plans to resist the Yao; Magistrate Yao Huazuo adopted many, and the city was spared. When the Taiping rose at Jintian, Qishu said western Guangdong was a corner of land—they could not hold it long and would flee into Hunan. If they fled into Hunan, the main army would choke Hengzhou, and Chenzhou and Guizhou would suffer first. He drew up defensive plans, but the prefect would not adopt them. He rallied comrades to gather militia at Guanyin Stockade and Datou Ridge, building forts and walls for a stout-walls strategy. Soon rebels came; hearing the border was prepared, they withdrew. Then the local bandit Qiu Changdao stirred trouble; government troops were ordered to suppress him but failed. Qishu sent his second son Shanchi and kinsman Zhang Shurong to lure and capture him, also taking the chief Huang Zhongfeng, and the trouble ended. In the fourth month of Xianfeng 5 the Guangdong rebel He Lu raided Yizhang; in the fifth month the city fell. Qishu led militia to hold the north countryside; rebels dared not enter. An eastern kinsman asked Qishu to plan the defense; He Lu was met by Wang Zhen of Xiangxiang marching from Hengzhou; Qishu sent Shanchi to welcome the army while he went east to Tangxi to rally Yao-ridge villagers. Local bandits were in league with rebels; learning his route, they ambushed him on the road and took him. Rebels had long heard his name; they crowded round and urged him to yield; he cursed without cease and would not submit; they bound his hands and guarded him day and night until He Lu should come. On the seventh day of the eighth month Qishu stopped eating and died.
93
陳景滄，字少海，龍陽人。 父永皓，直隸長垣知縣，有聲於時。 景滄幼凝重，守道義，留心經世之務。 以咸豐元年舉人官內閣中書。 粵亂作，湖北巡撫胡林翼治楚軍備賊，徵闢賢俊，以景滄佐軍事。 積功保知府，命籌餉岳、灃。 景滄剔除宿弊，事集而民不擾，嘗曰：「籌餉病民，已非善政； 若更貪其利，是官民交病，吾不為也！」 不數年，以親老辭歸里，閉戶山中，侍養之餘，以讀書為樂。 同治六年，閩浙總督左宗棠調往福建，湖南巡撫劉琨亦強起景滄，景滄咸謝不赴。 八年，丁父憂，哀毀廬墓，益遠人事。
Chen Jingcang, styled Shaohai, was from Longyang. His father Yonghao had been magistrate of Changyuan in Zhili and was well regarded. From youth Jingcang was grave and steady, held to righteousness, and minded affairs of state. A provincial graduate of Xianfeng 1, he served as secretary in the Grand Secretariat. When the Cantonese rebellion broke out, Governor Hu Linyi of Hubei organized armies against the rebels and summoned talent; Jingcang assisted in military affairs. By merit he was recommended for prefect and ordered to raise funds in the Yue and Fen regions. Jingcang cut out old abuses; work was done without troubling the people; he once said, "Fund-raising already harms the people—that is not good government; if one then profits from it, officials and people are both harmed—I will not do it!" Within a few years he resigned for aged parents, shut his door in the hills, and apart from caring for them took joy in books. In Tongzhi 6 Governor Zuo Zongtang summoned him to Fujian; Hunan Governor Liu Kun also pressed him—all invitations Jingcang declined. In the eighth year he mourned his father, grieving at the tomb, and withdrew further from public life.
94
初，軍興，募民為勇，越境擊賊，湖南尤盛。 暨賊平，勇散歸，不事生業，相率入哥老會。 哥老會者，起四川，異姓相約為昆弟，同禍福，結盟立會，千里相應。 其盟長之大者，輒擁眾數千人，橫行郡邑，吏莫敢詰，良懦憚之，則入會求庇。 入者既眾，勢乃益厚，流行湘、楚間。 初但為奸盜，均其財，繼焚掠村市，抗官兵，窺城邑。 長沙、衡州諸屬，屢撲屢熾。 十年，益陽何春台，龍陽劉鳳儀、劉繼漢等，率會眾為亂，聚縣西安化山中，距景滄家十餘裡。 景滄聞變急，密告巡撫，巡撫檄益陽、龍陽兩縣往捕，會眾方傳檄諸州縣黨人，約同時發難。 未至期，捕者適至，遂先舉事，犯益陽。 途中值景滄，執之，景滄責以大義，數其罪。 被數刃，罵不絕口，賊群斫之。 長子克枟、次子克權從行，以身障景滄，並及於難。
At first, when war began, civilians were recruited as braves to fight rebels across borders—Hunan led in this. When rebels were pacified the braves went home without livelihood and in bands joined the Gelaohui. The Gelaohui began in Sichuan: unrelated men swore brotherhood, shared fortune and woe, formed lodges, and answered one another across a thousand li. Greater chiefs mustered thousands, rampaged through counties, and officials dared not challenge them; the timid joined for protection. As membership swelled their power grew and spread through Hunan and Hubei. At first they were mere thieves sharing plunder; then they burned villages, fought government troops, and eyed walled towns. Around Changsha and Hengzhou they were crushed again and again yet kept flaring up. In the tenth year He Chuntai of Yiyang and Liu Fengyi and Liu Jihan of Longyang led lodge men in revolt, gathering in Anhua hills a dozen li from Jingcang's home. Hearing the alarm, Jingcang secretly informed the governor, who ordered Yiyang and Longyang to arrest them; the lodge was circulating calls to rise in every county. Before the appointed day the arresting party arrived; they rose early and struck Yiyang. On the road they seized Jingcang; he rebuked them with righteousness and recounted their crimes. They cut him many times; he cursed without cease, and the rebels hacked him to death. His sons Keyun and Kequan, traveling with him, shielded him with their bodies and died as well.
95
景滄長身玉立，恂恂孝友。 與人交，訥然若不出口，至論古今忠孝及國政得失，輒慷慨流涕，義形於色。 事聞，贈道員，給世職。
Tall and straight as jade, he was dutiful and brotherly in manner. With others he seemed tongue-tied; yet on loyalty, filial piety, or the nation's fortunes he wept freely, righteousness plain on his face. When the news reached court he was posthumously made a daoyuan and granted a hereditary office.
96
何霖，字雨人，廣西興安人。 少讀書，以諸生食廩餼。 抗志高尚，不屑屑治章句。 性沈毅，有膽略。 咸豐三年，興安盜王苟滿、趙廷蘭等作亂，陷縣城，囚官吏。 霖聞變，匿老弱，自與族弟進賢急詣省求援，中道遇賊，為所劫。 霖詭辭脫進賢，入見賊酋，賊素重霖，以上賓禮之。 霖謬為甘言，飲啖自若。 酒酣，因說賊酋曰：「君等舉大事，宜先收人望，蔣方第諸人，邑之豪俊，原假良馬利劍為君輩致之，非常之業可圖也！」 賊喜，如約。 霖遂以方第等六人至，留賊中，賊信不疑。 霖陰謀方第間賊黨，將乘間舉事，會官軍擊賊靈川，屢勝，賊分兵攻金州亦敗，眾稍稍引散。 霖遁歸，偕方第一夜集鄉兵，盡縛北鄉諸賊。 分守要害，號召鄰鄉團眾，分三路攻城。 賊不為備，遂復興安，擒苟滿等。 官軍至，獻捷，主兵者攘其功，賞不及霖。 益與方第倡言興團練，立規約，厚佽給，人樂為用。 賊黨謀再舉，憚霖不敢發。
He Lin, styled Yuren, was from Xing'an, Guangxi. He read in youth and lived on his licentiate's grain stipend. Lofty in ambition, he disdained to fuss over parallel prose and commentary. Deep and resolute by nature, he had courage and stratagem. In Xianfeng 3 the Xing'an bandits Wang Gouman, Zhao Tinglan, and others rebelled, took the county seat, and imprisoned officials. Hearing the alarm, Lin hid the old and weak and hurried with his cousin Jinxian to seek aid; on the road rebels seized them. Lin spoke deceitfully to free Jinxian, then saw the rebel chief, who had long esteemed him and treated him as an honored guest. Lin spoke sweet words and ate and drank at ease. When the wine was warm he told the chief: "You undertake a great affair and must win men's regard—Jiang Fangdi and others are the county's leading men; lend me horses and swords to bring them to you, and a great enterprise is within reach!" The rebels were pleased and agreed. Lin then brought Fangdi and six others to stay among the rebels, who trusted them completely. Lin secretly plotted with Fangdi to divide the rebels and strike when chance came; government troops beat them at Lingchuan; a thrust at Jinzhou failed; the host began to scatter. Lin slipped home; with Fangdi he gathered village soldiers in one night and bound every rebel of the north countryside. They held key points, called neighboring militia, and attacked the city on three roads. Caught unprepared, the rebels lost Xing'an; Gouman and others were captured. When government troops came they claimed the victory; the commander took the credit, and Lin received no reward. He and Fangdi then urged raising militia, setting regulations, and generous pay—men were glad to serve. Rebel factions plotted another rising but feared Lin and held back.
97
四年，恭城賊陷灌陽，霖率興安團屯邊隘，賊不得逞。 相持數月，樂平賊自別道來援，霖與方第議增丁壯，移營前進，遏其鋒。 十一月，次茗田，賊以大隊從大風坳出犯霖壘。 所部祗五百人，續調者未至，霖麾眾迎擊，奮鬥竟日，力竭戰死。 方第暨其兄子二人並歿於陣。 賊再入興安，焚霖廬舍，盡殺其家人，霖父挈孫走臨桂，得免。 事平，興安民思其功，建祠祀之。
In the fourth year Gongcheng rebels took Guanyang; Lin led Xing'an militia to the border passes and kept the rebels from advancing. After months of stalemate, Leping rebels came by another route; Lin and Fangdi added men, moved camp forward, and checked their advance. In the eleventh month he camped at Mingtian; rebels in force came through Dafeng'ao against his camp. He had only five hundred men; reinforcements had not come; Lin led a counterattack, fought all day, and died when his strength gave out. Fangdi and his elder brother's two sons also fell in battle. Rebels re-entered Xing'an, burned Lin's house, and killed his family; his father fled with a grandson to Lingui and survived. When peace returned the people of Xing'an honored him with a temple.
98
蹇諤，字一士，貴州遵義人。 道光二十六年舉人。 咸豐三年，大挑得教職。 明年，諤還自京，適桐梓教匪楊龍喜作亂，長驅出婁山關，逼遵義。 知府硃右曾要擊，敗還。 賊遂以八月十六日圍城，營郭外雷台山。 是時黔中治平久，民老死不見兵革，初遭寇亂，眾洶洶欲潰。 獨諤力言賊可擊，於是人心稍定。 久之，官兵漸集，而賊亦日附。 諤謁提督趙萬春、布政使炳綱於螺瑯堰，陳利害，請由石盤扼賊糧，拊其背，自領兵練四百人營馬家河，复募二百人益之，屢戰皆捷。
Jian E, styled Yishi, was from Zunyi, Guizhou. Provincial graduate in Daoguang 26. In Xianfeng 3 he passed the great selection for an educational post. The next year he returned from the capital just as the Tongzi sectarian Yang Longxi rebelled, marched through Loushan Pass, and threatened Zunyi. Prefect Zhu Youzeng met them in battle and was driven back. On the sixteenth of the eighth month the rebels besieged the city and encamped on Leitai Hill outside the wall. Qian had been at peace so long that men had grown old without war; at the first alarm the people nearly panicked. E alone insisted the rebels could be beaten, and hearts steadied a little. In time government troops gathered, and the rebels also grew daily. He visited General Zhao Wanchun and Commissioner Binggang at Luolangyan, laid out the situation, proposed choking rebel supplies at Shiban and striking their rear, led four hundred militia to Majia River, raised two hundred more, and won repeated victories.
99
賊酋李七王者尤獷悍，以千餘人入貴陽大道，踞龍坪水口寺，諤率所部圍攻，盡殲之。 七王自焚死，賊氣奪。 十二月，官兵破東路櫻桃丫，賊憑險拒戰，不即克，諤以兵從中坪繚其後，大破之，乘勝進克羊耳丫。 賊退屯金錢山，引渠灌田，計死守。 諤令健卒負草涉凍薄而焚之，於是官兵攻雷台益急，蜀兵亦進复桐梓，龍喜蹙，遂焚巢夜遁。
The rebel chief Li the Seventh King was especially fierce; with a thousand men he seized Longping Shuikou Temple on the Guiyang road; E surrounded and destroyed them. The Seventh King burned himself; rebel morale collapsed. In the twelfth month troops broke the eastern Cherry Pass; rebels held the heights; E outflanked them from Zhongping, routed them, and took Yang'er Pass. The rebels fell back to Jinqian Hill, flooded fields by canal, and prepared to hold to the death. E had men carry grass over the thin ice and set it ablaze; government troops then pressed Leitai harder; Shu forces recovered Tongzi; Longxi, cornered, burned his camp and fled by night.
100
五年冬，龍喜餘黨鄒長保再叛，圍桐梓七晝夜，並據婁山關以遏遵援。 諤复集兵練千餘名，攻奪婁山，解其圍。 期必滅賊，屢深入至寺岡。 寺岡，賊巢所在，危峰攢刺，往往雲霧，不見天日。 諤勒兵直上，以身先之，猝遇伏，前鋒為所敗，諤親率卒二十人搏戰。 賊眾麕至，矢石交下，諤力竭死之。 隨行之王世洪、曾名標亦奮鬥死，時咸豐四年十一月十日也。 卹道銜，給世職，立專祠。
In the fifth winter Longxi's remnant Zou Changbao rebelled again, besieged Tongzi seven days and nights, and held Loushan Pass against relief from Zunyi. E gathered more than a thousand militia, retook Loushan, and broke the siege. Resolved to destroy the rebels, he pushed repeatedly into Sigang. Sigang, the rebels' lair, was a tangle of perilous peaks, often lost in cloud so that daylight never showed. He drove his men straight up, leading from the front; an ambush shattered the vanguard; he himself led twenty men in a last stand. Rebels swarmed in; arrows and stones poured down; E, spent, was killed. Wang Shihong and Zeng Mingbiao, who were with him, also fought to the death on the tenth day of the eleventh month of Xianfeng 4. The court granted posthumous daoyuan rank, a hereditary office, and a dedicated shrine.
101
趙國澍，貴州貴陽人。 咸豐三年，黔中土匪起，國澍方為諸生，居青岩。 其地扼定番、廣順之衝，為貴陽屏蔽。 乃散家財，倡團練，城青岩自守，隨官軍四出勦賊。 十年，粵酋石達開竄貴州，陷廣順，圍定番，眾號二十萬，貴州大震。 國澍倡勇敢、救定番，民壯從者數百人。 力戰城下竟日，賊斷其歸路，死亡略盡。 國澍匹馬突圍還青岩，登陴堅守，賊亦卻退。 會賊以廣順之眾益定番之圍，道出青岩，脅降，不可。 圍三日，引去。
Zhao Guoshu was from Guiyang, Guizhou. In Xianfeng 3 bandits rose in Qian; Guoshu was a licentiate living at Qingyan. The place commanded the crossing toward Dingfan and Guangshun and screened Guiyang. He spent his family's wealth, raised militia, fortified Qingyan, and marched with government troops against the bandits. In the tenth year the Taiping leader Shi Dakai entered Guizhou, took Guangshun, and besieged Dingfan with a host said to number two hundred thousand; the province was shaken. Guoshu called for a rescue of Dingfan; several hundred stout men followed him. They fought below the walls all day until the rebels cut off retreat; nearly all were killed. Guoshu broke out alone on horseback, returned to Qingyan, manned the walls, and the rebels withdrew. When rebels reinforcing the siege of Dingfan passed Qingyan they demanded surrender; he refused. After three days they withdrew.
102
七月，定番陷，並力攻青岩，國澍隨機應禦，賊攻六月，終不能下。 伺賊稍懈，乞援提督田興恕，興恕遣侄麒麟來，大為民擾，國澍斬麒麟以徇。 興恕親赴之，前鋒失利，責戰益急。 國澍策賊食將盡，請斂軍堅壘障省城，檄清鎮、安平、大定清野以待。 貸土匪陳文禮等死，密遣入賊縱火，內外夾擊，毀賊營二，賊每夜自驚。 國澍以計間其悍酋，使相屠，遂大閧，因與興恕合兵乘之，賊崩潰。 追奔至安平，復大破之，定、廣諸城皆复。 先是國澍剿平定、廣土匪葛老岩、楊龍喜及平伐、擺金、平越、甕安諸賊，收復修文等城，累擢至候選同知、直隸州知州，賞花翎。 至是興恕上其功，言：「國澍毀家、築城、練團、當巨寇，受攻半載，卒創賊，全省會，非優獎不足以勸士民。」 命以道員即選，並總辦貴州團練事務。
In the seventh month Dingfan fell; the rebels turned on Qingyan; Guoshu parried each assault for six months until they could not take the town. When the rebels slackened he asked General Tian Xingnu for help; Xingnu sent his nephew Qilin, who preyed on the people; Guoshu executed Qilin as an example. Xingnu came himself; when the vanguard failed he blamed them and drove them harder. Guoshu judged the rebels' food nearly gone and proposed pulling back behind strong walls to shield the capital while Qingzhen, Anping, and Dading cleared the countryside. He spared the bandit Chen Wenli and others, sent men secretly into the rebel camp to burn it, struck from inside and out, destroyed two camps, and the rebels panicked nightly. Guoshu set their fierce chiefs against one another until they turned on each other; then he and Xingnu struck together and the rebels collapsed. He pursued to Anping and broke them again; Dingfan, Guangshun, and the other towns were recovered. Earlier Guoshu had crushed bandits around Dingfan and Guangshun—Ge Laoyan, Yang Longxi—and rebels at Pingfa, Baijin, Pingyue, Weng'an, recovering Xiufen and other towns, rising to candidate subprefect and department magistrate with the peacock feather. Xingnu then memorialized: "Guoshu ruined his house, built walls, drilled militia, held off a great rebel host for half a year, and broke them—only exceptional reward can encourage the province." He was named daoyuan for immediate appointment and put in charge of Guizhou militia.
103
十一年九月，安順仲苗匪警，國澍率黔勇七百，會總兵羅孝連剿之。 十月，至安順，仲苗蔓延鎮、永二州，負險累年。 其老巢曰養馬塞、烏束隴、蜜蜂屯、猛董山，孝連直搗烏束隴，國澍調團練分塞要隘，斷賊援。 養馬塞賊懼，縛酋獻地降，國澍乘勝攻蜜蜂屯。 十一月，破水西莊阿打洞屯，賊詐乞撫，國澍佯納之，使兵冒賊衣裝，夜入蜜蜂屯，遂克其巢。 群賊蟻居猛董，復會諸軍圍而殲之。
In the ninth month of the eleventh year Zhong Miao bandits alarmed Anshun; Guoshu led seven hundred Guizhou braves with General Luo Xiaolian to suppress them. In the tenth month he reached Anshun; Zhong Miao had spread through Zhenxiong and Yongning, entrenched for years. Their nests were Yangmasai, Wushulong, Mifengtun, and Mengdong Hill; Xiaolian struck Wushulong while Guoshu blocked passes and cut rebel reinforcements. At Yangmasai the rebels, afraid, bound their chief and surrendered land; Guoshu pressed on to Mifengtun. In the eleventh month he took the Ada Cave stockade; rebels feigned surrender; Guoshu pretended to accept, sent men in rebel dress into Mifengtun by night, and seized the nest. Rebels massed at Mengdong; allied troops surrounded and destroyed them.
104
同治元年正月，石頭寨等隘以次蕩平，安順肅清，加按察使銜。 會楊岩保兵潰，上大坪苗夷槓匪踵敗兵渡清水江，國澍聞警馳赴郎岱，擊苗匪破之。 連戰皆捷，進剿水城。 賊散踞洞塞，地皆險奧，國澍分兵雕剿，自夏經冬，破洞塞百餘。
In the first month of Tongzhi 1 passes including Shitouzhai fell in turn; Anshun was cleared; he received vice censor rank. When Yang Yanbao's force collapsed, Miao and Yi bandits followed the rout across the Qingshui; Guoshu hurried to Langdai and broke the Miao. Victory followed victory; he advanced against Shuicheng. Rebels held cave strongholds in rugged country; Guoshu divided his men to root them out; from summer through winter he broke more than a hundred caves.
105
賊走渡江，遂沿江設守，乃還省，請增兵協餉，以備深入苗疆。 而御史華祝三、湖南巡撫毛鴻賓劾田興恕苛斂，並及國澍殘刻狀。 貴撫韓超為覆奏，辨甚晰，事乃寢。 會開州知州戴鹿芝殺天主教士，法使愬於朝，复連國澍。 蓋興恕嘗欲逐教民，而國澍左右遂背國澍有毀教堂、殺教民事。 兩廣總督勞崇光與法使議，令國澍償金厚葬，事已平矣； 開州案起，並發前事，法使愬不已，朝廷命將軍崇實等視其獄。 二年三月，褫國澍職，遂撤團練局，苗事益急。
The rebels fled across the river; he posted guards along the bank, returned to the capital, and asked for more troops and funds to penetrate the Miao hills. But Censor Hua Zhusan and Hunan Governor Mao Hongbin impeached Tian Xingnu for harsh levies and cited Guoshu's cruelty as well. Guizhou Governor Han Chao rebutted the charges clearly, and the matter was dropped. Then Kai Prefecture Magistrate Dai Luzhi killed a Catholic priest; the French minister complained at court and implicated Guoshu again. Xingnu had wanted to drive out converts, and men around Guoshu had destroyed churches and killed Catholics without his knowledge. Governor Lao Chongguang of Guangdong and Guangxi settled with the French minister, ordering Guoshu to pay for a grand burial—the matter seemed closed; then the Kai Prefecture case revived the old charges; the French minister pressed on; the court sent General Chongshi and others to investigate. In the second year, third month, Guoshu was dismissed and the militia bureau abolished; Miao troubles worsened.
106
四月，大吏檄國澍督練勇渡泡江河。 時沿江諸軍飢潰，賊再內犯，竄光沙，勢張甚。 國澍兼程進，次百宜，賊眾兵寡，遂被圍。 食盡援絕，力戰，死傷過半。 親軍數十人，擁國澍潰圍出走，至徐家堰，賊大至，奮鬥死之。 巡撫張亮基以聞，贈太常寺卿，賞騎都尉世職。 子四，次以炯，光緒十二年進士第一，翰林院修撰。
In the fourth month superiors ordered Guoshu to lead drilled braves across the Pao River. Armies along the river were starving and breaking; rebels invaded again toward Guangsha in great force. Guoshu marched hard to Baiyi; outnumbered, he was surrounded. Food and reinforcements failed; he fought on; more than half his men were killed or wounded. A few dozen guards broke out with him; at Xujiayan the rebels overtook them; he fought to the death. Governor Zhang Liangji reported his death; the court made him Minister of Rites posthumously and granted a hereditary Cavalry Commandant office. He had four sons; the second, Yijiong, topped the palace examination in Guangxu 12 and became a Hanlin expositor.
107
宋華嵩，四川工卩州人。 咸豐九年，滇匪竄四川，華嵩自備軍糈，以武監生倡辦團練，保衛鄉里。 十年，川匪藍大順圍州城，華嵩率團勇大破於五道碑，圍解。 嗣防堵夾門關、青草坡、大進埠等處，凡自賊營逃出難民，資遣無算。 藍逆撲蒲江，華嵩督團迎擊，屢勝之，賊竄去。 十一年，藍逆由新津回竄，華嵩御之文華山南河岸，賊不得還，折入眉州。 既而藍逆別股复竄蒲江，踞青水溪，華嵩率團進剿，多斬獲。 卒因眾寡不敵，歿於陣。
Song Huasong was from Gongzhou, Sichuan. In Xianfeng 9 Yunnan bandits entered Sichuan; Huasong supplied his own provisions and, as a military student, raised militia to defend his district. In the tenth year the Sichuan rebel Lan Dashun besieged the city; Huasong's militia routed them at Wudaobei and lifted the siege. He then held Jiamen Pass, Qingcao Slope, Dajinbu, and other points, aiding countless refugees who fled the rebel camps. When Lan's band struck Pujiang, Huasong's militia met them repeatedly and drove them off. In the eleventh year Lan's men came back from Xinjin; Huasong held the south bank below Wenhua Hill and forced them toward Meizhou. Soon another Lan band seized Qingshui Stream in Pujiang; Huasong pursued and took many heads. At last, outnumbered, he fell in battle.
108
華嵩團練數年，捐銀米數甚鉅，輕財好義，能得人心，故所部練勇如王德明、王富舉、王富義、楊鎮川等，咸效死不顧。 同治元年，總督駱秉章上華嵩死狀，卹如例，於本籍建專祠。
For years he drilled militia at enormous private cost; generous and righteous, he won men's hearts—so braves such as Wang Deming, Wang Fuji, Wang Fuyi, and Yang Zhenchuan followed him to the death. In Tongzhi 1 Governor Luo Bingzhang reported his death; the court mourned him by precedent and built a shrine in his home district.
109
伯錫爾，哈密回王也，其受封始祖曰額貝都拉，畏兀兒種人。 康熙中，獻玉門、瓜州地，立為一等扎薩克。 再傳曰額敏，晉封貝子。 傳玉素卜，晉封貝勒，加郡王銜。 三傳至伯錫爾，於道光十二年進封郡王。 同治三年，以助開渠功，加親王銜，署理哈密幫辦大臣。 會南、北路各城叛回煽變，八月二十九日，哈密漢裝回匪馬兆強、馬環等焚掠附城村莊，伯錫爾及辦事大臣文祺率回丁出戰，斬兆強、環，餘黨潰，敘功賞用黃韁。
Boxidar was king of the Hami Hui; his ennobled ancestor Ebeidula was of Uyghur stock. Under Kangxi he offered the lands of Yumen and Guazhou and was made a first-rank zasak. The second generation, Emin, was raised to beizi. It passed to Yusupu, raised to beile with junwang rank. At the third generation Boxidar was made junwang in Daoguang 12. In Tongzhi 3, for helping open canals, he received qinwang rank and acted as Hami's assistant minister. When rebels stirred along the northern and southern routes, on the twenty-ninth of the eighth month Han-dressed Hui bandits Ma Zhaoqiang and Ma Huan looted villages near Hami; Boxidar and Wen Qi led Hui troops out, killed Zhaoqiang and Huan, and for the victory he was granted yellow reins.
110
九月初二日，圖古里克回匪馬添才戕稅局吏役及漢民七十餘家，南攻沁城，伯錫爾令章京巴海、守備趙英傑追捕，至北山板房溝，斬添才。 四年二月，患隴右道梗，奏稱由肅州東歷蒙古漠南地，至山西歸化城，往還可百日，請由此轉餉。 然台站舊在漠北蒙古，力疲不能增設，時哈密協標兵僅五百餘人，安西協援兵二百人，不足分守。 纏回及漢民雖眾，未習戰陣，吐魯番叛回頻來誘，人情煽動。 五月，回匪黑老哇、纏匪蘇布格等反，辦事大臣札克當阿中彈死，賊毀漢城，入回城，幽伯錫爾。
On the second of the ninth month the Tugurik Hui Ma Tiancai killed tax clerks and over seventy Han families, then marched on Qincheng; Boxidar sent Bahai and Zhao Yingjie after him and had him beheaded at Beishan Banfanggou. In the second month of the fourth year, with the Longyou route blocked, he proposed carrying grain east from Suzhou through Inner Mongolia to Guihua in Shanxi, a round trip of a hundred days. Old stations lay in Outer Mongolia and could not be expanded; Hami had only five hundred coordinated troops and Anxi two hundred more—too few to garrison everywhere. Chantefu and Han villagers were numerous but untrained; Turfan rebels kept enticing them, and feeling ran high. In the fifth month the Hui Hei Laowa and the Chantefu Subuge rebelled; Minister Zhakedang'a was shot dead; rebels burned the Han city, took the Hui quarter, and held Boxidar prisoner.
111
五年六月，巴里坤總兵何琯令游擊凌祥趨救，攻拔回城，賊遁吐魯番，伯錫爾奏留凌祥為副將。 旋以叛黨蔓延，奏由烏里雅蘇台將軍檄召明安郡王蒙兵，合巴里坤、哈密諸兵，共攻吐魯番。 又數遣使至肅州，請提督成祿出塞，皆不果。
In the sixth month of the fifth year General He Gong of Balikun sent Ling Xiang to relieve the city; the Hui quarter was retaken and the rebels fled to Turfan; Boxidar asked to keep Ling Xiang as vice general. As rebellion spread he asked the Uliasutai general to summon Prince Ming'an's Mongols and join Balikun and Hami troops against Turfan. He sent envoys again and again to Suzhou begging General Cheng Lu to march out—all in vain.
112
十一月，蘇布格率南北各城叛回五千人復來侵，凌祥以民勇三千、伯克夏斯勒以纏回五千人出禦，覆沒於柳樹泉，凌祥遁。 或謂伯錫爾：「盍行乎？」 伯錫爾歎曰：「吾世受天子恩，備籓於此，臨難何可苟免？」 收殘卒二千，复戰於頭堡，又大敗，被執。 明年正月，罵賊死，詔贈親王。
In the eleventh month Subuge led five thousand rebels from every city; Ling Xiang with three thousand militia and Bek Xiaisle with five thousand Chantefu met them at Liushuquan and were wiped out; Ling Xiang fled. Some urged Boxidar: "Will you not flee?" Boxidar sighed: "My line has received the Son of Heaven's grace for generations as guardians here—how can I flee when peril comes?" He gathered two thousand remnant troops, fought again at Toubao, was routed, and was taken. In the first month of the following year he cursed the rebels and was killed; the throne posthumously made him qinwang.