1
列傳二百八十一
Biographies 281
2
忠義八
Loyal and Righteous 8
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姚懷祥全福舒恭受等韋逢甲長喜等麥廷章劉大忠等
Yao Huaixiang; Quan Fu; Shu Gongshou and others; Wei Fengjia; Chang Xi and others; Mai Tingzhang; Liu Dazhong and others
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韋印福錢金玉等龍汝元樂善魁霖等文豐
Wei Yinfu; Qian Jinyu and others; Long Ruyuan; Yue Shan; Kui Lin and others; Wen Feng
5
殷明恆高騰雲等高善繼駱佩德等林永昇陳金揆等
Yin Mingheng; Gao Tengyun and others; Gao Shanji; Luo Peide and others; Lin Yongsheng; Chen Jinqiu and others
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李大本於光炘等黃祖蓮
Li Daben; Yu Guangxin and others; Huang Zulian
7
姚懷祥，福建侯官人。 嘉慶二十三年舉人。 道光十五年，挑知縣，發浙江，權象山、龍遊等縣。 二十年，英吉利以欽差大臣林則徐在兩廣堅持鴉片之禁，耀兵寧波洋面，破定海，旋退出。 二十一年二月，攻虎門，廣東水師提督關天培、湖南提督祥福； 七月，攻廈門，總兵江繼芸，游擊凌志； 八月，復攻定海，總兵王錫朋、鄭國鴻、葛雲飛； 九月，攻鎮海，兩江總督裕謙，狼山鎮總兵謝朝恩； 二十二年三月，攻慈溪，副將硃貴與子昭南； 五月，攻吳淞，江南提督陳化成：均先後殉難，自有傳。 懷祥於二十年適署定海篆，分募鄉勇，為死守計，總兵張朝發撤之。 城陷南門，懷祥負傷，立城上呼兵，無應者，憤甚，投成仁塘死。
Yao Huaixiang was a native of Houguan in Fujian. He received his juren degree in the twenty-third year of Jiaqing (1818). In the fifteenth year of Daoguang (1835) he was selected as a county magistrate, posted to Zhejiang, and served as acting magistrate of Xiangshan, Longyou, and other counties. In the twentieth year (1840), angered that Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu was enforcing the opium ban in Guangdong and Guangxi, Britain sent warships to the Ningbo coast, captured Dinghai, and soon withdrew. In the twenty-first year (1841), in the second month they attacked Humen; among those who died were Guangdong naval commander Guan Tianpei and Hunan provincial commander Xiang Fu; in the seventh month they attacked Xiamen; regional commander Jiang Jiyun and battalion commander Ling Zhi; in the eighth month they attacked Dinghai again; regional commanders Wang Xipeng, Zheng Guohong, and Ge Yunfei; in the ninth month they attacked Zhenhai; Liangjiang governor-general Yu Qian and Langshan garrison commander Xie Chao'en; in the twenty-second year (1842), third month, they attacked Cixi; brigade commander Zhu Gui and his son Zhaonan; in the fifth month they attacked Wusong; Jiangnan commander Chen Huacheng: all these men died in turn for their country, and each has a separate biography. In the twentieth year Huaixiang happened to be acting magistrate of Dinghai; he recruited local militia in detachments and prepared to hold the city to the death, but regional commander Zhang Chaofa ordered them withdrawn. When the enemy broke in at the south gate, Huaixiang was wounded; he stood on the wall shouting for his men, but no one came; in fury he drowned himself in Chengren Pond.
8
典史全福使酒仗氣，敵至，衣冠坐獄門。 囚跳，歎曰：「失城當死。 況失囚耶？」 敵入署，大呼殺賊，斃黑酋者一，叢刺死。 翌年，再犯寧波、定海，則石浦同知舒恭受，游擊張玉衡、外委武英太同死難。 都司李躍淵則隨總兵鄭國鴻戰曉峰嶺六晝夜，與把總胡大純、洪武琮，外委金釗同歿於陣。
District registrar Quan Fu was a hard drinker with a domineering temper; when the enemy arrived he took his seat at the prison gate in full official dress. A prisoner broke out; he sighed and said, "Losing the city means death. How much worse to lose a prisoner as well?" When the enemy entered the yamen he roared that they should kill the invaders, brought down one dark-skinned officer, and was run through in a hail of blades. The following year, when the enemy struck Ningbo and Dinghai again, Shupu subprefect Shu Gongshou, battalion commander Zhang Yuheng, and staff officer Wu Yingtai all died in the fighting. Colonel Li Yueyuan fought with regional commander Zheng Guohong on Xiaofeng Ridge for six days and nights and fell in battle together with captains Hu Dachun and Hong Wuzong and staff officer Jin Zhao.
9
是役也，慈溪大寶山死者，為即用知縣顏履敬，參將黃泰，守備田錫、陳芝蘭、徐宦、哈克里，千總阿本穰、魏啟明，把總林懷玉、盧炳、邸法德，外委張化鵬、馬龍圖、何海、毛玉貴、王保元、楊福增； 死鎮海城者，為縣丞李向陽； 戰金雞山死者，為都司孫汝鵬，守備李雲龍、王萬龍，千總陳慶三、陳守澍、周萬治，把總馬金龍、汪宗斌、解天培、金，外委林賡、吳定江； 死招寶山者，為外委蔡步高。 而山陰練勇袁樂忠以從間道導硃貴軍至長碕迎戰，為砲火所逼，從煙焰中躍起，投海死。
In that campaign the dead at Dabaoshan in Cixi included acting magistrate Yan Lujing, brigade colonel Huang Tai, garrison commanders Tian Xi, Chen Zhilan, Xu Huan, and Hakelie, majors A Benrang and Wei Qiming, captains Lin Huaiyu, Lu Bing, and Di Fade, and staff officers Zhang Huapeng, Ma Longtu, He Hai, Mao Yugui, Wang Baoyuan, and Yang Fuzeng; those who died in Zhenhai city were assistant magistrate Li Xiangyang; those killed at Jinjishan were colonel Sun Rupeng, garrison commanders Li Yunlong and Wang Wanlong, majors Chen Qingsan, Chen Shoushu, and Zhou Wanzhi, captains Ma Jinlong, Wang Zongbin, Xie Tianpei, and Jin, and staff officers Lin Geng and Wu Dingjiang; and the dead at Zhaobaoshan were staff officer Cai Bugao. Shanyin militiaman Yuan Lezhong had led Zhu Gui's force by a hidden route to Changqi to meet the enemy; driven back by cannon fire, he sprang up through the smoke and threw himself into the sea.
10
韋逢甲，山東齊河人。 道光十六年進士，用知縣，發浙江，累權宣平、馀杭、浦江等縣。 英吉利既再擾寧波洋面，將寇吳淞，先以弋船三十艘進攻乍浦。 時逢甲以督鑄大砲，由鎮海赴乍浦設防，就權同知。 四月，敵遽由東光山上陸，屯兵皆潰。 逢甲帶鄉團禦於西行汛，死之。
Wei Fengjia was a native of Qihe in Shandong. He passed the jinshi examination in the sixteenth year of Daoguang (1836), was appointed a county magistrate, posted to Zhejiang, and served in turn as acting magistrate of Xuanping, Yuhang, Pujiang, and other counties. After Britain again harassed the Ningbo coast and prepared to strike at Wusong, it first sent thirty light gunboats against Zhapu. Fengjia was then supervising the casting of heavy cannon; he went from Zhenhai to Zhapu to organize the defense and was appointed acting subprefect. In the fourth month the enemy landed unexpectedly from Dongguang Hill and the garrison troops scattered in rout. Fengjia led the local militia to hold the western outpost and was killed.
11
同死者，為駐防副都統長喜，前鋒協領英登布，佐領隆福，防禦貴順、額特赫，前鋒校佛印，驍騎校伊勒哈畚、根順、該杭阿及調浙助防之守備張淮泗，千總李廷貴，把總王榮、馬致榮、孫登霄，外委馬成功、硃朝貴。 而伊勒哈畚尤慘，伏觀山射夷，殪甚眾，被執，磔死。 子仁厚，襲職，殉粵寇。
Those who fell with him included garrison deputy lieutenant-general Chang Xi, vanguard company commander Ying Dengbu, assistant commandant Long Fu, defenders Gui Shun and Etehe, vanguard corporal Foyin, brave-rider corporals Yilehaben, Genshun, and Gaihang'a, garrison commander Zhang Huaisi sent to reinforce Zhejiang, major Li Tinggui, captains Wang Rong, Ma Zhirong, and Sun Dengxiao, and staff officers Ma Chenggong and Zhu Chaogui. Yilehaben's fate was especially grim: he lay in ambush on Guanshan and shot down many of the enemy, but was taken prisoner and put to death by dismemberment. His son Renhou inherited his office and later died fighting the Taiping rebels in Guangdong.
12
麥廷章，廣東鶴山人。 道光十二年，以外委隨剿連州瑤匪功，屢遷至游擊。 林則徐查辦英吉利躉船鴉片，檄廷章率舟師駐九龍山巡防。 英酋遞書辯論，開導不服，遽開砲，廷章以大砲應之，毀雙桅敵船。 又潛約土密兵船助攻，复擊卻之。 英人既陷浙定海，遂溯大洋至天津乞和，朝命直隸總督琦善馳粵與議，海防遽懈。 二十年十二月，敵乘不備，突進占大角、沙角，廷章時佐提督關天培防守靖遠砲台。 明年二月，敵船擁入三門口，斷防禦椿練。 南風作，復以大隊圍橫檔、永安，截我軍援道，進犯虎門。 廷章奮勇御之，力竭死。
Mai Tingzhang was a native of Heshan in Guangdong. In the twelfth year of Daoguang (1832), as a staff officer he took part in suppressing the Yao rebels of Lianzhou and rose by repeated promotion to battalion commander. When Lin Zexu was investigating British opium hulks, he ordered Tingzhang to take the fleet to Jiulongshan on coastal patrol. The British commander exchanged letters in dispute; when persuasion failed he opened fire without warning; Tingzhang replied with heavy guns and sank a two-masted enemy vessel. He also secretly coordinated with local and foreign merchant vessels for a joint attack and drove them off once more. After the British captured Dinghai in Zhejiang they sailed north to Tianjin to seek peace; the court sent Zhili governor-general Qishan to Guangdong to negotiate, and coastal defenses were abruptly let down. In the twelfth month of the twentieth year (1840) the enemy struck while defenses were slack and seized Dajiao and Shajiao; Tingzhang was then assisting Commander Guan Tianpei at Jingyuan battery. In the second month of the following year enemy ships forced their way into Sanmenkou and severed the defensive boom chains. When the south wind rose they sent a large fleet to surround Hengdang and Yong'an, cut off our relief routes, and pressed on against Humen. Tingzhang fought them with all his strength until he was spent and fell.
13
時同死者，為香山協副將劉大忠，游擊沈佔鼇，守備洪達科等。 參將周枋則以拒敵烏湧戰歿。 三月，英人復由粵擾閩，攻廈門，犯內港，守備王世俊、蔣錫恩，千總張然迎擊之，均以力戰陣亡。
Those who died with him included Xiangshan assistant regional commander Liu Dazhong, battalion commander Shen Zhan'ao, garrison commander Hong Dake, and others. Brigade colonel Zhou Fang fell fighting the enemy at Wuyong. In the third month the British again moved from Guangdong against Fujian, attacked Xiamen, and penetrated the inner harbor; garrison commanders Wang Shijun and Jiang Xi'en and major Zhang Ran met them in battle and all died fighting.
14
韋印福，江蘇上元人。 由行伍隨剿滑縣匪，有膽略，嘗曰：「武官臨陣，死生度外事，畏死不作武官矣。」 累擢千總，為兩江總督陶澍所賞，擢署金山營游擊。 英吉利之窺吳淞也，提督陳化成守西砲台，誓死戰，以印福忠勇，隸左右。 二十二年五月，敵艦叢擊之，化成被傷，印福救護不及，歿於陣。
Wei Yinfu was a native of Shangyuan in Jiangsu. He rose from the ranks in campaigns against bandits in Huaxian; bold and resourceful, he once said, "On the battlefield a soldier puts life and death aside; anyone who fears death has no business wearing a sword." He rose to major and won the favor of Liangjiang governor-general Tao Shu, who appointed him acting battalion commander of the Jinshan garrison. When Britain threatened Wusong, Commander Chen Huacheng held the western battery and swore to fight to the death; he kept the loyal and valiant Yinfu at his side. In the fifth month of the twenty-second year (1842) the enemy fleet closed in; Huacheng was wounded, and Yinfu could not reach him in time and fell on the field.
15
化成之歿，從殉者八十人，其尤烈者：千總錢金玉，臨危或勸避去，答曰：「金玉年十六即食國餉，今焉避？」 遂及難； 外委徐太華，善用砲，轉移如志，擊皆命中，被擊死； 把總許攀桂，擁護化成，謂：「主將與某等同甘苦，公報國在今日，某等報公亦在今日！」 眾心益固，卒飲劍死； 把總龔增齡，迎戰，刃數人，敵人圍而擒之，釘手足於板，擲諸海； 外委周林，率帳下巷戰，中槍，先化成死。
When Huacheng fell, eighty men died with him; among the most resolute was major Qian Jinyu, whom some urged to withdraw when danger closed in; he replied, "I have drawn the state's pay since I was sixteen—how can I run now? He then met his death; staff officer Xu Taihua, a master gunner who shifted his pieces at will and never missed, was struck down; captain Xu Pangui, shielding Huacheng, cried, "Our commander has shared every hardship with us; if he gives his life for the state today, we give ours for him today!" The men's resolve hardened, and in the end he took his own life by the sword; captain Gong Zengling charged the enemy, cut down several men, was surrounded and taken, nailed hand and foot to a plank, and cast into the sea; staff officer Zhou Lin led his men in close street fighting, was shot, and died before Huacheng.
16
時督師兩江總督牛鑑，以砲毀演武廳，亟退去，之蘇州，又之江寧，敵遂由寶山徇上海，道以下官皆遁，典史劉慶恩投浦江死。 內河不能深入艦隊，乃由福山口犯鎮江京口，副都統海齡戰不勝，自縊死，尋諡昭節。 赴援游擊羅必魁、把總趙連璧，均死之。
The commanding Liangjiang governor-general Niu Jian, when cannon fire wrecked the drill hall, fled at once to Suzhou and then to Jiangning; the enemy marched from Baoshan on Shanghai, and every official below circuit rank ran; district registrar Liu Qing'en drowned himself in the Huangpu. Unable to push far up the inland waterways, the fleet came through Fushankou against Zhenjiang and Jingkou; deputy lieutenant-general Hailing was defeated and hanged himself, and was later given the posthumous title Zhaojie. Battalion commander Luo Bikui and captain Zhao Lianbi, who marched to their relief, both fell.
17
駐防員弁同與難者，為馬甲長松，與子驍騎校祥雲； 佐領景星、愛星布、𢗝明，防禦恆山、尚德、恆福、吉成，驍騎校伊克濟訥，文舉人噶喇，武舉人哈達海，筆帖式哈豐阿、恩喜，前鋒校松寶、文魁、阿勒金圖、喜興等。 迫江寧欽差大臣耆英等奏定款局，而五口通商之約成。
Among the garrison officers who perished were armored soldier Chang Song and his son, brave-rider corporal Xiangyun; assistant commandants Jingxing, Aixingbu, and Huiming; defenders Hengshan, Shangde, Hengfu, and Jicheng; brave-rider corporal Yikejine; civil licentiate Gala; military licentiate Hadahai; clerks Hafeng'a and Enxi; vanguard corporals Songbao, Wenkui, Alejintu, and Xixing, and others. When Imperial Commissioner Qiying at Nanjing memorialized to settle the terms, the treaty opening five ports to trade was concluded.
18
龍汝元，順天宛平人。 由行伍隨剿廣西會匪，以功累擢游擊，隸河南巡撫英桂軍營。 咸豐八年，英吉利糾合法郎西、米利堅兩國，藉口換約，俄羅斯复陰助之，堅請在京師開議。 議未定，艦隊集天津海口，朝命科爾沁親王僧格林沁辦理海防。 汝元奉檄至，擢大沽協副將。 九年五月，英、法兵船駛入內河，汝元手燃巨砲沉其船，旋中砲歿於陣，諡武愍。 提督史榮椿同死，自有傳。
Long Ruyuan was a native of Wanping in the capital district. He rose from the ranks fighting secret-society rebels in Guangxi, was promoted for merit to battalion commander, and served under Henan governor Ying Gui. In the eighth year of Xianfeng (1858) Britain enlisted France and the United States on the pretext of revising the treaty; Russia again aided them in secret, and they insisted that talks be held in Beijing. While talks remained unsettled the allied fleet gathered off Tianjin; the court ordered Prince Sengge Rinchen of Khorchin to take charge of coastal defense. Ruyuan answered the summons and was promoted to assistant regional commander at Dagu. In the fifth month of the ninth year (1859) British and French warships entered the inner river; Ruyuan fired a heavy gun himself and sank one of their vessels, then was struck by cannon fire and killed; he received the posthumous title Wumin. Commander Shi Rongchun died with him and has a separate biography.
19
是役也，諸國受創甚。 十年夏，艦隊复集天津大沽口，提督樂善奉命駐兵大沽，至則以關防交僧格林沁，令所部原留者聽，得千馀人，誓死守。 六月，敵兵自北塘登岸，七月一日，自石縫砲台擊敗之。 相持一日，無後援。 火藥局火起，兵多傷死。 樂善知不可守，遂投河死。 從死者副將、守備各一，失其名。 樂善諡威毅。
In that engagement the allied powers took heavy losses. In the summer of the tenth year (1860) the fleet gathered again off Dagu; Commander Yue Shan was ordered to hold Dagu; on arrival he turned his seal over to Sengge Rinchen, kept only those of his men who chose to stay—about a thousand—and swore to die defending the post. In the sixth month the enemy landed at Beitang; on the first day of the seventh month he beat them back from Shifeng battery. They held for a day with no reinforcements. The powder magazine exploded and many of his men were killed or wounded. Seeing the position could not be held, Yue Shan threw himself into the river. A brigade commander and a garrison commander who died with him are unnamed in the record. Yue Shan received the posthumous title Weiyi.
20
時副將魁霖在通州巡防，檄至天津助戰，亡於陣，諡威肅。 委翼長阿克東阿、侍衛扎精阿同死之。 八月，敵遂北犯通州，圖佔西倉，監督覺羅貴倫與同官玉潤衣冠對縊殉節。 焚淀園，文豐外，員外郎泰清、苑丞泰衷全家自焚死。 時文宗駐蹕熱河，命恭親王奕訢再議款局，而難始定。
Brigade commander Kui Lin was then on patrol at Tongzhou; summoned to Tianjin he fell in battle and received the posthumous title Weisu. Deputy wing commander Akedonga and imperial guardsman Zhajing'a died with him. In the eighth month the enemy pushed north to Tongzhou and tried to seize the western granary; supervisor Jueluo Guilun and his colleague Yu Run, in full official dress, hanged themselves together and died for their integrity. When the Yuanmingyuan was burned, besides Wen Feng, department director Taiqing and garden director Taizhong and their entire families burned themselves to death. The Xianfeng Emperor was then at Rehe; he ordered Prince Gong Yixin to reopen negotiations, and only then was the crisis brought to an end.
21
文豐，董氏，內務府漢軍正黃旗人。 內務府筆帖式，歷堂主事、員外郎、造辦處郎中，充杭州織造，授驍騎參領。 道光二十一年，充粵海監督。 二十三年，偕兩廣總督耆英等遵議英吉利五口通商章程十五條，下部議行。 二十六年三月，授熱河副總管，充蘇州織造。 差還，授堂郎中。 咸豐四年，賞總管內務府大臣銜，歷正藍旗漢軍副都統、正藍旗護軍統領。 七年二月，授總管內務府大臣，尋署正黃旗護軍統領。 八年五月，管理圓明園事務，調正紅旗滿洲副都統，充崇文門副監督。 又調正白旗滿洲副都統，署禦藥房、太醫院事務。 十年八月，命在圓明園照料一切事宜，是月英人闖入圓明園，文豐投水殉難。 賜卹如例，贈太子少保銜，入祀京師昭忠祠。 同治元年，追念忠節諸臣，以「文豐從容赴難，不愧完人」褒之，加恩予諡忠毅。
Wen Feng, of the Dong clan, was a Han Bannerman of the Plain Yellow Banner serving in the Imperial Household Department. He began as a clerk in the Imperial Household Department, rose through bureau director, department director, and director in the Workshops Bureau, served as Hangzhou textile commissioner, and was appointed brave-rider adjutant. In the twenty-first year of Daoguang (1841) he was appointed Guangdong maritime customs supervisor. In the twenty-third year (1843) he joined Liang-Guang governor-general Qiying in drafting the fifteen articles governing trade at the five treaty ports opened to Britain, which were sent to the ministries for approval. In the third month of the twenty-sixth year (1846) he was appointed deputy commander at Rehe and Suzhou textile commissioner. On returning from assignment he was made bureau director. In the fourth year of Xianfeng (1854) he received the rank of supervising minister of the Imperial Household Department and served in turn as deputy lieutenant-general of the Plain Blue Han Banner and commander of its guard forces. In the second month of the seventh year (1857) he was appointed supervising minister of the Imperial Household Department and soon after served as acting commander of the Plain Yellow Banner guard. In the fifth month of the eighth year (1858) he took charge of Yuanmingyuan, was transferred to deputy lieutenant-general of the Plain Red Manchu Banner, and served as deputy supervisor of Chongwen Gate. He was then transferred to deputy lieutenant-general of the Plain White Manchu Banner and served in acting charge of the Imperial Pharmacy and the Imperial Medical Academy. In the eighth month of the tenth year (1860) he was ordered to oversee all affairs at the Yuanmingyuan; that month the British entered the gardens and Wen Feng drowned himself. He received the usual condolence grants, was given the rank of Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, and was enshrined at the Capital Shrine of Manifest Loyalty. In the first year of Tongzhi (1862), when the court recalled ministers who had died for their integrity, it praised him as one who "met disaster with composure and remained a man of complete integrity," and granted the posthumous title Zhongyi.
22
殷明恆，江西南昌人。 由武童投效水師營，擢把總。 光緒四年，赴閩，隸平海中營師船司砲。 時佛郎西既並越南，將窺滇省，其酋領軍艦十四艘先犯福州，圖覆船政局。 十年七月，在馬江發難，明恆陣亡。 時毀兵船七，商船二，及艇哨各船俱燼，死者不可計。 見奏報者，以參將高騰雲死最慘，五品軍功陳英戰最烈。 船廠學生帶揚武艦葉琛，帶建勝艦林森林，均登了台發砲，受彈，猶屹立指揮； 充福星輪三副王漣受砲傷，猶槍斃敵兵多名，均以傷重陣亡。
Yin Mingheng was a native of Nanchang in Jiangxi. He entered service through the military examinations, joined the naval forces, and rose to captain. In the fourth year of Guangxu (1878) he was posted to Fujian, serving in the gun crew of the Pinghai Middle Garrison's division ships. France had annexed Vietnam and was looking toward Yunnan; the French commander led fourteen warships against Fuzhou first, aiming to destroy the naval dockyard. In the seventh month of the tenth year (1884) battle erupted on the Min River; Mingheng was killed in action. Seven warships, two merchant vessels, and every patrol boat and launch were burned; the dead were beyond counting. Among those named in memorials, brigade colonel Gao Tengyun's death was the most horrific and Chen Ying, holder of fifth-rank military merit, fought the most fiercely. Naval academy graduate Ye Chen, commanding the Yangwu, and Lin Senlin, commanding the Jiansheng, both manned the guns, were hit, and still stood directing the fight; third officer Wang Lian of the Fuxing, though wounded by cannon fire, still shot down many of the enemy; all died of their wounds in battle.
23
是役也，戰鎮南關外，隸記名提督劉永福部下者，為武監生楊萼恩、哨弁何承文等； 隸署提督蘇元春部下者，為總兵孫得勝，副將黃政德、邱福初、陳義新、劉德勝、張大壽、劉玉貴，參將胡延慶、王紹斌、蕭有明、黃世昌、石啟官、張興寬，游擊蕭寶臣、李純五、吳少懷，都司黃均、任有錫、李逢楨、吳述元、周同芳，守備黃效忠、楊承祿，千總蘇全璧、蔣全昌、李得勝，把總王有興、李明德、楊春林、徐國慶、葉亞吉、梁玉輝，外委曹正亮，六品軍功勞國豐，從九品黃汝霖等。
In that campaign, fighting outside Zhennanguan under brevet commander Liu Yongfu, were military licentiate Yang E'en, patrol officer He Chengwen, and others; under acting commander Su Yuanchun were regional commander Sun Desheng, brigade commanders Huang Zhengde, Qiu Fuchu, Chen Yixin, Liu Desheng, Zhang Dashou, and Liu Yugui, brigade colonels Hu Yanqing, Wang Shaobin, Xiao Youming, Huang Shichang, Shi Qiguan, and Zhang Xingkuan, battalion commanders Xiao Baochen, Li Chunwu, and Wu Shaohuai, colonels Huang Jun, Ren Youxi, Li Fengzhen, Wu Shuyuan, and Zhou Tongfang, garrison commanders Huang Xiaozhong and Yang Chenglu, majors Su Quanbi, Jiang Quanchang, and Li Desheng, captains Wang Youxing, Li Mingde, Yang Chunlin, Xu Guoqing, Ye Yaji, and Liang Yuhui, staff officer Cao Zhengliang, sixth-rank military merit Lao Guofeng, sub-ninth-rank Huang Rulin, and others.
24
隸廣西巡撫潘鼎新部下，紙作社之役，為副將蘇玉標，都司陳福隆，把總張元鴻、顧玉芳； 諒山之役，為提督劉思河，都司劉映谷、黃正寅、鄧晏林、杜光湔，守備羅雲高，千總俞諫臣、蔡得勝、孫其易，把總謝世和，六品軍功萬國發等。
under Guangxi governor Pan Dingxin, at the battle of Zhizuoshe, were brigade commander Su Yubiao, colonel Chen Fulong, and captains Zhang Yuanhong and Gu Yufang; at Langshan were commander Liu Sihe, colonels Liu Yinggu, Huang Zhengyin, Deng Yanlin, and Du Guangjian, garrison commander Luo Yungao, majors Yu Jianchen, Cai Desheng, and Sun Qiyi, captain Xie Shihe, sixth-rank military merit Wan Guofa, and others.
25
隸福建布政使王德榜部下，戰豐谷等處，為總兵黃喜光，副將胡陽春、武鴻來，參將左廷秀、譚家璐、王得永、蔡玉堂、黃祖富、左占元，游擊陶得玉、聶章壽、王得才、柳臣玖，都司王天喜、陳永發、趙步雲、譚連勝、胡克勝、田玉貴，守備邱正亮、鄧青雲，千總謝廷蘭、張玉魁、楊大德、胡士英，把總蕭恩清、王成吉，外委劉云漢、謝薛昌，六品軍功黎占元、唐復興、譚以明等。
under Fujian provincial administration commissioner Wang Debang, fighting at Fenggu and elsewhere, were regional commander Huang Xiguang, brigade commanders Hu Yangchun and Wu Honglai, brigade colonels Zuo Tingxiu, Tan Jialu, Wang Deyong, Cai Yutang, Huang Zufu, and Zuo Zhanyuan, battalion commanders Tao Deyu, Nie Zhangshou, Wang Decai, and Liu Chenjiu, colonels Wang Tianxi, Chen Yongfa, Zhao Buyun, Tan Liansheng, Hu Kesheng, and Tian Yugui, garrison commanders Qiu Zhengliang and Deng Qingyun, majors Xie Tinglan, Zhang Yukui, Yang Dade, and Hu Shiying, captains Xiao Enqing and Wang Chengji, staff officers Liu Yunhan and Xie Xuechang, sixth-rank military merits Li Zhanyuan, Tang Fuxing, and Tan Yiming, and others.
26
隸福建巡撫劉銘傳部下者，為總兵曾照禮，副將劉義高，千總殷有升，把總尤運農、祁文等。 均分別上聞，贈卹有差，高州鎮總兵楊玉科，則以宿將有功，戰歿諒山，自有傳。
under Fujian governor Liu Mingchuan were regional commander Zeng Zhaoli, brigade commander Liu Yigao, major Yin Yousheng, and captains You Yunnong and Qi Wen, among others. All were reported to the throne and received varying posthumous honors; Gaozhou garrison commander Yang Yuke, a veteran with long service, fell at Langshan and has a separate biography.
27
高善繼，字次浦，江西彭澤人。 由附生舉同治元年孝廉方正，朝考用教職，署弋陽縣訓導。 舉優行，皆寒畯士，積弊為清。 尋調贛州府學教授，又調南安。 光緒十四年，舉鄉薦，會試不第，謁李鴻章於天津，鴻章，其父執也，語不合，投通永鎮總兵吳育仁幕下。 二十年，日本侵朝鮮，廷議主戰。 六月，善繼佐營官駱佩德乘英國高升輪船運送軍實。 駛至牙山口外，日本舉旗招撫，善繼不肯屈。 管駕英人先逸去，善繼忿極，令懸紅旗示戰備，且進薄之。 方與佩德指揮禦敵，忽船中魚雷，逾時，水勢注射益洶湧，眾強善繼及佩德亟下，善繼奮然曰：「吾輩自請殺敵，而臨難即避，縱歸，何面目見人？ 且吾世受國恩，今日之事，一死而已！」 佩德曰：「如此，吾豈忍獨生？」 高升船遂沉，善繼溺死，佩德從之。
Gao Shanji, style name Cipu, was a native of Pengze in Jiangxi. A supplemental licentiate, he was recommended in the first year of Tongzhi (1862) as a filial and upright scholar, passed the court examination, and served as acting director of studies in Yiyang County. He recommended students of outstanding character, all from poor scholar families, and cleared away long-standing abuses. He was soon transferred to professor at the Ganzhou prefectural school, then to Nan'an. In the fourteenth year of Guangxu (1888) he passed the provincial examinations but failed at the capital; he called on Li Hongzhang at Tianjin—Hongzhang had been his father's friend—but they could not agree, and he joined the staff of Tongyong garrison commander Wu Yuren. In the twentieth year (1894) Japan invaded Korea and the court debated going to war. In the sixth month Shanji accompanied camp officer Luo Peide aboard the British steamer Kowshing to transport military supplies. Off the port of Asan the Japanese signaled them to surrender; Shanji refused. The British captain fled first; enraged, Shanji ordered a red flag raised to show they were ready to fight and pressed closer. As he and Peide were directing the defense, a torpedo struck the ship; water poured in ever faster and the crew urged them to abandon ship; Shanji cried, "We volunteered to fight the enemy—how can we run at the first danger? What face would we show if we went home? Our families have eaten the state's bread for generations—today there is nothing to do but die!" Peide said, "If that is so, how could I live on alone?" The Kowshing sank; Shanji drowned, and Peide went down with him.
28
時護行者為濟遠艦，亦為敵船在豐島襲擊，大副都司沈壽昌堅守砲位，竭力還攻。 及中砲陣亡，則守備柯建章繼之； 复陣亡，則黃承勳繼之。 與軍功王錫三、管旗劉鶤同與於難，爭趨死地，奮不顧身，尤為當時所稱。 廣乙快船管輪把總何汝賓，亦於是役中彈陣亡。
Their escort was the Jiyuan, which was also attacked by Japanese ships off Fengdao; chief lieutenant Shen Shouchang held his gun positions and fought back with all his strength. when he was killed by cannon fire, garrison commander Ke Jianzhang took his place; he too was killed, and Huang Chengxun succeeded him. Military merit holder Wang Xisan and flag officer Liu Kun shared their fate; all rushed toward death without thought for themselves, and were especially praised at the time. Guangyi dispatch boat chief engineer captain He Rubin was also killed by gunfire in that engagement.
29
林永昇，福建侯官人。 入船政學堂肄業駕駛，派兵輪練習，週曆南北洋險要，以千總留閩，充船政學堂教習。 復出洋留學，歸，晉守備，調直隸。 從平朝鮮之亂，擢都司。 赴德國接收代造經遠快船，保升游擊。 光緒十五年，北洋海軍新設左翼左營副將，以永昇署理。 辦海軍出力，升用總兵。 二十年八月，朝命海軍護送陸軍赴大東溝登岸援朝鮮，日本海軍來襲，我鐵艦十，當敵艦十有二。 副將鄧世昌管帶致遠，都司陳金揆副之； 參將黃建勳管帶超勇； 參將林履中管帶揚威； 經遠，則永昇主之。 永昇夙與世昌等以忠義相激勵，既合諸艦，衝鋒轟擊，沉日艦三，卒以敵軍船快砲快為所勝，世昌戰歿。 提督丁汝昌坐定遠督船，畏葸不知所為，又被傷，總兵劉步蟾代之。 船陣失列，有跳而免者，永昇仍指揮艦勇，冒死與戰，驟中敵彈，腦裂死。 是役也，血戰逾三時，為各國海戰所僅見。
Lin Yongsheng was a native of Houguan in Fujian. He entered the Naval Academy to study navigation, trained on gunboats, and toured key stations of the northern and southern fleets; he remained in Fujian as a major and taught at the Naval Academy. He studied abroad again, returned, was promoted to garrison commander, and was transferred to Zhili. He took part in suppressing the Korean disturbance and was promoted to colonel. He went to Germany to take delivery of the contract-built cruiser Jingyuan and was recommended for promotion to battalion commander. In the fifteenth year of Guangxu (1889) the Beiyang Fleet created the post of deputy commander of the Left Wing Left Camp, which Yongsheng held in an acting capacity. For distinguished service in naval administration he was promoted to regional commander. In the eighth month of the twentieth year (1894) the court ordered the navy to escort troops ashore at Dadonggou to aid Korea; the Japanese fleet attacked with twelve ships against our ten ironclads. Brigade commander Deng Shichang commanded the Zhiyuan, with colonel Chen Jinqiu as his second; brigade colonel Huang Jianxun commanded the Chaoyong; brigade colonel Lin Lüzhong commanded the Yangwei; the Jingyuan was under Yongsheng's command. Yongsheng had long urged Shichang and the others on with talk of loyalty and duty; the fleet closed, charged, and sank three Japanese vessels, but the enemy's faster ships and quicker guns prevailed, and Shichang was killed. Commander Ding Ruchang commanded from the Dingyuan but was paralyzed by fear, was wounded, and regional commander Liu Buchan took over. The line broke and some men jumped overboard to escape; Yongsheng still directed his crew and fought on at the risk of death until an enemy shell shattered his skull. The battle raged in blood for more than three hours—a ferocity rarely seen in naval warfare anywhere.
30
永昇而外，金揆、建勳、履中及守備楊建洛、徐希顏，千總池兆濱、蔡馥，把總孫景仁、史壽箴、王宗墀、張炳福、易文經、王蘭芬，外委郭耀忠，五品軍功張金盛，六品軍功王錫山，均死之。 世昌自有傳。
Besides Yongsheng, Chen Jinqiu, Huang Jianxun, Lin Lüzhong, garrison commanders Yang Jianluo and Xu Xiyan, majors Chi Zhaobin and Cai Fu, captains Sun Jingren, Shi Shouzhen, Wang Zongchi, Zhang Bingfu, Yi Wenjing, and Wang Lanfen, staff officer Guo Yaozhong, fifth-rank military merit Zhang Jinsheng, and sixth-rank military merit Wang Xishan all died. Shichang has a separate biography.
31
李大本，安徽六安州人。 咸豐間投效江西軍營，以功累擢游擊，复投效直隸，充哨長，晉副將。 光緒二十年，日本犯朝鮮，葉志超統軍往援，扼守公州，聶士成率五營駐成歡驛。 敵軍來襲，大本與游擊王天培、王國祐同亡於陣。 時武備學生於光炘、周憲章、李國華、辛得林並赳健士，伏要隘，狙擊敵前鋒，以接應不至，皆死焉。 士成旋繞渡大同江至平壤與諸軍合，軍無鬥志，潰退相繼。 獨左寶貴扼險惡戰，死最烈，自有傳。 自是朝鮮無我駐軍，敵遂內犯。
Li Daben was a native of Lu'an in Anhui. During the Xianfeng era he joined the Jiangxi army, rose for merit to battalion commander, then transferred to Zhili as a patrol leader and was promoted to brigade commander. In the twentieth year of Guangxu (1894) Japan invaded Korea; Ye Zhichao marched to its aid and held Gongzhou, while Nie Shicheng stationed five battalions at Chenghuan. When the enemy attacked, Daben, battalion commander Wang Tianpei, and Wang Guoyou all fell together. Military academy students Yu Guangxin, Zhou Xianzhang, Li Guohua, and Xin Delin, all bold fighters, lay in ambush at a defile to pick off the enemy vanguard; relief never came and they all died. Shicheng soon crossed the Taedong by a roundabout route to Pyongyang to join the main force, but the army had lost its will to fight and retreated in one rout after another. Only Zuo Baogui held a defile and fought to the end; his death was the most heroic, and he has a separate biography. After that no Chinese troops remained in Korea, and the enemy invaded the homeland.
32
黃祖蓮，安徽懷遠人。 少有志節，嘗思立功異域。 光緒初，入上海廣方言館，列優等，送美國遊學。 調天津水師駕駛學堂，旋派赴威遠兵輪練習。 敘千總，署海軍中軍左營守備，充濟遠駕駛二副。 海軍出力，以都司升用。 中日釁啟，說丁汝昌以「嚴兵扼守海口，而以兵艦往搗之，攻其不備，否則載勁旅抵朝鮮東偏釜山鎮等處，深溝高壘，絕其歸路，分兵徇朝鮮諸郡邑，彼進則迎擊，彼退則尾追，又出偏師撓之。 彼糧盡援竭，人無鬥志，必土崩瓦解，此俄羅斯破法蘭西之計也。」 汝昌不從。 及大東溝將戰，又說以「海戰宜乘上風，兵法貴爭先著。 今西北風利，宜乘其兵輪未集，急擊不可失」。 汝昌復不決，遂失利。
Huang Zulian was a native of Huaiyuan in Anhui. From youth he was a man of purpose and once dreamed of winning glory abroad. Early in the Guangxu reign he entered Shanghai's Guangfangyan Hall, graduated with honors, and was sent to study in the United States. He was transferred to the Tianjin Naval Navigation Academy and then assigned to train on the gunboat Weiyuan. He was ranked major, served as acting garrison commander of the navy's Central Army Left Camp, and was second navigation officer on the Jiyuan. For distinguished naval service he was promoted to colonel. When war with Japan broke out, he urged Ding Ruchang to "hold the harbor mouth with strong forces and send warships to strike where the enemy is unprepared; or else land crack troops on Korea's eastern coast at Busan, entrench deeply, cut off their retreat, and spread forces through the Korean countryside—meet them when they advance, pursue when they retreat, and send flanking columns to harass them. When their supplies run out and reinforcements fail, their men will lose heart and collapse—this is how Russia broke France." Ruchang would not listen. Before the battle at Dadonggou he urged again that "in a naval fight one must take the windward position; strategy demands striking first. The northwest wind is favorable now; strike before their fleet assembles—the chance must not be lost." Ruchang again could not make up his mind, and defeat followed.
33
十二月，日人棄西路，南擾山東，祖蓮佐總兵劉步蟾等守威海。 時官軍集關外，東路兵單，日軍由落風港登陸，攻陷榮成，全力萃威海。 祖蓮揮將士開砲擊敵，敵少卻，既復大集，諸軍皆潰。 二十一年正月，道員戴宗騫以力盡援絕投海，越數日，祖蓮與劉步蟾及總兵張文宣、楊用霖等俱死之。 時汝昌書降於敵，且要敵軍不得殘馀軍，仰藥死。 後以死綏上聞，旨不予卹。 或謂汝昌實為所部脅降，憤而自盡，降書則死後出洋弁手也。
In the twelfth month the Japanese turned from the western front and raided Shandong; Zulian helped regional commander Liu Buchan defend Weihai. Government troops were massed in Manchuria while the eastern front was thin; the Japanese landed at Luofeng, took Rongcheng, and concentrated their full strength on Weihai. Zulian directed his men to open fire; the enemy fell back briefly, then massed again and the whole force collapsed. In the first month of the twenty-first year (1895) circuit intendant Dai Zongqian, his strength spent and no relief coming, drowned himself; days later Zulian, Liu Buchan, and regional commanders Zhang Wenxuan and Yang Yonglin all died. Ruchang then wrote to surrender and asked that the remaining troops not be harmed; he took poison and died. When his death was reported, the throne refused him posthumous honors. Some said he was forced to surrender by his own men, killed himself in anger, and that the surrender document was written after his death by a foreign petty officer.
34
時旅順先陷，海軍掃地，黃海諸要隘皆失守，將士多死事，以奏報有缺，不得書。 其見奏報者，三等侍衛永山，在鳳凰城戰歿； 游擊李世鴻、副將李仁黨與提督楊壽山分守蓋平，禦敵大將乃木軍，戰最烈，同時以力盡陣亡。 步蟾、宗騫自有傳。
Lüshun had already fallen, the navy was destroyed, and the Yellow Sea defenses were lost; many officers and men died for their country, but incomplete memorials kept most of them out of the record. Among those named in memorials were third-rank bodyguard Yongshan, killed at Fenghuangcheng; battalion commander Li Shihong and brigade commander Li Rendang, who with commander Yang Shoushan held Gaiping against General Nogi's army in the fiercest fighting, and all fell when their strength was spent. Buchan and Zongqian have separate biographies.