1
列傳二百八十三
Biographies 283
2
忠義十
Loyal and Righteous 10
3
劉錫祺阮榮發程彬桂廕存厚榮濬錫楨等張景良倭和布
Liu Xiqi, Ruan Rongfa, Cheng Bin, Gui Yin, Cunhou, Rong Jun, Xizhen, and others; Zhang Jingliang, and Wo Hebu
4
週飛鵬松興松俊等宗室德祜彭毓嵩楊調元楊宜瀚陳問紳
Zhou Feipeng, Song Xing, Song Jun, and others; the imperial clansman Dehu, Peng Yusong, Yang Tiaoyuan, Yang Yihan, and Chen Wenshen
5
德銳皮潤璞榮麟等張毅喜明阿爾精額斌恆等譚振德熊國斌
Derui, Pi Runpu, Ronglin, and others; Zhang Yi, Ximing, A'erjing'e, Binheng, and others; Tan Zhende, and Xiong Guobin
6
陳政詩陸敘釗齊世名等羅長崟曹銘章慶徐昭益曹彬孫汪承第
Chen Zhengshi, Lu Xujiao, Qi Shiming, and others; Luo Changyin, Cao Ming, Zhang Qing, Xu Zhaoyi, Cao Binsun, and Wang Chengdi
7
吳以剛陶家琦等奎榮王毓江劉駿堂鍾麟何永清沈瀛申錫綬等
Wu Yigang, Tao Jiaqi, and others; Kuirong, Wang Yujiang, Liu Juntang, Zhong Lin, He Yongqing, Shen Ying, Shen Xishou, and others
8
世增石家銘琦璘毛汝霖胡國瑞張舜琴鍾麟同範鍾岳等孔繁琴
Shizeng, Shi Jiaming, Qi Lin, Mao Rulin, Hu Guorui, Zhang Shunqin, Zhong Lintong, Fan Zhongyue, and others; Kong Fanqin
9
王振畿張嘉鈺陈兆棠馮汝楨何承珍白如鏡何培清黃兆熊
Wang Zhenji, Zhang Jiayu, Chen Zhaotang, Feng Ruzhen, He Chengzhen, Bai Rujing, He Peiqing, and Huang Zhaoxiong
10
張德潤張振德舒志來秀劉念慈李秉鈞王榮綬定煊長瑞
Zhang Derun, Zhang Zhende, Shu Zhi, Laixiu, Liu Nianci, Li Bingjun, Wang Rongshou, Ding Xuan, and Chang Rui
11
巴揚阿等王有宏何師程黃凱臣戚從雲盛成哈郎阿南山培秀等
Bayang'a and others; Wang Youhong, He Shicheng, Huang Kaichen, Qi Congyun, Sheng Cheng, Halang'a, Nanshan Peixiu, and others
12
桂城延浩文蔚佘世寬等高謙黃為熊文海趙翰階貴林量海等
Guicheng, Yanhao, Wenwei, She Shikuan, and others; Gao Qian, Huang Weixiong, Wen Hai, Zhao Hanjie, Guilin, Lianghai, and others
13
額特精額文榮等玉潤勞謙光吉升張程九王文域譚鳳亭等
Etejing'e, Wenrong, and others; Yurun, Lao Qian, Guang Jisheng, Zhang Chengjiu, Wang Wencheng, Tan Fengting, and others
14
張傳楷孫文楷王乘龍趙彝鼎施偉李澤霖胡穆林更夫某
Zhang Chuankai, Sun Wenkai, Wang Chenglong, Zhao Yiding, Shi Wei, Li Zelin, Hu Mulin, and a certain gengfu
15
梁濟簡純澤王國維
Liang Ji, Jian Chunze, and Wang Guowei
16
劉錫祺，字佩之，直隸天津人。 畢業將弁學堂。 第八鎮成立，為正參謀官。 光緒二十二年，南、北陸軍於河間會操，籌度有勞，加正參領銜。
Liu Xiqi, whose style was Peizhi, came from Tianjin in Zhili. He graduated from the officers' academy. When the Eighth Division was established, he became its senior staff officer. In the twenty-second year of Guangxu, after the northern and southern armies held joint maneuvers at Hejian, he was commended for his planning work and given the brevet rank of senior staff colonel.
17
宣統三年夏秋間，革命黨人之在武漢者數被破獲，總督瑞澂恣意捕殺，人人危懼。 八月十九日，武昌變作，始僅工程營數十人，他軍無應者。 瑞澂遽逃兵監，省垣無主。 於是各營皆起，擁立都督黎元洪，稱軍政府，獨立。 錫祺時方赴沙市，以二十六日回武昌，各營爭往迎謁，趣入見元洪，錫祺正色曰：「國家歲糜巨帑練兵，原期君等為國干城，以禦外侮。 奈何一旦為人煽惑，遽爾發難乎？ 禍機一動，將無已時！ 吾不能為君等所為。」 眾聞之譁怒，即於坐中擊殺之。 事聞，照協都統例從優賜卹。
During the summer and autumn of the third year of Xuantong, revolutionaries in Wuhan were uncovered again and again, and Governor Rui Cheng arrested and killed people at will until everyone lived in fear. On the nineteenth day of the eighth month the Wuchang mutiny began with only several dozen men from the engineering battalion, and no other units joined them at first. Rui Cheng fled in haste to the naval yard, leaving the provincial capital without a leader. Then every battalion rose, installed Li Yuanhong as military governor, proclaimed a military government, and declared independence. Xiqi was then traveling to Shashi and returned to Wuchang on the twenty-sixth. The battalions vied to welcome him and pressed him to go in and see Yuanhong. Xiqi said sternly, "The state spends vast sums every year to train soldiers, expecting you to be bulwarks of the realm against foreign aggression. How can you let yourselves be stirred up and rise in revolt so rashly? Once disaster is set in motion, there will be no end to it! I cannot do what you are doing." The crowd erupted in outrage at his words and killed him where he sat. When the court learned of the affair, he was granted generous posthumous honors according to the precedent for a deputy commander-in-chief.
18
發難時，督隊官阮榮發出阻，眾遽擊斃之。 榮發邑裡未詳。
When the revolt broke out, battalion commander Ruan Rongfa came out to stop them, and the crowd shot him dead on the spot. Rongfa's native place is not recorded.
19
程彬，字筱竹，江西樂安人。 時署鮎魚司巡檢。 署在省城南，十九夜見城外火起，彬馳往救護，至望山門外正街，突遇陸軍砲隊入城，皆袖纏白布，彬大駭，厲聲問曰：「汝等反耶！ 此何為者？」 眾舉槍擬之，彬益前致詰，遂遇害。 以一巡檢犯難而死，人皆哀而壯之。
Cheng Bin, whose style was Xiaozhu, came from Le'an in Jiangxi. At the time he was serving as acting sub-prefect of Nianyusi. His post lay south of the provincial capital. On the night of the nineteenth he saw fires outside the walls and rushed out to help. On the main street outside Wangshan Gate he suddenly met army artillery entering the city with white cloth bound on their sleeves. Bin was greatly alarmed and shouted, "Are you rebelling? What is the meaning of this?" The crowd leveled their guns at him, but Bin pressed forward to question them all the more and was killed. That a mere sub-prefect should die facing peril moved everyone to mourn him and admire his courage.
20
桂廕，字輯五，姓嵩佳氏，滿洲鑲藍旗文生。 由刑部郎中、軍機章京外擢施南府知府，調安陸，以治堤盡力名。 安陸為襄樊門戶，府城故無兵。 武昌變聞，圖守計，並牒道請兵，已而旁郡德安、荊州皆陷。 十月初五日，鄖陽兵驟變，圍府署，劫印信。 桂廕攜妻富察氏趨入文廟，夫婦同縊崇聖殿中，死，衣帶中書有「虛生一世，不能報國安民」數語。 臨殉難時，顧謂僕曰：「葬我必北面！」 官紳流涕斂之，葬城內陽春台側。
Gui Yin, whose style was Jiwu and whose clan name was Songjia, was a licentiate of the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner. After serving as a director in the Ministry of Punishments and as a clerk in the Grand Council, he was promoted to prefect of Shinan Prefecture and later transferred to Anlu, where he won renown for his devoted work on the dikes. Anlu was the gateway to Xiangyang and Fancheng, and the prefectural seat had no troops of its own. When word came of the Wuchang uprising, he drew up plans to defend the city and petitioned the circuit intendant for troops, but soon the neighboring prefectures of De'an and Jingzhou had both fallen. On the fifth day of the tenth month the troops at Yunyang mutinied, surrounded the prefectural yamen, and seized the official seals. Gui Yin took his wife, née Fucha, and hurried into the Confucian temple, where husband and wife hanged themselves together in the Hall of Sage Worship. In his belt were written the words, "I have lived my life in vain and could not repay the state or bring peace to the people." As he faced death he turned to his servant and said, "When you bury me, lay me facing north!" The officials and gentry laid out his body in tears and buried him beside Yangchun Terrace inside the city.
21
存厚，字寬甫，正白旗監生。 由內務府郎中選宜昌府，調辦襄陽榷局。 宣統三年十月，郡中黨人應武昌，存厚揮家人出避，曰：「吾嗣不絕，死無憾！」 局丁旋縶存厚，擁至北門校場戕之，幼子被搜獲，驚死。
Cunhou, whose style was Kuanfu, was a student of the Imperial Household from the Plain White Banner. After serving as a director in the Imperial Household, he was selected for Yichang Prefecture and later transferred to manage the Xiangyang transit-tax bureau. In the tenth month of the third year of Xuantong, local revolutionaries in the prefecture rose in response to Wuchang. Cunhou sent his family away to safety and said, "My line will not die out, and I have no regret in dying!" The bureau runners soon seized him, dragged him to the drill ground at the north gate, and killed him. His young son was found in the search and died of fright.
22
榮濬，字心川，荊州駐防，蒙古鑲藍旗人。 光緒三十年進士，用知縣，發湖北，補天門縣。 操行不苟。 變作後，荊防旗人有自武昌脫歸者，道天門，語狀，且為榮濬危。 榮濬以死自誓，集紳耆、練民團為保衛計。 無何，黨眾來攻，遂被害。 記名驍騎校炳安同死，僕成鬆亦殉焉。
Rong Jun, whose style was Xinchuan, was a Mongol of the Bordered Blue Banner stationed at Jingzhou. He passed the jinshi examination in the thirtieth year of Guangxu, was appointed magistrate, and was sent to Hubei, where he was assigned to Tianmen County. His conduct was scrupulous. After the uprising, a bannerman of the Jing-Fang garrison who had escaped from Wuchang passed through Tianmen, described what had happened, and warned that Rong Jun was in danger. Rong Jun pledged himself to death, gathered the local gentry and elders, and drilled civilian militia for the city's defense. Before long the revolutionary forces attacked, and he was killed. The registered xiàoqí captain Bing'an died with him, and his servant Chengsong perished as well.
23
同時殉國難者，為候補縣丞錫楨，姓汪氏，漢軍人。 充沙市警察官，盡室被殲。 簰洲司巡檢方祖楨，安徽桐城人。 鄂軍頭目將入湘，道簰洲，土豪某夙銜祖楨，嗾人殺之江岸石花街。 巡檢王萃奎，江西豐城人。 佐穀城縣，治盜有聲。 襄陽既變，屬邑響應，盜渠縶萃奎及一子、一孫殺之。 蘄州吏目駱兆綸，字文卿，湖南江華人。 亂作，知州亡去，州人以綸習吏事，遮留之。 綸請送母至漢口乃還，至治所，以全省皆陷，事無可為，憤絕投河死。 又襄陽府某縣典史，當變作時，晨起跽廨門外，過者叩頭要入，得負販者十八人。 出銀幣二百枚分遺之，曰：「平生所積止此！ 城破義不得活，請助我殺敵。」 眾感其義，各攜肩輿長木及負擔之具，噪而出。 變軍方踞府署，出不意擊死者數人，俄而排槍起，某與十八人者皆死。 候補知府張曾疇，字望屺，江蘇無錫人。 以書跡似總督張之洞，為之洞所賞，充文案有年，榷漢陽車站貨捐。 戰事起，避上海，仇者誣為挾貲遁，脅還漢口，會計出入悉符合，得還。 黨人適同舟，面辱之，捽其冠，遽投江死。 候補知縣聯森，字植三，蒙古鑲紅旗人，隸荊州駐防。 光緒八年舉人，挑知縣，發廣東，改湖北。 屢榷釐捐，能卹商。 九月，道出漢陽，變兵爭索金，慷慨大罵，遇害。 子寶焯、兄子寶明從死。
Those who died for the state at the same time included the expectant assistant magistrate Xizhen, whose clan name was Wang and who was a Han bannerman. He served as police officer at Shashi, and his entire household was wiped out. Fang Zuzhen, sub-prefect of Paizhousi, came from Tongcheng in Anhui. A leader of the Hubei army was about to enter Hunan and passed through Paizhou. A local bully who had long borne a grudge against Zuzhen incited men to kill him on Shihua Street by the riverbank. Wang Cuikui, a sub-prefect, came from Fengcheng in Jiangxi. He assisted at Gucheng County and won renown for suppressing bandits. When Xiangyang rose in revolt, the subordinate counties followed suit, and bandit chiefs seized Cuikui along with one son and one grandson and killed them. Luo Zhaolun, clerical officer of Qizhou, whose style was Wenqing, came from Jianghua in Hunan. When the turmoil broke out the prefect fled, and the people of the prefecture, knowing that Lun was versed in administrative affairs, blocked his way and detained him. Lun asked leave to escort his mother to Hankou and then return. When he reached his post and saw that the whole province had fallen and nothing could be done, he drowned himself in the river in despair. There was also a certain county archivist in Xiangyang Prefecture who, when the uprising broke out, rose early and knelt outside the yamen gate, bowing to passersby until he gathered eighteen porters and peddlers. He took out two hundred silver coins and gave them away, saying, "This is all I have saved in my life! When the city falls I cannot live with honor; please help me fight the enemy." Moved by his righteousness, they each seized sedan poles, long staves, or carrying poles and rushed out with a shout. The revolutionary troops were occupying the prefectural yamen; taken by surprise they lost several men, but soon volley fire opened and the archivist and all eighteen men were killed. Zhang Cengchou, an expectant prefect whose style was Wangqi, came from Wuxi in Jiangsu. Because his handwriting resembled Governor-General Zhang Zhidong's, Zhang favored him and kept him as a clerk for years before assigning him to collect the commodity tax at the Hanyang railway station. When fighting broke out he fled to Shanghai, but enemies accused him of absconding with public funds and forced him back to Hankou; when the accounts were checked they matched in every detail and he was cleared. Revolutionaries happened to be on the same boat; they insulted him to his face, tore off his hat, and he at once threw himself into the river and died. Liansen, an expectant magistrate whose style was Zhisān, was a Mongol of the Bordered Red Banner attached to the Jingzhou garrison. He passed the provincial examination in the eighth year of Guangxu, was selected as magistrate, was first sent to Guangdong, and was later transferred to Hubei. He repeatedly collected the lijin transit tax and treated merchants with consideration. In the ninth month he passed through Hanyang; mutinous soldiers demanded money, and he denounced them boldly and was killed. His son Baochao and his nephew Baoming died with him.
24
張景良，湖北人。 將弁學堂畢業生。 遊學日本歸，充湖北新軍標統。 武昌既擁立都督，景良慷慨說之曰：「朝廷已宣布立憲，不宜更言革命。 公受知遇久，諸將惟公命是聽，盍三思之？」 變軍怒，拘景良署中。 時清兵攻漢陽，景良陽請赴前敵，以妻子為質，乃委充司令官。 九月初六日之戰，清兵卻，景良率砲隊出，臨發，砲予彈一枚，槍予彈一排，甫戰彈罄，景良遽大聲促軍退，眾不知所為，遂大潰，死者枕藉，清兵得進屯大智門。 後廉其故，殺景良，臨刑夷然，仰天大言曰：「某今日乃不負大清矣！」
Zhang Jingliang was a native of Hubei. He was a graduate of the officers' academy. After studying in Japan he returned to serve as colonel of a regiment in the Hubei New Army. After Wuchang had installed a military governor, Jingliang spoke to him earnestly: "The court has already proclaimed constitutional government; there is no need to speak of revolution again. You have long enjoyed imperial favor, and the generals will obey only your command—why not think again before you act?" The revolutionary troops were enraged and detained Jingliang at their headquarters. At that time Qing troops were attacking Hanyang. Jingliang pretended to ask to go to the front and offered his wife and children as hostages, whereupon he was appointed commander. In the battle on the sixth day of the ninth month the Qing army fell back. Jingliang led the artillery out and, before firing, issued each gun one shell and each rifle one clip. They had scarcely begun fighting when the ammunition was gone. Jingliang suddenly shouted for a retreat; the men did not know what to do and broke in rout, the dead lying in heaps, and the Qing army advanced to encamp at Dazhi Gate. Later, when his treachery was discovered, they executed Jingliang. At the block he was calm and cried to heaven, "Today I have not failed the Great Qing!"
25
倭和布，字清泉，滿洲正白旗人。 家世以武功顯，獨兼肄文學。 起家護軍藍翎長，歷二等侍衛。 拳匪之變，歐人僑京者多被戕，倭和布護之甚至。 或詰之，曰：「外人僑吾國，勝之不武。 無故與八國構釁，敗將不國，吾敢重召亂乎？」 旋扈駕西行，家人初以為戰死。 出為湖北均光營參將，擢施南協副將。 川寇陷黔江，率所部赴援，獲其渠，斬以徇。 武昌變作，鄂將屯宜昌者應之，倭和佈時以裁缺寓宜城，被執，勸降不應，以得死為幸，遂槍殺之。
Wo Hebu, whose style was Qingquan, was a Manchu of the Plain White Banner. His family had long been distinguished for martial achievement, and he alone also cultivated letters. He began as a blue-tasseled corporal in the guards and rose to second-rank imperial bodyguard. During the Boxer uprising many Europeans in the capital were killed, and Wo Hebu protected them with exceptional zeal. When someone questioned him, he said, "Foreigners live in our country as guests; to overcome them would be unworthy. To provoke the Eight Powers without cause will destroy the state in defeat. How dare I invite chaos again?" He soon escorted the court westward, and at first his family thought he had died in battle. He went out to Hubei as deputy commander of the Junguang Battalion and was promoted to deputy commander of the Shinan Brigade. When Sichuan bandits took Qianjiang, he led his troops to relieve the city, captured their leader, and executed him as a warning. When the Wuchang uprising broke out, the Hubei general stationed at Yichang joined the revolt. Wo Hebu was then living at Yicheng on reduced pay after being cut from the rolls; he was seized, refused to surrender, welcomed death as a blessing, and was shot.
26
週飛鵬，字翔千，江西新建人。 由武舉人累官都司，充湖北襄防馬隊管帶，駐老河口。 鄂軍變，縣無賴出獄囚，糾水師營謀變，飛鵬持不可，出佩刀與鬥。 槍及馬腹，墜馬，槍繼至，洞胸死。 裁缺荊州城守營參將玉萼，亦遇難死之。
Zhou Feipeng, whose style was Xiangqian, came from Xinjian in Jiangxi. Starting as a military licentiate, he rose to colonel and served as commander of the Xiang-Fang cavalry detachment in Hubei, stationed at Laohekou. When the Hubei army mutinied, local ruffians released prisoners and incited the naval battalion to rebel. Feipeng refused to allow it, drew his sword, and fought them. A shot struck his horse's belly and he fell from the saddle; more shots followed, one piercing his chest, and he died. Yu'e, a deputy commander of the Jingzhou garrison who had been cut from the rolls, also died in the calamity.
27
松興，蒙古正白旗人，荊州駐防。 以諸生改武職，累官協領，記名副都統，充常備軍統領。 變兵入城，被縶入鄂，叱使跪，曰：「吾朝廷大吏，城不保，義當死。 頭可斷，膝不可屈！」 士紳三十餘人馳救之，已及於難。 其戚善吉、庖人福全皆從死。
Song Xing was a Mongol of the Plain White Banner stationed at Jingzhou. After changing from a licentiate to a military career, he rose to assistant commandant, was registered as deputy lieutenant general, and commanded the standing army. When mutinous troops entered the city he was seized and taken to Hubei, where they ordered him to kneel. He cried, "I am a high official of the court; if the city cannot be held, I am bound to die. My head may be cut off, but my knees will not bend!" More than thirty gentry and officials rushed to save him, but it was too late. His kinsman Shanji and his cook Fuquan both died with him.
28
駐防之同時殉難者，在武昌有兵備處提調松俊，守楚望台火藥庫，變兵攻庫，力戰死。 三十標隊官重光，守籓庫，變兵掠取庫儲，重光大呼：「保全名譽！」 被槍死。 妻趙，子春年、長年、寶年同日殉。 四十一標排長色德本，三十標副軍需官寶善，二十九標排長德齡、隊官東良、排長德培，均戰死。 前泰宁鎮右營都司榮錦就養子書記官朗察所，拔所佩劍自裁，侄迎吉及朗察舉室自焚。 驍騎校哲森以領軍械至省，自刺其腹死。 陸軍小學教習舉人迎禧，平時於古人之當死不死者輒痛詆之。 變作時，衣冠坐講堂，及難。 副軍需官榮勳仰藥死，子額勒登額、穆貞額殉之。 第八鎮執事官錦章謀召同志抵禦，中途遇害，父榮喜即自盡。 司書生恩特亨、雲騎尉榮清、排長倉生光均大罵不屈死。 文生楚俊在督署，金培、榮森，司書生鈺壽、訥爾赫圖均在省與難。
Among the garrison troops who died at the same time, in Wuchang Song Jun, overseer of military supplies, defended the gunpowder depot at Chuwangtai; when mutineers attacked the depot he fought to the death. Chongguang, company officer of the Thirtieth Standard, guarded the princely treasury; when mutineers looted the stores he cried aloud, "Preserve your honor! He was shot dead. His wife Zhao and his sons Chunnian, Changnian, and Baonian died with him the same day. Sedeben, platoon leader of the Forty-first Standard; Baoshan, assistant quartermaster of the Thirtieth Standard; Deling, platoon leader, and company officers Dongliang and Depei of the Twenty-ninth Standard — all fell in battle. Rong Jin, former colonel of the Right Battalion of the Tai'ning garrison town, at his adopted son Langcha's home drew his sword and killed himself; his nephew Yingji and Langcha's entire household burned themselves to death. Zhesen, a xiaoqi school sergeant who had come to the provincial capital to collect arms, stabbed himself in the belly and died. Yingxi, a licentiate and instructor at the Army Primary School, had long bitterly denounced ancients who ought to have died but did not. When the revolt broke out he sat in the lecture hall in full official dress and met his death. Deputy quartermaster Rong Xun poisoned himself; his sons Ele'denge and Muzhen'e died with him. Jingzhang, executive officer of the Eighth Division, plotted to rally comrades to resist but was killed en route; his father Rongxi killed himself at once. Clerk Enteheng, Cloud Cavalry Captain Rongqing, and platoon leader Cangshengguang all cursed their enemies and died without yielding. Student Chu Jun was at the governor-general's yamen; Jin Pei and Rong Sen; clerks Yushou and Na'erhetu were all in the provincial capital and died in the calamity.
29
在荊州者，聯長澤麟憤全省盡陷，發槍斃數人，被害。 協領志寬，排長額哲蘇、依成額、關斌魁，恩騎尉扎勒杭阿，隊官王榮耀，均亡於陣。 生員秋培城陷自盡。 防禦多瑞仰藥死。 記名驍騎校金霖嘗作萬言書，以旗制不良，力主變更，人多笑之。 及變作，發槍自擊死。 又知縣用模範講習所所員根壽於羊樓峒，文生陸營司書生定海於施南府，均死之。
At Jingzhou, company leader Zelin, furious that the entire province had fallen, shot and killed several men before he himself was killed. Assistant commandant Zhikuan; platoon leaders Ezhesu, Yicheng'e, and Guan Bankui; Enqi Captain Zalehang'a; and company officer Wang Rongyao — all fell in battle. When the city fell, licentiate Qiu Pei killed himself. Defense officer Duorui poisoned himself. Registered xiaoqi school sergeant Jin Lin had once submitted a ten-thousand-word memorial forcefully urging reform of the banner system, and many had laughed at him. When the revolt broke out he shot himself dead. Magistrate Yong, institute staff member Genshou at Yangloudong, student Lu Ying, and clerk Dinghai at Shinan prefecture also died.
30
其後死於江寧者，為生員佔先、文志、恩昌，武生林福。 死鎮江者，為生員榮有； 副將赫成額則隨端方在資州，兵變遇害； 軍諮府軍諮使良弼，自有傳。
Those who later died at Jiangning were the licentiates Zhanxian, Wenzhi, and Enchang, and the military licentiate Lin Fu. Those who died at Zhenjiang included licentiate Rongyou; Deputy general Hecheng'e was with Duanfang at Zizhou and was killed when the troops mutinied; Liangbi, military adviser of the Military Advisory Office, has his own biography.
31
宗室德祜，字受之，隸正藍旗，不詳其支派。 宣統二年，由禮部儀制司郎中選授鳳翔府知府。 三年九月，西安兵變，德祜聞警，即與知縣彭毓嵩籌備。 有湘人劉瑞麟，以武職留陝，委令募團勇，與參將王某分任防守。 初七夜，匪徒假民軍名號，驟集千餘人，攻府城。 德祜與毓嵩登陴，激勵士卒拒守。 至天明，匪氣奪，將引去，以有內應者，城遽陷。 左右擁德祜走避，德祜曰：「此吾死所，尚何避為？」 匪蜂至，呼曰：「知府滿人，且宗室，宜速殺之！」 遂遇害。 又殺其幼子二人。 王參將，同州人。 城破，與匪相搏，憤而自戕，舁至署乃死，名未詳。
Dehu of the imperial clan, whose style was Shouzhi, belonged to the Plain Blue Banner; his branch of the family is not recorded. In the second year of the Xuantong reign he was promoted from director of ceremonies in the Ministry of Rites to prefect of Fengxiang. In the ninth month of the third year, when the Xi'an army mutinied, Dehu heard the alarm and at once made preparations with magistrate Peng Yusong. A Hunan man named Liu Ruilin, who held a military post in Shaanxi, was ordered to raise militia and shared defensive duties with Deputy Commander Wang. On the night of the seventh, bandits posing as the revolutionary army suddenly gathered more than a thousand men and attacked the prefectural city. Dehu and Yusong mounted the wall and exhorted the troops to hold out. By daybreak the bandits' morale faltered and they were about to withdraw, but collaborators within the walls caused the city to fall suddenly. Those beside him urged Dehu to flee, but he said, "This is where I die — why should I flee?" The bandits swarmed in and shouted, "The prefect is a Manchu and of the imperial clan — kill him at once! He was killed. His two young sons were also killed. Deputy Commander Wang was from Tongzhou. When the city fell he fought the bandits hand to hand, then killed himself in rage; he was carried to the yamen before he died; his personal name is not recorded.
32
毓嵩，字籛孫，四川宜賓人。 由舉人官教諭。 學政疏薦，用知縣，選陝西鳳翔，勤聽斷，時方興小學，必令讀經。 城陷後，毓嵩解束帶自經，遇救未絕，乃從容出堂皇北向跪，起語眾曰：「吾有死耳，任爾等為之。」 匪擁至署西北神祠，以白布纏其頸，毓嵩怒詈，遂被戕，梟其首去，年六十有二。 子龢年，奔赴死所，為匪眾所逐，投井死。
Yusong, whose style was Hesun, came from Yibin in Sichuan. After passing the provincial examination he served as an instructor. Recommended by the education intendant, he was appointed magistrate and posted to Fengxiang in Shaanxi; he heard cases diligently, and when elementary schools were being established he required pupils to read the classics. After the city fell Yusong untied his belt and hanged himself; rescued before he died, he calmly came out to the main hall, knelt facing north, rose and said to the crowd, "I have only death; do as you will." The bandits dragged him to the spirit shrine northwest of the yamen and wound white cloth around his neck; Yusong cursed them in rage and was killed; his head was taken away and displayed; he was sixty-two. His son Henian rushed to where his father died, was driven off by the bandits, threw himself into a well, and died.
33
楊調元，字龢甫，貴州貴築人。 光緒二年進士，授戶部主事。 丁父憂歸，服除，以母老不赴官。 終母喪，乃入都，改知縣，選陝西紫陽縣。 於秦境為極南，居萬山中，為楚、蜀會匪出沒地。 以緝捕有名，遷長安，權華陰。 疏濬河渠，复民田五萬畝。 調華州，以獄事忤上官，解任。 已，复補咸陽，擢華州，署富平、渭南等縣。
Yang Tiaoyuan, whose style was Hefu, came from Guizhu in Guizhou. In the second year of the Guangxu reign he passed the metropolitan examination and was appointed a secretary in the Ministry of Revenue. When his father died he returned home; after the mourning period he did not take office because his mother was elderly. After his mother's mourning ended he went to the capital, transferred to the magistracy, and was posted to Ziyang county in Shaanxi. It lay at the extreme south of Shaanxi, amid ten thousand mountains, where bandits from Chu and Shu met and roamed. Renowned for pursuit and capture, he was transferred to Chang'an and served as acting magistrate of Huayin. He dredged rivers and canals and restored fifty thousand mu of farmland to cultivation. Transferred to Huazhou, he offended his superior over a legal case and was removed from office. He was later reappointed to Xianyang, promoted to Huazhou, and served as acting magistrate of Fuping, Weinan, and other counties.
34
其署渭南，以宣統三年正月。 先是，南方革命軍數起皆不得志，始改計結學生之隸新軍籍者，潛伏待應。 陝軍勢弱，則又結會匪以厚其力。 八月十九日，鄂變起，九月朔，陝變繼作。 諸守令多委印去，調元獨謂守土吏當與城存亡，亟召紳民議守禦。 渭南北有號「刀客」者，殺人尋仇，數犯法，至是感調元義，爭效命，集者萬餘人，檄邑紳武進士韓有書統之。 時鄰匪蜂起，渭南以守禦嚴，不能入。
He took up his acting post at Weinan in the first month of the third year of Xuantong. Earlier, revolutionary armies in the south had risen repeatedly without success; they then changed their plan to recruit students serving in the new army, who lay hidden waiting to rise. Shaanxi's forces were weak, so they also allied with secret-society bandits to strengthen themselves. On the nineteenth day of the eighth month the Hubei revolt broke out; on the first of the ninth month the Shaanxi revolt followed. Most magistrates abandoned their seals and fled; Tiaoyuan alone held that officials charged with the land must live or die with the city, and urgently summoned gentry and commoners to plan its defense. North of Weinan were men called "Knife Guests" who killed in vendetta and repeatedly broke the law; now moved by Tiaoyuan's righteousness they vied to serve, and more than ten thousand gathered; he ordered the local gentry and military jinshi Han Youshu to command them. Bandits rose in swarms in neighboring areas, but Weinan's defenses were strict and they could not enter.
35
臨潼武生張士原揚言受軍政府命，驟率眾徇城下，調元登陴語之曰：「吏所職，保民耳。 無如所犯，則釋兵入見。 必怙威圖一逞，則視力所極，當與決生死。」 士原知不可侮，遂屏騎入廨，以議貸餉事，語侵調元。 調元至是，躑躅廨後園中，仰天歎曰：「吾誼應死，所以委曲遷就，欲脫吾民兵禍而後歸死耳。 卼辱至此，尚可一息偷生乎？」 遂投井死。 民聞調元殉難，執士原磔之，並殺陝都督所派副統領及同黨數十人以徇。 有書時出擊他盜，馳歸，葬調元畢家原。 調元通古學，工詩文，有訓纂堂集、說文解字均譜等書。 所作篆書，人尤寶之。
Zhang Shiyuan, a military licentiate of Lintong, claimed he had orders from the military government and suddenly led a crowd to the foot of the wall; Tiaoyuan mounted the wall and said to him, "An official's duty is only to protect the people. If you have committed no crimes, lay down your arms and come in to see me. If you insist on relying on force to have your way, then wherever my strength reaches I will fight you to the death." Shiyuan saw he could not intimidate him, dismounted and entered the yamen to discuss borrowing supplies, and his words insulted Tiaoyuan. Tiaoyuan at this point paced in the garden behind the yamen, looked up to heaven and sighed, "By righteousness I ought to die; the reason I stooped to compromise was to spare my militia calamity and then return to face death. Humiliated to this point — can I still steal another breath of life? He threw himself into a well and died. When the people heard Tiaoyuan had died for the cause, they seized Shiyuan and dismembered him, and also killed the deputy commander and dozens of his associates sent by the Shaanxi governor as a warning. Youshu was out attacking other bandits; he galloped back and buried Tiaoyuan at Bijiayuan. Tiaoyuan was versed in classical learning and skilled in poetry and prose; his works include Xunzhuan Hall Collected Writings and Junpu of the Shuowen Jiezi. People especially treasured the seal script he wrote.
36
楊宜瀚，字吟海，四川成都人。 兄宜治，官太常寺卿。 宜瀚好學，嘗入烏魯木齊都統金順幕中，治軍書，知名，保知縣。 中順天鄉試舉人，以知縣發陝西，補興平，調寶雞。 以經術飾吏事，與調元齊名。 署華州知州，民軍圍署索餉，以威劫入甘露寺中，有以事繫獄賴宜瀚平反得出者，約護宜瀚出。 入夜，宜瀚獨至神殿自經死。 遺書親友，意思安閒，謂已得死所，無可哀者。
Yang Yihan, whose style was Yinhai, came from Chengdu in Sichuan. His elder brother Yizhi served as vice minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. Yihan loved learning; he once served on the staff of Jin Shun, military governor of Urumqi, handling military documents, became well known, and was recommended for the magistracy. He passed the Shuntian provincial examination as juren, was posted as magistrate to Shaanxi, served at Xingping, and was transferred to Baoji. He brought classical learning to bear on official business and was as renowned as Tiaoyuan. While acting as prefect of Huazhou, revolutionary troops surrounded the yamen demanding pay and forced him at swordpoint into the Ganlu Temple; some who had been imprisoned and freed through Yihan's reversal of their cases agreed to escort him out. That night Yihan went alone to the shrine hall and hanged himself. In letters to friends his tone was calm; he said he had found the place to die and there was nothing to mourn.
37
陳問紳，字子仲，湖北安陸人。 入貲為縣令，發陝西，權甘泉，以能緝捕稱。 調白水，邑刀匪素難治，武昌變起，乘間應之，糾眾攻城。 時問紳初受任，一切無備，乃集紳民告之以不忍以一人故致全境糜爛，遽出城，大罵不屈死。 妻吳，以護印不與，同被戕，並斃傭婦某。
Chen Wenshen, whose style was Zizhong, came from Anlu in Hubei. He purchased office as magistrate, was posted to Shaanxi, served as acting magistrate at Ganquan, and was known for ability in pursuit and capture. Transferred to Baishui — a county where knife bandits had always been hard to govern — when the Wuchang revolt broke out they seized the opportunity to respond and gathered a crowd to attack the city. Wenshen had just taken office and was wholly unprepared; he gathered gentry and commoners and told them he could not bear to bring ruin on the whole district for one man's sake, then rushed out of the city, cursed loudly, and died without yielding. His wife Wu, refusing to surrender the official seal, was killed with him, and a serving woman was also beaten to death.
38
德銳，滿洲人。 官秦中久，歷長安、三原諸縣，有循聲。 西安變作，八旗人多被禍，德銳時居會城，變兵突入，語德銳：「公得民心，我曹不忍死公，請速出城！」 答曰：「感汝等意，然予滿人也，不忍獨生，刃加予頸可也。」 遽起奪刀自刺死，妻、子均自裁。
Derui was a Manchu. He had long served in Shaanxi, holding Chang'an, Sanyuan, and other counties, and enjoyed a reputation for benevolent rule. When the Xi'an revolt broke out many banner people suffered calamity; Derui was then living in the provincial capital; mutinous troops burst in and said to him, "You have won the people's hearts — we cannot bear to kill you; please leave the city at once!" He answered, "I am grateful for your kindness, but I am a Manchu and cannot bear to live on alone; put the blade to my neck." He at once rose, seized a knife, and stabbed himself to death; his wife and children all killed themselves.
39
皮潤璞，湖北大冶人。 官榆林縣典史，有強項稱。 變作，匪徒縛榆林鎮總兵張某、中營游擊瑞某送獄，潤璞斥之。 群怒，以利刃相擬，不為動，紛加以刃，分股體為數段。 妻聞訊，即以身殉。 榆林守備穆克精額同時死，闔門自盡。
Pi Runpu came from Daye in Hubei. He held the post of registrar clerk in Yulin County and was famed for his stern, unyielding character. When the uprising broke out, bandits seized the Yulin garrison commander Zhang and middle-battalion vice-commander Rui and locked them in jail; Runpu denounced them. The crowd flew into a rage and menaced him with sharp blades, yet he did not flinch; they hacked at him until his body was cut into several pieces. When his wife heard what had happened, she took her own life in devotion. Mukujing'e, the Yulin garrison commandant, died at the same time, and his whole household took their own lives.
40
時殉難者，候補道荣麟，字仲文，滿洲人。 變作，方榷白河釐金，全家投井死。 候補知州張存善，字次章。 榷鳳翔鹽釐，死事所。 候補直隸州知州寶坪，字子鈞，西安駐防。 一門殉難者七人。 候補同知廣啟，字少漁； 候補通判嚴濟，字寬甫：均滿洲人，與於難。
Among those who perished were Expectant Intendant Ronglin, known as Zhongwen, a Manchu. When the uprising broke out he was supervising likin collection at Baihe; his entire family drowned themselves in a well. Expectant prefect Zhang Cunshan, styled Cizhang. He was supervising salt likin at Fengxiang and died in the line of duty. Expectant prefect of a Zhili department, Baoping (styled Zijun), was stationed at the Xi'an garrison. Seven people from a single household perished in the catastrophe. Expectant sub-prefect Guangqi, styled Shaoyu; Expectant prefectural judge Yan Ji, styled Kuanfu — both were Manchus who perished in the uprising.
41
張毅，字仁府，直隸天津人。 父夢元，官福建布政使，護台灣巡撫，以清廉著稱，卒，贈太子少保。 毅由廕生官部曹，改道員，分山西，奏調陝西，授甘涼道。 宣統三年六月，擢安徽提法使。 八月，自隴入秦，將入覲，九月，抵乾州，變作，道梗。 變軍偵知之，請為參謀官，斥之，攖眾怒，羈留不得脫。 會疾作，州人知毅賢，言於變軍，乃出就醫。 毅念惟一死可自完，十一月初十日夜加醜，乘間投井死。 毅無官守，中道遘變，卒完大節，世尤多之。
Zhang Yi, styled Renfu, came from Tianjin in Zhili. His father Mengyuan had served as Fujian provincial treasurer and acting Taiwan governor; renowned for integrity, on his death he was posthumously enfeoffed as Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. Yi entered service through yin privilege as a ministry clerk, rose to intendant, was posted to Shanxi, then memorialized for transfer to Shaanxi and appointed Gansu Circuit intendant. In the sixth month of Xuantong 3 he was promoted to Anhui provincial judge. In the eighth month he left Longyou for Shaanxi en route to audience; in the ninth month he reached Qianzhou, the uprising broke out, and travel was cut off. The mutineers learned of him and invited him to serve as staff officer; he refused and provoked their wrath, and was held unable to escape. When he fell ill, knowing Yi's worth, the people of the prefecture pleaded with the mutineers, and he was released to seek treatment. Yi believed only death could preserve his integrity; on the night of the tenth of the eleventh month he took poison and, seizing a moment alone, threw himself into a well. Yi held no official post to defend; he met the uprising en route, yet preserved his integrity to the end — contemporaries especially admired him.
42
喜明，字哲臣，西安駐防。 舉人。 宣統三年九月，民軍猝起，攻旗營，將軍文瑞督戰，喜明領兵百餘人，獨樹一幟，誓以書生效死。 戰不利，歸告母曰：「吾屬死不免。」 母曰：「婦女以潔身為重，可受辱乎？」 帥子婦二、幼孫一，投井死。 喜明有三女匿鄰廟中，走入手刃之，蘸血書壁曰：「喜哲臣三女死於此。」 還至家，縱火自焚死。
Ximing, styled Zhechen, was stationed at the Xi'an garrison. He had passed the provincial examinations. In the ninth month of Xuantong 3 the revolutionary army rose suddenly and attacked the banner camp; General Wen Rui directed the defense; Ximing led more than a hundred men under his own banner and swore to live or die by his written pledge. The battle went badly; returning home he told his mother, "People like us cannot escape death." His mother said, "For a woman, bodily purity is everything — can one endure dishonor?" She led her two daughters-in-law and a young grandson into a well and drowned. Ximing had three daughters hidden in a neighboring temple; he went in and killed them with his own blade, dipped blood, and wrote on the wall, "The three daughters of Ximing Zhechen died here." He returned home, set the house ablaze, and burned himself to death.
43
附生春祥，素端謹。 聞變後，語兄若弟曰：「城破家必亡，自古全家盡節，有光史冊，吾原死矣。」 則皆應曰：「諾！」 城陷，聞砲聲近，曰：「可矣！」 遂偕兄、弟、妻、子輩十餘口焚死，無一免者。
Licentiate Chunxiang had always been upright and careful. When he heard of the uprising he told his brothers, "When the city falls our house is doomed; since antiquity households that died together whole have shone in the histories — I am ready to die." They all answered, "Yes!" When the city fell and the sound of cannon drew near, he said, "It is time!" He and his brothers, wife, children, and more than ten kin burned to death together — none survived.
44
直隸州州判阿爾精額，榷釐金於方計堡，受代還，道咸陽，變軍將劫之，為之語曰：「吾當未亂時，志欲以忠報國，敢偷活耶？」 義之，不加害。 乃入邸舍，肅衣冠，北向自刎死。 妻張氏，即吞金以殉。
Zhili department judge A'erjing'e was collecting likin at Fangjibao; returning after handing over his post he passed Xianyang; mutineers were about to rob him, and he said, "Before the disorder I meant to repay the state with loyalty — would I steal my life?" Moved by his words, they did him no harm. He entered his quarters, dressed formally, faced north, and cut his own throat. His wife, the Zhang lady, swallowed gold and died with him.
45
城破時陣亡者，為協領斌恆、恩瑞、存福、培基，佐領貴升、特克什肯、慶喜、巴克三圖、恆秀、瑞明、額哲本、達朗阿、興智、恩壽、玉祥、西拉本、奇徹亨、恩撤亨，防禦存喜、存升、恩成、林福、色清額、平升、胡圖靈額、惠文、鶴齡、奇巽、蘇克敦、訥拉春、惠源、呢克通阿、哲爾精額、惠祥，驍騎校奎亮、林啟、啟弟正目林璋、都倫太、景文太、薩立善、文昭、伊吉斯琿、智厚、惠慶、惠啟，副官惠璋、鹽大使文煥，舉人惠斌，生員金常，武舉人德森布，騎都尉昌廣、益光，雲騎尉俊亮、和瑞、松善、特伸布、富海、勝春、海亮、多鑾太、達林、和順、忠雲、玉恆、培文、存祿、倭什琿、鳳玉、惠撤亨，恩騎尉培緒、鳳山、恩瑞、奎德、貴成、錫齡、崇喜、倭仁額。 徇難者，為佐領圖切琿，候補直隸州知州寶坪，直隸州州同俊興。 候補知縣德銳自刺死，妻、子同殉。 防禦多英，與長子舉人奎成率妻、女等投井死，次子生員奎章，伏井慟哭從死，族弟奎斌、奎莊皆死之。 巡官惠祥率警生守城，城陷，投井死，家屬從死者六人。 從子廣興既殉，母趙氏，年六十餘，執短刀闖入民軍，欲殺敵，尋自刎死。 生員音德本走多公祠自經死，弟領催額哲亨城陷死。 傷亡者，佐領圖們布、善印、全瑞。
Those killed in battle when the city fell included numerous battalion and company commandants, garrison defense officers, brave-rider commandants, deputy officers, graduates, and cloud- and grace-rider commandants — a long roll of banner officers. Those who perished in the uprising included company commander Tuqiehun, Expectant Zhili department prefect Baoping, and department vice-prefect Junxing. Expectant magistrate Derui killed himself; his wife and children perished with him. Garrison defense officer Duoying led his eldest son Kuicheng, a provincial graduate, with wife and daughters into a well; his second son Kuizhang wept at the well and died with them; cousins Kuibin and Kuizhuang also perished. Patrol officer Huixiang led police cadets in defending the city; when it fell he drowned himself in a well, and six kin died with him. His nephew Guangxing having already perished, his mother Lady Zhao, past sixty, seized a short knife, charged into the revolutionary ranks to kill the enemy, and soon cut her own throat. Student Yindeben fled to Duogong Shrine and hanged himself; his younger brother, levy chief Ezheheng, died when the city fell. Among the wounded were company commanders Tububu, Shanyin, and Quanrui.
46
旗兵之死於此役有名冊可稽者，凡千餘人，官弁兵丁之家屬遇害及自盡者尤眾。 論者謂各省駐防，於辛亥國變，以西安死難為最烈且最多雲。
More than a thousand banner soldiers who died in this battle are recorded by name; the families of officers and men killed or who took their own lives were even more numerous. Observers held that among provincial garrisons in the Xinhai transformation, Xi'an suffered the fiercest and greatest toll of martyrs.
47
譚振德，字子明，直隸天津人。 始入武備學堂，調新建陸軍，派充山西四十三協協統。 時山西僅陸軍一協，振德寬而有制，兵士親之。 巡撫陸鍾琦履任之三月，武昌變作，陝西響應，召軍官議省防。 振德與參議官姚鴻法建議接濟河南軍火，而以重兵助守潼關，鍾琦從之。 遂於九月初七日發新軍一、二營子彈，令於翌日出蒲州，屯潼關，又令熊國斌帶第三營繼之。 有構於一、二營者，謂熊營將於中途襲擊，適第二營管帶姚維籓以請棉衣未得為憾，聞之，憤激，謀變。 明日，擁眾入省城，振德聞警，不及集兵衛，馳出遮道，對眾有所宣喻，維籓恐其撓眾心，舉槍斃之。 遂趨撫署，鍾琦父子殉難，國斌以不肯附和亦被戕。 鍾琦自有傳。
Tan Zhende, styled Ziming, came from Tianjin in Zhili. He first entered the military academy, joined the newly formed army, and was appointed commander of Shanxi's forty-third brigade. Shanxi then had only one new-army brigade; Zhende was lenient yet firm, and the men were devoted to him. Three months after Governor Lu Zhongqi took office came the Wuchang revolt; Shaanxi rose in response; he summoned officers to discuss defense. Zhende and adviser Yao Hongfa proposed forwarding munitions to Henan while reinforcing Tong Pass with heavy troops; Zhongqi agreed. On the seventh of the ninth month they issued ammunition to new-army battalions one and two, ordered them out of Pu Prefecture the next day to Tong Pass, and sent Xiong Guobin with the third battalion to follow. Someone turned battalions one and two against Xiong's unit, claiming it would ambush them en route; second-battalion commander Yao Weifan, already angry over missing winter uniforms, heard this, flew into a rage, and plotted mutiny. The next day the mutineers entered the capital; Zhende, unable to assemble troops in time, rode out to block their path and address them; Weifan, fearing he would sway the men, shot him dead. They stormed the governor's yamen; Zhongqi and his son perished; Guobin, for refusing to go along, was killed as well. Zhongqi has a separate biography.
48
陳政詩，字詠笙，浙江仁和人。 年十九，從湘軍西征，將軍穆圖善器之。 從至奉天，充防營統領。 光緒初，以知縣發山西，歷署州縣，以廉惠稱。 以剿套匪功擢知府，以道員用。 調浙，統嘉、湖水陸防軍，中讒罷。 宣統元年，浙撫增韞奏言政詩軍紀嚴，有廉將風，詔復原官，再發山西。 三年，統帶南路巡防隊，駐澤州，兼署澤州府。 武昌變作，陝西響應，晉新軍亦變，戕巡撫。 時政詩駐聞喜隘口鎮，遏變兵南趨。 敵千人，脅土匪亦千人，以三百人屢敗之。 方乘勝進擊，清廷詔命停戰，乃駐師絳州。 敵勾結旁近土匪，勢复張。 政詩以去絳則南路即與秦軍接，全晉將不保，誓死守。 十一月二十日，敵攻城，城紳迎以入，政詩巷戰，力不支，被執，罵不絕口，剖心臠割死。 弟敷詩，山西候補同知，隊官陳順興、劉占魁，均同時被難。
Chen Zhengshi, styled Yongsheng, came from Renhe in Zhejiang. At nineteen he joined the Hunan army's western campaign; General Mutushan took him in high regard. He followed the army to Fengtian and commanded the defense battalion. In early Guangxu he was posted to Shanxi as magistrate, serving in various posts, and was known for integrity and kindness. For suppressing Ordos bandits he was promoted to prefect and employed as intendant. Transferred to Zhejiang, he commanded the Jiahu coastal defense forces but fell to slander and was dismissed. In Xuantong 1 Zhejiang Governor Zeng Yun memorialized that Zhengshi kept strict discipline and the bearing of an incorruptible general; the throne restored his rank and sent him again to Shanxi. In the third year he commanded the southern patrol force at Ze Prefecture and concurrently acted as prefect. When Wuchang rose Shaanxi followed; Shanxi's new army mutinied as well and killed the governor. Zhengshi was then at Aikou in Wenxi, blocking rebel forces marching south. Facing a thousand rebels and another thousand coerced bandits, he repeatedly routed them with three hundred men. As he pressed his advantage, the Qing court ordered a ceasefire, and he halted at Jiang Prefecture. The enemy enlisted nearby bandits and grew strong again. Zhengshi held that leaving Jiang would open the south to Shaanxi's army and lose all Shanxi; he vowed to hold to the death. On the twentieth of the eleventh month the enemy stormed the city; gentry let them in; Zhengshi fought street by street, was captured, cursed without cease, and was disemboweled and hacked to death. His brother Fushi, an Expectant Shanxi sub-prefect, and company officers Chen Shunxing and Liu Zhankui perished with him.
49
陸敘釗，字磐芝，順天大興人，原籍蕭山。 少勵志節，從軍甘肅，保知縣。 曾國荃撫山西，招入幕。 擢直隸州，發山西，歷官州、縣凡十二，皆有聲。 宰靈丘十年，尤得民。 拳匪逼晉邊，大治鄉團，縣境晏然。 宣統初，薦卓異，補河東監掣同知。 太原變作，河東戒嚴。 敘釗先以盛暑督濬鹽池致疾，至是疾甚，強起治防守事。 秦軍來襲，晉軍應之，城陷，預服阿夫容膏，衣冠出堂皇，厲聲訶之，刃交下，無完膚，殞於座。 子文治，聞變以毀卒，幼子亦為變兵所戕。 時論謂與巡撫陸鍾琦父死忠、子死孝、鄉里同、氏族同、死難情事略同，推為奇烈。
Lu Xujiao, styled Panzhi, was registered in Daxing, Shuntian, with ancestral roots in Xiaoshan. From youth he cultivated integrity; he served in Gansu and was recommended for magistrate. When Zeng Guoquan governed Shanxi he brought him onto his staff. Promoted to Zhili department rank and posted to Shanxi, he served in twelve prefectural and county posts, all with distinction. As magistrate of Lingqiu for ten years he especially won the people's hearts. When Boxers pressed the Shanxi border he organized local militia on a large scale, and the county stayed calm. In early Xuantong he was marked outstanding and appointed Hedong salt-control sub-prefect. When Taiyuan rose, Hedong was placed under martial law. Xujiao had fallen ill dredging salt ponds in summer heat; now desperately ill, he forced himself up to direct the defense. Shaanxi troops attacked; Shanxi troops resisted; the city fell; he had taken opium in advance, came out in formal dress to the main hall and rebuked them; blades cut him until no whole flesh remained, and he died at his desk. His son Wenzhi died of grief on hearing the news; his young son was also killed by mutineers. Contemporaries held that, like Governor Lu Zhongqi — father loyal, son filial, same home and clan, deaths of like kind — he ranked among the most extraordinary martyrs.
50
時署陶林廳同知齊世名，天津人； 岢嵐州知州奎彰，天鎮縣知縣世泰，均京旗人：先後均以兵變被戕。
Acting Taolin sub-prefect Qi Shiming, from Tianjin; Ke Prefecture magistrate Kuizhang and Tianzhen magistrate Shitai — both Beijing-banner men — were each killed in military mutiny.
51
羅長崟，字申田，湖南湘鄉人。 光緒二十一年進士，改庶吉士，授編修。 捐昇道員，發江蘇，改四川。 趙爾豐督川邊軍事，長崟在幕府多贊畫。 宣統二年，簡駐藏左參贊，駐藏大臣聯豫以兵備任之。 會閱新調川軍，以譁譟故，與協統鍾穎有隙，且覈鍾穎入藏軍資用浮冒，汰二十餘萬，鍾穎益嫉。 三年五月，鍾穎率師徵波密，戰屢挫。 長崟馳往，奪其軍，得鍾穎失機狀。 方激勵軍士規進取，而軍多會黨，氣囂甚，長崟馭將又嚴。 及秋，內地變作，軍在藏者遽變，掠長崟私宅，波密軍繼之。 縶長崟，屈辱之。 偶得脫，自投崖下，未死，复曳之起，卒被戕。 長崟之死，鍾穎實陰嗾之，後家人愬得實，置鍾穎於法。
Luo Changyin, styled Shentian, came from Xiangxiang in Hunan. In Guangxu 21 he passed the metropolitan examination, entered the Hanlin Academy, and was appointed compiler. By purchase he rose to intendant, was posted to Jiangsu, then transferred to Sichuan. Under Zhao Erfeng's direction of Sichuan border affairs, Changyin often advised from his staff. In Xuantong 2 he was appointed Left Resident Councillor in Tibet; Resident Councillor Lian Yu put him in charge of military affairs. While inspecting newly transferred Sichuan troops he quarreled with brigade commander Zhong Ying over their disorder, and when he audited Zhong's Tibet supplies and cut more than two hundred thousand taels of waste, Zhong Ying hated him all the more. In the fifth month of Xuantong 3 Zhong Ying led troops against Bomi and was repeatedly defeated. Changyin hurried there, took over his army, and secured evidence of Zhong Ying's failures. As he urged the army forward, many soldiers belonged to secret societies, were arrogant, and Changyin ruled his officers strictly. By autumn the interior had risen; troops in Tibet mutinied, looted Changyin's home, and the Bomi force followed. They seized Changyin and subjected him to humiliation. He briefly escaped, threw himself from a cliff but survived, was hauled back up, and was finally killed. Zhong Ying had secretly instigated Changyin's death; later the family sued, proved it, and Zhong Ying was brought to justice.
52
曹銘，浙江上虞人。 由諸生參四川總督劉秉璋幕，保知縣。 歷治西藏夷務，著績，擢道員。 巴塘邊亂番聚族十餘，陰為犄角。 銘往解散，趙爾豐軍得深入勘定，功尤偉。 署嘉定府，旋委石堤釐局。 局介黔、楚間，往者皆中飽，銘絲毫不染。 成都變作，匪眾入局，露刃逼索釐款，拒不應，中十餘創，垂絕乃委去。 縣紳來視，以先事窖藏金指視之，點驗畢，遽卒。
Cao Ming came from Shangyu in Zhejiang. A licentiate, he entered Liu Bingzhang's Sichuan staff and was recommended for magistrate. He long handled Tibetan frontier affairs with distinction and rose to intendant. More than ten Tibetan clans on the Batang border had gathered and secretly backed one another. Ming went to disperse them, allowing Zhao Erfeng's army to advance and pacify the region — a signal achievement. He acted as Jiading prefect, then was assigned to the Shidi likin bureau. The bureau lay between Guizhou and Huguang; previous holders had all skimmed funds, but Ming took not a penny. When Chengdu rose, bandits entered the bureau with drawn blades demanding likin funds; he refused, took more than ten wounds, and they left him near death. County gentry came to see him; he showed them gold he had hidden in advance; once the count was done he died at once.
53
章慶，字勤生，浙江會稽人。 以通法家言遊蜀，就幕職。 為總督錫良等所器，保知縣，所至有聲。 署劍州，倡捐萬金修文廟，擒巨逆王文朗，殲其黨九十餘人。 調南部，河徙齧城，築長堤御之，城以完。 調冕寧縣，有橋綰轂川南，毀於水，渡者以水駛多溺。 慶製鐵梁數十丈，行旅稱便。 普支夷擾境，慶廉威所被，濟以兵力，夷歸誠，出被掠者多人。 補射洪，擢道員，在任候補。 其任西昌也，值川省爭路事起，哥匪張國怔與裁缺千總黃義庫，偵知寧遠軍隊出防，城中無備，聯內匪襲城，慶督團眾御之，力竭死之。 妻顏、猶子鏞及胥役、僕從同死者二十餘人。
Zhang Qing, styled Qinsheng, came from Kuaiji in Zhejiang. Skilled in legal learning, he went to Sichuan and took staff posts. Governors Xi Liang and others valued him; recommended for magistrate, he won reputation in every post. In Jian Prefecture he raised ten thousand taels to repair the Confucian temple, captured the great rebel Wang Wenlang, and wiped out more than ninety of his band. Transferred to Nanbu, when the river shifted and threatened the city he built a long dike and saved it. In Mianning a bridge that was the hub of southern Sichuan traffic was destroyed by flood; ferrymen used swift boats and many drowned. Qing built an iron span dozens of yards long, to travelers' great convenience. When Puzhi Yi raided the border, Qing's integrity and force won them over; the Yi submitted and released many captives. He was appointed to Shehong, promoted to intendant, and awaited further appointment in post. At Xichang, when the railway dispute arose, bandit Zhang Guozheng and dismissed commander Huang Yiku learned Ningyuan's troops were away and the city bare; they joined local bandits to attack; Qing led militia to resist and died when overwhelmed. His wife Yan, nephew Yong, and more than twenty clerks and servants perished with him.
54
徐昭益，字謙侯，浙江烏程人，咸豐季年殉難江蘇巡撫有壬從孫。 隨父遊蜀，以通法家言，佐治有聲，官知縣。 宣統三年四月，攝威遠。 同志會起，土匪附會名義，乘機報怨，四出剽掠。 匪過境，昭益率團丁數百人出城解散，不從。 匪以全力進偪，昭益念母老，居危城，命親丁護送還省。 母臨行勉以大義，昭益泣涕受命，謂必不負母訓以辱先人，聞者皆為感動。 九月十三日，匪薄城下，奸民為內應，團丁未訓練，猝戰遽潰。 昭益乘騎亦受創，退而守城。 其酋七八人入廳事，昭益厲聲問：「何不殺我？」 其一酋突出利刃剚昭益腹，死之。
Xu Zhaoyi, styled Qianhou, of Wucheng, Zhejiang, was a collateral descendant of Jiangsu Governor Youren, martyred in the last years of Xianfeng. He followed his father to Sichuan, was skilled in legal learning, assisted ably in government, and served as magistrate. In the fourth month of Xuantong 3 he acted as magistrate of Weiyuan. The Comrades' Association arose; bandits used its name, seized chances for revenge, and plundered everywhere. When bandits passed through, Zhaoyi led several hundred militiamen out to disperse them; they refused. The bandits pressed hard; Zhaoyi, thinking of his aged mother in the threatened city, sent retainers to escort her to the capital. His mother exhorted him on departure; Zhaoyi wept and vowed not to fail her teaching or disgrace his ancestors — all who heard were moved. On the thirteenth of the ninth month bandits reached the walls; insiders opened the gates; untrained militia broke at once. Zhaoyi, wounded on horseback, withdrew but kept defending the city. Seven or eight chiefs entered the hall; Zhaoyi demanded loudly, "Why do you not kill me?" One chief drew a blade and stabbed him in the belly, killing him.
55
曹彬孫，字藹臣，順天武清人。 以舉人勞績保知縣，發四川，權奉節，補開縣，未赴。 七月，省城之爭路構釁，匪徒欲附同志軍起事，彬孫隨方禁阻，未敢逞。 武昌發難，夔府響應。 十月初十日，彬孫率團勇出巡，行至協台壩，眾暴起，團勇先受煽，不戰而散。 彬孫被執，割其首，置縣公案。 警察長徐某，失其名，安慶人，同時被戕。
Cao Binsun, styled Aichen, came from Wuqing in Shuntian. Recommended as magistrate through his graduate merit, he was posted to Sichuan, acted in Fengjie, and was appointed to Kaixian but had not yet reported. In the seventh month the railway dispute provoked trouble; bandits wished to join the Comrades' Army; Binsun blocked them and they did not dare act. Wuchang rose and Kuizhou responded. On the tenth of the tenth month Binsun led militia on patrol; at Xietai Dam the crowd rose; militia had been incited and fled without fighting. Binsun was seized, beheaded, and his head placed on the magistrate's desk. Police chief Xu, whose personal name is lost, from Anqing, was killed at the same time.
56
汪承第，字棣圃，江蘇太倉州人。 由州學生佐學幕，以知縣發四川。 寧遠夷亂，檄運兵械，至則知府黃承麟留辦剿撫事，充營務處，攝大足。 川漢鐵路擬派租股，請歲減萬餘金，民困以紓。 攝永川，解散公口秘密會，編練保甲，群盜屏跡。 既受代，大吏仍以營務屬之。 同志軍起，雙流境尤囂張，檄攝縣事，捕誅其尤者，人心少定。 未幾，省城變作，土寇四起，以事至簇橋，被困，中槍死，十月二十日也。
Wang Chengdi, styled Difu, came from Taicang in Jiangsu. From prefectural student he served on the educational staff and was posted to Sichuan as magistrate. During the Ningyuan Yi revolt he was ordered to transport arms; Prefect Huang Chenglin kept him for pacification, put him on camp affairs, and he acted as Dazu magistrate. For the Sichuan-Hankou Railway he proposed cutting the annual rent levy by more than ten thousand taels, easing popular hardship. In Yongchuan he dissolved secret societies, organized baojia defense, and bandits disappeared. After his replacement, senior officials still kept him on camp affairs. When the Comrades' Army rose, Shuangliu was especially turbulent; ordered to act as magistrate, he executed ringleaders and calmed minds somewhat. Soon the capital revolted and bandits rose; on business at Cuqiao he was trapped and shot dead on the twentieth of the tenth month.
57
吳以剛，字克潛，江蘇陽湖人。 以知縣發四川，嘗權彭縣，縣銅廠通松潘、茂州夷地，素為盜藪，胥吏與通，十餘年不獲一犯。 以剛乘冬至朝賀禮畢，馳馬自率隊擒之，未午，獲著名巨盜數人歸。 宣統三年，以父憂，充重慶屬水路巡警提調。 武昌變作，黨人謂以剛藏軍器，執而戕之。
Wu Yigang, styled Keqian, came from Yanghu in Jiangsu. Posted to Sichuan as magistrate, he once acted in Peng County, whose copper works bordered Yi territory and had long been a robbers' nest; clerks colluded and for ten years no culprit was caught. After the winter solstice audience Yigang rode out at once with his men and, before noon, returned with several notorious bandits. In Xuantong 3, mourning his father, he coordinated Chongqing subordinate water-route patrol police. When Wuchang rose, revolutionaries claimed he hid arms; he was seized and killed.
58
時候補縣丞陶家琦在重慶，誣與以剛通謀，並遇害。 候補知縣湖南文某，字晉岩，省城兵變，亦與於難。
Expectant county assistant Tao Jiaqi was then in Chongqing; falsely charged with plotting with Yigang, he was also killed. Expectant Hunan magistrate Wen, styled Jinyan — when the provincial capital mutinied he also perished.
59
奎榮，字聚五，滿洲正紅旗人，成都駐防。 同治十三年繙譯進士，用知縣，發四川。 奎榮篤嗜程、硃書，務躬行。 性溫厚，與人語，惟恐傷之。 始權南充，偶誤決一獄，屈者恚而得狂疾，聞之大戚，曰：「是予之罪也！」 亟集兩曹，自引咎，平反之，自是聽斷益平。 尤留意風化，在峨眉任，捐俸購儒先書，集書院諸生定課程，親為講授。 歷犍為、彭水、慶符諸縣，所至勸學，一如在峨眉時。 庚子前，以老告休，捐居宅為學校用。 鐵路爭事起，總督趙爾豐持之急，奎榮太息，謂「損下益上失民心，蜀禍將自此始」，遂避地郊居。 同志軍起，复遷入城。 十月初四日，紳民迫總督交政權，又訛傳北京失守，遂託疾不食。 或謂年已篤老，毋過自苦，奎榮慨然曰：「國事如此，吾輩尚偷生耶？」 至十四日餓死，年八十。 奎榮德望為蜀士推重，皆稱聚五先生。 既殉節，益崇敬之。
Kuirong, styled Juwu, was a Plain Red Banner Manchu garrisoned at Chengdu. In Tongzhi 13 he passed the translation metropolitan exam, was appointed magistrate, and posted to Sichuan. Kuirong deeply loved Cheng-Zhu learning and devoted himself to practice. Gentle by nature, in conversation he feared only to wound others. When he first acted in Nanchong he wrongly decided a case; the wronged man went mad with rage; hearing it he grieved and said, "This is my fault!" He summoned both sides, took blame, reversed the judgment, and thereafter judged more fairly. He especially cared for moral education; at Emei he bought sage texts with his salary, set academy curricula, and lectured himself. In Qianwei, Pengshui, Qingfu, and other counties he urged learning as he had at Emei. Before 1900 he retired for age and donated his home for a school. When the railway dispute arose Zhao Erfeng pressed hard; Kuirong sighed, "Harming the people to enrich the court loses hearts — Sichuan's ruin starts here," and moved to the suburbs. When the Comrades' Army rose he returned to the city. On the fourth of the tenth month gentry forced the governor to yield power; rumors said Beijing had fallen; he feigned illness and stopped eating. Some urged that at his great age he need not suffer so; Kuirong said passionately, "The state is thus — shall we still cling to life?" On the fourteenth he starved to death, aged eighty. Kuirong's moral standing was esteemed by Sichuan scholars; all called him Master Juwu. After his martyrdom they revered him all the more.
60
王毓江，字襟山，安徽宿州人。 父心忠，官江南總兵。 毓江將家子，有材略，以知縣官江蘇，復以道員改發陝西，充兵備處總辦。 余誠格擢湘撫，檄調湖南，仍管兵備處事。 長沙變，被執，罵不絕口，被亂兵所戕，到湘才九日。
Wang Yujiang, styled Jinshan, came from Suzhou in Anhui. His father Xinzong was regional commander in Jiangnan. A general's son with talent and strategy, he served as Jiangsu magistrate, then transferred as intendant to Shaanxi and headed the military preparations office. When Yu Chengge became Hunan governor he was ordered to Hunan but still managed military preparations. When Changsha rose he was seized, cursed without cease, and killed by mutineers — only nine days in Hunan.
61
同時死難者，候補游擊劉駿堂，湖南益陽人。 光緒庚子，自立軍謀起漢上，事敗。 駿堂時管帶院署衛隊，捕黨人最力，黨中尤恨之。 至是自益陽拘至省城，徇於市，駿堂罵不絕聲，眾憤怒，叢擊斃之，並籍其家。
Those who died with him included Expectant brigade vice-commander Liu Juntang of Yiyang, Hunan. In 1900 the Independence Army plotted on the Han and failed. Juntang then commanded the yamen guard and hunted revolutionaries most fiercely; they especially hated him. Seized in Yiyang and brought to the capital for public display, he cursed without cease; the mob beat him to death and seized his property.
62
鍾麟，字書春，蒙古正白旗人。 光緒二十九年進士，用知縣，發湖南，補瀏陽。 攝永順，宣統二年，調嘉禾。 省城難作，衡永郴桂道通令輸款，麟聞大慟。 即集士紳謂曰：「麟蒞縣經歲，無德於民。 今國亡城危，請諸君先殺麟以謝百姓。 幸縣城不罹兵禍，死無所恨！」 皆相顧錯愕，為好語慰之。 九月二十一日，民軍圍縣署，鍾麟坐堂皇，屑金自盡。 預伏火內室，妻邱氏熸焉。 兩子及次子婦均遇難。
Zhong Lin, styled Shuchun, was a Plain White Banner Mongol. In Guangxu 29 he passed the metropolitan exam, was appointed magistrate, posted to Hunan, and assigned to Liuyang. He acted in Yongshun; in Xuantong 2 he was transferred to Jiahe. When the capital fell the circuit intendant ordered payments; Lin wept bitterly on hearing it. He gathered the gentry and said, "I have governed this county a year without virtue toward the people. The state is lost and the city endangered — kill me first to answer the people. If the county is spared war, I die without regret!" All stared in dismay and comforted him. On the twenty-first of the ninth month revolutionaries besieged the yamen; Zhong Lin sat in the main hall and swallowed gold to die. Fire was ready in an inner room; his wife Lady Qiu burned with him. Both sons and the second son's wife all perished.
63
典史何永清，字澤溥，四川新津人。 捐典史，發湖南，歷權州同、州吏目，屏絕規費，胥役畏之。 嘗於除夕，有富商以金為壽，請系一負債者，永清曰：「除夕人皆歡聚，我拘之，非人情。 我受金而使人一家皇皇，尤非此心所安。」 峻拒之，其廉介類此。 變作，誓與鍾麟死守。 或有諗永清者，謂：「邑侯旗籍，民軍恐不相容，公幸自愛。 有變，當奉公主縣事。」 永清謝之，不為動。 道令至，永清痛哭，懸印於肘，自經死。
Registrar He Yongqing, styled Zepu, came from Xinjin in Sichuan. By purchase he became registrar, posted to Hunan, acted in various posts, rejected all customary fees, and clerks feared him. Once on New Year's Eve a merchant offered gold and asked him to jail a debtor; Yongqing said, "On New Year's Eve families rejoice — to jail him is inhuman. To take gold and terrify a household is more than my conscience can bear." He sternly refused — such was his integrity. When the uprising broke out he vowed to die defending with Zhong Lin. Some urged Yongqing: "The magistrate is a bannerman; revolutionaries may not spare you — protect yourself. If trouble comes we will support you, sir, to run the county." He thanked them and was unmoved. When the circuit order arrived Yongqing wept, hung the seal on his arm, and hanged himself.
64
沈瀛，字士登，江蘇吳縣人。 嘗刲臂療母疾。 以勞保知縣。 嘗從湘撫吳大澂出關，事轉運，絲毫不自潤。 累署武陵、長沙，奏擢知府。 宣統二年春，長沙以米貴肇事，尾撫署，以瀛前任長沙得民心，復令攝任，緝匪賑貧，省城復安。 三年八月，充營務處提調。 新軍既變，黃忠浩被戕。 瀛方出巡，新軍遮入諮議局，請為長沙守，不可； 請仍宰長沙，又不可； 錮諸室，令所親勸之，至泣下，瀛曰：「官大清州縣二十年，一朝背之，異日將何面目見人乎？」 言已大哭。 與前湘鄉知縣城固申錫綬同忍飢，以死節相勉。 黨人知不可屈，擁二人出，罵不絕口，同死之。 時長沙協都司熊得壽為人狙擊死。 忠浩自有傳。
Shen Ying, styled Shideng, came from Wu County in Jiangsu. He once cut his own flesh to treat his mother's illness. By merit he was recommended for magistrate. He once followed Hunan Governor Wu Dacheng beyond the pass on transport duty and took not a penny for himself. He served repeatedly in Wuling and Changsha and was memorialized for promotion to prefect. In the spring of Xuantong 2 Changsha rioted over rice prices; because Ying had won hearts in his former Changsha post he was sent back to act, suppressed bandits and relieved poverty, and the capital calmed. In the eighth month of the third year he coordinated camp affairs. After the new army mutinied Huang Zhonghao was killed. Ying was on patrol when new-army men took him to the advisory council and asked him to defend Changsha — he refused; they asked him to govern Changsha again — again he refused; they locked him up and sent intimates to persuade him until they wept; Ying said, "I have served the Qing as prefect or magistrate twenty years — to betray it overnight, what face could I show hereafter?" Having spoken he wept aloud. With former Xiangxiang magistrate Shen Xishou of Chenggu he endured hunger and urged one another to die for principle. Knowing he could not bend, revolutionaries dragged both men out; both cursed without cease and died together. Changsha assistant commander Xiong Deshou was killed by an assassin's shot. Zhonghao has a separate biography.
65
世增，字益之，為祖大壽後，隸正白旗漢軍。 由生員入同文館，通法文。 隨使英、俄諸國，歷保道員，加布政使銜。 嘗譯西藏全圖、西伯利亞鐵路圖進呈。 光緒三十二年，授寧紹台道，外務部調丞參上行走。 三十三年，授兗沂曹道，擢雲南按察使，調交涉使。 宣統二年，擢布政使。 三年七月，調甘肅，未行，而革命難作。 時新簡滇籓未至，或諷世增速交替，可脫險，以「義不當苟免」辭之； 事亟，法領事韋禮敦勸入領事館，又謝之。 有懟世增者，則曰：「人孰無恥，安有一省大吏求庇外人者？ 得死，命也！」 揮眷屬出，獨抱印不去。
Shizeng, styled Yizhi, descended from his grandfather Dashou and belonged to the Plain White Banner Hanjun. A licentiate, he entered the Tongwen Guan and mastered French. He served on missions to Britain, Russia, and elsewhere, rose by recommendation to intendant, and received brevet provincial treasurer rank. He once translated and presented a complete map of Tibet and a map of the Siberian railway. In Guangxu 32 he was appointed Ning-Shao-Tai intendant and transferred to the Foreign Ministry as junior councilor. In the thirty-third year he was appointed Yan-Yi-Cao intendant, promoted Yunnan judge, and made commissioner for foreign affairs. In Xuantong 2 he was promoted provincial treasurer. In the seventh month of the third year he was transferred to Gansu but had not left when revolution broke out. The new Yunnan governor had not arrived; some urged him to hurry the handover and escape; he refused on the ground that "principle forbids seeking safety"; as matters grew urgent French consul Dun urged him into the consulate, and he declined again. When someone insulted him he said, "Who lacks shame? How could a provincial grandee seek foreign protection? To die is fate!" He sent his family away and alone held the seal, refusing to leave.
66
九月十三日，兵變，世增夕懷印步謁總督李經羲，僕紀祥從，總督拒不見，乃歸。 出手槍自擊，紀祥遽奪之，恚曰：「汝誤我！」 軍隊突入，擁至講武堂，索金助餉，斥之。 韋禮敦聞訊來視，且允代任餉銀二萬，變兵略無圖害意。 夜半，槍聲作，楊某紿守兵，謂電請大兵且至，眾遂叩寢門，迫世增為都督，且以槍擬之，卒不應，排槍起，中五彈死。 紀祥圖殉，眾義之，獲免。 乃市薄槥斂。 事上聞，贈巡撫，諡忠愍。
On the thirteenth of the ninth month troops mutinied; that evening Shizeng walked with the seal to Governor Li Jingxi, servant Ji Xiang following; the governor refused audience, and he returned. He drew a pistol; Ji Xiang snatched it; he cried angrily, "You have ruined me!" Troops burst in, took him to the military academy, demanded gold for pay, and he rebuked them. Consul Dun came on hearing and promised twenty thousand taels of pay on his behalf; for a time the mutineers meant no harm. At midnight guns fired; Yang deceived the guards with false word of reinforcements; they knocked on his door, forced him to be governor, menaced him with guns — he refused; a volley killed him with five wounds. Ji Xiang wished to die with him; the crowd admired him and spared him. They bought a plain coffin for burial. Reported to the throne, he was posthumously made governor with the posthumous title Zhongmin.
67
石家銘，字訂西，湖南湘潭人。 治刑名，遊滇，佐大府幕，凡邊防扼塞及通商各國科條章約靡不諳究。 雲南自界連英、法領土，交涉尤繁，文書往復，惟家銘隨方應付，動中翾要，歷任總督皆倚重之，以縣丞累擢知府。 宣統元年，補昭通，三年，調澂江，尋改開化。 視事數月，審結滯獄數百起，多所平反。 九月十五日，巡道所募新兵驟變，署中僅哨弁李世清率衛兵二十人守禦，相持竟夜，子彈盡，仰藥不死； 和金屑服之，又不死； 乃令世清燃火油，以身投入，世清哭隨之，遂共焚死。 世清，雲南人。
Shi Jiaming, styled Dingxi, came from Xiangtan in Hunan. Skilled in criminal law, he served in Yunnan grandee staffs and mastered border defenses, passes, and treaty provisions of every trading nation. Yunnan bordered British and French lands and foreign affairs were heavy; Jiaming alone handled correspondence with sure judgment; successive governors relied on him and he rose from county assistant to prefect. In Xuantong 1 he was appointed to Zhaotong; in the third year to Chengjiang, soon to Kaihua. Within months he cleared several hundred backlog cases, reversing many judgments. On the fifteenth of the ninth month patrol-circuit recruits mutinied; only Li Shiqing with twenty guards held the yamen through the night until ammunition ran out; poison failed; gold filings also failed; he ordered Shiqing to pour lamp oil and threw himself in; Shiqing wept and followed, and both burned. Shiqing was a Yunnan native.
68
琦璘，滿洲鑲紅旗人。 由部曹選授雲南澂江府知府，調補順寧，嚴正廉潔，對屬吏不少假借。 省城兵變，正籌議集兵往剿。 先是順寧縣令蕭貴祥疏脫要犯，援例上劾，貴祥銜之。 至是結巡防營乘不備入城，貴祥假他事請琦璘至文昌廟會議，突起圍之。 琦璘理喻不退，遂大罵，眾怒，遽開槍擊殺之。 城中大亂，貴祥遁去。
Qilin was a Bordered Red Banner Manchu. Selected from the ministry for Chengjiang, transferred to Shunning — stern, upright, and unsparing to subordinates. When the capital mutinied he was planning to gather troops to suppress it. Earlier Shunning magistrate Xiao Guixiang had let an important criminal escape; Qilin memorialized against him by regulation, and Guixiang resented it. Now he joined the patrol battalion, seized the city unprepared, and on a pretext lured Qilin to Wenchang Temple and surrounded him. Qilin reasoned with them in vain, cursed loudly, and the mob shot him dead. The city fell into chaos and Guixiang fled.
69
毛汝霖，字澤卿，四川成都人。 雲南候補知州。 宣統三年，榷永昌府釐金，代行知府事。 九月初六日，騰越兵變，永昌民大震，集民團守禦。 十二日，電傳省城變作，知事不可為，仰藥死。 營官羅某，民軍入城，不屈被害，碎其屍。
Mao Rulin, styled Zeqing, came from Chengdu in Sichuan. Expectant Yunnan magistrate. In Xuantong 3 he collected Yongchang likin and acted as prefect. On the sixth of the ninth month Tengyue mutinied; Yongchang people gathered militia to defend. On the twelfth a telegram reported the capital's fall; knowing all was lost, he took poison. Camp officer Luo, when revolutionary troops entered, refused to yield and was killed; his body was dismembered.
70
胡國瑞，字瓊笙，湖南攸縣人。 舉人。 光緒二十九年，挑知縣，發雲南。 始攝霑益知州，清積訟逾百。 三十三年，署彌勒，縣多盜，易八令不能治，告戍將：「我行，君繼之，出不意，可擒也。」 如其策，破賊巢，擒其渠斬之。 明年大潦，蠲賑並舉，以循績上聞，被旨嘉獎。 旋補江川，擢大關廳同知，皆未之任。 時請修墓歸里，既受代矣，變作，遣家屬作，寓子書曰：「省垣不守，布政使被戕，餘無殉節者。 臣子之義，萬古為昭。 予雖無守土責，然實官也。 俟北信，當死即死。」 旬日後，訛傳京師破，明日有汲於署東井者，井上有雙履，往視之，則屹立井中死矣，背有遺書，曰：「自經不死，又復投井。」 又書曰：「京師淪陷，用以身殉。 達人不取，愚者終不失為愚。」 於是縣吏棺斂之，邑人請封其井，題曰胡公井。
Hu Guorui, styled Qiongsheng, came from You County in Hunan. He was a provincial graduate. In Guangxu 29 he was selected for magistrate and posted to Yunnan. He first acted as Zhanyi prefect and cleared more than a hundred backlog suits. In the thirty-third year at Mile, rife with bandits that eight magistrates had failed to control, he told the garrison general, "When I go, you follow — surprise them and we can take them." As planned they destroyed the nest and beheaded the chief. The next year great floods came; he remitted taxes and gave relief and was praised by imperial edict. Soon appointed Jiangchuan magistrate and promoted Daguan sub-prefect — he took neither post. Having handed over his post and sent his family away to repair tombs, when revolt broke out he wrote his son, "The capital is lost; the treasurer was killed; none else died for principle. The duty of subject and minister shines through the ages. Though I have no soil to defend, I am still an official. When word comes from the north I shall die when I must." Ten days later false word said Beijing had fallen; the next day shoes lay by the eastern yamen well; he stood dead in the well with a note, "Hanging failed — I threw myself in again." Another note said, "The capital is lost — I give my body for the state. The wise may disapprove — yet the fool is still not lost as a fool." Clerks coffined him; locals sealed the well and named it Master Hu's Well.
71
張舜琴，字竹軒，雲南石屏州人。 舉人，選昆明縣訓導。 講正學，尚名節，士皆敬之，擢順寧府教授。 事繼母孝，迎養學舍，顏其堂曰「不冷」。 監師範學校，人疑舜琴改平時宗旨，及觀其學規嚴肅，壹準禮法，皆翕服。 外國教習亦僉曰：「張先生正人。」 學使葉爾愷調充學務議紳。 變作，有令剪髮，即夕闔戶仰藥死。
Zhang Shunqin, styled Zhuxuan, came from Shiping in Yunnan. A provincial graduate, he was selected instructor of Kunming County. He taught orthodox learning and prized integrity; scholars respected him; he was promoted Shunning professor. Filial to his stepmother, he housed her in the school and named the hall "Not Cold." Supervising the normal school, some suspected he had changed; seeing regulations strict and wholly ritual, all submitted. Foreign instructors also said, "Mr. Zhang is an upright man." Education Commissioner Ye Erkai made him education deliberative gentry. When revolution broke out and queue-cutting was ordered, that evening he closed his door and took poison.
72
鍾麟同，字建堂，山東濟寧州人。 威海武備學堂畢業。 治軍嚴整，累保道員。 以嘗從軍龍州，調入滇，充陸軍第十九鎮統制官。 宣統三年九月初九日，七十三標兵變，夜半，自北校場入城。 麟同率衛隊扼五華山，手發機關砲，斃者數百，而七十四標駐巫家壩者應之，更迭戰山下。 軍械局員陰與之合，移巨砲城上，攻五華，蟻附上，衛隊傷亡多，子彈亦盡，突圍轉戰，慨然曰：「身為統將，乃破壞至此，何面目生存耶？」 以手槍自擊而僕，變軍碎其屍，剖心噉之。 上聞，有「忠骸支解，慘不忍聞」之諭，諡忠壯。
Zhong Lintong, styled Jiantang, came from Jining in Shandong. He graduated from the Weihai military academy. He governed troops strictly and was repeatedly recommended to intendant. Having campaigned at Longzhou he was transferred to Yunnan as commander of the Nineteenth Division. On the ninth of the ninth month of Xuantong 3 the seventy-third regiment mutinied and entered the city at midnight from the north parade ground. Lintong led guards on Wuhua Hill, firing machine guns and killing hundreds; the seventy-fourth at Wujia Dam answered and they fought in relays below. Arsenal men joined them, moved heavy guns to the wall, stormed Wuhua, and swarmed up; guards fell, ammunition ran out; breaking out he said, "As commander to be broken thus — what face to live?" He shot himself; mutineers dismembered him and ate his heart. The throne mourned "loyal remains dismembered — too cruel to hear" and gave the posthumous title Zhongzhuang.
73
同時死難者：輜重營管帶範鍾岳，字靜甫，直隸鹽山人，力戰死； 七十二標標統羅鴻奎，直隸天津人，被執不屈死； 七十四標副官張之泮，直隸河間人，遇毒死； 七十二標第三營管帶張恩福，直隸靜海人，大罵被害。
Those who died with him: transport battalion commander Fan Zhongyue of Yanshan, Zhili, died fighting; seventy-second regiment commander Luo Hongkui of Tianjin was seized and died unyielding; seventy-fourth regiment deputy Zhang Zhipan of Hejian died by poison; seventy-second third-battalion commander Zhang Enfu of Jinghai was killed after loud curses.
74
孔繁琴，字韻笙，安徽合肥人。 以文童投武衛軍，入武備學堂，畢業，充哨官。 庚子拳亂，扈兩宮西狩，與兄繁錦殿後，奪迴龍泉關，名以起。 嘗調廣西幫辦紹字營，駐柳州。 營本降匪改編，將調入城，疑而譁變，戕統軍，繁琴奮擊之，殲甚眾。 又調廣東管帶巡防隊。 惠州匪聲言欲投誠，脅紳求一見，繁琴盛服單騎往，覺有異，出匕首刺之，立斃。 匪黨將致死，援者至，乃免。 地方亦以匪首死，始不復擾。 歷保知縣，宣統元年，調雲南，充蒙個防軍分統。 以勞補靖邊同知，又以賑獎知府。 民軍之變，獨率一營扼普雄。 軍至，急與戰，死甚眾。 已而左膝中彈傷，弁兵請退，怒，以槍擊之，所部遂潰，僅七人死守不去。 民軍中有素重繁琴者說之，又以槍斃數人。 乃大憤，發一槍，問：「降否？」 曰：「不降。」 累問之，答如故。 至十三槍，乃中要害死。 管帶張榮魁與繁琴本同學，是日亦戰死。 榮魁亦安徽人。
Kong Fanqin, styled Yunsheng, came from Hefei in Anhui. As a youth he joined the Guards Army, entered the military academy, graduated, and became platoon officer. In the 1900 Boxer turmoil he escorted the court west; with his brother Fanjin he brought up the rear, recaptured Longquan Pass, and his fame rose. He was transferred to Guangxi to assist the Shao battalion, stationed at Liuzhou. The unit was reorganized bandits; ordered into the city they mutinied and killed the commander; Fanqin counterattacked and destroyed many. He was again transferred to Guangdong to command the patrol force. Huizhou bandits claimed surrender and forced gentry to arrange a meeting; Fanqin went alone in full dress, sensed treachery, stabbed the chief with a dagger, and killed him instantly. Bandits were about to kill him when rescuers arrived and he was spared. With the bandit chief dead the region was no longer troubled. Recommended repeatedly to magistrate, in Xuantong 1 he was transferred to Yunnan as deputy commander of the Mengge border army. For merit he was made acting Jingbian sub-prefect and rewarded with prefect for famine relief. When revolutionary troops mutinied he alone held Puxiong with one battalion. When the enemy arrived he fought immediately; many fell. His left knee was shot; officers begged retreat; he struck them with his gun in rage; the unit broke; only seven men held on. Some in the revolutionary army who respected Fanqin pleaded for him; he shot several more dead. Furious, he fired and asked, "Will you surrender?" He said, "No." Asked again and again, he answered the same. At the thirteenth shot a vital spot was hit and he died. Battalion commander Zhang Rongkui, Fanqin's schoolmate, also died that day. Rongkui was also from Anhui.
75
王振畿，字化東，山東滕縣人。 天津武備學堂畢業，充哨長，累擢至統領，改道員，入滇，總辦兵備處，治軍有節制。 變作，欲墜城死，僅傷左股，遂被執。 勸降不從，見害。
Wang Zhenji, styled Huadong, came from Teng County in Shandong. A Tianjin academy graduate, he rose from platoon leader to commanding general and intendant, entered Yunnan, headed military preparations, and kept strict discipline. When revolt broke out he tried to throw himself from the wall but only wounded his thigh and was seized. Urged to surrender he refused and was killed.
76
張嘉鈺，字武平，湖南鳳凰廳人。 起世職，累官至總兵。 宣統三年，署騰越鎮。 武昌變
Zhang Jiayu, styled Wuping, came from Fenghuang in Hunan. From hereditary office he rose to regional commander. In Xuantong 3 he acted as Tengyue garrison commander. When Wuchang revolted
77
起，有自省遺嘉銍書諷其達時變者，嘉鈺謂：「我所知者，與城存亡而已，其他非我所能行，亦非所忍聞也。」 未幾，騰越防軍起應民軍，九月初六日圍鎮署，出堂皇彈壓，兵猝入，被戕。
some sent a Yunnan letter mocking his failure to adapt; Jiayu said, "I know only to live or die with the city — the rest I cannot do or bear to hear." Soon Tengyue garrison troops joined the revolution; on the sixth of the ninth month they besieged the yamen; he came out to suppress them and was killed.
78
陈兆棠，字樹甘，湖南桂陽州人。 父士傑，山東巡撫，自有傳。 宣統三年，兆棠官惠州府知府。 九月，粵中黨人起應武昌，總督張鳴岐遁香港，民軍遂踞省城，設軍政府。 潮州鎮趙國賢自盡死，所統防軍擾亂，守、道、知縣皆逃。 士民懼，堅留兆棠收撫防軍，部署未定，二十八日，民黨糾眾攻府署，火及宅門，左右挾兆棠出。 民軍懸賞購執，令輸餉十萬貸死，兆棠曰：「死則死耳，安有鉅金助爾謀反？」 眾怒，縛之柱，中十三槍乃絕。 國賢自有傳。
Chen Zhaotang, styled Shugan, came from Guiyang in Hunan. His father Shijie, Shandong governor, has a separate biography. In Xuantong 3 Zhaotang was Huizhou prefect. In the ninth month Guangdong rose with Wuchang; Governor Zhang Mingqi fled to Hong Kong; revolutionaries seized the capital and set up a military government. Chaozhou commander Zhao Guoxian killed himself; his defense army fell into disorder; prefects and magistrates fled. Fearing chaos, locals kept Zhaotang to pacify the army; on the twenty-eighth party men attacked the yamen; fire reached his gate; attendants dragged him out. Revolutionaries offered a reward and demanded a hundred thousand taels for his life; Zhaotang said, "Death is death — what great gold would aid your rebellion?" The mob bound him to a pillar; thirteen shots killed him. Guoxian has a separate biography.
79
馮汝楨，字萊雲，浙江桐鄉人。 以諸生捐知縣，發廣東。 榷商讞獄，咸舉其職。 宣統三年七月，攝西寧。 廣州變起，黨軍闖縣署，脅汝楨懸白旗示歸順，持不可。 俄而槍聲作，乃朝衣冠出大堂，眾爭前，槍刃交集，洞胸穿肋，斷右臂，死之。
Feng Ruzhen, styled Laiyun, came from Tongxiang in Zhejiang. A licentiate, he purchased magistrate and was posted to Guangdong. In likin collection and judging cases he fulfilled every duty. In the seventh month of Xuantong 3 he acted in Xining. When Guangzhou rose revolutionaries burst into the yamen and forced him to fly a white flag; he refused. Gunfire broke out; he came out in court dress; the crowd rushed in; blades and guns crossed; his chest and ribs were pierced, his right arm severed — he died.
80
何承珍，字性存，湖南湘潭人。 少治說文學。 光緒六年，學政陶方琦按臨長沙，以漯字為題，承珍徵引詳贍，文譽以起。 光緒季年，廣東陸路提督秦炳直招入幕，於軍事多所贊畫。 時提督駐惠州，以總稽查任之。 宣統三年八月，革命軍起，惠及鄰境匪皆蠢動。 聞營官有通敵者，密告炳直，而營務處劉殿元以全力讓主帥自任，否則偕死。 承珍感其意，以首觸地謝之。 亡何，餉匱薪米竭，援師不至，承珍以死自誓。 城陷，夕歸私室，自書絕命時日，置衣帶中，並遺書誡子，自經死。 炳直上聞，以「忠義可嘉」褒之。
He Chengzhen, styled Xingcun, came from Xiangtan in Hunan. In youth he studied etymology. In Guangxu 6 Education Commissioner Tao Fangqi examined at Changsha with the character luo as topic; Chengzhen cited sources fully and his reputation rose. In late Guangxu Guangdong commander Qin Bingzhi recruited him and he often advised on military affairs. The commander was at Huizhou and made him chief inspector. In the eighth month of Xuantong 3 revolution broke out; Huizhou and neighboring bandits stirred. Learning a camp officer contacted the enemy he reported to Bingzhi; Liu Dianyuan yielded full authority to the commander or would die with him. Moved, Chengzhen kowtowed in thanks. Soon pay, firewood, and grain were gone and no relief came; Chengzhen vowed to die. When the city fell he wrote his time of death, put it in his belt, left a letter to his son, and hanged himself. Bingzhi reported upward and praised his "loyalty and righteousness."
81
白如鏡，字顯齋，隸鑲黃旗漢軍。 由筆帖式補鑾儀衛官，出為興寧營都司。 宣統元年，署潮州左營游擊，兵變不屈死。
Bai Rujing, styled Xianzhai, belonged to the Bordered Yellow Banner Hanjun. From clerk he entered the Imperial Bodyguard and became Xingning battalion commander. In Xuantong 1 he acted as Chaozhou left-battalion vice-commander and died unyielding in mutiny.
82
何培清，字鏡亭，廣東歸善人。 入提標，補千總。 光緒三十四年，領連和防營，提督秦炳直才之。 調博羅，剿羅桂幫匪，盡殲之。 會鄂變，粵應之，民軍猝集，攻博羅。 培清以三百人登陴守兩晝夜，敵不得逞。 奸民開門迎民軍，執培清，不欲死之。 甫出，猝遇羅桂餘黨，出不意，狙擊死之。
He Peiqing, styled Jingting, came from Guishan in Guangdong. He entered the provincial command and became company commander. In Guangxu 34 he led the Lianhe defense battalion; Commander Qin Bingzhi valued him. At Boluo he suppressed the Luogui gang and destroyed them. When Hubei rose Guangdong followed; revolutionaries suddenly attacked Boluo. Peiqing with three hundred men held the walls two days and nights; the enemy could not break in. Traitors opened the gate; Peiqing was seized but they did not mean to kill him. Just outside he met Luogui remnants who ambushed and shot him dead.
83
時又有黃兆熊者，名家玟，以字行，湖南湘潭人。 久從秦炳直為惠安水師營哨官。 博羅既失，民軍薄惠州，兆熊被調入城守，三日目不交睫。 城陷，傳提督被害，悲愴不欲生。 時全城搶攘，獨攜槍至城堞間，以足趾觸槍機，洞貫胸腹死。
There was also Huang Zhaoxiong, known by his style Jiawen, from Xiangtan in Hunan. He had long served Qin Bingzhi as a Huian naval platoon officer. After Boluo fell revolutionaries pressed Huizhou; Zhaoxiong was called in to defend and went three days without sleep. When the city fell word said the commander was killed; grief-stricken he did not wish to live. While the city rioted he alone took his gun to the wall, fired with his toe on the trigger, and shot himself through chest and belly.
84
張德潤，南雄人。 以千總充香山巡防營管帶官。 革軍入縣城，守南門力戰，援絕被執，殺之，投屍江中。 嘉應州游擊柏某，時亦以兵變遇難。
Zhang Derun came from Nanxiong. As company commander he led the Xiangshan patrol battalion. When revolutionaries entered he defended the south gate; cut off he was seized, killed, and thrown in the river. Jiaying vice-commander Bo, name lost, also died in mutiny.
85
張振德，並失其籍。 廣西候補知府，充巡防隊統領。 十月，潯州亂，率師至黃茅規進剿，眾寡不敵，中槍死。 時南寧府知府攝思恩府舒志，亦以兵變死之。
Zhang Zhende — his native place is also lost. Expectant Guangxi prefect commanding the patrol force. In the tenth month Xunzhou revolted; he led troops to Huangmao to suppress; outnumbered he was shot dead. Nanning prefect acting Si'en prefect Shu Zhi also died in mutiny.
86
來秀，字樂三，姓聶格里氏，滿洲鑲藍旗人。 由繙譯生考取筆帖式，歷官刑部，屢決疑獄。 充軍機章京。 光緒三十三年，出知汀州府。 大吏議加汀鹽價，力爭罷。 武昌事起，福建響應，總督松壽殉難，全省無主。 來秀在官多惠政，士紳憂來秀滿洲，為人指目，謁請護避汕頭，來秀以大義自矢，不之允。 九月三十日，郡城驟懸白旗。 來秀知事不可回，朝服坐大堂，北向叩頭，仰藥死。 松壽自有傳。
Laixiu, styled Lesan, of the Nieligeli clan, was a Bordered Blue Banner Manchu. From translation student to clerk he served in the Ministry of Justice and repeatedly decided doubtful cases. He served as Grand Council secretary. In Guangxu 33 he became Tingzhou prefect. Grandees proposed raising Ting salt prices; he argued and stopped it. When Wuchang rose Fujian followed; Governor Song Shou died and the province was headless. Laixiu had many benevolent policies; gentry feared his Manchu origin and urged refuge at Shantou; he refused on principle. On the thirtieth of the ninth month the city suddenly flew white flags. Knowing all was lost, he sat in court dress in the main hall, kowtowed north, and took poison. Song Shou has a separate biography.
87
劉念慈，字晉芝，湖北鍾祥人。 由廩生選教諭，俸滿，以知縣發福建，補永安。 福州既亂，土匪倚山險，聚眾數百人，念慈募勇督剿。 匪負嵎抵抗，勇被槍死，念慈亦重傷，為匪擁去，索銀幣取贖。 念慈即間遣人持絕命書歸，且曰：「慎毋來贖，以增羞貽累！」 卒絕粒不食死。
Liu Nianci, styled Jinzhi, came from Zhongxiang in Hubei. From government student to instructor, then posted to Fujian as magistrate of Yong'an. After Fuzhou fell, mountain bandits gathered hundreds; Nianci recruited braves to suppress them. Bandits held strong ground; braves were shot; Nianci was badly wounded, seized, and ransom demanded. He secretly sent a farewell letter home: "Do not ransom me — do not add shame and burden!" He starved himself to death.
88
李秉鈞，漢軍正白旗人。 由謄錄敘知縣，選泰宁，有治聲。 革命變作，慨然曰：「國亡與亡，義也！ 第縣治無官，民將失所。」 召紳士議保衛，法既定，仰藥死。 繼妻烏蘇氏亦抑藥殉之。
Li Bingjun was a Plain White Banner Hanjun. From copyist to magistrate he was assigned Taining and governed well. When revolution broke out he said, "When the state perishes I perish — that is duty! But if the county lacks an official the people will be lost." He summoned gentry to plan defense; when the plan was set he took poison. His second wife, Lady Wusu, also took poison and died with him.
89
王榮綬，字笛青，湖南善化人。 以軍功起家，官甘肅。 光緒二十八年，改選連江縣知縣，嚴於捕緝，黨人莫敢留縣境。 受代寓省城，被拘至軍政府，責以前事，抗辭不屈，被害。
Wang Rongshou, styled Diqing, came from Shanhua in Hunan. He rose through military merit and served in Gansu. In Guangxu 28 he became Lianjiang magistrate, strict in pursuit; revolutionaries dared not stay in the county. After leaving office he lodged in the capital, was seized by the military government, rebuked for past acts, resisted, and was killed.
90
定煊，福州駐防。 諸生。 有幹略，官佐領。 武昌變起，將軍樸壽日料軍實、簡卒伍。 旗民能勝兵者，皆授以兵，而任定煊為捷勝營管帶，日夕操練。 防軍圖變，於九月十八日，揚言旗營將開砲洗城以懼眾。 四鼓，砲聲隆起，分撲軍、督兩署。 樸壽親督所部血戰兩晝夜，防禦長瑞、驍騎校巴揚阿主軍書，發憤從戰，相繼殞於陣。 前者僵，後者繼，變軍不支，漸引卻。 偵利槍巨業皆在於山，定煊從樸壽於二十日夕，短衣草屨，督死士襲山壘，深入，中砲死。
Dingxuan was stationed at the Fuzhou garrison. He was a licentiate. Capable and resourceful, he held company commander rank. When Wuchang rose General Pusou daily inspected stores and selected troops. Able bannermen were armed and Dingxuan was made Jiesheng battalion commander, drilling constantly. Defense troops plotted mutiny; on the eighteenth of the ninth month they claimed the banner camp would shell the city. At the fourth watch guns fired and they stormed the military and governor's offices. Pusou led two days and nights of bloody fighting; Changrui and Bayang'a fought furiously and both fell in turn. As leaders fell others took their place; mutineers gave ground and withdrew. Fine arms were on the hill; on the twentieth evening Dingxuan in plain dress led dare-to-die men to storm it and was killed by cannon.
91
長瑞、巴揚阿均繙譯舉人，同隸駐防之前鋒森俊、蘇都裡、達哈使、尚阿里，領催桂斌、慶銘，舉人松音，均陣亡。 教員麟瑞，舉人裕彤與兄筆帖式裕豐，族兄哨官鑠欽額，均殉難。 樸壽自有傳。
Changrui and Bayang'a were translation graduates; vanguard officers, levy chiefs, and graduate Songyin also fell. Instructor Linrui, graduate Yutong, clerk Yufeng, and cousin platoon officer Shuoe'e all perished. Pusou has a separate biography.
92
王有宏，字金波，直隸天津人。 同治五年，投效銘軍，充兵目。 自平定發、捻餘孽，與剿台灣番法人攻台灣諸役，均隨軍有功，擢至游擊。 日本渝盟，奏調山海關辦防務。 和議成，入江南防營，以緝梟匪勞，記名總兵。 江蘇巡撫鹿傳霖器之，從入秦，扈從兩宮回鑾。 尋為河南巡撫張人駿奏留，倚以練軍。 人駿督兩廣，移督兩江，皆從。 管江南緝捕營，兼統總督衛隊。 宣統三年八月，湖北告變，檄統選鋒十營會提督張勛江防軍守江寧，嘗請率三千人赴滬守製造局，斷蘇、杭鐵道，未果。 無何，江蘇巡撫程德全宣布獨立，率兵攻江寧，提督張勛與戰，頗勝，而變軍別出一支攻督署，有宏以機關砲擊卻之。 十月初旬，德全以江浙聯軍至，麕集薄城，有宏馳出通濟門，以三百人戰。 民軍以遠鏡測知有宏所在，發槍，子中左腹，猶植立，督軍士進擊，左右舁至醫院，乃絕。 電聞，贈太子少保，諡壯武。
Wang Youhong, styled Jinbo, came from Tianjin in Zhili. In Tongzhi 5 he joined the Ming army as a soldier. From suppressing Nian and Taiping remnants to the French Taiwan campaign he served with merit and rose to brigade vice-commander. When Japan broke the alliance he was sent to Shanhaiguan for coastal defense. After peace he joined Jiangnan defense and was noted for regional commander for suppressing salt smugglers. Governor Lu Chuanlin valued him; he followed to Shaanxi and escorted the court home. Henan Governor Zhang Renjun retained him to drill troops. He followed Renjun to Guangdong and then the two Jiangs. He commanded Jiangnan arrest forces and the governor's guard. In the eighth month of Xuantong 3 Hubei revolted; he led ten battalions with Zhang Xun to guard Jiangning and once proposed three thousand men for Shanghai and cutting the railway — denied. Governor Cheng Dequan declared independence and attacked Jiangning; Zhang Xun fought well, but mutineers struck the governor's yamen; Youhong repelled them with machine guns. In early the tenth month the Jiangsu-Zhejiang allied army pressed the city; Youhong rode out Tongji Gate with three hundred men. Revolutionaries spotted him with telescopes and shot him in the left belly; he still stood directing the fight until carried to hospital and died. By telegraph he was posthumously made Junior Guardian with the title Zhuangwu.
93
何師程，字云門。 由襲騎都尉擢副將，保總兵，補江南督標中軍。 十月十二日，寧垣陷，自戕。
He Shicheng, styled Yunmen. From hereditary commandant he rose to deputy general and commanded the Jiangnan governor's middle army. On the twelfth of the tenth month Ning fell and he killed himself.
94
黃凱臣，本名彩，以字行，江蘇江都人。 入徐寶山虎字營為哨官，敘功至游擊，以事去職，至賣茶自給。 武昌變起，江寧將軍鐵良添募十營助城守，凱臣領其一。 省城既陷，各營相約懸白旗，凱臣語所親曰：「城不守，而相率降附，吾實恥之！」 聯軍至，橫刀大呼殺敵，馳入陣，被戕。
Huang Kaichen, born Cai, known by his style, came from Jiangdu in Jiangsu. He joined Xu Baoshan's Tiger Battalion, rose to brigade vice-commander, left office, and sold tea for a living. When Wuchang rose General Tie Liang raised ten defense battalions; Kaichen led one. When the capital fell battalions agreed to fly white flags; Kaichen told intimates, "The city is lost yet they surrender — I am ashamed!" When allies came he drew his blade, shouted to kill the enemy, charged in, and was killed.
95
戚從雲，徐州人。 由行伍官千總，隸江蘇巡防營，以能緝捕名。 蘇、滬獨立時，從雲率巡防一營駐黃渡，抵抗不從，遂為民軍所戕。
Qi Congyun came from Xuzhou. From the ranks he became company commander in Jiangsu patrol forces, famed for pursuit. When Jiangsu and Shanghai declared independence he held Huangdu, refused to submit, and was killed.
96
盛成，字挹軒，本荊州駐防。 同治初，金陵克復，調江寧，由驍騎校累擢鑲黃旗佐領。 民軍攻江寧，知城不可守，約知交城破各挈孥就火藥庫，謀同死。 十月十一日，城破，有言繳械免死者，眾要盛成往，不應，率子婦趙，孫國瑞，女三，赴藥庫，攜酒痛飲，炷香以待炸發。
Sheng Cheng, styled Yixuan, was originally from the Jingzhou garrison. In early Tongzhi, when Jinling was recovered, he was transferred to Jiangning and rose to Bordered Yellow Banner company commander. When revolutionaries attacked Jiangning he knew the city was lost and agreed with friends to bring their families to the powder magazine and die together. On the eleventh the city fell; some offered surrender; he refused, led daughter-in-law Zhao, grandson Guorui, three daughters to the magazine, drank, lit incense, and waited to die.
97
哈郎阿，字叔芬。 素與盛成善，聞之，亦挈妻張，子成仁、成義，女一，往，同時熸焉。 旁近旗民無老幼男婦，巨響一震，死不知數。
Halang'a, styled Shufen. Close to Sheng Cheng, he brought wife Zhang, sons Chengren and Chengyi, and a daughter, and all burned together. Nearby banner people of every age — one great blast killed untold numbers.
98
南山，字壽民。 充貼寫，累擢防禦。 初從將軍鐵良駐軍北極閣，城破，知同僚集都統署，馳入，言曰：「吾輩受國厚恩，今宜發天良，背城一戰。 不濟，則以死繼之！」 無應者。 出召軍士語如前，亦無應者。 恚甚，發槍自擊死。 妻某，聞南山殉節，抱其子縱火自焚死。
Nanshan, styled Shoumin. A copyist, he rose to garrison defense officer. He followed General Tie Liang at Beiji Pavilion; when the city fell he went to the commandant's office and said, "We owe the state great grace — we should fight with our backs to the wall. If we fail, we die in turn!" No one answered. He summoned soldiers with the same words — again no answer. Enraged, he shot himself. His wife, hearing of his death, embraced her son and burned herself.
99
培秀，字希賢。 先以襁褓子授其戚，以阿芙蓉膏飲一女、一侄女，夫婦自焚死。
Peixiu, styled Xixian. He gave his infant to a kinsman, gave opium to a girl and niece, and he and his wife burned themselves.
100
防禦松柏與妻、子、女八人，驍騎校恩鈞夫婦，副前鋒寶林全家，防禦長年，均自焚死。 隸某旗洪某，聞變，先以妻女投官井，與同居劉永祥闔室舉火自焚。 洪失其名，永祥，微者也。 中學教習興發，約同營前鋒錦秀同投塘水死。 小學校長富勒渾布，嘗以世濁獨清，誓與屈靈均為伍，有欲縛獻民軍者，躍入水，猶抗聲語曰：「吾今日遂吾志矣！」 不受援，死。 防禦嚴德海，驍騎校愛仁阿、榮生，均率妻、女、子、婦，千總色勒善夫婦，佐領廣照，世職關秀昆，相率投水死。 防禦果仁布，城破自盡。 世職鹿鳴，自經死。 隊官汝霖、彭興，教練官恩錫，執事官魁穠，均以不屈被害。
Garrison officers Songbai, Enjun, Baolin's family, and Changnian all burned themselves. Bannerman Hong, hearing of revolt, drowned wife and daughters in the official well, then burned with Liu Yongxiang's household. Hong's name is lost; Yongxiang was obscure. Middle-school instructor Xingfa agreed with vanguard Jinxiu to drown in the pond. Principal Fulehunbu, who had vowed purity like Qu Yuan, leapt into water when men would hand him over, crying, "Today I fulfill my wish!" He refused rescue and died. Yandehai, Airen'a, Rongsheng, and many others with their families threw themselves into the water. Garrison defense Guorenbu killed himself when the city fell. Hereditary officer Luming hanged himself. Company officers Rulin and Pengxing, drill officer Enxi, and attendant Kuinong were killed unyielding.
101
陣亡者，為驍騎校趙金泉，教練官鵬興，排長海祥，砲隊官趙壽昌。 被戕者，千總富有，世職金珍、祥泰、韓萬興、鴻錫、侯恩、俊卜、金海、永潮、韓萬富，文生衣吉斯渾。
Fallen in battle: Zhao Jinquan, Pengxing, Haixiang, and Zhao Shouchang. Killed: Fuyou, many hereditary officers, and student Yijisihun.
102
凡旗兵戰死及眷屬與難見姓名者數百人。 事定，掩埋叢塚凡十三處，其數不可稽。 生員長明，以在杭州武備學堂肄業，為同學斫之死。
Several hundred banner soldiers and dependents died or perished by name. Afterward thirteen mass burial mounds were made — the count cannot be verified. Student Changming, at the Hangzhou military academy, was hacked to death by classmates.
103
桂城，字仲籓，姓伊布杼克氏，蒙古鑲紅旗人，世京口駐防。 由生員入武備學堂，考送日本振武、士官諸學校。 入聯隊實習，調江寧為憲兵協軍校，管陸軍警察營。 宣統三年九月，變作，遺妻、子槍令自裁； 族人在軍者，咸勗以大義。 時第九鎮統制徐紹楨駐秣陵關，往謁，知桂城不與同志也，拘荒祠中。 新軍敗雨花台，遷怒桂城，擁之出，中數槍死。 後二年，補諡剛愍。
Guicheng, styled Zhongfan, of the Yibuzhuoke clan, was a Bordered Red Banner Mongol garrisoned at Jingkou. A licentiate, he entered the military academy and was sent to Japan's Shinbu and officer schools. After internship he became Jiangning gendarmerie company officer and commanded the army police battalion. In the ninth month of Xuantong 3, when revolt broke out, he left guns for wife and son to kill themselves; kinsmen in the army were urged to duty. Ninth Division commander Xu Shaozhen was at Moling Pass; Guicheng visited him, was known to oppose the cause, and was held in a ruined temple. When the new army lost at Yuhuatai they dragged Guicheng out and shot him dead. Two years later he received the posthumous title Gangmin.
104
延浩，字子餘，蒙古鄂依羅特氏，漢姓文。 既老，赤面白須，善騎射，如少年。 官協領，以原品食俸。 載穆殉節，默不語，具衣冠北面再拜，僵臥不食卒。
Yanhao, styled Ziyu, of the Eoyiluote Mongols, Han surname Wen. Though old, red-faced and white-bearded, he rode and shot like a youth. He was battalion commander on his original salary. When Zaimu died for integrity he dressed formally, kowtowed north, lay down, refused food, and died.
105
文蔚，字子貞，蒙古人。 同治初，從將軍都興阿軍，累擢佐領。 變作，家人勸出避，誓死不應。 一夕，痛飲，哭不止，家人謂其醉也，中夜遽卒，蓋陰以毒物自戕矣，年八十。
Wenwei, styled Zizhen, was a Mongol. In early Tongzhi he followed General Duxing'a and rose to company commander. When revolt broke out family urged flight; he vowed to die. One night he drank and wept; at midnight he died — secretly poisoned — aged eighty.
106
協領佘世寬，驍騎校恩厚、同源，佐領春濤、延熙，防禦貴慶、延福，前鋒錦章、炳炎，領催東皋、德慶、延昌、松廷、三元、錫昌，雲騎尉良，師範學校校長崇樸，生員崇椿，同以絕食死。 防禦吉瑞嘔血死。 領催德霈自經死。 前鋒鍾祥、達邦，領催慶耀、升奎、國能、殿倫、發昆，五品頂戴發元，生員穆都哩，同自經死。 前鋒德尚，領催清泰，投江死。 舉人恩沛，吞玻璃死。 佐領榮康、德興、普亮，前鋒國棟、和庸及弟啟瑞，領催文光、延熙及弟延本、海春，恩騎尉延章、西登布，武舉人炳南，生員喜德，師範畢業生錫蕃，均受傷死。 安徽縣丞壽餘及二子德興、德祚，同日遇害。 其被調江寧者，排長國權、海靖、文馨、啟貞，與桂城同日死。 排長炳升，守北城戰死。 馬兵那康元，遇敵軍南門，搜軍械，不服，縛於樹，支解死。
Many officers including She Shikuan, Enhou, Chongpu, and Chongchun starved themselves. Garrison defense Jirui died vomiting blood. Levy chief Depei hanged himself. Zhongxiang, Dabang, many levy chiefs, Fayuan, and Mudouli hanged themselves. Vanguard Deshang and levy chief Qingtai drowned themselves. Graduate Enpei swallowed glass and died. Rongkang, Dexing, Guodong, and many others died of wounds. Anhui assistant Shouyu and sons Dexing and Dezuo were killed the same day. Platoon leaders Guoquan, Haijing, Wenxin, and Qizhen, transferred to Jiangning, died with Guicheng. Platoon leader Bingsheng died defending the north wall. Cavalryman Nakangyuan at the south gate refused a arms search, was bound to a tree, and dismembered.
107
高謙，字敬亭，湖南沅江人。 同治季年，從左宗棠度隴司書記，以勞保縣丞，發安徽。 光緒八年，宗棠督兩江，委謙淮北督銷分局，連任十有七年，鹽商饋遺皆不受； 受代，典衣裘而行：商民頌之。 三十三年，補安徽阜陽縣丞，清嚴不妄入民間一錢，知縣有過舉，輒陰為規正，民尤愛戴之。 宣統三年九月二十五日，安慶變作，變兵旋入阜陽，左右勸謙引避，厲聲斥曰：「名位雖卑，大節不易，吾豈苟活者耶？」 即夕飲鴆自盡。 凌晨家人入視，則衣冠端坐，氣絕，面如生，年七十有四。 民聞之，皆走哭，議立祠祀之，因亂未果。
Gao Qian, styled Jingting, came from Yuanjiang in Hunan. In late Tongzhi he followed Zuo Zongtang west as secretary and was recommended for Anhui county assistant. In Guangxu 8 Zongtang assigned him to Huaibei salt sales for seventeen years, accepting no merchant gifts; on leaving he pawned his furs to travel — merchants praised him. In the thirty-third year he became Fuyang assistant, incorruptible; when the magistrate erred he quietly corrected him and won deep affection. On the twenty-fifth of the ninth month of Xuantong 3 Anqing rose; mutineers entered Fuyang; attendants urged flight; he rebuked them: "Rank may be low but integrity does not — am I to live in shame?" That evening he took poison. At dawn family found him seated in full dress, dead, face peaceful, aged seventy-four. People ran to weep and planned a shrine, but disorder prevented it.
108
黃為熊，字子祥，江西德化人。 由舉人挑知縣，發浙江，署於潛，再署東陽。 民好訟，積案千百，排日決事，民畏而感之。 署蘭溪，除盜匪殆盡，益興學重農。 治行上聞，被獎。 省城變作，聞之欲自裁，翌日，聞訛言謂京師陷，大慟曰：「主憂臣辱，主辱臣死，何顏見地方人民耶？」 亂民來奪縣印，正色諭之，不許，抱印自經。 僚友趨救，氣已絕，面如生。
Huang Weixiong, styled Zixiang, came from Dehua in Jiangxi. A provincial graduate, he was posted to Zhejiang, acting in Yuqian and Dongyang. Litigation was rife with thousands of backlog cases; he set days to judge; people feared and thanked him. In Lanxi he nearly wiped out bandits and promoted learning and agriculture. His record was reported upward and he was rewarded. When the capital rose he wished to die; next day false word of Beijing's fall made him say, "Ruler grieved, minister shamed — what face to show the people?" Rioters seized the seal; he rebuked them, refused, embraced the seal, and hanged himself. Colleagues came too late; he was dead, face peaceful.
109
文海，字云舫，漢軍鑲藍旗人。 由拔貢生用知縣，發浙江，一攝長興，充勸業道科長。 新軍變，入寓搜軍械，得洋槍，將縶之，文海發槍，斃一人，傷二人，出報其黨，被收，慷慨不屈，引頸受刃死。
Wen Hai, styled Yunfang, was a Bordered Blue Banner Hanjun. A tribute student, he was posted to Zhejiang, acted in Changxing, and headed an industry section. New-army mutineers found a foreign gun in his lodging; he shot one dead, wounded two, was seized, refused to yield, and died by the blade.
110
趙翰階，字春亭，山西祁縣人。 父受璧，奉天昌圖知府，有惠政。 翰階隨侍邊塞，習騎射，以任俠重鄉里。 拳匪之變，嘗乘垣斃其酋。 增韞素與習，官浙江巡撫，令充衛隊管帶。 杭垣變作，撫署被圍，率猶子趙錦標等突圍入護巡撫家屬，穴牆匿民舍。 明日，聞巡撫為新軍所拘，往救之，挈錦標持手槍出，為變兵所執，曰：「我北方男子，豈畏死者！」 遂與錦標同被害。
Zhao Hanjie, styled Chunting, came from Qi in Shanxi. His father Shoubi was Changtu prefect in Fengtian and governed benevolently. He followed his father on the frontier, learned riding and archery, and was famed for chivalry. In the Boxer turmoil he once scaled a wall and killed a chief. Governor Zeng Yun, knowing him, made him guard battalion commander. When Hangzhou rose he broke into the besieged yamen with nephew Jinbiao to protect the governor's family, hiding in a civilian house. Next day hearing the governor was held, he went to rescue with Jinbiao and pistols and was seized. He said, "I am a northern man — do I fear death?" He and Jinbiao were killed together.
111
貴林，字翰香，滿洲正紅旗人，杭州駐防。 官協領，與浙人士遊，有賢名。 浙兵變，駐防營猶抗拒，相持二日。 浙人勸罷戰，招貴林出營議事垂定，有陷之者，謂旗營反覆不可信，且誣貴林署毒各坊巷井中，變軍誘之出，槍斃之。 同出者，子量海，舉人存炳，佐領哈楚顯，同被戕。
Guilin, styled Hanxiang, was a Plain Red Banner Manchu at Hangzhou. A battalion commander, he associated with Zhejiang scholars and was known for worth. When Zhejiang mutinied the garrison resisted two days. Locals urged peace and summoned Guilin to negotiate; he was framed as poisoning wells; mutineers lured him out and shot him. His son Lianghai, graduate Cunbing, and company commander Hachuxian were also killed.
112
額特精額，字蔚如，杭營正紅旗防禦，駐守武林門。 辛亥九月十四夜，變兵強令開城，額特精額喝問：「何人？」 以「革命黨」對，遂斥曰：「汝等狗也！ 我不死，城不能開。」 獨持槍擊眾，眾環攻，慘剁死，暴屍數日，居近商民始殮之。
Etejing'e, styled Weiru, was Plain Red Banner garrison defense at Wulin Gate. On the night of the fourteenth of the ninth month mutineers forced the gate; he shouted, "Who goes there? They said "revolutionaries"; he cried, "You are dogs! While I live the gate will not open." He fired alone; the mob surrounded and hacked him; his body lay exposed days before merchants buried him.
113
文榮，字如山，蒙古巴岳特氏。 世襲雲騎尉。 變兵攻旗營三日，堅不下，使來議和，合營官兵原效死力爭，將軍德濟遽遣貴林出許之，官兵皆擲槍軍署，痛哭散去。 文榮憤不欲生，手書十六字曰：「杭營失守，忠義掃地。 清流北向，是吾死所！」 遂投河死。
Wenrong, styled Rushan, was of the Mongol Bayute clan. Hereditary cloud-rider commandant. Mutineers besieged the banner camp three days; General Deji sent Guilin to agree peace; troops threw down guns and wept away. Wenrong, unwilling to live, wrote: "Hangzhou garrison lost — loyalty swept clean. Clear stream flows north — there I shall die!" He threw himself in the river.
114
迎喜，號壽芝，滿洲鑲白旗人。 年八十餘矣，當議和時，詣軍署以死爭，大呼曰：「八旗受國恩三百年，今事至此，若輩猶欲靦顏偷生乎？」 遂歸，閉戶自經死。
Yingxi, known as Shouzhi, was a Bordered White Banner Manchu. Past eighty, when peace was discussed he went to the military office crying, "The Eight Banners received three hundred years of grace — will you still live in shame?" He returned home and hanged himself.
115
金海，正藍旗前鋒校。 變兵架巨砲吳山，遙轟旗營，眾議啟城馳奪之，金海原從戰，聞議和，遂棄械於河，亦自經死。
Jinhai was a Plain Blue Banner vanguard commandant. Mutineers shelled the camp from Wu Hill; Jinhai had wished to fight; on peace he threw his arms in the river and hanged himself.
116
希曾，正藍旗監生，前南昌知府盛元孫。 變兵入營多劫殺，希曾斥之曰：「既議和矣，奈何猶為盜賊行？」 眾怒，擊，竟剁屍如泥。 時旗人皆自危，頗有無故被殺者，其姓名不能盡詳矣。
Xizeng was a Plain Blue Banner student, grandson of former Nanchang prefect Sheng Yuan. Mutineers looted the camp; Xizeng rebuked them: "Peace is agreed — why still act as bandits?" The mob hacked him to pieces. Banner people were in peril; many were killed without cause — names cannot all be recorded.
117
玉潤，漢軍鑲紅旗人。 光緒季年，以鑾儀衛治儀正出補秦州營游擊。 武昌事起，甘肅僻遠，總督長庚素持鎮靜，聞陝西擾亂，乃戒嚴。 時有道員黃越者，宿與南方黨人通，充軍事參議，欲通陝中民軍謀獨立。 以陝中民軍屢敗，乃陰引川軍入甘為援。 玉潤偵知，日與守備習斌籌守禦，以限於兵額，末由增募。 是時南北款議成，甘、陝電斷不相聞。 越於秦州各官獨憚玉潤忠鯁，壬子正月二十三日，遂率眾入城據各署局，而以兵圍游擊署。 玉潤列隊出拒，身自督戰，終以兵少不敵，玉潤中槍，殞於陣。
Yurun was a Bordered Red Banner Hanjun. In late Guangxu he left the Imperial Bodyguard and became Qinzhou battalion vice-commander. When Wuchang rose remote Gansu stayed calm until Shaanxi stirred and martial law was declared. Intendant Huang Yue, long tied to southern revolutionaries, sought Shaanxi ties for independence. When Shaanxi revolutionaries failed he secretly brought Sichuan troops into Gansu. Yurun detected this and with commandant Xi Bin planned defense but could not raise more troops. North-south peace talks succeeded; Gansu and Shaanxi lost telegraph contact. Yue feared Yurun's loyalty; on the twenty-third of the first month of 1912 he seized Qinzhou offices and besieged the vice-commander's yamen. Yurun formed ranks and fought in person but was outnumbered and shot dead.
118
勞謙光，字佩蘭，山東陽信人。 少讀書，有用世志。 入北洋武備學堂，畢業，山西設武備學堂，聘為教習，管帶馬隊營，捐知縣，遂官於晉。 新政創始，若督練處、警察學堂並充提調官。 數歲，移充北洋常備軍第三鎮參謀官，兼軍需官，擢第六鎮工程管帶官。 武漢變起，率工程營赴前敵，築橋漢上，將以濟師，敵爭之力，砲子雨下，躬督視不卻，猝中砲死，時十月初六日。 死而橋卒成，清師得渡，得漢陽，清廷主兵者遂有停戰之議。
Lao Qian, styled Peilan, came from Yangxin in Shandong. In youth he read and wished to serve the age. He graduated Beiyang academy, taught at Shanxi's academy, commanded cavalry, purchased magistrate, and served in Shanxi. Under new policies he headed training and police academies. He later became third division staff and supply officer, then sixth division engineering commander. When Wuhan rose he led engineers to bridge the Han; under shellfire he directed personally and was killed on the sixth of the tenth month. After his death the bridge was finished; Qing forces crossed, took Hanyang, and ceasefire followed.
119
吉升，字允中，滿洲鑲黃旗人。 以學生官本旗前鋒，入海軍學習，積資充海籌兵艦幫帶官。 湖北告警，海軍奉調赴援，至者兵艦十五艘、魚雷艇二艘。 清軍攻漢陽，海軍助勢，而砲發多不命中。 未幾，言煤罄，相率下駛。 九月二十一日，海籌與海容、海琛三巡洋艦奉令離漢口，二十三日抵九江。 時江西九江已響應武昌，海容、海琛遂相約懸白旗，停泊。 海籌管帶喜昌不欲，邀吉升同遁，吉升★M4然涕下，曰：「國家經營海軍四十年，結果乃如是耶？」 發憤投長江死。
Jisheng, styled Yunzhong, was a Bordered Yellow Banner Manchu. From student to banner vanguard he entered naval service and became deputy commander of the cruiser Haichou. When Hubei alarmed the navy sent fifteen warships and two torpedo boats. Qing forces attacked Hanyang with naval support but many shots missed. Soon they claimed coal was out and sailed downstream together. On the twenty-first of the ninth month Haichou with Hairong and Haichen left Hankou and reached Jiujiang on the twenty-third. Jiujiang had joined Wuchang; Hairong and Haichen flew white flags and anchored. Commander Xichang refused; inviting Jisheng to flee, Jisheng wept, "Forty years building a navy — and this is the result?" He threw himself in the Yangzi.
120
張程九，字子澐，奉天台安人。 由歲貢考充盛京宗室學教習，任滿，以知縣用。 宣統元年，選為奉天諮議局議員。 三年九月，鄂變起，地方不逞之徒，假改革名義，狡然思逞，台安齊某糾眾將起事，憚程九持正不敢發。 程九聞警，至省謁總督趙爾巽，請派隊剿辦，免塗炭地方，爾巽允其請，並令回縣辦鄉團以資捍衛。 程九歸，經縣西佛牛錄，為群賊所伺，設伏遇害。 卹贈知府，賞世職。
Zhang Chuankai, styled Ziyun, came from Tai'an in Fengtian. From senior tribute he taught at the Mukden clan school, then became magistrate. In Xuantong 1 he joined the Fengtian advisory council. When Hubei rose local plotters feared Chuankai's integrity and held back. He visited Governor Zhao Erxun, asked for troops to suppress revolt, and was sent home to organize militia. Returning through Foxian he was ambushed and killed. He was posthumously made acting prefect with hereditary office.
121
王文域，字伯若，四川人。 知山東樂安縣，辛亥冬，為變兵所戕； 黑龍江海倫府巡防馬隊管帶官譚鳳亭，於十月陣亡：有旨優恤。 伊犁將軍志銳被戕，僕呂順以樸誠著，臨難護主，同死之。 從死者，武巡捕官劉從德，四川人； 教練官春勳，京旗人。 志銳自有傳。
Wang Wencheng, styled Boruo, was from Sichuan. Magistrate of Le'an, Shandong, killed by mutineers in the winter of 1911; Hailun patrol commander Tan Fengting fell in the tenth month with imperial condolence. Ili General Zhirui was killed; servant Lv Shun, famed for loyalty, died protecting him. Those who died with him: patrol officer Liu Congde of Sichuan; drill officer Chunxun, a Beijing-banner man. Zhirui has a separate biography.
122
張傳楷，字睿斌，直隸青縣諸生。 充宗人府供事，敘勞得知州。 革命軍起，舉朝震恐，自親貴達官而下，惟日以徙家入外人居留地為事。 傳楷憤甚，詣都察院上說帖，請代奏，院官無在者，止院門，哭三日，無一官至。 遜位詔下，拔所佩刀自戕死。 自銘十六字曰：「成仁取義，孔、孟所垂。 讀書明理，捨此何為！」
Zhang Chengjiu, styled Ruibin, was a licentiate of Qing County, Zhili. He served the Imperial Clan Court and rose by merit to prefect. When revolution rose the court panicked; nobles and officials fled into foreign concessions. Enraged, he petitioned the Censorate to memorialize; no censor came; he wept at the gate three days. When abdication was announced he killed himself with his sword. He left sixteen characters: "Achieving humanity and taking righteousness — Confucius and Mencius handed this down. Read books, understand principle — apart from this what is there to do!"
123
孫文楷，字模卿，山東益都人。 同治癸酉舉人。 潛心著述，尤精金石之學，以收藏貧其家，力耕自養，恆屢歲不入城市。 有適野集、一笑集，皆詠田事詩也。 遜位詔下，家人秘不以聞。 經月，忽入城訪友歸，即仰藥自盡。 將死，囑其子曰：「吾行吾所安耳，毋謂我死節也！」 著有老學齋文集二卷，今吾吟草四卷，稽庵古印箋四卷，古錢譜等書。
Sun Wenkai, styled Moqing, came from Yidu in Shandong. Provincial graduate in the gui you year of Tongzhi. He wrote devotedly, mastered epigraphy, was impoverished by collecting, farmed for a living, and often avoided the city for years. He wrote Shiyeji and Yixiaoji, both farm-life poetry. When abdication came his family kept it secret. After a month he visited the city, returned, and took poison. Before death he told his son, "I do what comforts me — do not call it dying for principle!" He authored Laoxuezhai Works, Jinwuyincao, Jian Gu Yin Jian, Gu Qian Pu, and other books.
124
王乘龍，字少枚，福建龍溪人。 安貧好學，以歲貢生授經里中。 閩軍應武昌，乘龍感愴，彌日不食。 翦發令下，長至謁宗祠，宗人勸之，乘龍不一語。 入夕，乃潛設香案自經死，案上遺詩曰：「膚發千鈞重，綱常萬古新，毀形圖苟活，何以見君親！」 年六十有一。
Wang Chenglong, styled Shaomei, came from Longxi in Fujian. Poor but studious, as senior tribute he taught classics locally. When Fujian troops followed Wuchang he grieved and would not eat for days. When queue-cutting was ordered, at the winter solstice he visited the ancestral temple and would not speak to clansmen's pleas. That evening he set incense and hanged himself, leaving verse: "Skin and hair weigh a thousand jun; constants are ever new — mutilate the body to live on — how face ruler and parents!" He was sixty-one.
125
趙彝鼎，字煥文，江蘇江陰縣諸生。 好程、硃之學。 武昌變起，蘇撫程德全應之，憤痛絕食。 十月初九日，出而不返，明日，家人跡至三賢祠樓，則衣冠北面懸樑間，氣絕矣。 檢篋得遺筆千餘言，有曰：「我死合君臣之義，冀斯人不以我君為滿洲而漠視之！ 原國家大兵早至，反正者免，脅從者赦。」 又曰：「我為國故不死於家，會文講學地，正欲以明人倫也。」
Zhao Yiding, styled Huanwen, was a Jiangyin licentiate. He loved Cheng-Zhu learning. When Wuchang rose and Cheng Dequan followed, he refused food in grief. On the ninth of the tenth month he went out; next day family found him hanging in full dress at the third-sages temple. His case held a thousand-word note: "I die fitting ruler-minister righteousness — may people not treat our ruler as Manchu and despise him! May imperial troops come soon; turn back and be spared, the coerced pardoned." He also wrote, "For the state I die not at home — this hall of learning is to clarify human relations."
126
施偉，字卓齋，江蘇高淳縣諸生。 傲岸絕俗，以兄喜譚新學，心非之。 遜位詔下，大慟。 壬子元日，具衣冠拜家祠，自書輓句祠壁，投塘水死。
Shi Wei, styled Zhuozhai, was a Gaochun licentiate. Proud and aloof, he disapproved his brother's delight in new learning. When abdication came he grieved greatly. On New Year's Day 1912 he dressed formally, bowed at the family shrine, wrote his elegy on the wall, and drowned in a pond.
127
李澤霖，字郇雨，廣東香山縣諸生。 教授生徒，以小學、近思錄為日課。 聞變，絕粒五日死。 先手書「清處士李郇雨墓」七字授其子，俾刊墓道。 且命二子毋入學校，毋出仕。
Li Zelin, styled Xunyu, was a Xiangshan licentiate. He taught students daily from the Elementary Learning and Reflections on Things at Hand. On hearing of revolution he refused food five days and died. He wrote "Tomb of Qing recluse Li Xunyu" for his son to carve on the tomb path. He ordered his sons not to enter schools or take office.
128
胡穆林，失其名，湖北江陵縣諸生。 變作，上書荊州將軍議戰守事，將軍壯之。 時電報被毀，具乞援牘，令賚以北行。 至資福寺，為通敵之警察所偵，縶沙市敵營，訶之曰：「汝漢人，奚助滿人為？」 穆林叱之，遇害。
Hu Mulin, personal name lost, was a Jiangling licentiate. When revolt broke out he memorialized the Jingzhou general on defense; the general praised him. Telegraphs were cut; he prepared a plea for aid and was sent north. At Zifu Temple police in enemy pay seized him at Shashi and said, "You are Han — why aid Manchus?" Mulin rebuked them and was killed.
129
杭州望江門有更夫某者，夜鳴鉦巡於市，變軍自城外入，方昧爽，猝見之，急鳴鉦大呼兵反，狂走向官署，冀警備。 軍訶之不止，追及，槍擊之，立斃。
A Hangzhou night watchman at dawn saw revolutionaries enter, clanged his gong, cried that troops had rebelled, and ran toward the yamen to warn. Soldiers shouted; he would not stop; they shot him dead.
130
梁濟，字巨川，廣西臨桂人。 父承光，卒官山西，貧不能歸，寓京師，喜讀戚繼光論兵書暨名臣奏議。 光緒十一年，舉順天鄉試，時父執吳潘祖廕、濟寧孫毓汶皆貴，濟不求通。 迨毓汶罷政，始一謁之。 大挑二等，得教諭，改內閣中書，十餘年不遷。 舉經濟特科，亦未赴。 三十三年，京師巡警廳招理教養局，濟以總局處罪人，而收貧民於分局，更立小學課幼兒，俾分科習藝，設專所售之，費省而事集。 由內閣侍讀署民政部主事，升員外郎。 在部五年，未補缺。 遜位詔下，辭職家居。 明年，內務部總長一再邀之，卒不出。 歲戊午，年六十，諸子謀為壽，止之，不可，避居城北隅彭氏宅。 先期三日，昧爽，投淨業湖死，時十月初七日也。 遺書萬餘言，惓惓者五事：曰民、曰官、曰兵、曰財、曰皇室，區畫甚備。 予諡貞端。
Liang Ji, styled Juchuan, came from Lingui in Guangxi. His father died in Shanxi office; poor, he lodged in the capital reading Qi Jiguang and famous ministers' memorials. In Guangxu 11 he passed the Shuntian provincial exam; his father's eminent friends he did not cultivate. Only when Yuwen left office did he visit once. Nominated second class, he became instructor then Secretariat secretary — ten years without promotion. He passed the special economics exam but did not attend. In the thirty-third year he ran the relief bureau, schooling poor children and teaching crafts economically. From Secretariat reader he rose to Ministry of Civil Affairs vice director. Five years in the ministry without filling a substantive post. When abdication came he resigned and lived at home. Next year the Interior Minister invited him repeatedly; he never came out. In wu wu, aged sixty, sons planned a birthday; he refused and moved to the Peng residence north of the city. Three days before, at dawn on the seventh of the tenth month, he drowned in Jingye Lake. He left ten thousand words on people, officials, soldiers, finances, and the throne — plans complete. He received the posthumous title Zhenduan.
131
有吳寶訓者，字梓箴，蒙古人。 嘗為理籓院員外郎。 素與濟遊，聞濟死，痛哭。 越日，亦投淨業湖死。
Wu Baoxun, styled Zizhen, was a Mongol. He had been vice director of the Court of Colonial Affairs. Long friendly with Ji, he wept bitterly on hearing of his death. The next day he too drowned in Jingye Lake.
132
簡純澤，字廉靜，湖南長沙人。 父桂馥。 純澤生七歲，即出嗣伯父敬臨。 敬臨以總兵從左宗棠軍攻金積堡叛回戰死，諡勇節，賜騎都尉世職。 純澤自幼吐棄俗學，嘗入粵從西人習軍械製造法。 桂馥客遊新疆，久不歸，迄二十餘年無耗，純澤乃以襲職從度隴軍，欲遂出嘉峪關覓之。 隴督以荒遠堅阻，而行文地方官搜訪，卒不能得，則大痛，謂他日不求死鄉里也。 入陝西，為布政使升允所重。 庚子，升允率師勤王，純澤與營官歐丙森從。 遇夷兵正定，斬數百人。 疾作，聞丙森戰死，力疾請戰，升允尼之，上書責升允，詞甚直。 正定令將迎夷師入，下令軍中嚴陣待，夷懾之，解去。 升允擢巡撫，檄管武備學堂，兼領新軍，後復檄充新軍教練官。 會後撫以貪黷聞，非門金不得通，積二歲不往。 又與道員王毓江議軍事不協，謝歸里。 國變後，居數年，悲吒不解。 丙辰夏，北行之京師，旋客天津。 後一年至煙台，遊煙霞洞，去之威海，投海死。 獲其屍，有自書絕命詞，以樹墓碣鐫「大清遺民」四大字為獲尸者告，感其義，斂而葬諸海濱，且立碣焉。
Jian Chunze, styled Lianjing, came from Changsha in Hunan. His father was Guifu. At seven Chunze was adopted by his uncle Jinglin. Jinglin died fighting Muslim rebels with Zuo Zongtang; posthumous Yongjie; hereditary commandant of cavalry. From youth he rejected vulgar learning and studied firearms manufacture in Guangdong with Westerners. Guifu traveled Xinjiang twenty years without word; Chunze took inherited office, followed the army west, and wished to seek him beyond Jiayu Pass. The governor blocked the search beyond the pass; Guifu was never found; Chunze vowed not to die at home. In Shaanxi he was valued by Treasurer Sheng Yun. In 1900 Sheng Yun aided the court; Chunze followed Ou Bingsen. At Zhengding he beheaded hundreds of foreign troops. Ill, hearing Bingsen died he begged to fight; Sheng Yun refused; he bluntly blamed Sheng Yun in a memorial. When Zhengding would welcome foreign troops he held strict formation; foreigners withdrew in awe. Sheng Yun made him run the military academy and new army, later drill officer. When the next governor demanded bribes he stayed away two years. He disagreed with Wang Yujiang on military affairs and resigned home. After the transformation he lived on in unresolved grief. In the summer of 1916 he went to the capital, then Tianjin. A year later at Yantai he visited Yanxia Cave, went to Weihai, and drowned himself. His body bore a note asking a stele carved "Loyal subject of the Great Qing"; finders buried him by the sea and set the stele.
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王國維，字靜安，浙江海寧州諸生。 少以文名。 年弱冠，適時論謀變法自強，即習東文，兼歐洲英、德各國文，並至日本求學。 通農學及哲學、心理、論理等學。 調學部，充圖書館、編譯名詞館協修。 辛亥後，攜家東渡，乃專研國學。 謂：「尼山之學在信古，今人則信今而疑古，變本加厲，橫流不返。」 遂專以反經信古為己任。 著述甚多，擷其精粹為觀堂集林二十卷。 返國十年，以教授自給。 壬戌冬，前陝甘總督升允薦入南書房，食五品俸，屢言事，皆褒許。 甲子冬，遇變，國維誓死殉。 駕移天津，丁卯春夏間，時局益危，國維悲憤不自製，於五月初三日，自沉於頤和園之昆明湖。 家人於衣帶中得遺墨，自明死志，曰「五十之年，祗欠一死！ 經此世變，義無再辱」云云。 諡忠愨。 海內外人士，知與不知，莫不重之。
Wang Guowei, styled Jing'an, was a Haining licentiate. From youth he was famed for literature. In his youth, when reform was discussed, he studied Japanese, English, and German and went to Japan. He mastered agriculture, philosophy, psychology, and logic. At the Ministry of Education he served library and terminology compilation. After 1911 he went to Japan and devoted himself to national learning. He said, "Confucius trusted antiquity; today men trust the present and doubt antiquity — ever worse, without return." He made opposing the classics and trusting antiquity his task. His writings were many; selections became Guantang Jilin in twenty juan. Ten years after returning he taught for a living. In ren xu winter Sheng Yun recommended him to the Southern Study on fifth-rank salary; his counsel was praised. In jia zi winter disaster struck; Guowei vowed to die with the dynasty. The court moved to Tianjin; in ding mao spring and summer peril grew; on the third of the fifth month he drowned in Kunming Lake. Family found a note in his belt: "Fifty years — only death owed! After this age's change, by principle no second disgrace." He received the posthumous title Zhongmin. At home and abroad, whether they knew him or not, all esteemed him.