1
列傳二百八十四孝義一
Biography 284: Filial Piety and Righteousness, Part 1
2
朱用純吳蕃昌從弟謙牧沈磊周靖耿燿弟炳兄子於彝
Zhu Yongchun, Wu Fanchang, Qian Mu (Fanchang's younger cousin), Shen Lei, Zhou Jing, Geng Yao, Geng Bing (Yao's younger brother), and Yu Yi (son of Yao's elder brother)
3
耿輔李景濂汪灝弟晨日昂日昇黃農曹亨黃嘉章
Geng Fu, Li Jinglian, Wang Hao, Wang Chen, Ri'ang, and Risheng (Hao's younger brothers), Huang Nong, Cao Heng, and Huang Jiazhang
4
鄭明允劉宗洙弟恩廣恩廣子青藜何復漢許季覺
Zheng Mingyun, Liu Zongzhu, Enguang (Zongzhu's younger brother), Qingli (Enguang's son), He Fuhan, and Xu Jijue
5
吳氏四孝子雷顯宗趙清榮漣薛文弟化禮
The four filial sons of the Wu clan, Lei Xianzong, Zhao Qing, Rong Lian, Xue Wen, and Huali (Wen's younger brother)
6
曹孝童丁履豫鍾保覺羅色爾岱翁杜佟良克什布
Cao Xiaotong, Ding Lüyu, Zhong Bao, Jueluo Se'erdai, Weng Du, and Tongliang Keshibu
7
王麟瑞李盛山李悃奚緝營周士晉黃有則
Wang Linrui, Li Shengshan, Li Kun, Xi Jiying, Zhou Shijin, and Huang Youze
8
王尚毅胡锳李三張夢維樂太希董盛祖
Wang Shangyi, Hu Ying, Li San, Zhang Mengwei, Yue Taixi, and Dong Shengzu
9
徐守仁李鳳翔卯觀成葛大賓呂斅孚
Xu Shouren, Li Fengxiang, Mao Guancheng, Ge Dabin, and Lü Xuefu
10
王子明馮星明張元翰俞鴻慶姜瑢湯淵魏興
Wang Ziming, Feng Xingming, Zhang Yuanhan, Yu Hongqing, Jiang Rong, Tang Yuan, and Wei Xing
11
戴兆笨潘周岱張淮張廷標胡其愛方其明鄧成珠
Dai Zhaoben, Pan Zhoudai, Zhang Huai, Zhang Tingbiao, Hu Qiai, Fang Qiming, and Deng Chengzhu
12
張三愛楊夢益閻天倫夏士友白長久郭味兒聶宏
Zhang San'ai, Yang Mengyi, Yan Tianlun, Xia Shiyou, Bai Changjiu, Guo Wei'er, and Nie Hong
13
董阿虎張乞人席慕孔張長松崔長生榮孝子
Dong Ahu, Zhang Qiren, Xi Mukong, Zhang Changsong, Cui Changsheng, and Rong the filial son
14
無錫二孝子啞孝子清興關外，俗純樸，愛親敬長，內愨而外嚴。 既定鼎，禮教益備。 定旌格，循明舊。 親存，奉侍竭其力； 親歿，善居喪，或廬於墓； 親遠行，萬里行求，或生還，或以喪歸。 友於兄弟，同居三五世以上，號義門，及諸義行，皆禮旌。 親病，刲股刳肝； 親喪，以身殉：皆以傷生有禁，有司以事聞，輒破格報可。 所以教民者，若是其周其密也。 國史承前例，撰次孝友傳，亦頗及諸義行。 合之方志甄錄、文家傳述，無慮千百人。 採其尤者，用沈約宋書例，為孝義傳。 事親存沒能盡禮； 或遘家庭之變，能不失其正； 或遇寇難、值水火，能全其親。 若殉親而死，或為親復仇，友於兄弟，同居三五世以上，及凡有義行者，各以類聚。 事同，以時次。 孝為二卷，友與義合一卷。 硃用純，字致一，江南崑山人。 父集璜，明季以諸生死難。 用純慕王裒攀柏之義，自號曰柏廬。 棄諸生，奉母。 其學確守程、硃，知行並進，而程於至敬。 來學者授以小學、近思錄。 仿白鹿洞規，設講約，從者皆興起。 居喪哀毀，嘗曰：「宰我欲短喪，吾黨皆以為怪，然可見古人喪禮之盡，必蔬水饘粥哭泣哀毀無苟弛。 若今人飲酒食肉不改其常，雖更三年，豈謂久哉？」 晚作輟講語，又為治家格言，語平易而切至。 病將革，設先人位，拜於堂，告無罪，顧弟子曰：「學問在性命，事業在忠孝。」 乃卒。 用純與徐枋、楊無咎稱「吳中三高士」，皆明季死事之孤也。 吳蕃昌，字仲木，浙江海鹽人。 父麟徵，明季死難，蕃昌事所後母查孝，居喪，水漿不入口。 既殯，啜粥，不茹蔬果。 寢苫，不脫衰絰。 比葬，嘔血數升，逾小祥遂卒。
Among them are the two filial sons of Wuxi, the mute filial son, and others. Since the Qing arose beyond the Pass, the people have been plain and unadorned in custom, devoted to parents and respectful to elders, reserved within yet stern without. After the dynasty was firmly established, ritual instruction became ever more complete. Standards for imperial commendation were set, following the old Ming practice. While parents were alive, one served them with all one's strength; when they died, one observed mourning properly, sometimes dwelling in a hut beside the grave; when parents traveled far away, one journeyed thousands of miles in search, sometimes bringing them home alive, sometimes returning with their remains. Harmony among brothers, households living together for three to five generations or more and styled "gates of righteousness," and all such acts of righteousness were rewarded with ritual commendation. When parents fell ill, one cut flesh from one's thigh or excised one's liver; when parents died, one gave one's own life in mourning. Although self-injury was prohibited by law, whenever officials reported such cases, exceptional approval was invariably granted. In instructing the people, the measures were as thorough and as strict as this. The dynastic history, following earlier precedent, compiled biographies of filial piety and brotherly devotion and also recorded many acts of righteousness. Together with selections in local gazetteers and accounts by literary families, the number must run to a thousand or more. Selecting the most outstanding cases and following Shen Yue's precedent in the Book of Song, these were compiled as biographies of filial piety and righteousness. Serving parents in life and death with full observance of ritual; or encountering domestic upheaval yet not losing one's rectitude; or meeting bandits, fire, and flood yet preserving one's parents. Those who died in mourning for their parents, who avenged their parents, who lived in harmony with brothers for three to five generations or more, and all who performed righteous deeds were grouped each according to kind. Within each category, entries are arranged chronologically. Filial piety occupies two scrolls; brotherly devotion and righteousness share one scroll. Zhu Yongchun, whose style was Zhiyi, was from Kunshan in Jiangnan. His father Jihuang, a licentiate, perished in the Ming dynasty's final crisis. Yongchun admired Wang Pou's act of clinging to the cypress at his father's grave and took for himself the sobriquet Cypress Hut. He gave up his status as a licentiate to devote himself to his mother. His learning firmly upheld the teachings of Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi; he advanced knowledge and practice together and applied them above all to utmost reverence. Students who came to him he instructed in the Elementary Learning and Reflections on Things at Hand. Following the regulations of the White Deer Grotto Academy, he established lecture covenants, and all who followed him were stirred to earnest effort. During mourning he was stricken with grief and wasted away. He once said: "When Zai Wo wished to shorten the mourning period, our party all thought it strange, yet one can see how fully the ancients observed mourning ritual: they took only vegetables and water, gruel and porridge, weeping with grief and wasting away without any careless slackening. If people today drink wine and eat meat without changing their usual ways, even if it went on for three years, how could that be called a long mourning?" In his later years he wrote Cease Lecturing Sayings and also Family Maxims for Governing the Household; the language is plain yet penetrating. When his illness was near its end, he set out the tablets of his forebears, bowed in the hall, and declared himself without offense. Turning to his disciples he said: "Learning lies in cultivating one's nature and destiny; achievement lies in loyalty and filial piety." With that he died. Yongchun, together with Xu Fang and Yang Wujiu, were known as "the three lofty scholars of Wu"—all sons of men who had died for the Ming in its final years. Wu Fanchang, whose style was Zhongmu, was from Haiyan in Zhejiang. His father Linzheng perished in the Ming dynasty's final crisis. Fanchang served his stepmother, Lady Zha, with filial devotion; during mourning he took neither water nor broth. After the encoffining he took only thin gruel and ate no vegetables or fruit. He slept on the rush mat of mourning and never removed his hempen mourning garments. By the time of burial he had vomited several pints of blood; shortly after the first anniversary of mourning he died.
15
從弟謙牧，字裒仲。 為程、硃之學。 事母硃孝，居喪，杖不能起。 疾稍間，手編父遺集，复困。 治窀穸，哀動行路。 謙牧體素羸，益不自勝，遂卒。 蕃昌、謙牧皆交於張履祥，履祥稱之。
His younger cousin Qian Mu, whose style was Baizhong. He devoted himself to the learning of Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi. He served his mother, Lady Zhu, with filial devotion; during mourning he was so weak he could not rise even with a staff. When his illness eased slightly, he compiled his father's posthumous writings by hand, then relapsed. When he arranged the burial, his grief moved all who passed on the road. Qian Mu had always been frail in constitution; he could bear the strain even less and soon died. Fanchang and Qian Mu were both friends of Zhang Lüxiang, who spoke highly of them.
16
時以孝著者，復有歸安沈磊，亦履祥友也。 磊事母嚴，母不御酒肉，磊力請，終不聽。 有疾，醫為言，乃御酒肉。 磊客授於外，弟子具時食，不忍食，以為母未嘗也。 弟子乃先以饋母，曰：「太君食矣。」 乃食，率以為常。 周靖，江南吳縣人。 父茂蘭，刺血上書明父順昌冤，事具明史。 靖少補諸生，事親能盡力。 茂蘭卒，擗踴哭泣，喪葬悉如禮。 三年不脫衰絰，不飲酒食肉。 小祥，有疾作，或謂在禮得飲酒食肉，靖不可。 靖素善作篆，或請題榜，亦以喪辭。 耿燿，河南太康人。 世農。 父應科，好施與，七世同居，顏其堂曰「效藝」。 兄光，明諸生，孝後母而教諸弟嚴，燿從之學，事必諮而後行。 明末，流寇屠太康，燿與弟炳舁母避河北，貿布以養。 母病，朝出暮歸，不解帶累月。 母卒，挽車歸母喪。 炳亦純謹，定興耿權與弟極以孝友聞，炳慕其為人，分田舍處之，孫奇逢為作三耿傳焉。 方寇至，光前卒，未葬，子於彝號泣守其柩不去，寇執之，推隕城下，傷腰膂，幾死。 寇退，歸掬土掩柩乃去。 縣飢，知縣餽以粟，散贍貧乏。 督僮蔬，任飢者刈以食。
Among those famed at the time for filial piety was Shen Lei of Gui'an, who was also a friend of Lüxiang. Lei served his mother with strict devotion. His mother would not touch wine or meat, and though Lei pressed her earnestly, she would not relent. When she fell ill, the physician spoke on her behalf, and only then did she consent to wine and meat. Lei taught pupils away from home. When disciples set out his meal he could not bring himself to eat, thinking his mother had not yet tasted such food. The disciples would first send food to his mother, then say, "Your mother has already eaten." Only then would he eat. This became his constant practice. Zhou Jing was from Wu County in Jiangnan. His father Maolan wrote a petition in his own blood to clear the injustice done to his father Shunchang; the full account is given in the History of the Ming. Jing received appointment as a licentiate in his youth and served his parents with all his strength. When Maolan died, Jing beat his breast and wept aloud; the funeral and burial were conducted entirely according to ritual. For three years he did not remove his mourning garments and took neither wine nor meat. At the first anniversary of mourning he fell ill; some said that by ritual he might now drink wine and eat meat, but Jing would not consent. Jing had always been skilled at seal script; when people asked him to inscribe a placard, he likewise declined on grounds of mourning. Geng Yao was from Taikang in Henan. His family had been farmers for generations. His father Yingke was generous in giving; seven generations of the family lived together, and he inscribed his hall with the words "Emulating the Arts." His elder brother Guang, a Ming licentiate, was filial to his stepmother and taught his younger brothers with strictness. Yao studied under him and would consult Guang before acting on any matter. At the end of the Ming, roving bandits ravaged Taikang. Yao and his younger brother Bing carried their mother on a litter to flee north of the Yellow River and traded in cloth to support her. When his mother fell ill, he went out at dawn and returned at dusk, not loosening his belt for many months on end. When his mother died, he himself drew the cart to bring her coffin home. Bing was likewise pure and conscientious. Geng Quan of Dingxing and his younger brother Ji were renowned for filial piety and brotherly devotion; Bing admired their conduct, divided fields and houses to settle them nearby, and Sun Qifeng wrote a biography of the three Gengs. Just as the bandits arrived, Guang had already died and was not yet buried. His son Yu Yi wailed and guarded the coffin without leaving. The bandits seized him and pushed him off the city wall, injuring his back and loins and nearly killing him. When the bandits withdrew, he returned, scooped earth to cover the coffin, and only then departed. When the county suffered famine, the magistrate gave him grain, which he distributed to relieve the poor. He had his servants plant vegetables and allowed the hungry to harvest them for food.
17
同時有耿輔，虞城人。 奉母避寇開封，寇決河灌城，倚浮木負母以渡。 母卒，哀毀，緇衣粗食終其世。 李景濂，字亦週，浙江鄞縣人。 幼喪母，父再娶於何而卒。 何年少，媒氏欲奪之，景濂聞，伺於道，出椎擊之，歸告何。 何相與慟哭，誓相依終身。 何教景濂嚴，景濂事何甚謹。 何嗜酪，景濂日入市求之，端捧急趨，如鳥張翼。 市人怪而求其故，則皆歎其孝，為讓道。 何老病，景濂侍疾七年不怠。 何卒，景濂亦六十，廬墓三年，作孺子泣。 景濂明諸生，明亡，棄諸生去為醫。 汪灝，江南休寧人。 晨、日昂、日昇，其弟也。 父病咯血，灝年十六，割股和藥進，良愈。 後數年病足，晨割股煉為末，敷治亦愈。 又數年復咯血，晨复割臂以療。 更數年，疾大作，灝复割臂，勿瘳。 晨病，日昂泣曰：「吾兄割臂愈父，吾不能割以愈吾兄乎？」 眾尼之。 懵且僕，匠治棺，日昇持匠斧斷指，血淋漓，調藥以飲晨。 有司表其門曰「一門四孝友」。
At the same time there was Geng Fu, from Yucheng. He supported his mother in fleeing bandits to Kaifeng. When the bandits breached the Yellow River to flood the city, he leaned on a floating log and carried his mother across. When his mother died, he was stricken with grief and spent the rest of his life in black garments and coarse food. Li Jinglian, whose style was Yizhou, was from Yin County in Zhejiang. He lost his mother in childhood. His father remarried a woman of the He clan and then died. Lady He was still young; a matchmaker wished to take her away in marriage. When Jinglian heard of it, he waited on the road, came out with a mallet and struck the man, then returned and told Lady He. Lady He wept bitterly with him, and they vowed to rely on each other for life. Lady He taught Jinglian with strictness, and Jinglian served her with the utmost care. Lady He loved curds; Jinglian went to the market every day to buy them, holding the bowl level and hurrying along like a bird spreading its wings. People in the market wondered and asked the reason; when they learned it, all sighed at his filial piety and made way for him. When Lady He grew old and fell ill, Jinglian nursed her for seven years without slackening. When Lady He died, Jinglian was himself sixty. He dwelt in a hut by her tomb for three years, weeping like a child. Jinglian had been a Ming licentiate; when the Ming fell he gave up that status and became a physician. Wang Hao was from Xiuning in Jiangnan. Chen, Ri'ang, and Risheng were his younger brothers. His father suffered from spitting blood. When Hao was sixteen he cut flesh from his thigh, mixed it with medicine, and gave it to his father, who recovered fully. Several years later his father suffered from an ailment of the foot. Chen cut flesh from his thigh, refined it to powder, applied it as treatment, and he likewise recovered. Several years later his father again spat blood; Chen again cut flesh from his arm to treat him. Several years later the illness grew severe. Hao again cut flesh from his arm, but his father did not recover. When Chen fell ill, Ri'ang wept and said, "My elder brother cut his arm to cure our father. Can I not cut mine to cure my brother?" The crowd restrained him. Meng was also a servant. While a carpenter was making a coffin, Risheng seized the carpenter's axe and severed a finger, blood streaming down, mixed medicine, and gave it to Chen to drink. The authorities commended their household with a plaque reading "Four Filial and Brotherly Men in One Household."
18
錢塘吳瑗及弟琦、璠、琰相友愛，年皆逾九十。 江蘇華亭姜應龍，應龍子世璜，世璜子文樞，文樞子超萃，超萃子懷權，懷權子栻，六世皆以孝行旌，人尤以為難。 黃農，江南元和人。 父袞，諸生。 農年十餘，母吳病六年，農侍疾不懈。 母卒，慟屢絕，坐臥母柩側。 袞客授於外，攜農俱。 久之，察其枕漬淚若膏，貌癯然如初喪。 袞客授稍遠家，農歸，五日一往省，袞止之，則私伺門外問安否，衣服器用，時其寒暑具以往。 一夕，心悸，走省，袞得暴疾，舁以歸。 會除夕禱神，原減算益父，袞愈。 農三十餘而卒，妻金，亦賢孝。 曹亨，陝西鎮安人。 年十一喪母，不能具棺，號泣於路，乞自鬻為斂。 或與之金，葬母畢，即詣其家執役終身。 黃嘉章，湖南桂陽人。 吳三桂之亂，從父避兵連珠崖。 父歿，兄嘉林年十六，嘉章亦年十一，自鬻以葬父。 嘉林稍長，力為傭，得錢贖嘉章還，兄弟相友愛。 鄭明允，江南歙縣人。 康熙間，耿精忠兵至，明允侍母抱譜牒及先世遺筆入山。 賊大索山中，明允夜負母匿僻塢，還挈二子，未至，霧溢山，虎聲震林木，納二子石穴中，疾趨侍母。 賊退，二子亦無恙。 兄病，視湯藥不去側。 及亡，每慟輒絕。 與其戚同賈，失其貲，明允發橐金盡與之。 族子縊客舍，明允為坐守達曙，白於官，出私財以斂。 有友盪其貲，困甚，明允罄所有佽之，無難色。 明允世業醫，精而不試，曰：「十得九，猶有一誤。」 業賈終其身。 劉宗洙，字長源； 弟恩廣，字錫三：湖北襄城人。 父漢臣，明季從軍。 襄城破，被數創，幾殆。 恩廣兩耳斷，號泣負以歸。 宗洙方走避寇，聞父難，往赴，賊截其耳鼻。 居數年，父病，嘗糞，時稱襄城「嘗糞孝子」。 父歾，與季弟宗泗同居，俄與恩廣皆得官，以母老不出。 母歾，恩廣嘔血至篤疾。 或慰解，曰：「勿復言，五內裂矣！」 遂卒。 宗洙積哀兼痛弟，亦嘔血卒。
Wu Yuan of Qiantang and his younger brothers Qi, Fan, and Yan were deeply devoted to one another; all lived past ninety. Jiang Yinglong of Huating in Jiangsu was followed by his son Shihuang, Shihuang's son Wenshu, Wenshu's son Chao Cui, Chao Cui's son Huaiquan, and Huaiquan's son Shi. Six generations in succession were honored for filial conduct, which people regarded as especially remarkable. Huang Nong was from Yuanhe in Jiangnan. His father Gun was a licentiate. When Nong was just over ten, his mother Lady Wu was ill for six years; Nong nursed her without slackening. When his mother died, he was stricken with grief and repeatedly fainted, sitting and lying beside her coffin. Gun taught pupils away from home and took Nong with him. After a long while he noticed Nong's pillow soaked with tears like grease and his appearance wasted as at the first days of mourning. When Gun's teaching took him somewhat far from home, Nong would return every five days to visit his mother. Gun forbade this, so Nong would secretly wait outside the gate to ask after her well-being, bringing clothing and utensils suited to the season's cold and heat. One night his heart palpitated; he ran to visit and found Gun stricken with sudden illness. He carried him home on a litter. It happened to be New Year's Eve. He prayed to the gods, vowing to shorten his own allotted span to lengthen his father's life, and Gun recovered. Nong died in his thirties. His wife Lady Jin was also virtuous and filial. Cao Heng was from Zhen'an in Shaanxi. At age eleven he lost his mother. Unable to provide a coffin, he wailed on the road, begging to sell himself to pay for the burial. Someone gave him gold. When his mother's burial was complete, he went at once to that man's house and served as a bondsman for life. Huang Jiazhang was from Guiyang in Hunan. During Wu Sangui's rebellion, he followed his father in fleeing the troops to Lianzhuya. When his father died, his elder brother Jialin was sixteen and Jiazhang was eleven. Jiazhang sold himself to bury his father. When Jialin grew older, he worked as a hired laborer, obtained money to redeem Jiazhang and bring him home, and the brothers were deeply devoted to one another. Zheng Mingyun was from She County in Jiangnan. During the Kangxi reign, when Geng Jingzhong's troops arrived, Mingyun attended his mother, carrying genealogical records and his forebears' writings into the mountains. The bandits searched the mountains thoroughly. Mingyun carried his mother at night to hide in a secluded ravine, then returned for his two sons. Before he reached them, fog filled the mountains and tiger roars shook the trees. He placed his sons in a stone cave and hurried back to his mother. When the bandits withdrew, his two sons were also unharmed. When his elder brother fell ill, he watched over his medicine and broth without leaving his side. When his brother died, each bout of grief brought fainting. A kinsman traded with him and lost his capital. Mingyun opened his purse and gave him everything he had. A clansman's son hanged himself in a guesthouse. Mingyun sat guard until dawn, reported the matter to the authorities, and paid from his private funds for the burial. A friend squandered his capital and was in great distress. Mingyun gave everything he possessed to help him, without the slightest reluctance. Mingyun's family profession was medicine. He was skilled but would not practice, saying, "Nine out of ten succeed, yet there is still one mistake." He traded for his entire life instead. Liu Zongzhu, whose style was Changyuan; and his younger brother Enguang, whose style was Xisan, were from Xiangcheng in Hubei. Their father Hanchen followed the army in the Ming dynasty's final years. When Xiangcheng fell, he received many wounds and was nearly killed. Enguang's two ears were severed. He wailed and carried his father home on his back. Zongzhu was then fleeing the bandits. Hearing of his father's peril, he went to rescue him, and the bandits cut off his ears and nose. Several years later his father fell ill. Zongzhu tasted his father's stool to test his condition and was known at the time as Xiangcheng's "filial son who tasted stool." When their father died, Zongzhu lived with his youngest brother Zongsi. Soon both he and Enguang received official appointments, but because their mother was old they did not take office. When their mother died, Enguang spat blood until he was gravely ill. When some tried to comfort him, he said, "Speak no more—my five viscera are torn apart!" With that he died. Zongzhu, grief piled upon grief for his brother, likewise spat blood and died.
19
恩廣子青藜，康熙四十五年進士，選庶吉士。 遭父喪，哀毀嘔血，事母不復出。 何復漢，江西廣昌人。 十五而喪父，哭淚皆血。 長事母孝，母疾作，嘗糞苦甘以測病深淺，不解帶者數月。 母歾，寢苫三月，淚漬苫左右盡血痕。 葬，乃廬墓側，日夜悲號，喪終猶廬居。 耿精忠兵至，复漢守墓不去，親知毀其廬，乃哭而行。 著古今粹言示子孫。 子人龍，康熙五十二年進士，入翰林。 許季覺，浙江海寧人。 少尚俠，既折節讀書。 居親喪，水漿不入口者七日，杖而後起。 含殮、殯葬、虞祔、卒哭、祥禫皆用古禮。 葬，躬負土，廬於側，朝夕哭不輟。 季覺故與同縣查氏交密，查氏貴，營葬侵許氏墓地。 季覺曰：「吾不能以友賣親。」 訟連年不決，親朋居間，季覺終不讓。 查氏誣季覺通海，逮獄，有為辨者，獄稍解，避地山陰。 查氏复誣以他事，再逮獄。 季覺度不免，獄中碎瓷盎吞之，死。
Enguang's son Qingli passed the jinshi examination in the forty-fifth year of Kangxi and was selected as a Hanlin bachelor. When his father died he was stricken with grief and spat blood. He devoted himself to his mother and did not take office again. He Fuhan was from Guangchang in Jiangxi. At fifteen he lost his father; his tears as he wept were all blood. As an adult he served his mother with filial devotion. When she fell ill, he tasted her stool for bitterness or sweetness to gauge how serious the illness was, and did not loosen his belt for many months. When his mother died, he slept on the rush mat of mourning for three months; tears soaked both sides of the mat until they were covered with bloodstains. After the burial he dwelt in a hut beside the tomb, wailing day and night. When the mourning period ended he still lived there. When Geng Jingzhong's troops arrived, Fuhan guarded the tomb and would not leave. Kin and friends tore down his hut, and only then did he weep and depart. He wrote Pure Sayings of Past and Present to instruct his descendants. His son Renlong passed the jinshi examination in the fifty-second year of Kangxi and entered the Hanlin Academy. Xu Jijue was from Haining in Zhejiang. In youth he admired chivalry; later he restrained himself and devoted himself to study. During mourning for his parents he took neither water nor broth for seven days and could rise only with a staff. Encoffining, burial, yufu, zuku, xiang, and chan were all conducted according to ancient ritual. At the burial he personally carried earth on his back, dwelt in a hut beside the tomb, and wept morning and evening without cease. Jijue had been on close terms with the eminent Zha clan of the same county, but when the Zha arranged a burial they encroached on the Xu clan's grave land. Jijue said, "I cannot betray my kin for the sake of friendship." The lawsuit dragged on for years without resolution. Kin and friends mediated, but Jijue would not yield. The Zha clan accused Jijue of communicating with maritime rebels. He was arrested and imprisoned. Some spoke in his defense and the case was somewhat eased, and he fled to Shanyin. The Zha clan again accused him on other grounds, and he was arrested and imprisoned a second time. Jijue judged that he could not escape. In prison he smashed a porcelain bowl, swallowed the shards, and died.
20
吳氏四孝子，江南崇明人，失其名。 父壯年家貧，鬻子為富家奴。 及長，皆能自贖。 娶婦列肆居，養父母，兄弟議奉父母膳，月而易。 諸婦曰：「翁姑老矣！ 月而易，必三月後方為翁姑具膳，太疏。」 复議日而易，諸婦又曰：「翁姑老矣！ 日而易，必三日後方為翁姑具膳，仍太疏。」 乃議伯具早餐，仲午，叔脯，次日季具早餐，周而復始。 越五日，諸子合具饌奉父母，子孫皆侍，諸婦以次上酒食，以為常。 室置★，兄弟各具錢五十，父食畢，取錢入市嬉，易果餌，歸畀諸孫，錢將盡，复具。 父或從博徒戲，兄弟潛以錢畀博徒，令陽負與其父以為歡。 行之數十年，父母皆將百歲，奉事不衰。 陸隴其為之傳。
The four filial sons of the Wu clan were from Chongming in Jiangnan; their names are lost. Their father, though in his prime, was poor and sold his sons as slaves to a wealthy family. When they grew up, all were able to redeem themselves. They married, and their wives set up shops to live by while they supported their parents. The brothers discussed providing their parents' meals by taking turns each month. The daughters-in-law said, "Father-in-law and mother-in-law are old! If we take turns each month, it will be three months before it is one's turn to prepare meals for them—that is too infrequent." They discussed taking turns each day instead. The daughters-in-law again said, "Father-in-law and mother-in-law are old! If we take turns each day, it will still be three days before it is one's turn to prepare meals for them—that is still too infrequent." They then agreed that the eldest would provide breakfast, the second lunch, the third the evening meal, and the next day the youngest would provide breakfast, cycling in rotation. Every five days the sons together prepared a feast for their parents, with all descendants in attendance and the daughters-in-law presenting wine and food in turn. This became their custom. They placed a jar in the room into which each brother contributed fifty cash. When their father had finished eating, he took the money to the market for amusement, bought fruit and sweets, and returned to give them to his grandchildren. When the money was nearly gone, they supplied more. When their father joined gamblers in play, the brothers secretly gave money to the gamblers, having them pretend to lose to their father for his delight. They practiced this for several decades. Both parents approached a hundred years of age, and their devotion never slackened. Lu Longqi wrote a biography of them.
21
雷顯宗，河南陳州人。 諸生。 父病瘓，顯宗摩掌熱拊父四支，二十七晝夜不倦，父良愈。 居數年，复病劇，侍湯藥兩月餘，竟卒，哀毀柴立。 居母喪亦如之。 康熙中，歲饑，出米粟濟貧乏，代償其逋賦。 有鬻其孥者，贖以歸。 佽婚葬者三百餘家。 顯宗年九十，朔望集家人講孝經、曲禮、內則諸篇，裡閈稱其家範。
Lei Xianzong was from Chenzhou in Henan. He was a licentiate. His father was ill with paralysis. Xianzong rubbed his palms warm and stroked his father's limbs for twenty-seven days and nights without tiring, and his father recovered fully. Several years later his father fell gravely ill again. Xianzong attended him with medicine and broth for more than two months, but he ultimately died. Xianzong was stricken with grief and wasted away like a stick. In mourning for his mother he was the same. During the Kangxi reign, in years of famine he gave out grain to relieve the poor and paid their overdue taxes on their behalf. When some sold their wives and children, he redeemed them and sent them home. He assisted with weddings and funerals for more than three hundred households. At ninety Xianzong gathered his family on the new and full moon to lecture on the Classic of Filial Piety, the Qu Li, the Nei Ze, and other chapters. Neighbors praised his household as a model.
22
趙清，山東諸城人。 生有至性，嗜酒，與同縣李澄中、劉翼明輩遍陟縣中山，縱飲，輒沉頓。 喪父，廬墓側百日，母往攜以歸。 喪母，复廬墓側，麻衣躬畚鍤，負土為墳，毀幾殆。 客有勸者，清曰：「清所以為此者，蓋下愚居喪法耳。 清狂盪如湍水，不居墓側，將食旨，久而甘； 聞樂，久而樂； 居處，且久而安。 不一期，沉湎不可問矣。 不孝孰甚！」 居廬久，或傳有狼與犬為守廬，狎不相齧也。
Zhao Qing was from Zhucheng in Shandong. By nature he was deeply sincere and loved wine. With Li Chengzhong, Liu Yiming, and others of the same county he climbed all the hills of the county, drinking freely until he sank into stupor. When his father died, he dwelt in a hut beside the tomb for a hundred days until his mother came and brought him home. When his mother died, he again dwelt beside the tomb. In hemp garments he personally wielded basket and spade, carrying earth on his back to build the mound, his grief nearly killing him. A guest tried to dissuade him. Qing said, "The reason I do this is simply the method of mourning for the lowest dullard. I am wild and unrestrained as rushing water. If I do not dwell beside the tomb, I will eat delicacies and in time find them sweet; hear music and in time take pleasure in it; dwell in comfort and in time grow content. Before a year is out, I will be sunk in indulgence beyond recall. What could be more unfilial than that!" He dwelt in the hut for a long while. People said that a wolf and a dog guarded the hut together, familiar with each other and not biting one another.
23
榮漣，江南無錫人。 少孤，多病，母令為道士。 善詩畫。 事母孝，出游得珍玩、良藥必以奉母。 遊倦歸，晨昏侍母側。 母卒，廬墓不復出。 漣與縣人杜詔及僧妙复號「三逸」。
Rong Lian was from Wuxi in Jiangnan. Orphaned young and often ill, his mother had him become a Daoist priest. He was skilled in poetry and painting. He served his mother with filial devotion. Whenever he traveled and obtained rare curios or fine medicines, he always presented them to his mother. When weary of travel he returned and attended his mother morning and evening at her side. When his mother died, he dwelt in a hut by her tomb and never went out again. Lian, together with Du Zhao of the county and the monk Miao Fu, were known as "the Three Recluses."
24
薛文，江南和州人。 弟化禮。 貧，有母，兄弟一出為傭，一留侍母，迭相代。 留者在母側絮絮與母語，不使孤坐。 日旰，傭者還，挾酒米魚肉治食奉母，兄弟舞躍歌謳以侑。 寒，負母曝戶外，兄弟前後為侏儒作態博母笑。 母篤老，病且死，治殯葬畢，毀不能出戶。 傭主跡至家，文與化禮骨立不能起，哭益哀，數日皆死，時康熙四十二年也。 知州何偉表其閭。 偉勤於民，卒，民祠焉。 乾隆間，學政硃筠令以文、化禮附韋祠。
Xue Wen was from Hezhou in Jiangnan. His younger brother was Huali. They were poor and had a mother to support. One brother went out as a hired laborer while the other remained to serve her, taking turns. The one who remained chattered at his mother's side so she would not sit alone. At day's end the hired laborer returned, bringing wine, rice, fish, and meat to prepare food for their mother. The brothers danced and sang to entertain her. In cold weather they carried their mother outdoors to sun her. The brothers before and behind played dwarfs and made faces to amuse her. Their mother was very old, fell ill, and was near death. When the funeral arrangements were complete, their grief was such that they could not leave the house. Their employer traced them to the house. Wen and Huali were wasted to skin and bone and could not rise, weeping ever more bitterly. Within several days both died. It was the forty-second year of Kangxi. Prefect He Wei commended them in their neighborhood. Wei was diligent in serving the people. When he died, the people erected a shrine to him. During the Qianlong reign, Educational Commissioner Zhu Yun ordered that Wen and Huali be enshrined alongside Wei.
25
曹孝童，江南無錫人。 居南郭，父為圬者。 童五歲，父或扃戶出，則竟日不食。 鄰或哺之，泣不食，俟父歸同食。 父死，童嗚咽匍匐死父側，鄰市棺為斂。
Cao Xiaotong was from Wuxi in Jiangnan. He lived in the southern ward. His father was a plasterer. When Tong was five, if his father bolted the door and went out, he would not eat all day. Neighbors sometimes fed him, but he wept and would not eat, waiting for his father to return so they could eat together. When his father died, Tong sobbed and crawled to die beside his father. Neighbors bought a coffin for the burial.
26
丁履豫，江南婁縣人。 少孤，事母孝。 兄二、弟一皆出遊，以歲所入畀履豫，使營甘旨。 母卒將斂，畫師貌母像絕肖，履豫諦視久之，大慟，僕地遽絕。
Ding Lüyu was from Lou County in Jiangnan. Orphaned young, he served his mother with filial devotion. Two elder brothers and one younger brother all traveled away, giving their yearly earnings to Lüyu to provide delicacies for their mother. When his mother died and was about to be encoffined, a painter's portrait of her was utterly lifelike. Lüyu gazed at it long and intently, was stricken with great grief, fell prostrate, and suddenly died.
27
鍾保，滿洲鑲黃旗人。 父希晉，以步軍校從討吳三桂，積功當遷，鍾保以父老，力勸請休奉養。 康熙間，自刑部筆帖式累遷刑部郎中，居父喪哀慟，水漿不入口。 事母尤謹，歸必侍母側。 兄盪產，撫其孤，祖遺田宅悉推與之。 弟貧，週之甚力。 雍正二年，舉孝子，賜金，旌其門。 官至工部侍郎。
Zhong Bao was a Manchu of the Bordered Yellow Banner. His father Xijin, as a foot-soldier corporal, followed the campaign against Wu Sangui. Having accumulated merit he was due for promotion, but Zhong Bao, because his father was old, earnestly urged him to request retirement and devote himself to supporting him. During the Kangxi reign he rose from a clerk in the Board of Punishments to director in that board. In mourning for his father he was stricken with grief and took neither water nor broth. He served his mother with especial care. Whenever he returned home he attended at her side. His elder brother squandered the family property. Zhong Bao raised the orphans and gave over all the fields and houses inherited from their grandfather. His younger brother was poor, and he aided him with great effort. In the second year of Yongzheng he was recommended as a filial son, granted gold, and his household was commended. He rose to vice minister of the Board of Works.
28
覺羅色爾岱，滿洲鑲紅旗人，德世庫七世孫也。 性篤孝。 年十七，父病，醫不效，乃割左臂為糜以進，病稍間，旋歾。 事母益謹，母病飲食減，亦減飲食； 飲食不能進，憂之，亦輟飲食； 母能飲食，乃復常。 雍正元年，命舉忠孝節義，以色爾岱應，詔賜白金，旌其門，授銀庫主事，勤其官，遷郎中。
Jueluo Se'erdai was a Manchu of the Bordered Red Banner and a seventh-generation descendant of Deshiku. By nature he was deeply filial. At age seventeen his father fell ill. When medicine proved ineffective, he cut flesh from his left arm, made it into a gruel, and gave it to his father. The illness eased slightly, but his father soon died. He served his mother with even greater care. When his mother fell ill and ate less, he also ate less; when she could not take food, he worried and also ceased eating; when his mother could eat again, he returned to normal. In the first year of Yongzheng an order went out to recommend men of loyalty, filial piety, chastity, and righteousness. Se'erdai was put forward. An edict granted him white silver and commended his household. He was appointed director of the silver treasury, served diligently, and was promoted to bureau director.
29
康熙間，以割臂療親旌者，有翁杜、佟良，與色爾岱同時有克什布。 翁杜，滿洲鑲白旗人； 佟良，蒙古鑲黃旗人：官防禦。 克什布，滿洲鑲紅旗人，官三等侍衛。
During the Kangxi reign, those commended for cutting the arm to cure a parent included Weng Du and Tongliang. Contemporary with Se'erdai there was also Keshibu. Weng Du was a Manchu of the Bordered White Banner; Tongliang was a Mongol of the Bordered Yellow Banner and held the office of garrison defense commandant. Keshibu was a Manchu of the Bordered Red Banner and held the office of third-rank bodyguard.
30
王麟瑞，福建南靖人。 諸生。 八歲喪母，事後母如所生。 母病暍，非時思食梅，麟瑞繞樹呼號，不食三日，梅夜華，結實奉母，母良愈。 父喪，廬墓三年，遇虎，虎為卻避。 雍正初，詔舉孝廉方正，縣以麟瑞上。 四年，授陝西道監察御史，出為直隸永平知府。
Wang Linrui was from Nanjing in Fujian. He was a licentiate. He lost his mother at eight and served his stepmother as if she were his own mother. When his mother fell ill from heatstroke and out of season longed to eat plums, Linrui circled the tree calling out and did not eat for three days. The plum tree blossomed at night and bore fruit, which he presented to his mother, and she recovered fully. When his father died, he dwelt in a hut by the tomb for three years. He met a tiger, and the tiger withdrew and avoided him. At the beginning of Yongzheng an edict ordered recommendation of filial and incorrupt candidates, and the county submitted Linrui. In the fourth year he was appointed investigating censor of the Shaanxi Circuit and later served as prefect of Yongping in Zhili.
31
李盛山，福建羅源人。 母病，割肝以救，傷重，卒。 巡撫常賚疏請旌，下禮部，禮部議輕生愚孝，無旌表之例。 雍正六年三月壬子，世宗諭曰：「朕惟世祖、聖祖臨御萬方，立教明倫，與人為善。 而於例慎予旌表者，誠天地好生之盛心，聖人覺世之至道，視人命為至重，不可以愚昧誤戕； 念孝道為至弘，不可以毀傷為正。 但有司未嘗以聖賢經常之道，與國家愛養之心，明白宣示，是以愚夫愚婦救親而捐軀，殉夫而殞命，往往有之。 既有其事，若不予以旌表，無以彰其苦志。 故數十年來雖未定例，仍許奏聞，且有邀恩於常格之外者。 聖祖哀矜下民之盛心，如是其周詳而委曲也。 父母愛子，無所不至，若因己病而致其子割肝刲股以充飲饌、和湯藥，縱其子無恙，父母未有不驚憂惻怛慘惕而不安者，況因此而傷生，豈父母所忍聞乎？ 父母有疾，固人子盡心竭力之時，儻能至誠純孝，必且感天地、動鬼神，不必以驚世駭俗之為，著奇於日用倫常之外。 婦人從一之義，醮而不改，乃天下之正道，然烈婦難，節婦尤難。 夫亡之後，婦職之當盡者更多，上有翁姑，則當代為奉養。 他如修治蘋蘩，經理家業，其事難以悉數，安得以一死畢其責乎？ 朕今特頒訓諭，有司廣為宣示，俾知孝子節婦，自有常經，倫常之地，皆合中庸，以毋負國家教養矜全之德。 倘訓諭之後，仍有不愛軀命，蹈於危亡者，朕亦不概加旌表，以成激烈輕生之習也。」 盛山仍予旌表。
Li Shengshan was from Luoyuan in Fujian. When his mother fell ill, he cut out his liver to save her. The wound was severe and he died. Governor Chang Gai memorialized requesting commendation. The matter was referred to the Board of Rites, which ruled that harming one's life in foolish filial piety had no precedent for commendation. On renzi, the third month of the sixth year of Yongzheng, the Yongzheng Emperor instructed: "We consider that the Founding Emperor and the Sagely Ancestor ruled the myriad regions, established instruction and clarified human relations, and did good for others. Yet in precedent they were cautious in granting commendation. This truly reflects the great heart of Heaven and Earth that loves life, the utmost Way of the sage who awakens the world, regarding human life as supremely important and not permitting it to be mistakenly destroyed through ignorance; bearing in mind that filial piety is supremely vast and cannot take self-destruction as the standard. But officials have never clearly proclaimed the constant Way of the sages and worthies together with the state's heart of cherishing and nurturing the people. For this reason foolish men and foolish women who sacrifice their bodies to save parents or die with their husbands are often found. Since such cases exist, if commendation is not granted, there is no way to honor their bitter resolve. Therefore for several decades, though no fixed precedent was established, memorials were still permitted, and some even received favor beyond the ordinary standard. The Kangxi Emperor's great heart of compassion for the common people was thus thorough and considerate in every detail. Parents love their children without limit. If because of their own illness their child cuts out the liver or flesh from the thigh to serve as food or mix with medicine, even if the child is unharmed, what parent would not be startled, grieved, distressed, fearful, and ill at ease? How much less could they bear to hear of the child's life being harmed thereby? When parents are ill, it is indeed the time for children to exhaust heart and strength. If one can be utterly sincere and purely filial, Heaven and Earth will surely be moved and ghosts and spirits stirred. There is no need for acts that startle the world and shock custom, seeking marvels beyond daily human relations. A woman's duty of following one husband, marrying once and not changing, is the correct Way under Heaven. Yet a heroic chaste woman is hard to be, and a chaste widow is especially hard. After the husband's death, a woman's duties that ought to be fulfilled are even more numerous. If there are parents-in-law above, she should support them in his place. Other matters such as preparing offerings and managing the household cannot all be enumerated. How could one discharge one's responsibilities with death alone? We now specially issue this instruction for officials to proclaim widely, so that filial sons and chaste women may know they have their constant standards, and that in the realm of human relations all should accord with the Mean, so as not to fail the state's virtue of cherishing, nurturing, and preserving life. If after this instruction there are still those who do not cherish their lives and rush into peril and death, We also will not commend them indiscriminately, lest the practice of fierce and reckless self-destruction be encouraged." Shengshan was still granted commendation.
32
李悃，河南開封府人，失其縣。 貧為木工，父病痺，奉侍惟謹。 歲歉，不能養，乃行乞於市，歸啖父。 後得賑穀一石，慮不能繼，日舂升許供父，而以秕自咽。 父病劇，夜中鄰人時聞悃撫摩嗟泣聲，遲明則悃抱父足死矣，父亦一慟而絕。 鄰人愍其孝，收而葬之。
Li Kun was from Kaifeng Prefecture in Henan; his county is not recorded. Poor, he worked as a carpenter. His father suffered from paralysis, and he served him with sole care. In years of famine he could not support his father and went begging in the market, returning to feed him. Later he received a shi of relief grain. Fearing it would not last, each day he husked a sheng or so for his father and swallowed the chaff himself. When his father's illness grew severe, neighbors at night sometimes heard Kun stroking him, sighing and weeping. At dawn Kun was found embracing his father's feet, dead. His father also died in one burst of grief. Neighbors pitied their filial devotion, gathered them up, and buried them.
33
奚緝營，字聖輝，江蘇寶山人。 父士本，以孝旌。 緝營幼讀論語，至「父母之年，不可不知」，輒隕涕簌簌，師奇之，謂真孝子子也。 母病，刲臂以療。 士本老，惡寒，緝營夜抱父足眠，以為常。 兩弟早卒，撫其孤如所生。 女兄嫁而貧，從妹寡，皆依以居，為營婚嫁。
Xi Jiying, whose style was Shenghui, was from Baoshan in Jiangsu. His father Shiben had been commended for filial piety. Jiying in youth read the Analects. When he came to "the years of one's parents must not be unknown," tears always fell in streams. His teacher marveled and said he was truly a filial son. When his mother fell ill, he cut flesh from his arm to treat her. Shiben grew old and hated the cold. Jiying at night embraced his father's feet to sleep—this became his constant practice. Two younger brothers died young. He raised their orphans as if they were his own. An elder sister married into poverty and a cousin was widowed. All relied on him to live, and he arranged their marriages.
34
周士晉，江蘇嘉定人。 母病久，醫言惟飲人乳可生，士晉子生方九月，謀於妻李，棄道旁，以乳乳母。 母病已，問兒，以殤對，後李不復姙，亦無怨。 越十二年，有僧為殷氏子推命，年月日與士晉兒同，詰之，則得諸道旁者也，父子得復合。
Zhou Shijin was from Jiading in Jiangsu. His mother had been ill for a long time. The physician said only human milk could save her. Shijin's son was just born in the ninth month. He consulted his wife Lady Li, abandoned the child by the roadside, and used the milk to nurse his mother. When his mother's illness ended, she asked after the child. He answered that the infant had died. Later Lady Li bore no more children and bore no resentment. Twelve years later a monk cast the horoscope for a son of the Yin clan. The year, month, and day matched Shijin's son. On inquiry it proved to be the child found by the roadside, and father and son were reunited.
35
黃有則，湖南邵陽人。 四歲喪父，母孫劬苦育以長。 遣就傅，或迂之，孫曰：「吾忍死，不欲兒廢學也。」 有則大感慟，奮學，客授養母。 夏無帳，主人以進，命撤之，曰：「吾母無此也。」 寒為製棉衣，又卻之，曰：「家貧，無以暖母，不忍享奇溫。」 一夕風雪，既寐，復起，行三十里歸省母。 母喜曰：「吾正思兒。」 是時母逾九十，有則亦六十矣。 母喪，以毀卒。
Huang Youze was from Shaoyang in Hunan. He lost his father at four. His mother Lady Sun toiled bitterly to raise him. She sent him to study. When the journey was long, Lady Sun said, "I would endure death itself rather than let my son abandon his studies." Youze was deeply moved and grieved, studied with ardor, and taught pupils away from home to support his mother. In summer he had no mosquito net. His host offered one, but he ordered it removed, saying, "My mother has none of this." In cold weather a padded coat was made for him. He again refused it, saying, "Our household is poor and cannot warm my mother. I cannot bear to enjoy exceptional warmth." One night in wind and snow, after he had fallen asleep he rose again and walked thirty li to return and visit his mother. His mother said with joy, "I was just thinking of you." At that time his mother was past ninety, and Youze was also sixty. When his mother died, he died from grief.
36
王尚毅，陝西郃陽人。 為人傭。 母佞佛，欲鑿山造佛像，力不逮，將死，以命尚毅。 尚毅傭，嗇衣食積錢，買山闢洞，琢石為佛像，洞六，像十二，皆手造。 或愍而助之，謝曰：「力不己出，非敬母命也。」 錢盡乃輟，復出傭，得錢更為之，如是三十餘年。 山植柏，圍以紫荊，洞上下蒔迎春，洞成方冬，花盡開，山人怪之，名曰九華洞。 山無水，鑿池而雨至，遂不涸，名曰青龍池。
Wang Shangyi was from Heyang in Shaanxi. He worked as a hired laborer. His mother was devoted to Buddhism and wished to carve a mountain to make Buddha images, but her strength was not equal to the task. As she was dying, she charged Shangyi with fulfilling her wish. Shangyi hired himself out, stinting on food and clothing to save money. He bought a mountain and opened caves, carving stone into Buddha images—six caves and twelve images, all made by his own hand. Some pitied him and offered help. He declined, saying: "If the effort is not entirely my own, it would not be honoring my mother's charge." When the money was exhausted he would stop, go out to hire himself again, and when he had money resume the work. He did this for more than thirty years. On the mountain he planted cypresses and surrounded them with redbud. Above and below the caves he planted winter jasmine. When the caves were completed it was still winter, yet the flowers all bloomed. The mountain people marveled and named it Jiuhua Cave. The mountain had no water. He carved a pool, and when rain came it never dried up. He named it Qinglong Pool.
37
胡锳，浙江上虞人。 锳九歲從母汲，母墮井，锳呼救未至，亦躍入井，救至，引以出，俱不死。 中歲遊陝西，一夕忽心痛，曰：「殆吾父病耶？」 馳還，父正病，旋卒，哀慟盡禮。 方冬母病，求醫，途遇盜，衣盡褫，冒寒行數十里，與醫俱歸。
Hu Ying was from Shangyu in Zhejiang. At nine Ying followed his mother to draw water. His mother fell into the well. Ying cried for help, but before rescue arrived he too leapt into the well. When rescue came they were pulled out, and both survived. In mid-life he traveled in Shaanxi. One evening he suddenly felt heart pain and said: "Could it be that my father is ill?" He raced back. His father was indeed ill and soon died. He mourned with full rites. In deep winter his mother fell ill and he sought a doctor. On the road he met bandits who stripped him of all his clothes. He walked dozens of li through the cold and returned with the doctor.
38
李三，江蘇宜興人。 一目眇，一足跛。 父死，二兄皆娶，析產，有田六畝、屋四椽、舟一，二兄分田、屋，而畀三以舟。 迭養母，三奉母食必有肉，母至二兄所，三輒私致甘旨。 二兄死，嫂一前死、一嫁，三獨奉母。 晨爨畢，乃以舟應客，或當出五十里外，度盡日不能返，雖重僱不之許。 事母三十年，鄰里稱其孝，撫兄子慈，而教之嚴。 母將死，呼孫執手泣曰：「兒學好，毋累汝叔怒！」 自是不復怒其兄子。
Li San was from Yixing in Jiangsu. One eye was blind and one foot was lame. When his father died, his two elder brothers all married and the property was divided. There were six mu of fields, four rafters of house, and one boat. The two brothers took the fields and house and gave San the boat. They took turns supporting their mother. When San supported her, his meals for her always had meat. When the mother went to the two brothers' places, San would secretly send delicacies. The two brothers died. One sister-in-law had died earlier and one remarried. San alone supported their mother. After finishing the morning cooking he would take the boat to serve travelers. Sometimes a job required going fifty li beyond, and he reckoned he could not return in a full day. Though offered high pay, he would not accept. He served his mother for thirty years. Neighbors praised his filial piety. He was kind in raising his brothers' sons yet strict in teaching them. When his mother was about to die she called the grandson, took his hand, wept, and said: "Child, study well—do not make your uncle angry!" From then on he no longer grew angry at his brothers' sons.
39
張夢維，直隸元城人。 縣諸生。 父晚病風痺，夢維日侍左右，臥起飲食溲溺皆躬自扶持。 父愍其勞，呵之去，少退，复前，數年不少懈。 事母如事父。 居喪哀毀，準家禮，屏俗習。 弟病疽，為剪髮灼艾，日數省視，及卒，慟甚，幾喪明。 弟妻或詬誶，待之有加，撫孤女逾己出，弟妻卒悟且悔。 少師郡人衛鶴鳴，治程、硃之學。 鶴鳴卒，心喪三年。 授弟子孝經、小學，以力行為本。
Zhang Mengwei was from Yuancheng in Zhili. He was a county licentiate. His father in later years fell ill with wind paralysis. Mengwei attended him daily at his side, personally supporting him in lying down and rising, eating and drinking, urination and defecation. His father pitied his labor and scolded him to leave. He withdrew a little, then came forward again. For several years he did not slacken. He served his mother as he served his father. In mourning he grieved and wasted away, following household rites and setting aside vulgar customs. His younger brother fell ill with carbuncle. He cut the brother's hair and cauterized with moxa, visiting several times a day. When the brother died he grieved greatly and nearly lost his sight. His brother's wife sometimes cursed and reviled him. He treated her all the more generously and cherished the orphaned girl beyond his own child. The brother's wife finally came to understand and repent. In youth he studied under Wei Heming of his prefecture, who taught Cheng-Zhu learning. When Heming died, he observed heart-mourning for three years. He instructed disciples in the Classic of Filial Piety and the Elementary Learning, taking earnest practice as the foundation.
40
樂太希，湖北通山縣人。 幼慧，三歲母負以嬉，墮地傷額。 祖母問，詭對，恐祖母見憐而怒母也。 父疾，抑搔澣濯，晝夜不去側。 居喪盡哀，既葬，恆繞墓悲痛。 母疾及喪亦如之，廬墓側居五年。 早為諸生，以事親不應試，或延使授經，輒辭，慮違親也。 親既終，益篤學。
Yue Taixi was from Tongshan County in Hubei. Clever from childhood. At three his mother carried him to play and he fell to the ground, injuring his forehead. When his grandmother asked, he answered falsely, fearing that if his grandmother saw it she would pity him and grow angry at his mother. When his father fell ill he pressed, scratched, washed, and bathed him, day and night not leaving his side. In mourning he exhausted grief. After the burial he constantly circled the tomb in grief. When his mother fell ill and in mourning he did the same, dwelling in a hut beside the tomb for five years. Early he became a licentiate, but because of caring for his parents he did not sit for examinations. When some invited him to teach the classics he always declined, fearing to neglect his parents. After his parents had both died he pursued learning all the more diligently.
41
董盛祖，雲南黑鹽井人。 盛祖不知書，早失父，事母謹，起居飲食侍視不少懈。 一妹嫁里中，盛祖出負販，呼妹還侍母，妹亦善事母如盛祖。 盛祖行遇蛇當道，驚曰：「母得無病乎？」 歸則母方病，呼祖，人皆怪之。 母喪，哭甚哀，或慟絕，鄰里驚救之，乃甦。 盛祖有妻早亡，不更娶。 或勸之，曰：「娶婦以事親，顧賢者實難。 脫不賢，將戾吾母，吾能安乎？」 卒不娶。 未終喪，遂卒。
Dong Shengzu was from Heiyan Well in Yunnan. Shengzu did not know books. He lost his father early and served his mother carefully, attending to her comings and goings, meals and drink, with not the least slackening. One younger sister married within the village. When Shengzu went out to peddle he called the sister back to attend their mother. The sister also served their mother as well as Shengzu. Once on the road Shengzu met a snake blocking the way and said in alarm: "Could my mother have fallen ill?" When he returned his mother had just fallen ill and called for Shengzu. Everyone marveled at it. When his mother died he wept very bitterly, sometimes fainting in grief. Neighbors startled rescued him and he revived. Shengzu had a wife who died early and he did not remarry. When some urged him he said: "One takes a wife to serve one's parents, yet finding a worthy one is truly difficult. If by chance she is not worthy, she would wrong my mother. How could I be at ease?" In the end he did not marry. Before the mourning period ended he died.
42
徐守仁，安徽青陽人。 世為農，未嘗讀書。 四歲而孤，事母孝。 得傭直，市酒肉奉母，母呼共食，輒以持齋謝，實不忍分甘也。 母歿，哀慟。 既葬，露處墓側，蛇虺不避，里人哀之，為廬舍飲食焉。 守仁並奉其父木主以居，四年，乃還其室，鬚髮皆白。
Xu Shouren was from Qingyang in Anhui. The family for generations were farmers and had never studied books. Orphaned at four, he served his mother filially. When he received hire wages he bought wine and meat to offer his mother. When his mother called him to eat together he always declined on the pretext of keeping vegetarian fast—in truth unwilling to share the delicacies. When his mother died he grieved and mourned. After the burial he dwelt exposed beside the tomb, not avoiding snakes and vipers. Villagers pitied him and built him a hut for shelter and food. Shouren also kept his father's spirit tablet to dwell with him. After four years he returned to his room, and his beard and hair had all turned white.
43
李鳳翔，直隸武強人。 善事父母。 鳳翔以父老，自請佐家事，而督諸弟讀書、習射，應文、武試。 父將終，遺命析產，心憐幼子而未有言。 鳳翔察父意，益以所分三之一。 父歾，事母益謹。 道光初，滹沱連歲氾溢，閭里盪析，負鳳翔債者二千餘緡，悉焚其券，复散錢濟貧者。 又遇旱，所藝蔬果任飢者採食。 族子早孤，他縣人以迎喪遇盜，皆厚週之。 或將屠馬，鳳翔贖以歸，馬馴異常畜，鄉人感之，遂無屠馬者。
Li Fengxiang was from Wuqiang in Zhili. He was good at serving his parents. Fengxiang, because his father was old, voluntarily asked to manage household affairs while supervising his younger brothers in reading books and practicing archery, and sitting for civil and military examinations. When his father was about to die he left instructions to divide the property. In his heart he pitied the youngest son but had not spoken of it. Fengxiang perceived his father's intent and added one-third of his own share to the youngest's. When his father died he served his mother all the more carefully. At the beginning of Daoguang the Hutuo flooded for successive years and the neighborhood was devastated. Debtors to Fengxiang owed more than two thousand strings of cash. He burned all their IOUs and again distributed money to relieve the poor. Again when drought came, he let the hungry pick and eat the vegetables and fruits he cultivated. A clansman's son was orphaned early. People from another county who came to receive a coffin met bandits. Fengxiang generously assisted both. When some were about to slaughter a horse, Fengxiang redeemed it and brought it home. The horse was tame beyond ordinary livestock. Villagers were moved, and thereafter no one slaughtered horses.
44
卯觀成，雲南恩安人。 父漢而母夷。 烏蒙亂，父死，母被掠，鬻為婢。 亂定，觀成無所依，為昭通禁卒。 父母嘗為聘婦，舅促觀成娶，娶而不與婚。 三年，舅詰之，曰：「吾非不欲婚也，行將嫁吾未婚之妻，取所直歸吾母。 與之婚，情不能割，義亦不可出也。」 語且泣。 有義之者，募得六十金，以半贖其母，半為營廬舍，成婚，仍為禁卒以養母。
Mao Guancheng was from En'an in Yunnan. His father was Han and his mother Yi. During the Wumeng revolt his father died and his mother was seized and sold as a bondmaid. When the turmoil settled Guancheng had nowhere to rely on and became a prison guard at Zhaotong. His parents had once arranged a betrothal for him. His uncle urged Guancheng to marry. He married but did not consummate the marriage. After three years his uncle questioned him. He said: "It is not that I do not wish to marry. I am about to marry off my unmarried wife and take the bride-price to redeem my mother. If I consummate the marriage, emotionally I could not bear to part from her, and in duty I also could not let her go." He spoke as he wept. A man of righteousness took pity and collected sixty taels of gold. Half redeemed his mother and half built a hut for him. The marriage was completed, and he remained a prison guard to support his mother.
45
葛大賓，字興森，湖南湘鄉人。 諸生。 四歲喪父，哀慟如成人。 喪終，值忌日，出主祭，主僕，粉落「葛」字脫，露「週」姓，蓋木工飾周氏廢主為之。 大賓痛哭引咎，告墓易主。 事母鉅細必躬，疾嘗藥，生徒有餽則獻。 嘗出客授，獨坐心動，亟還呼母，母出，屋後山遽頹，壓母坐處。 母歿，飲不入口者五日。 既葬，不脫衰，腰以下縷皆盡。 喪終，祭必哀，兄弟既分居，財盡，大賓復與同居，通財無所私。 歿則庀其喪，無子，為立後。
Ge Dabin, style Xingsen, was from Xiangxiang in Hunan. He was a licentiate. He lost his father at four and grieved and mourned like an adult. After mourning ended, on a taboo day he brought out the spirit tablet to sacrifice. The tablet had decayed; the powder fell away, the character "Ge" peeled off, exposing the surname "Zhou"—a carpenter had refurbished a discarded Zhou family tablet for it. Dabin wept bitterly and took blame upon himself, informing the tomb and replacing the tablet. In serving his mother, great and small matters he must do personally. When she fell ill he tasted the medicine. When disciples brought gifts he presented them to her. Once when out teaching guests he sat alone and his heart stirred. He hurried back and called his mother. When his mother came out the mountain behind the house suddenly collapsed, crushing where his mother had been sitting. When his mother died he did not let drink pass his lips for five days. After the burial he did not remove mourning garments. The hemp strands below the waist all wore through. When mourning ended he always mourned at sacrifices. After his brothers had already divided households and their wealth was exhausted, Dabin again lived together with them, sharing wealth without private reserve. When they died he arranged their funerals. Having no sons, he established heirs for them.
46
呂斅孚，湖南永定人。 父孟卿，貧，以客授自給。 母病將殆，思肉食，斅孚方七歲，貸諸屠，屠不可，泣而歸。 聞母呻吟，益痛，內念股肉可啗母，取廚刀礪使利，割右股四寸許，授其女弟，方五歲，令就爐火炙以進。 母疾良已，孟卿歸，察斅孚足微跛，得其狀，與母持以哭。 斅孚曰：「毋然，兒固無所苦也。」 鄉人皆嗟異稱孝童。 長為諸生，學政溫忠翰疏聞，尋除華容訓導。 孟卿亦嘗刲股愈父病，然斅孚割股時，初不知父有是事也。
Lü Xuefu was from Yongding in Hunan. His father Mengqing was poor and supported himself by teaching guests. When his mother fell critically ill she longed for meat. Xuefu was just seven. He borrowed from the butcher—the butcher refused. He wept and returned. Hearing his mother's moans he grew more pained. Inwardly thinking that flesh from his thigh could feed his mother, he took a kitchen knife, whetted it sharp, cut four cun or so from his right thigh, gave it to his young sister—just five—and had her roast it over the hearth fire and present it. His mother's illness recovered fully. When Mengqing returned he noticed Xuefu's foot was slightly lame, learned what had happened, and he and the mother held him and wept. Xuefu said: "Do not be so. I am truly without suffering." Villagers all sighed in wonder and called him the Filial Child. Grown up he became a licentiate. Educational Commissioner Wen Zhonghan memorialized reporting it. Soon he was appointed director of studies at Huarong. Mengqing had also once cut flesh from his thigh to cure his father's illness, yet when Xuefu cut his flesh he did not at first know his father had done such a thing.
47
王子明，甘肅通渭人。 諸生。 事母孝。 出為客，蔬果新出，必遙獻乃食。 嘗赴試，母聞桃香久不散，女曰：「此必吾兄所獻。」 記其日，歸驗之，果然。
Wang Ziming was from Tongwei in Gansu. He was a licentiate. He was filial toward his mother. When traveling away from home, whenever fresh fruits or vegetables appeared, he would send them home as an offering to his mother before he ate. Once when he went to sit for an examination, his mother smelled peach fragrance that lingered for a long time. His sister said, "This must be what my elder brother sent." She noted the day. When he returned they checked, and it was indeed so.
48
馮星明，甘肅秦安人。 為營卒，戍龍山。 食新韭，置諸案，叩首。 同伍問之，曰：「以獻母。」 咸以為迂。 或歸候其母，母曰：「他日吾假寐，夢兒以韭食我，覺，猶有餘香。」 叩其日，星明獻韭時也。
Feng Xingming was from Qin'an in Gansu. He served as a barracks soldier, garrisoned at Longshan. When he ate fresh chives, he placed them on the table and kowtowed. His comrades asked him. He said, "To offer to my mother." They all thought him impractical. Someone returned to visit his mother. The mother said, "The other day I dozed off and dreamed my son fed me chives. When I awoke, the fragrance still lingered." They pressed for the day—it was when Xingming had offered chives.
49
張元翰，直隸南皮人。 光緒五年舉人，除獲鹿教諭，遷知縣。 方謁京師，父嗣陶時為萬全教諭，卒官。 元翰奔赴慟哭，幾不能勝。 居喪三年，悉用古禮。 喪終，以知縣待缺河南，奉母赴官，攝澠池、寧陵諸縣。 方有事於考城，而母遽卒，元翰以父母卒皆不克視終事，大痛。 將歸葬，自為文祭告，憑棺一慟而絕。
Zhang Yuanhan was from Nanpi in Zhili. In the fifth year of Guangxu he passed the provincial examination, was appointed director of studies at Huolu, and was promoted to magistrate. Just as he was paying respects in the capital, his father Sitao was then director of studies at Wanquan and died in office. Yuanhan rushed there and wept in grief, nearly unable to bear it. He observed mourning for three years, entirely using ancient rites. When mourning ended, as magistrate awaiting a vacancy in Henan, he brought his mother to his post and acted as magistrate for Mianchi, Ningling, and other counties. Just as he was occupied with matters at Kaocheng, his mother suddenly died. Yuanhan, having been unable to attend the final moments of either parent, was deeply pained. About to return for burial, he himself composed a text to announce and inform at the sacrifice. Leaning on the coffin he gave one burst of grief and expired.
50
俞鴻慶，湖南善化人。 光緒十八年進士，改庶吉士，授編修。 事父母篤孝。 官京師，歲必乞假歸省。 二十七年，母歾，鴻慶方自西安還京師，聞喪奔還，哀慟若不欲生。 父年已八十，衰病，鴻慶跬步不去側，婉容愉色，依慕如少時。 冬夜必數起省視，或竟夕不眠。 二十九年，父歾，鴻慶慟甚，以毀卒，距父勿方匝月。
Yu Hongqing was from Shanhua in Hunan. In the eighteenth year of Guangxu he passed the metropolitan examination, was made a Hanlin bachelor, and appointed compiler. He served his parents with deep filial piety. While holding office in the capital, every year he would beg leave to return and visit his parents. In the twenty-seventh year his mother died. Hongqing had just returned from Xi'an to the capital. Hearing of the bereavement he rushed back, grieving as if he did not wish to live. His father was already eighty, frail and ill. Hongqing did not leave his side for a step, with gentle countenance and pleased expression, clinging and adoring as in his youth. On winter nights he must rise several times to look in on him, sometimes staying awake the whole night. In the twenty-ninth year his father died. Hongqing grieved intensely and died from the destruction of mourning, barely a full month after his father's death.
51
姜瑢，雲南習峨人。 父文柄，嘗遠遊，瑢裹糧行求，得以歸。 貧，析薪治圃以養。 父嗜飲，日必具酒，家益貧，父為罷飲。 命子跪而請，翌日偕樵於山，買酒歸，共勸酣飲，日以為常。 父歾，輒提父嘗飲壺沽酒，哭於墓，人稱其圃為「孝子圃」。
Jiang Rong was from Xier in Yunnan. His father Wenbing once traveled far. Rong wrapped dry provisions and went seeking, and brought him home. Poor, he split firewood and tended a garden to support them. His father loved drink. Every day he must provide wine. The family grew poorer, and the father stopped drinking on their account. He ordered his son to kneel and plead. The next day they went together to gather firewood on the mountain, bought wine on the way home, and together urged him to drink deeply—it became their daily custom. When his father died, he would take his father's drinking pot to buy wine and weep at the tomb. People called his garden the "Garden of the Filial Son."
52
湯淵，江蘇常熟人。 八歲喪父。 母茅紡織不稍休，淵見輒淚下。 少長，為負販，勸母暫休，母曰：「休，不且餒死耶？」 淵大慟。 客至，母擎茗椀呼淵持以出，淵跪而受，自責貧不能具僕婢也。 娶，生子而婦亡，或勸再娶，曰：「吾已有子，何忍分養母力以養婦？」 竟以鰥終。 母卒，哀號動行路。 其後家稍裕，方冬，有被而無褥，曰：「吾母昔無此也。」 將卒，命市棺視殯母之費。
Tang Yuan was from Changshu in Jiangsu. He lost his father at eight. His mother Mao spun and wove without a moment's rest. When Yuan saw it, tears would fall. When he grew somewhat older, he became a porter-peddler. He urged his mother to rest briefly. His mother said, "If I rest, will we not starve to death?" Yuan wailed greatly. When guests came, his mother would lift the tea bowl and call Yuan to carry it out. Yuan knelt to receive it, blaming himself that poverty kept him from providing servants. He married. A son was born and his wife died. Some urged him to remarry. He said, "I already have a son—how could I bear to divert strength for supporting my mother to support a wife?" He remained a widower for life. When his mother died, his wailing moved those on the road. Later the family grew somewhat comfortable. In deep winter he had a quilt but no mattress. He said, "My mother once had not even this." About to die, he ordered a coffin bought matching the cost of his mother's burial.
53
魏興，直隸新城人。 早喪父，興與弟繼宗皆入伍。 繼宗戰死，興以母老，出伍為樵以養。 歲饑，米貴，興以米奉母，而自食糟糠，恆不飽。 興亦老，樵不足，毀屋，伐屋後樹以鬻。 安康諸生張鵬翼聞其事，過興，見興侍母左右扶持如童子，因問其鄰魏叟：「與其母日何食？」 鄰曰：「興敢包穀，母食麥。」 鵬翼大嗟異，以其事白知府，月予以粟，興母子始得飽。
Wei Xing was from Xincheng in Zhili. His father died early. Xing and his younger brother Jizong both entered military service. Jizong died in battle. Xing, because his mother was old, left service to gather firewood and support her. In a famine year rice was dear. Xing gave rice to his mother while he himself ate chaff and husks, always without his fill. Xing also grew old. Firewood was not enough. He demolished the house and felled the trees behind the house to sell. Ankang licentiate Zhang Pengyi heard of the matter. Passing by Xing he saw Xing attending his mother on either side, supporting her like a child. He therefore asked his neighbor old man Wei, "What do he and his mother eat each day?" The neighbor said, "Xing dares eat sorghum; his mother eats wheat." Pengyi sighed greatly in wonder and reported the matter to the prefect, who monthly granted them grain. Mother and son at last ate their fill.
54
戴兆笨，安徽旌德人。 少從父業縫紉，十三喪母，盡禮，事後母如母。 父病噎，亦減飲食，百方療父，不得，則刲肱糜以進，終不愈。 慟甚，廬墓側，朝夕稽顙。 時歸省後母，呼妻出，戒以善侍養，不入其室。
Dai Zhaoben was from Jingde in Anhui. Young he followed his father's trade in sewing. At thirteen his mother died—he performed the full rites and served his stepmother as his mother. His father fell ill with choking dysphagia. He also reduced his food and drink. In a hundred ways he treated his father without success, then cut flesh from his arm, made gruel, and presented it—his father still did not recover. Grieving deeply, he built a hut by the tomb and morning and evening kowtowed. From time to time he returned to visit his stepmother, called his wife out, admonished her to serve and nourish well, and did not enter their bedchamber.
55
潘周岱，安徽涇縣人。 為竹工，與父同傭，必躬其勞而遺父易且逸者。 父創足，負以往返。 老廢，周岱獨應傭，得酒肉時蔬懷歸，燂以進。 家食，必父母食乃食。 歲饑，奉父母必豐，次以食弟，躬與妻子飽糠覈。 父母疾，左右侍養無須臾去側。 母家山下泉洌，母病篤，夜半思得泉以飲，周岱挈瓶往，行四十餘裡，鄉晨以泉至。 居喪，旦暮悲號，先後廬墓三年。 喪既終，夕必詣墓爇香燃燈，如是終其身。 妻吳亦孝，無違命。
Pan Zhoudai was from Jing County in Anhui. A bamboo craftsman, he was hired out with his father—he must take the labor himself and leave his father the easy and light tasks. His father injured his foot; he carried him back and forth. When old and disabled, Zhoudai alone answered hire. When he got wine, meat, or seasonal vegetables he carried them home in his bosom, scalded them, and presented them. At family meals he would not eat until his parents had eaten. In famine years he served his parents lavishly, next fed his younger brother, while he and his wife and children ate their fill of chaff and husks. When his parents fell ill he attended and nourished at their sides without leaving for an instant. His mother's natal home had a spring below the mountain, the water clear. When his mother was critically ill, at midnight she longed for that spring to drink. Zhoudai took a jar and went, walked forty-odd li, and at daybreak brought the spring water. In mourning, morning and evening he wailed in grief. In succession he kept tomb huts for three years. When mourning had ended, every evening he must go to the tomb to burn incense and light lamps—thus to the end of his life. His wife Wu was also filial and never disobeyed a command.
56
張淮，浙江秀水人。 貧，粗識字，為人收田租。 父有心疾，思食羊，非特殺則不食，淮買羊殺以食父。 思出遊，則賃肩輿侍以出，窮日乃還。 父疾數年，凡所思，百方致之，不稍怠。 疾篤，刲肱進，卒不治。
Zhang Huai was from Xiushui in Zhejiang. Poor, he knew characters roughly and collected field rents for others. His father had heart illness and craved mutton—unless specially slaughtered he would not eat. Huai bought sheep, slaughtered them, and fed his father. When his father wished to go out touring, he hired a shoulder-sedan chair and attended him out, returning only at day's end. His father's illness lasted several years. Whatever his father desired, in a hundred ways he procured it, never slackening slightly. When the illness grew critical he cut flesh from his arm and presented it—still he could not be cured.
57
同時張廷標，為衣工。 奉母，常效市中兒嬉戲以娛母。 一日鄰家火，負母出，遷祀先之具，而不及他器用。 節所入為弟娶婦，而終身不自娶。 縣人與淮稱「二孝子」，道光初年事也。
At the same time Zhang Tingbiao was a garment maker. Serving his mother, he often imitated street children at play to amuse her. One day a neighbor's house caught fire. He carried his mother out, moved the items for sacrificing ancestors, but did not attend to other utensils. He saved his earnings to marry a wife for his younger brother, and through life never married himself. County people with Huai were called "the two filial sons"—events of the early Daoguang era.
58
胡其愛，江南桐城人。 為人傭而養母。 母病疲癃，其愛日夕在左右，視臥起飲食。 出就傭，具晨餐，度午不能歸，出勺米付鄰媼，囑代爨，必拜。 鄰媼止之，行數里外，复遙拜。 夜必歸，為母滌中裙廁牏。 在傭家得肉食，即請歸遺母。 母出觀優，負以往，夜則負以還。 欲往戚黨家，亦如之。 母歿，負土為墳，居悒悒而卒。
Hu Qi'ai was from Tongcheng in Jiangnan. He hired himself out to support his mother. His mother was ill with paralysis and infirmity. Qi'ai was day and night at her side, watching her lying, rising, eating, and drinking. Going out to hire, he prepared the morning meal. Estimating he could not return by noon, he took out a spoonful of rice and gave it to a neighboring old woman, entrusting her to cook on his behalf—always bowing. The neighboring old woman would stop him. Several li outside he would again bow from afar. He must return at night and washed his mother's under-skirts and privy. At the employer's when he got meat he would immediately ask leave to return and give it to his mother. When his mother went out to watch opera, he carried her there. At night he carried her back. When she wished to visit kinsmen and friends, it was the same. When his mother died he piled earth for a grave, lived in dejection, and died.
59
方其明，亦桐城人。 亦為傭而養母，母亦病疲癃。 其明慮出傭母飢渴，乃棄傭為丐，負母以出，得食必先母。 母卒，乃為圃，時荷鋤而泣曰：「昔為乞，苦飢寒，不離母側； 今稍足衣食，思母不可得矣！」
Fang Qiming was also from Tongcheng. He also hired himself out to support his mother. His mother was also ill with paralysis and infirmity. Qiming worried that going out to hire his mother would hunger and thirst. He abandoned hiring and became a beggar, carrying his mother out. Whatever food he got he always gave his mother first. When his mother died he then made a garden. Sometimes shouldering his hoe he wept, saying, "Formerly as a beggar I suffered hunger and cold but never left my mother's side; Now I am slightly provided with clothes and food—thinking of my mother, I cannot have her back!"
60
鄧成珠，福建泰宁人。 亦為傭而養母。 傭所距家遠，日乞米一合，昧旦送母所，還執傭。 母盲不能炊，乃負母依主家傍舍，朝夕為具食。 主或以為言，成珠曰：「成珠自減餐奉母，不敢重累主人也。」 居五年，母卒，葬畢，辭主人，不知所之。
Deng Chengzhu was from Taining in Fujian. He also hired himself out to support his mother. The place of hire was far from home. Daily he begged one ge of rice, at dawn dark sent it to his mother's place, and returned to take up his hire. His mother was blind and could not cook. He then carried his mother to lodge in a side hut by the master's house, morning and evening preparing food for her. The master sometimes spoke of it. Chengzhu said, "Chengzhu himself reduces his meals to support his mother—I dare not heavily burden the master again." After five years his mother died. When the burial was complete, he took leave of his master and departed; no one knew where he went.
61
張三愛，江南歙縣人。 為人役。 事母孝，母病，不能具藥物。 或謂之曰：「汝欲愈母病，盍刲肝？」 三愛禱於叢祠，破腹，肝墮出，以右手劙肝，得指許，左手納於腹，束以白麻。 歸以肝和羹飲母，母良愈，三愛創亦合。 三愛所事主，故嘗為知縣，貧，逋賦，三愛輒代承，被笞，不少懟。 主病且死，命三愛去，三愛勿聽，事主之子如事主。
Zhang San'ai was from She County in Jiangnan. He worked as a hired laborer. He was devoted to his mother. When she fell ill, he could not afford proper medicine. Someone told him, "If you want your mother's illness to heal, why not cut out your liver?" San'ai prayed at a woodland shrine, cut open his belly, and his liver fell out. With his right hand he sliced off about a finger's breadth of liver, tucked it back into his abdomen with his left hand, and bound the wound with white hemp. He went home, mixed the liver into a broth, and fed it to his mother. She recovered fully, and San'ai's wound healed as well. San'ai's employer had once served as a county magistrate. Impoverished and in arrears on his taxes, he relied on San'ai, who always paid the debts on his behalf, took the beatings, and never talked back. When his employer fell mortally ill, he told San'ai to leave. San'ai refused and continued to serve the man's son exactly as he had served the father.
62
楊夢益，陝西郃陽人。 賣菜傭也，事母孝，妻賈力紡織以佐養。 乾隆中，歲饑，夢益與妻食糠籺，盛米於囊，置其中，熟以奉母。 米盡，將鬻子，族人感而周之，乃止。
Yang Mengyi was from Heyang in Shaanxi. He sold vegetables for a living and was devoted to his mother. His wife earned extra income by spinning and weaving to help support the household. During the Qianlong era, when famine struck, Mengyi and his wife ate bran cakes while keeping rice in a bag at the center of their pot. They cooked it and served the rice to their mother. When the rice ran out, they were about to sell their son. Moved by their plight, relatives pooled resources to help them, and they abandoned the plan.
63
閻天倫，甘肅隴西人。 貧，父居僧寺，天倫與妻楊，雞鳴起磨面，及明入市，求父所嗜往饋，午若晡皆然，夜則從父寢。 父失明，天倫為茹素，年餘，目復明。 天倫先父卒，楊賣漿為養，如天倫在時。 翁卒，力營葬，忌日必祭，終其身。
Yan Tianlun was from Longxi in Gansu. Impoverished, his father lived in a Buddhist temple. Tianlun and his wife Yang rose at cockcrow to grind flour, then at dawn went to market, bought whatever his father craved, and brought it to him—morning, noon, and dusk alike. At night he slept beside his father. When his father went blind, Tianlun ate only vegetables for more than a year, and his father's eyesight returned. Tianlun died before his father. Yang sold gruel to support her father-in-law just as Tianlun had done. When the old man died, she labored to give him a proper burial and observed memorial rites on the appointed days for the rest of her life.
64
夏士友，湖北江夏人。 事母孝，傭力以養，不足，則減己食食母。 鄰或邀食，必先為母具食，然後往。 寒，語母勿早起，自執炊置食床前，又丁寧囑母善自護，乃出，如是以為常。 年四十未娶，或愍之，助其娶婦。 居半載，士友自外歸，婦與姑詬於室，流涕責婦，即日出之。 或曰：「出婦，如無後何？」 士友曰：「有婦，欲其孝； 有子孫，亦欲其孝。 苟不孝，安用婦？ 安用子孫？」 年餘，士友疾卒，母哭之慟，鄰有張某感士友孝而不得終事母，月供薪米，終其身。
Xia Shiyou was from Jiangxia in Hubei. He was devoted to his mother and hired himself out to support her. When his earnings fell short, he ate less so she could eat more. When neighbors invited him to dine, he always prepared his mother's meal first and only then went. In cold weather he told his mother not to rise early. He cooked himself, set food by her bed, urged her repeatedly to take care of herself, and only then went out to work—his daily routine. He reached forty without marrying. Moved by his plight, neighbors helped him find a wife. After six months Shiyou came home from work to find his wife quarreling with his mother. In tears he rebuked his wife and sent her away that same day. Someone said, "If you send your wife away, what will become of your line?" Shiyou said, "One takes a wife hoping she will be filial. One has children and grandchildren hoping they will be filial. If they are not filial, what use is a wife? What use are children and grandchildren?" A year later Shiyou died of illness, and his mother mourned him bitterly. A neighbor named Zhang, moved that Shiyou's devotion had kept him from finishing his service to his mother, supplied her monthly with firewood and rice for the rest of her life.
65
白長久，甘肅平番人。 幼孤，貧，負販奉母，具甘旨。 母或不怡，以首抵母，引手披其頸，俟解乃止。 里社演劇，負母往觀，侍側說劇中事。 母年八十，長久亦六十，未嘗稍懈。 光緒中，青海辦事大臣豫師餽以金，不受。 母卒，朝夕詣墓，饋食三年。
Bai Changjiu was from Pingfan in Gansu. Orphaned young and poor, he peddled goods on his back to support his mother and always brought her delicacies. When his mother was displeased, he pressed his forehead to hers and stroked her neck with his hand, waiting until she calmed before he stopped. When the village put on opera at the shrine, he carried his mother to watch and stood beside her narrating the plot. His mother was eighty and Changjiu sixty, yet he never slackened in his care. During the Guangxu era, Yu Shi, the Qinghai commissioner, offered him gold, but he refused it. After his mother died, he visited her grave morning and evening with offerings for three years.
66
郭味兒，甘肅禮縣人。 賣漿，出必拜母，歸亦然。 母嚴，稍不當意即恚，味兒為孺子狀悅母。 母苦脛痛，或言瘞枯骨，母當愈，黎明輒攜長鑱徘徊丘隴間，寒暑不間。 母卒，飲不入口，五日毀卒。
Guo Wei'er was from Li County in Gansu. He sold gruel. Every time he left the house he bowed to his mother, and he did the same when he returned. His mother was stern. At the slightest displeasure she grew angry, and Wei'er would play the coaxing child to cheer her. His mother suffered pain in her shins. Someone said burying dry bones would cure her. At dawn each day he took a long spade and wandered the burial mounds, never pausing through winter or summer. When his mother died, he refused food and drink and died of grief on the fifth day.
67
聶宏，陝西鄠縣人。 賣酒，事親孝，得錢易甘脆奉親。 母卒，臥父榻側，時省視。 畜犬，得餅銜飼母，人以為孝感。
Nie Hong was from Hu County in Shaanxi. He sold wine and was devoted to his parents. Whatever he earned he spent on delicacies for them. After his mother died, he slept beside his father's couch and looked in on him constantly. He kept a dog that, when it got a cake, carried it in its mouth to feed his mother. People regarded it as Heaven's reward for filial devotion.
68
董阿虎，江南山陽人。 少喪父，為人擔水，得值養母。 稍有餘，必具甘旨。 積十餘年，構茅屋奉母。 一日，鄰被火，阿虎負母避，還跪戶外，乞神佑。 俄左右盡爇，獨阿虎茅屋存。
Dong Ahu was from Shanyang in Jiangnan. Orphaned of his father young, he carried water for hire and used his wages to support his mother. Whenever he had anything to spare, he spent it on delicacies for her. After more than ten years he built a thatched hut for his mother. One day a neighbor's house caught fire. Ahu carried his mother to safety, then returned and knelt outside his door, begging the gods for protection. Soon everything on either side was reduced to ashes, yet Ahu's thatched hut alone stood untouched.
69
張乞人，順天永清人，失其名。 父死，行乞以養母。 穴土為居，天大雪，知縣魏繼齊過其處，聞歌聲出地中，怪而呼問之，曰：「今日母生日，歌以勸餐耳。」 繼齊命車載其母子至縣，繼齊母畀其母粟及布，繼齊與銀十緡。 乞人叩頭曰：「官母賜我母，不敢不受； 官賜我，我不敢受。」 繼齊問其故，曰：「民愚，不知此十緡官何所受之？ 我母年八十，我年六十一，為清白百姓足矣。」 繼齊不復強，將為營室，乞人負其母去，不知所終。
Zhang the Beggar was from Yongqing in Shuntian; his given name is unknown. After his father died, he begged for alms to support his mother. He dug an earthen dwelling for them. One day, during heavy snow, County Magistrate Wei Jiqi passed by and heard singing from underground. Astonished, he called out to ask. The beggar said, "Today is my mother's birthday. I sing to encourage her to eat." Jiqi had a cart bring mother and son to the county seat. Jiqi's mother gave the beggar's mother grain and cloth, and Jiqi gave him ten strings of silver. The beggar kowtowed and said, "When the magistrate's mother gives gifts to my mother, I dare not refuse. What the magistrate gives me, I dare not accept." Jiqi asked why. He said, "I am only a foolish commoner. I do not know where the magistrate obtained these ten strings. My mother is eighty and I am sixty-one. To live as an honest commoner is enough for us." Jiqi did not press him further and offered to build him a house. The beggar carried his mother away, and no one knew what became of them.
70
席慕孔，廣東三水人。 善養母。 嘗娶妻生子。 歲饑，田數畝盡鬻，妻怨其貧，求去，遂遣之。 夏秋助人耕穫為傭，冬則乞食以養。 得餅餌歸食母，得餘羹，啜湆，以肉歸。
Xi Mukong was from Sanshui in Guangdong. He was devoted to supporting his mother. He once married and had a son. When famine came, he sold his few mu of fields. His wife, resenting their poverty, asked to leave, and he let her go. In spring and summer he hired out for planting and harvest work; in winter he begged for food to support her. Whatever cakes he obtained he brought home for his mother. If there was leftover broth, he drank the dregs himself and brought the meat home to her.
71
張長松，山東棲霞人。 母瞽，長松出為傭，主人與之食，輒不盡，歸遺母。 無所事則乞諸鄰里，母食已，乃食其餘。 冬大雪，長松病不能出，呼母涕泣言曰：「兒不肖，不能養吾母，乃乞食，母賴以活。 今疾憊，母老，可若何？」 遂死。
Zhang Changsong was from Qixia in Shandong. His mother was blind. Changsong hired himself out, and whenever his employer gave him food he never finished it, bringing the rest home to his mother. When idle he begged from neighbors. Only after his mother had eaten did he eat what was left. One winter, during heavy snow, Changsong fell ill and could not go out. Weeping, he called to his mother and said, "Your son is unworthy and cannot support you—I have had to beg for food, and you have lived on that. Now I am worn out by sickness, and you are old. What is to be done?" He died soon after.
72
崔長生，江南邳州人。 生而瘖，手又攣。 為傭養父母，出入必面。 歲大祲，乞食於市，得糟糠，上父母，自食草根木實以活。 拾字紙，得遺金，待失者踰月不得。 乃易母彘飼之，茁壯蕃息，為父母治送死之具。 喪父母，舁葬於中野，遂去，不知所終。
Cui Changsheng was from Pizhou in Jiangnan. He was born mute, and his hands were crippled as well. He hired himself out to support his parents and always turned his face toward them whenever he left or returned. During a great famine he begged in the market. Whatever chaff and bran he obtained he gave his parents, while he lived on roots, bark, and wild fruit. While gathering waste paper he found lost gold and waited more than a month for the owner, but no one came. He then used it to buy a sow to raise. The pig thrived and multiplied, and with the proceeds he prepared his parents' funeral goods. When his parents died, he carried them on his shoulders and buried them in open country, then departed. No one knew what became of him.
73
榮孝子，河南遂平人。 幼痴聾，無名。 家本饒，後中落，貧甚。 父卒，無所居，奉母居棲流鋪。 出乞食，擇所得供母，自食其餘。 得少，則但供母，而自忍飢歸。 見母必叩頭，食必跪進。 母食則起而舞，食減則泣。 母或故減食以食子，則泣不受。 母七十餘卒，縣人為具斂，朝暮泣，終其身。 吏以孝子旌其楣，亦不知孝子為何名也。 卒亦七十餘。
Rong the Filial Son was from Suiping in Henan. From childhood he was dull and deaf, and had no personal name. His family had once been prosperous but later fell into ruin and extreme poverty. When his father died they had nowhere to live. He lodged his mother in a refugee shelter. He went out begging, chose the best of what he received for his mother, and ate the rest himself. If he obtained little, he gave it all to his mother and went home hungry himself. Whenever he saw his mother he kowtowed. Whenever he served food he knelt to present it. When his mother ate he rose and danced for joy. When she ate less he wept. If his mother deliberately ate less to feed him, he wept and refused to accept. When his mother died past seventy, county residents provided her burial garments. He wept morning and evening for the rest of his life. Officials honored his door lintel with the title "Filial Son," yet no one knew the Filial Son's given name. He too died past the age of seventy.
74
無錫二孝子，皆失其姓氏。 其一瞽，磨粉為業，事母至孝，竭力供甘旨。 年至四十餘復明，人皆異之。 其一啞，行乞得錢以養母，必具酒脯。 母卒，食必祭，祭必伏地號痛。 既葬，哭於墓，見者皆感。
Two filial sons of Wuxi—both surnames are unknown. One was blind and ground flour for a living. He served his mother with utmost devotion, straining every effort to provide delicacies. Past forty his eyesight returned, to everyone's astonishment. The other was mute. Begging for money to support his mother, he always bought wine and dried meat for her. When his mother died, he made offerings before every meal, each time prostrating himself on the ground and wailing. After the burial he wept at the grave, moving all who saw him.
75
啞孝子，無姓氏，或曰雲南昆明人。 家有母，老矣，行乞以養。 得食必奉母，母食然後食。 母或怒，嬉戲拜且舞，必母樂乃已。 得錢密投諸井，母卒，鄉人有欲醵錢以助斂者，與如井，數數指水中，鄉人為出錢，營殮且葬。 事畢，遠遊不知所終。
The mute filial son, surname unknown—some say he was from Kunming in Yunnan. He had an aged mother at home and begged for alms to support her. Whenever he obtained food he always presented it to his mother, and only after she had eaten did he eat. When his mother was angry, he played the fool, bowing and dancing until she was pleased before he stopped. When he obtained money he secretly threw it into a well. When his mother died, villagers wished to collect money to assist with the burial. He led them to the well and repeatedly pointed at the water. The villagers retrieved the money and arranged the encoffining and burial. When all was done, he traveled far away, and no one knew what became of him.