1
方立禮丁世忠汪良緒賈錫成王長祚劉國賓曹超
Fang Lili, Ding Shizhong, Wang Liangxu, Jia Xicheng, Wang Changzuo, Liu Guobin, and Cao Chao.
2
黎興岕夏汝英金國選張愫李志善弟志勃彭大士
Li Xingjie, Xia Ruying, Jin Guoxuan, Zhang Su, Li Zhishan and his younger brother Zhibo, and Peng Dashi.
3
錢孝則任遇亨族子裕德陸國安徐守質兄基
Qian Xiaozi, Ren Yuheng and his clansman's son Yude, Lu Guo'an, and Xu Shouzhi and his elder brother Ji.
4
黃簡程原學鬱褒姚易修胡夢豸賀上林何士閥
Huang Jian, Cheng Yuanxue, Yu Bao, Yao Yixiu, Hu Mengzhi, He Shanglin, and He Shifa.
5
陳嘉謨林長貴弟長廣戚弢言李敬躋
Chen Jiamo, Lin Changgui and his younger brother Chuangguang, Qi Taoyan, and Li Jingji.
6
張大觀楊璞蔡應泰張士仁潘瑂劉希向
Zhang Daguan, Yang Pu, Cai Yingtai, Zhang Shiren, Pan Mei, and Liu Xixiang.
7
沈嗣綬謝君澤馮福基黃向堅顧廷琦李澄
Shen Sishou, Xie Junze, Feng Fuji, Huang Xiangjian, Gu Tingqi, and Li Cheng.
8
劉獻煜錢美恭趙萬全劉龍光李芳巇唐肇虞
Liu Xianyu, Qian Meigong, Zhao Wanquan, Liu Longguang, Li Fangxi, and Tang Zhaoyu.
9
繆士毅子秉文陸承祺弟承祚汪龍方如珽張燾
Miao Shiyi and his son Bingwen, Lu Chengqi and his younger brother Chengzuo, Wang Long, Fang Ruting, and Zhang Tao.
10
硃壽命潘天成翁運槐弟運標楊士選徐大中
Zhu Shouming, Pan Tiancheng, Weng Yunhuai and his younger brother Yunbiao, Yang Shixuan, and Xu Dazhong.
11
沈仁業魏樹德李汝恢鄭立本李學侗
Shen Renye, Wei Shude, Li Ruhui, Zheng Liben, and Li Xuetong.
12
董士元李復新黨國虎嚴廷瓚陸起鶤弟起鵬
Dong Shiyuan, Li Fuxin, Dang Guohu, Yan Tingzan, and Lu Qikun and his younger brother Qipeng.
13
虞爾忘弟爾雪黃洪元弟福元顏中和顏鼇
Yu Erwang and his younger brother Erxue, Huang Hongyuan and his younger brother Fuyuan, Yan Zhonghe, and Yan Ao.
14
王恩榮楊獻恆任騎馬李巨勳任四
Wang Enrong, Yang Xianheng, Ren Qima, Li Juxun, and Ren Si.
15
王國林藍忠=盧必升=盧必升，字寀臣，浙江山陰人。 九歲，父芳病，思得蟚蜞炙，必升挾筐求之沙上，潮至，幾死，不釋筐。 明季遇寇，芳獨行入山，必升行求得之歸。 必升為叔父茂後，順治初，寇縶茂舟中，必升繞岸哭，三晝夜，不絕聲。 寇引使見茂，脅茂降，拔刃屢欲下，必升叩頭流血，乞貸死。 久之，寇中有義其行者，脫茂使共還。 茂有女忌必升，嗾母遣必升往松江，使盜擊諸途。 盜察必升且死，曰：「爾死勿我仇，誰某實使我。」 必昇陽死，盜擲之水，復以救免。 必升書告所後母，但自謝不謹被盜，所後母為感悟，為母子如初。
Wang Guolin and Lan Zhong. Lu Bisheng—Lu Bisheng, whose style was Caichen, came from Shanyin in Zhejiang. When he was nine, his father Fang fell ill and craved broiled shore crab. Bisheng took a basket to hunt for them on the tidal flats; the tide swept in and he nearly drowned, but he still would not let go of the basket. In the disorders at the close of the Ming, when bandits appeared Fang went off alone into the hills. Bisheng went in search of him, found him, and led him home. Bisheng had been adopted as heir by his uncle Mao. Early in the Shunzhi reign bandits seized Mao aboard a boat; Bisheng paced the bank and wept for three days and nights without pause. The bandits led him to Mao and tried to force Mao to submit. They drew their swords again and again as though to strike him down, while Bisheng kowtowed until blood ran from his forehead, pleading that they spare his uncle's life. In time one of the bandits, moved by his devotion, released Mao and allowed uncle and nephew to go home together. Mao had a daughter who bore a grudge against Bisheng. She urged her mother to send him to Songjiang and hired men to waylay him on the journey. When the robbers saw that Bisheng was nearly dead, one said, "If you die, do not blame me—it was so-and-so who truly put me up to this." Bisheng played dead. The robbers threw him into the river, but then pulled him out and he survived. Bisheng wrote to his adoptive mother, blaming only his own carelessness for having been robbed. She was deeply moved and their bond became what it had once been.
16
=李應麒=李應麒，雲南昆明人。 遘亂，與其父相失，被略至迤東，乞食歸。 喪母，勸父再娶，後母至，遇應麒虐，應麒賣卜以養。 失後母意，輒笞楚，跪而受杖。 後乃被逐，事父母愈謹。 父生日，賣卜得雞米，持歸為壽。 佃人田，方耕，聞後母病，輟耕走三十里求醫藥。 後母生三子，友愛無間。 後母久乃悟，卒善視焉。
Li Yingqi—Li Yingqi came from Kunming in Yunnan. In the chaos of war he lost his father, was taken captive to the far east of the province, and made his way home by begging along the road. When his mother died he persuaded his father to marry again. His stepmother was cruel to him, yet he supported the family by telling fortunes in the streets. Whenever he fell short of her wishes she would thrash him, and he would kneel and take the beating without protest. He was eventually turned out of the house, yet he attended to both parents with even greater devotion. On his father's birthday he earned enough from fortune-telling to buy a chicken and rice, which he carried home as a gift. He was plowing rented fields when word came that his stepmother was ill. He left the plow and ran thirty li to find a physician and medicine. His stepmother bore three sons, and he loved them as his own brothers without the slightest estrangement. In time his stepmother understood his heart and at last treated him with kindness.
17
=李中德=李中德，漢軍旗人。 康熙初，父從征福建，中德亦出參陝西軍事，奉母以行。 事畢，還京師，父先自福建還，已娶妾生子矣。 中德母至，父暱妾而出嫡，拒不相見。 中德為請，叩頭流血，父終不聽。 請得居別室，亦不聽，及營室東直門外奉母，早晚侍父側無幾微憾，善視諸庶弟。 越六年，父病棘，乃告父迎母還，父深悔焉，旋卒，妾亦死。 中德母撫妾生四子如己出，中德亦友愛如父在時。
Li Zhongde—Li Zhongde belonged to the Han military banners. Early in the Kangxi reign his father marched on Fujian while Zhongde himself served in the Shaanxi theater, taking his mother with him on campaign. When the campaigns ended they returned to Beijing. His father had come back from Fujian ahead of them and had already taken a concubine who had borne him a son. When Zhongde's mother arrived, his father doted on the concubine and turned his lawful wife out of the house, refusing even to meet her. Zhongde begged for her, kowtowing until blood streamed from his forehead, yet his father would not relent. He asked that his mother be housed separately, but his father refused even that. Zhongde built a dwelling outside Dongzhimen to support her, yet still attended his father morning and evening without a trace of bitterness and treated his half-brothers with affection. Six years later, when his father lay critically ill, Zhongde persuaded him to bring his mother home. His father was filled with remorse, but died soon after, and the concubine died as well. Zhongde's mother raised the concubine's four sons as her own, and Zhongde continued to love them as warmly as when his father still lived.
18
=張文齡=張文齡，字可庭，河南西華人。 父暱妾而憎其母，文齡事父撫庶弟甚篤，庶弟亦感之，而父終不悟，逐文齡。 文齡號泣呼天自懲艾，謂不復比於人，未嘗一言揚親過。 遠近慕其行，遣子弟從遊，得束脩，因庶弟以獻其父，或不得通，循牆走，泣且望，見者皆泣下。 雍正五年，成進士，父榮之，意稍改。 八年，就吏部選，京師地震，死者眾，文齡亦與焉。 鄒一桂與為友，歸其喪，父始悟其孝，為之慟。
Zhang Wenling—Zhang Wenling, whose style was Keting, came from Xihua in Henan. His father doted on a concubine and despised Wenling's mother. Wenling served his father faithfully and cared tenderly for his half-brothers, who were deeply moved in turn, but his father never understood and cast Wenling out. Wenling wept to heaven and blamed himself alone, declaring that he was unworthy to stand among other men, and he never once spoke ill of his father. People far and near admired his character and sent their sons to study under him. From the fees he earned he sent gifts to his father by way of his half-brothers. When he was refused entry he would pace along the wall, weeping as he looked toward the house, and all who saw him wept as well. In the fifth year of the Yongzheng reign he passed the metropolitan examination. His father was proud of him and his heart began to change. In the eighth year he went to Beijing for appointment through the Ministry of Personnel. An earthquake struck the capital, killing many, and Wenling was among the dead. His friend Zou Yigui brought his body home. Only then did his father grasp how filial he had been, and he mourned him with overwhelming grief.
19
=黎安理=黎安理，貴州遵義人。 祖母卒，复娶而悍，父不容於後母，客授四川灌縣，遂卒，葬焉。 母還母家，安理方十歲，留祖父母所。 祖母遇之虐，晝則令刈薪，夜督舂，舂重不舉，繩絡碓，以足挽之。 恆不使得飽。 嘗取毒蠚納其口。 誘之溪側，推墮水。 皆瀕死，遇救蘇。 既長，習舉子業，出客授佐家。 祖父卒，為治喪葬。 祖母病，侍疾不倦，卒，又為治喪葬，無缺禮。 其事祖父母凡三十有四年。 痛父客死，恆詣灌縣謁墓。 母復歸，事之孝。 兩弟不勝祖母虐，出走，安理往來黔、蜀，求得仲弟還。 季弟客死，撫其孤。 安理晚舉乾隆四十四年鄉試，授永清教諭，遷山東長山知縣，有治績。 告歸，卒於家。
Li Anli—Li Anli came from Zunyi in Guizhou. After his grandmother died his grandfather took another wife, a harsh woman. His father could not endure life with his stepmother, went to Guan County in Sichuan as a private tutor, died there, and was buried there. His mother went back to her own family. Anli was only ten and was left in the care of his grandparents. His grandmother abused him cruelly. By day she set him to cut firewood; by night she made him pound grain. When the pestle was too heavy for his arms he lashed a rope to the mortar and worked it with his foot. She never let him eat enough to be satisfied. Once she thrust a venomous wasp into his mouth. She lured him to the bank of a stream and pushed him in. Each time he was at the point of death, yet someone saved him and he recovered. When he grew older he prepared for the civil examinations and went out teaching to help support the household. When his grandfather died he saw to the funeral and burial himself. When his grandmother fell ill he nursed her without rest. After she died he again conducted her funeral and burial, omitting no proper observance. He had served his grandparents for thirty-four years in all. Grieving that his father had died abroad, he made regular pilgrimages to Guan County to tend the grave. When his mother came home again he cared for her with filial devotion. His two younger brothers, unable to bear their grandmother's abuse, fled. Anli traveled between Guizhou and Sichuan until he found his second brother and brought him back. His youngest brother died far from home, and he raised the orphan child left behind. Anli passed the provincial examinations only late in life, in the forty-fourth year of Qianlong. He was appointed director of studies at Yongqing and later became magistrate of Changshan in Shandong, where he earned a record of good governance. He resigned and returned home, where he died.
20
=易良德=易良德，湖南黔陽人。 出為世父志宰後。 志宰性急，屢撫兄弟子，皆不相能，遣還本支。 最後得良德，良德能先意承志，得其歡心。 有疾，晝夜侍，寢食俱廢，里人無子者恆舉良德相慰藉。
Yi Liangde—Yi Liangde came from Qianyang in Hunan. He had been adopted as heir by his father's elder brother Zhizai. Zhizai had a quick temper. He had taken several nephews as heirs in turn, but none could live with him, and he sent each back to his own branch of the family. At last he took Liangde, who could read his wishes in advance and truly won his heart. When Zhizai fell ill Liangde nursed him day and night, forgetting sleep and meals. Childless neighbors would point to Liangde to console one another.
21
方立禮，江蘇江都人。 母歾，後母遇之虐，怒輒與大杖，立禮謹受無懟。 一日，杖幾絕，及蘇，無變容。 父歾，遂逐立禮。 立禮時時候門外問起居，疾則憂懼不食，愈乃已。 妻洪，亦孝謹，日受鞭撻，後母稍自悔，為少戢。 後母勿，為之哀毀。 後母二子皆早死，立禮育其子女如己出。
Fang Lili came from Jiangdu in Jiangsu. After his mother died his stepmother abused him. In anger she would thrash him with a heavy stick, and Lili bore it meekly without a word of complaint. One day a beating nearly killed him. When he came to, his face showed no change at all. When his father died they cast Lili out of the house. Lili would wait outside the gate to ask after her health. When she fell ill he would fret and go without food until she was well again. His wife Hong was equally dutiful and careful, and she too was beaten every day. In time his stepmother felt remorse and eased off somewhat. When his stepmother died he mourned her with such grief that his health was broken. Both of his stepmother's sons had died young, and Lili raised their children as if they were his own.
22
丁世忠，湖南黔陽人。 母初未有子，父娶妾，母生世忠。 妾亦有子女而悍，惡世忠，嘗酖之，不死。 父懦，令別室居，世忠事兩母無懟。 庶弟無禮於世忠，嫡母喪，不欲持服，世忠皆不與較。 庶弟坐事破家，世忠亦中落，仍割田畀之。
Ding Shizhong came from Qianyang in Hunan. At first his mother had borne no son, so his father took a concubine. Soon afterward his mother gave birth to Shizhong. The concubine too had children and was fierce. She hated Shizhong and once poisoned him, but he survived. His father was timid and made him live apart, yet Shizhong served both mothers without the slightest complaint. His half-brother treated him rudely. When their lawful mother died the half-brother refused to wear mourning, yet Shizhong never held it against him. His half-brother was ruined by a lawsuit. Shizhong's own family fortunes had fallen as well, yet he still carved out part of his land and gave it to him.
23
汪良緒，江蘇吳江人。 父嗜博，母諫，忤父，為父逐。 良緒日夜號泣，求返其母。 父怒，並逐之，乃奉母依其妻父居。 父以博破家，亦來與共居，母出奩貲易田，盡為父所鬻，良緒客授以養。 方暑，父撤床上帳償博進，屢易屢鬻，良緒亦不具帳。 晨起，蚊跡遍其體。 母多病，良緒必親視湯藥。 出客授，母疾病，方冬，水凍舟阻，履冰而還。 母既歾，哭泣無常，寢
Wang Liangxu came from Wujiang in Jiangsu. His father was addicted to gambling. When his mother remonstrated with him she angered her husband, who turned her out of the house. Liangxu wept day and night, pleading that his mother be brought back. His father in anger cast him out too. He took his mother to live with his father-in-law. His father gambled away the family fortune and came to live with them as well. His mother used her dowry to buy land, but his father sold every field. Liangxu supported them by teaching abroad. One summer his father stripped the bed curtains to settle gambling debts. Curtains were replaced and sold over and over, and Liangxu went without any himself. When he woke in the morning his whole body was covered with mosquito bites. His mother was often ill, and Liangxu always prepared her medicine himself. He was teaching away from home when he learned his mother was ill. It was midwinter, the rivers were frozen and boats could not run, yet he walked across the ice to reach her. After his mother died he wept without restraint. In bed he
24
不解絰，稍寐輒呼阿母，寤則大慟，未終喪而卒。 卒後視其枕，麻布包土★M6也。
never took off his mourning headband. Whenever he dozed he would cry for his mother, and when he woke he would wail bitterly. Before the mourning period had ended, he died. After his death they looked at his pillow: it was nothing but earth wrapped in hemp cloth.
25
賈錫成，江蘇宜興人。 父映乾，性嚴。 錫成生而生母吳以小過逢映乾怒，遂去不返。 錫成稍長，鄰兒嘲無母，問得其故，悲不勝。 甫成童，屢出訪母。 過無錫，夢至尼菴，嫗予食，甚慈愛。 因遍訪諸尼庵，方雪，老尼問里居，曰：「宜興。」 因曰：「吾徒亦宜興。」 入見之，即其母也。 相持哭，母終不肯歸。 錫成數省視饋食。 及母卒，以喪還葬，上塚哭必慟。 映乾遘疫卒，錫成痛甚，伏柩側喃喃若共父語，夢中或歡笑，寤則大慟。 疾作遽卒，距映乾卒才五日。
Jia Xicheng came from Yixing in Jiangsu. His father Yingqian was stern by nature. Soon after Xicheng was born his birth mother Wu offended Yingqian over a trifling matter. She left and never came back. As Xicheng grew older, neighborhood boys taunted him for having no mother. When he learned why, grief overwhelmed him. Hardly had he come of age when he set out repeatedly to find his mother. Passing through Wuxi, he dreamed of a nunnery where an old woman fed him with great tenderness. He then searched every nunnery in turn. Snow was falling. An old nun asked his home place, and he answered, "Yixing." She said, "One of our sisters is from Yixing as well." He went in to see her, and it was his mother. They clung to each other and wept, yet his mother still refused to go home. Xicheng visited her often and brought her provisions. When she died he brought her body home for burial. Each time he visited the grave he wept as though his heart would break. Yingqian died of plague. Xicheng was stricken with grief. He lay beside the coffin murmuring as though speaking with his father, sometimes laughed in his sleep, and when he woke would wail bitterly. He fell ill and died suddenly, only five days after his father.
26
王長祚，字爾昌，湖南衡陽人。 父喬年，以富名。 明季張獻忠破衡陽，喬年出避，遊騎縶長祚與次子璠求喬年所在，榜掠終不言。 寇挽長祚發，加刃於頸，璠號泣求代。 寇中有騎者言：「此父子皆孝，奈何殺之？」 遂得釋。
Wang Changzuo, whose style was Erchang, came from Hengyang in Hunan. His father Qiaonian was renowned for his wealth. Late in the Ming, Zhang Xianzhong captured Hengyang. Qiaonian fled, and roaming horsemen seized Changzuo and his second son Fan, demanding to know where Qiaonian was. They were beaten and tortured but would not speak. The bandits seized Changzuo by the hair and pressed a blade to his throat. Fan wept and begged to die in his brother's stead. One of the mounted bandits said, "This father and these sons are all filial. How can we kill them?" They were released.
27
劉國賓，芷江人。 國初流寇入縣境，國賓負母出避，道遇寇，劫母衣，刃創國賓，血流至足。 國賓忍痛跪乞還母衣，語迫至，寇愍其孝而還之。 康熙中，吳三桂兵至，掠族弟國宥，其母嫠也，哭之喪明。 國賓行求國宥，逾年以歸，其母目復明。 貧不能自存，國賓分田百畝與之。
Liu Guobin came from Zhijiang. Early in the dynasty roaming bandits entered the county. Guobin carried his mother on his back to flee, met bandits on the road, who stripped his mother's clothes and slashed Guobin until blood ran to his feet. Guobin bore the pain, knelt, and begged for his mother's clothes. His pleas were so desperate that the bandits pitied his devotion and returned them. During the Kangxi reign Wu Sangui's troops came and seized his clansman Guoyou. Guoyou's mother was a widow; she wept until she went blind. Guobin went in search of Guoyou. After more than a year he brought him home, and the mother's sight returned. They were too poor to live on their own, so Guobin gave them a hundred mu of land.
28
曹超，安徽和州人。 順治中，鄭成功兵至，超奉父母出避，遇寇欲殺之，超號泣求代，並得免。 居喪，負土為墳。 家有紫薇，父手植也，久枯，每對之哀慟，非時復發花。
Cao Chao came from Hezhou in Anhui. During the Shunzhi reign Zheng Chenggong's army arrived. Chao led his parents to flee, met bandits who meant to kill them, and wailed, begging to die in their place. All were spared. In mourning he carried earth on his back to build the grave himself. At home stood a crape myrtle his father had planted with his own hands. Long dead, it would bloom again out of season whenever he mourned before it.
29
黎興岕，湖南湘陰人。 張獻忠破長沙，略湘陰，興岕父嘉品為賊縶，將殺之。 興岕八歲，請代父死，賊幼之，舉刀令申頸，泣曰：「此恐欺我，既殺我，复殺父，乞但殺我一人。」 引頸就刀，賊兩釋之，里人稱之曰「孺孝」。
Li Xingjie came from Xiangyin in Hunan. Zhang Xianzhong captured Changsha and overran Xiangyin. Xingjie's father Jiapin was seized by the rebels and was about to be executed. Xingjie was eight. He asked to die in his father's place. The bandits, thinking him a child, raised a knife and told him to bare his neck. Weeping, he said, "You are probably deceiving me—after you kill me you will kill my father too. I beg you kill only me." He stretched out his neck to the blade. The bandits released them both, and the villagers called him "the child of filial devotion."
30
夏汝英，湖南安化人。 順治初，遊兵掠其家，汝英九歲，衛母不去左右，遊兵掠汝英去。 道中告以母孤苦，乞釋還，賊憐而許之。
Xia Ruying came from Anhua in Hunan. Early in Shunzhi roaming soldiers plundered his home. Ruying was nine and clung to his mother, never leaving her side, but the soldiers carried him off. On the road he told them his mother was alone and helpless and begged to be sent back. The bandits pitied him and let him go.
31
金國選，湖南黔陽人，吳三桂之亂，賊掠其父母去。 國選七歲，牽衣痛哭，求釋，不得。 罵賊，賊哧以白刃，不捨。 擊以杖，終不捨，乃釋其父母。
Jin Guoxuan came from Qianyang in Hunan. During Wu Sangui's rebellion bandits seized his parents. Guoxuan was seven. He clutched their clothes and wept, begging for their release, but in vain. He cursed the bandits. They brandished naked blades at him, but he would not let go. They beat him with clubs, yet he still would not let go. At last they released his parents.
32
張愫，湖南湘陰人。 年十歲，寇至，從其祖走避。 寇執其祖，將殺之，愫哀號求代，身蔽祖，被數創，不顧。 寇嗟嘆，舍之去。
Zhang Su came from Xiangyin in Hunan. He was ten when bandits came. He fled with his grandfather. The bandits seized his grandfather and were about to kill him. Su wailed and begged to die in his stead, shielded his grandfather with his body, took many wounds, and did not flinch. The bandits sighed in admiration and left them.
33
李志善、志勃，湖南安化人。 父步武。 諸生。 流寇破縣，縛步武，志善十六、志勃十四，
Li Zhishan and Zhibo came from Anhua in Hunan. Their father was Buwu. He was a licentiate. Roaming bandits overran the county and bound Buwu. Zhishan was sixteen and Zhibo fourteen,
34
號泣求免。 賊詰步武里中孰為富，步武罵賊，賊殺之。 志善、志勃奪賊刀殺賊，皆為賊所殺。
and they wept, begging that he be spared. The bandits asked Buwu who in the village was wealthy. Buwu cursed them, and they killed him. Zhishan and Zhibo seized the bandits' knives and killed some of them, but were themselves slain.
35
彭大士，湖南湘陰人。 順治初，李自成餘黨破縣，執大士母求金。 大士紿賊：「金在井側。」 請偕往，因赴井，母走免。 大士年十八，妻仇歸大士僅二十日，亦入井死。
Peng Dashi came from Xiangyin in Hunan. Early in Shunzhi, remnants of Li Zicheng's forces overran the county, seized Dashi's mother, and demanded gold. Dashi deceived the bandits, saying, "The gold is beside the well." He asked them to come with him, then threw himself into the well. His mother fled and escaped. Dashi was eighteen. His wife Qiu had been married to him only twenty days and threw herself into the well as well.
36
錢孝則，江南桐城人。 方明福王時，父以黨人被逮急，變姓名，挈家人亡命至震澤。 兵起，母及弟、妹皆赴水死，孝則與父匿稻田中得脫。 兵過，收葬母及弟、妹，走福建。 未幾，福建亂作，父子奔避相失。 孝則走廣東，數年還福建，求父十三年，始得與父俱歸。 父續娶於徐，徐有富名。 父他往，盜夜至，毀牖，縛孝則迫令導入徐室，孝則不可。 盜斫以斧，顱裂死。
Qian Xiaozi came from Tongcheng in Jiangnan. Late in the Ming, when the Prince of Fu reigned, his father was seized as a partisan. He changed his name, took his family, and fled to Zhenze. When fighting broke out his mother, younger brother, and sister all drowned themselves. Xiaozi and his father hid in the rice fields and survived. After the soldiers passed he buried his mother, brother, and sister, then fled to Fujian. Before long Fujian fell into chaos, and father and son fled separately and lost each other. Xiaozi went to Guangdong. Years later he returned to Fujian and searched for his father for thirteen years before at last finding him and bringing him home. His father remarried into the Xu family, who were renowned for their wealth. While his father was away, robbers came by night, broke in, bound Xiaozi, and forced him to lead them into the Xu house. He refused. The robbers struck him with an axe. His skull split open and he died.
37
任遇亨，江南崑山人。 生有膂力。 國初盜大起，遇亨負父逃，盜劫其父去。 遇亨持刀突入，負父出，身被數創，腸出，遇醫得不死，扶父徙居嘉定以老。
Ren Yuheng came from Kunshan in Jiangnan. He was born with unusual strength. Early in the dynasty banditry flared. Yuheng carried his father on his back to flee, but bandits seized his father. Yuheng seized a knife, rushed in, and carried his father out on his back. He took many wounds and his bowels spilled out, but a physician saved him. He moved with his father to Jiading, where they lived out their years.
38
族子裕德，有土豪積怨於其父，伺隙持刀欲殺之。 裕德年十一，身蔽父，兩手奪刀，正言曉以禍福，土豪擲刀去。 父病痢三年，裕德晝夜扶持，躬滌濯污穢。 父卒，居喪哀毀。 友於兄，幼即請代兄杖。 兄老而無藉，養生送死皆任之甚具。
His clansman's son Yude had an enemy in a local bully who bore a grudge against Yude's father and, watching his chance, drew a knife to kill him. Yude was eleven. He shielded his father with his body, seized the knife with both hands, and spoke plainly of the consequences. The bully threw down the knife and left. His father suffered dysentery for three years. Yude nursed him day and night and personally cleaned away the filth. When his father died he mourned until his health was broken. He was devoted to his elder brother and from childhood asked to take his brother's beatings for him. His brother grew old without means of support. Yude provided for him in life and in death with every need met.
39
陸國安，浙江山陰人。 父華宇，順治初，縣境寇作，縛華宇入砦，求金以贖。 國安歸自海上，奮入寇砦，馘寇，救華宇歸，被重創，卒無恙。
Lu Guo'an came from Shanyin in Zhejiang. His father Huayu—in the early Shunzhi reign bandits rose in the county, seized Huayu, and held him in their stronghold for ransom. Guo'an returned from the coast, stormed the bandit stronghold, killed bandits, and brought Huayu home. Though gravely wounded, he recovered.
40
徐守質，江南常熟人。 順治初，守質與兄基奉母避亂，母老病，兵至，度不能去。 守質謂基曰：「毋徒死，絕徐氏後。 兄速行，守質當奉母。」 基不可。 兵迫，守質慍，促基行。 守質有妹適袁氏，早寡，攜子與母俱。 基乃棄妻、子，挾孤甥而遁。 事定，基還，母與袁氏妹俱自沈井，守質被二創僕，死。
Xu Shouzhi came from Changshu in Jiangnan. Early in Shunzhi Shouzhi and his elder brother Ji fled the turmoil with their mother. She was old and ill, and when soldiers came they knew they could not escape. Shouzhi said to Ji, "Do not die for nothing and cut off the Xu line. Brother, go quickly. I will stay with mother." Ji refused. The soldiers drew near. Shouzhi grew angry and pressed Ji to flee. Shouzhi had a sister married to the Yuan family who was widowed young. She brought her son and stayed with their mother. Ji then abandoned his wife and son, took his orphaned nephew in his arms, and fled. When order returned Ji came back. His mother and his Yuan sister had both drowned themselves in a well. Shouzhi had taken two wounds, collapsed, and died.
41
黃簡，字敬之，湖南祁陽人。 父用忠，諸生。 簡事親孝，順治十年二月，李定國兵略湖南，其將郝永忠屠祁陽，簡奉父母避兵竹山。 母渴，命簡取飲，兵遽至，簡父竄山陽，簡妻張，奉姑竄山陰。 簡取飲至，不見父母，升高望之，見亂兵縛一人置釜上將烹，則其父也。 簡大呼，往乞代，亂兵釋簡父，執簡求賂，不得，遂烹之。 村民哀簡，名其山湯鑊嶺。
Huang Jian, whose style was Jingzhi, came from Qiyang in Hunan. His father Yongzhong was a licentiate. Jian was filial toward his parents. In the second month of the tenth year of Shunzhi, Li Dingguo's army overran Hunan, and his general Hao Yongzhong slaughtered Qiyang. Jian led his parents to Zhushan to escape the fighting. His mother was thirsty and sent Jian for water. Soldiers suddenly appeared. Jian's father fled to the sunny slope, and Jian's wife Zhang led her mother-in-law to the shady slope. Jian returned with the water but could not find his parents. He climbed higher to look and saw disorderly soldiers binding a man over a cauldron to boil him—it was his father. Jian cried out and rushed forward, begging to die in his father's place. The soldiers released his father, seized Jian, and demanded a bribe. When he had none, they boiled him alive. The villagers mourned Jian and named the mountain Boiling Cauldron Ridge.
42
程原學，字奐若，江南儀真人。 順治十六年，鄭成功兵退，縣人坐連染死者二十餘，原學祖故睢州知州紹儒與焉。 父免死徙塞外，原學以幼留。 稍長，將出塞求父，慮死且無後，乃娶妻生子。 妻死，挾子行道中，子病，還，計行待子長。 居恆喪服，食但啜粥，不飯，不食果蔬，衣不帛不棉。 僦居學舍旁，授經不出戶。 訓導顧靄慕其賢，屢過皆不見。 偕其弟子出不意往語原學：「何自苦？」 原學對曰：「原學有隱痛，不可以為人，非以自苦也。」 明日報謁，贄硯與畫，靄謝曰：「子無所受於人，今吾受子遺，亦原以報子。」 原學乃持硯與畫去。 他日復過之，已他徙矣。 俄卒，靄求得其硯，銘曰「廉士硯」。
Cheng Yuanxue, whose style was Huanruo, came from Yizhen in Jiangnan. In the sixteenth year of Shunzhi, when Zheng Chenggong's army withdrew, more than twenty county residents died from implication in the affair. Yuanxue's grandfather, the former Suizhou prefect Shaoru, was among them. His father was spared death but exiled beyond the frontier. Yuanxue remained behind because he was still a child. When he grew older he prepared to cross the frontier to find his father. Fearing he might die without an heir, he married and had a son. His wife died. He set out with his son, but the boy fell ill on the road, so he turned back, planning to wait until the boy was grown. He constantly wore mourning dress, ate only gruel and never rice, took no fruit or vegetables, and wore neither silk nor cotton. He rented a room beside a school and taught the classics without ever leaving home. The instructor Gu Ai admired his character and called on him many times, but Yuanxue never received him. He brought his disciples and paid an unexpected visit to Yuanxue, saying, "Why do you make yourself suffer?" Yuanxue answered, "I bear a private grief and cannot face other people. This is not self-torment." The next day he called with an inkstone and a painting as gifts. Ai declined, saying, "You take nothing from others. If I accept your gift now, I must repay you in kind." Yuanxue then took the inkstone and painting and withdrew. When he passed by again another day, Yuanxue had already moved away. Soon Yuanxue died. Ai found his inkstone and inscribed it "The Upright Man's Inkstone."
43
鬱褒，字子弁，浙江嘉善人。 父之章，順治六年進士，以大理寺丞坐罪徙尚陽堡。 京師修治官廨，許罪人出家財佐工贖罪，褒請任刑部官廨，之章得贖還。 工未如程，例當復徙，褒叩閽，請棄官代行。 褒弟諸生廣，叩閽，言身當代父徙，留褒侍父疾。 部議子代父徙非舊例，仍用衝突儀仗例治罪。 聖祖愍其孝友，並宥之。 之章還鄉里，褒以貢生授江西永豐知縣。
Yu Bao, whose style was Zibian, came from Jiashan in Zhejiang. His father Zhizhang, who had passed the examinations in the sixth year of Shunzhi, was convicted as a vice minister of the Court of Judicial Review and exiled to Shangyang Fort. When the capital repaired government offices, convicts were allowed to pay from family wealth to help the work and redeem their sentences. Bao undertook the Ministry of Punishments project, and Zhizhang was ransomed and came home. The work fell behind schedule, and by regulation Zhizhang should be exiled again. Bao went to the palace gate and asked to resign his post and go in his father's stead. Bao's younger brother Guang, a licentiate, also went to the gate, saying he should go in his father's place and leave Bao to nurse their father. The ministry ruled that a son replacing his father in exile was not precedent, and still punished them under the statute for obstructing an imperial procession. The emperor pitied their filial devotion and pardoned them both. Zhizhang returned home. Bao, as a tribute student, was appointed magistrate of Yongfeng in Jiangxi.
44
姚易修，字象亭，江南元和人。 父宗甲，康熙初客閩浙總督范承謨幕。 耿精忠為亂，執承謨，盡縶其幕客，宗甲與焉。 易修聞，詣精忠，齧指作血書原代父死，賊乃釋宗甲而係易修獄，脅使降，易修不為屈。 康熙十五年，師至，乃得脫歸。 易修母聞變，悲泣，兩目盲，易修晨起舐母目，母目復明。 鄰家火，易修突火入，負父出； 又入，負母出。 發盡燎，兩足焦爛，而父母俱無恙。
Yao Yixiu, whose style was Xiangting, came from Yuanhe in Jiangnan. His father Zongjia served early in the Kangxi reign on the staff of Fan Chengmo, governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang. When Geng Jingzhong rebelled he seized Chengmo and imprisoned all his staff, Zongjia included. When Yixiu heard, he went to Jingzhong, bit his finger, and wrote a plea in blood offering to die in his father's place. The rebels released Zongjia and imprisoned Yixiu, pressing him to submit, but he would not yield. In the fifteenth year of Kangxi the imperial army arrived, and he was able to return home. Yixiu's mother, hearing of the disaster, wept until she went blind in both eyes. Each morning Yixiu licked her eyes, and her sight returned. When a neighbor's house caught fire, Yixiu rushed into the flames and carried his father out; then went in again and carried his mother out. His hair was burned off and both feet were charred, yet both parents were unharmed.
45
胡夢豸，江南江都人。 康熙中，從父至紹興省墓，道遇盜劫民財，斥其不義，盜怒，將刃之。 夢豸從後至，奔赴，擊盜僕，民群起毆殺盜。 盜大至，欲屠其里，夢豸曰：「不可以我故，危一鄉也。」 入盜寨，獨承殺盜，遂被殺。
Hu Mengzhi came from Jiangdu in Jiangnan. During the Kangxi reign he accompanied his father to Shaoxing to tend the family grave. On the road they met bandits robbing travelers. He denounced them, and the bandits in anger were about to kill him. Mengzhi came up from behind, rushed forward, struck the bandit down, and the crowd rose and beat the man to death. More bandits came, intending to massacre the village. Mengzhi said, "You must not put a whole township in peril because of me." He entered the bandit camp, took sole blame for killing the man, and was slain.
46
賀上林，江蘇丹陽人。 父天敘，以事忤知縣，繫獄，將殺之。 上林年十八，謀脫父。 聞巡撫將上官，涉江溯淮，迎舟呼，騶從呵之，不得前，乃發憤投水，發沒數寸，复躍起大呼。 巡撫見，令救，已死，檢其衣，得白父冤系狀。 巡撫按部黜知縣，釋天敘出獄，鄉人為立賀孝子祠。
He Shanglin came from Danyang in Jiangsu. His father Tianxu offended the district magistrate and was imprisoned, facing execution. Shanglin was eighteen and plotted to save his father. Hearing the provincial governor was coming on inspection, he crossed the Yangzi and went up the Huai to meet the boat and call out. The escort drove him back. In despair he threw himself into the water, sank until only a few inches of hair showed, then leaped up and shouted again. The governor saw and ordered a rescue, but Shanglin was already dead. In his clothes they found a petition in blood explaining his father's wrongful imprisonment. The governor dismissed the magistrate, freed Tianxu, and the villagers built a shrine to the Filial Son He.
47
何士閥，安徽南陵人。 族人破其祖母塚以葬，士閥訟不得直，巡撫檄知縣詣勘，族人持之力，事未定。 士閥慟，觸墓碑，腦裂，死。 知縣乃責族人他葬，治其罪，葬士閥，碑曰「義士」。
He Shifa came from Nanling in Anhui. Clansmen broke open his grandmother's tomb for another burial. Shifa sued but could not obtain justice. The governor ordered the magistrate to investigate, but the clansmen resisted and the case remained unresolved. Shifa in grief struck his head against the tomb stele. His skull split open and he died. The magistrate then forced the clansmen to bury elsewhere, punished them, buried Shifa, and erected a stele reading "Righteous Man."
48
陳嘉謨，江蘇興化人。 順治初諸生。 父弘道，為怨家所誣，系揚州府獄。 獄卒絕其橐饘，嘉謨求見父不得，知怨家計必殺之，乃痛哭禱於神，自沉於水。 明日，鹽運使得嘉謨訟冤血書，而嘉謨僕又訴失嘉謨。 求其屍，七日得於鈔關水次，植立風濤中，發上指。 遂出弘道獄，葬嘉謨，而抵誣告者罪。
Chen Jiamo came from Xinghua in Jiangsu. He was a licentiate in the early Shunzhi reign. His father Hongdao was framed by an enemy and imprisoned in the Yangzhou prefectural jail. The jailers cut off his father's food. Jiamo could not gain access to see him. Knowing the enemy meant to kill his father, he wept, prayed to heaven, and drowned himself. The next day the salt transport commissioner received Jiamo's petition of injustice written in blood, while his servant reported him missing. They searched for his body. After seven days it was found at the customs wharf, standing upright in wind and waves, hair pointing skyward. Hongdao was released from prison, Jiamo was buried, and the false accusers were punished.
49
林長貴、長廣，福建福清人。 父宗正，業曬鹽。 入城，至星橋，海潮暴至，溺死。 長貴聞之，奔救不及，仰天長號，投橋下殉； 長廣繼至，繞崖痛哭，亦自沉。 時雍正九年七月。 里人憫其孝，收三尸斂焉。
Lin Changgui and Chuangguang came from Fuqing in Fujian. Their father Zongzheng worked in the salt evaporation trade. Entering the city, he reached Star Bridge when a sudden tidal surge swept in and drowned him. Changgui heard and ran to save him but arrived too late. He wailed to heaven and threw himself from the bridge to die with his father; Chuangguang came afterward, walked along the cliff weeping, and drowned himself as well. This was in the seventh month of the ninth year of Yongzheng. The villagers pitied their devotion and gathered the three bodies for burial.
50
戚弢言，字魏亭，浙江德清人。 父麟祥，官翰林院侍講學士。 坐事戍寧古塔，弢言從，備艱苦。 麟祥遣令歸就試，成雍正八年進士，除福建連江知縣，勤其官。 乾隆初，赦流人，麟祥不得與，弢言深痛之。 總督郝玉麟將入覲，弢言刺指血為書求赦父，詣玉麟乞代上，玉麟難之。 弢言叩首持玉麟裾號泣，引佩刀欲自裁，玉麟乃許之。 詣京師，以弢言書上，高宗憫之，赦麟祥。 麟祥就弢言養連江，明年卒。 弢言持喪還，哀甚，亦卒。
Qi Taoyan, whose style was Weiting, came from Deqing in Zhejiang. His father Linxiang served as a Hanlin Academy reader-in-waiting. Convicted in a case, he was banished to Ningguta. Taoyan followed him and endured every hardship. Linxiang sent him home to take the examinations. He passed in the eighth year of Yongzheng, became magistrate of Lianjiang in Fujian, and served diligently. Early in Qianlong exiles were pardoned, but Linxiang was not included. Taoyan was deeply grieved. Governor-general Hao Yulin was about to go to audience at court. Taoyan pricked his finger and wrote a plea in blood begging pardon for his father, then begged Yulin to present it. Yulin hesitated. Taoyan kowtowed, clutched Yulin's robe, and wept. He drew his belt knife to kill himself, and Yulin then agreed. At the capital he presented Taoyan's letter. The emperor was moved and pardoned Linxiang. Linxiang joined Taoyan at Lianjiang and was cared for there. The next year he died. Taoyan returned home in mourning, grief overwhelmed him, and he too died.
51
李敬躋，字翼茲，雲南馬龍州人。 父盛唐，雍正八年進士，官四川松茂道，以所部有罪坐監臨官，戍卜魁。 卜魁距雲南萬四千里，敬躋三往省。 嘗遇暴水，喪其僕馬，徒步行，路人哀之，與之食，導使詣盛唐，盛唐輒令還侍祖母，迫使歸。 敬躋成乾隆二十二年進士，授福建將樂知縣，計贖盛唐還。 盛唐死戍所，敬躋遂發病，日嗚嗚而啼，未幾亦死。
Li Jingji, whose style was Yizi, came from Malong Prefecture in Yunnan. His father Shengtang, who had passed the examinations in the eighth year of Yongzhi, served as circuit intendant of Songmao in Sichuan. Because his subordinates were guilty he was punished as supervising official and exiled to Buquei. Buquei was fourteen thousand li from Yunnan. Jingji visited three times. Once he met a violent flood and lost his servants and horses. He walked on foot. Travelers pitied him, fed him, and guided him to Shengtang, who always sent him back to care for his grandmother and forced him home. Jingji passed the examinations in the twenty-second year of Qianlong, became magistrate of Jiangle in Fujian, and planned to ransom his father home. Shengtang died in exile. Jingji fell ill, whimpered and wept day after day, and soon died as well.
52
卜魁有范傑者，與盛唐善，盛唐倚以居二十年，至是歸其喪。 閩人吳阿玉嘗欲從敬躋之官，盛唐喪過京師，吳為送還雲南。
At Buquei a man named Fan Jie had been Shengtang's close friend for twenty years. He now brought the coffin home. A Fujian man named Wu Ayu had wished to follow Jingji to his post. When Shengtang's coffin passed through the capital, Wu escorted it back to Yunnan.
53
張大觀，河南偃師人。 乾隆二十六年秋，伊、洛水溢。 灌偃師，民避水奎星樓上，大觀奉母亦登焉。 水撼樓，樓傾，柱壓大觀手，臂折，奮入水求母。 望母髻露水中，得之，負出水，攀樹以上，泳而求食以食母。 水退，負母歸其室，即夕創重死。
Zhang Daguan came from Yanshi in Henan. In the autumn of the twenty-sixth year of Qianlong the Yi and Luo rivers flooded. The flood inundated Yanshi. The people took refuge in the Kuixing Tower, and Daguan led his mother up as well. The water shook the tower until it collapsed. A pillar crushed Daguan's hand and broke his arm. He plunged into the water to find his mother. He saw his mother's hair-knot above the water, found her, carried her out on his back, climbed a tree, swam for food, and fed her. When the water receded he carried his mother home. That same evening he died of his wounds.
54
同時有楊璞，與其弟奉母居。 水至，弟以筏載其妻逃山上，母呼不應。 璞棄妻子背襁母，浮水至神堤灘，或援之，得登。 頃之，有婦抱子從水下，母遙望，呼曰：「吾婦與孫也！」 拯之，皆不死。 而弟乘筏即至山下，樹折壓筏沉，夫婦俱死。
At the same time there was Yang Pu, who lived with his younger brother caring for their mother. When the flood came his younger brother put his wife on a raft and fled uphill. Their mother called, but he did not answer. Pu abandoned his wife and child, carried his mother on his back through the water to Shendi Beach, was helped ashore, and climbed to safety. Soon a woman holding a child came down the current. From afar the mother cried, "That is my daughter-in-law and grandson!" They pulled them out, and all survived. His younger brother's raft had just reached the foot of the hill when a tree broke, crushed the raft, and sank. Husband and wife both drowned.
55
又有蔡應泰，居母喪，柩在堂。 水至，以繩繫母柩，跪而負之，入水中疾駛，亦至神堤灘。 村民以長鉤引至岸，舁以上。 日暮，其妻、子亦得救。
There was also Cai Yingtai, mourning his mother with the coffin still in the hall. When the flood came he tied a rope to his mother's coffin, knelt and bore it on his back, and sped through the water to Shendi Beach. Villagers hooked him with long poles, pulled him ashore, and lifted him up. By evening his wife and child were saved as well.
56
張士仁，江南崑山人。 六歲，母有疾，泣禱請代，母良愈。 十三從父寢，仇伏榻下，露刃出。 士仁呼父未應，手捍之，指欲墮，涕泣語仇請代，仇為感動，呼其父醒，曰：「爾有此子，吾不忍殺爾。」 父惶遽，良久始定，與矢天日，釋怨。 母喪盡禮，後母虐士仁，士仁孝敬無稍渝，後母亦感悟。 火作，負父出，復入火負後母，後母抱幼子，幾不勝，風反得無恙。 居父及後母喪如喪母，里或忤父母，必泣勸之，悔乃已。
Zhang Shiren came from Kunshan in Jiangnan. At six his mother fell ill. He wept and prayed to suffer in her place, and she soon recovered. At thirteen he was sleeping beside his father when an enemy hid under the bed and drew a blade. Shiren called to his father but got no answer. He blocked the blade with his hands until his fingers nearly severed, wept, and begged the man to kill him instead. Moved, the enemy woke his father and said, "With a son like this, I cannot kill you." His father was terrified. Only after a long while did he calm down. They swore an oath before heaven and ended their feud. He observed every rite at his mother's funeral. His stepmother abused him, yet he showed her filial respect without change, and she too was moved to repentance. When fire broke out he carried his father out, then went back for his stepmother. She held a young son and nearly could not go on, but the wind shifted and all were unharmed. He mourned his father and stepmother as he had his mother. If anyone in the village was disrespectful to parents, he wept and urged them until they repented.
57
潘瑂，浙江錢塘人。 父出遠遊，家遇火，母出篋令瑂負以行，及門回視，不見母，委篋復入，家人自火出，止瑂毋入，瑂不可，入與母俱死。 瑂女兄珠姑嫁范氏，歸寧，亦在火中，家人欲掖以出，珠姑揮之曰：「汝男子，何可掖我！ 我從我母死耳。」 火熄，瑂與母、姊三尸相環結，時乾隆四十四年十二月望。 瑂聘妻王，家江乾，聞喪來歸，事舅以孝聞。
Pan Mei came from Qiantang in Zhejiang. His father was away on a long journey when fire struck the house. His mother handed Mei a box to carry as they fled. At the door she looked back and did not see her mother. Mei set down the box and went back in. Family members fleeing the flames told him not to go in, but he refused and died with his mother. Mei's elder sister Zhugu, married into the Fan family, was visiting home and was caught in the fire. Family tried to help her out, but she waved them off, saying, "You are men—how can you support me! I will die with my mother." When the fire died, Mei, his mother, and his sister were found with their bodies intertwined. This was on the full moon of the twelfth month of the forty-fourth year of Qianlong. Mei's betrothed, Wang, whose family lived on the riverbank, heard of the deaths and came to join the household. She served her father-in-law with filial devotion and was widely praised.
58
劉希向，江南山陽人。 火，其父入火中求先人木主遺像。 希向自外歸，突火入，求其父不得，號而出； 復入，火方盛，救者以為劉氏父子死矣。 俄而牆圮，顧見庭樹下人影往來，乃爭入負其父出，左奉像，右握木主，希向牽父衣，額半焦矣。 後數年，父病，希向為割股，良愈。 希向年六十，病噎，其子亦割股，刀鈍，肉不決，剪之，乃下，然希向竟不瘳。
Liu Xixiang came from Shanyang in Jiangnan. When fire broke out, his father entered the flames to recover the ancestral tablets and portraits. Xixiang returned from outside, rushed into the fire, could not find his father, and came out wailing; He went in again while the fire raged. Rescuers assumed both Liu men had perished. Soon a wall collapsed. They saw figures moving under the garden trees and rushed in to carry his father out—portrait in his left hand, tablet in his right. Xixiang tugged at his father's clothes. His forehead was half charred. Several years later his father fell ill. Xixiang cut flesh from his own thigh to make medicine, and his father recovered. At sixty Xixiang fell ill with a choking ailment. His son cut flesh from his thigh as well, but the knife was dull and the flesh would not come free, so he trimmed it with scissors until his father could swallow it. Even so, Xixiang never recovered.
59
沈嗣綬，字森甫，江陰人。 父燿鋆，湖北通判，咸豐二年死於寇。 嗣綬奉母還，寇至，徙避江船，高不可攀，展被以其母登。 至通州，轉徙山東、河南，結繩床舁母，步從之，千數百里，不去左右。 未至蘭山，道遇寇。 嗣綬涕泣乞免，寇感其孝，遣四騎護行。 至蘭山，方閉城拒寇，嗣綬求入城，守者疑諜也，趣縛之，涕泣言其故，乃得釋。 既，亦得官湖北，以母病不赴。 侍養十六年，進湯藥，夜起，慮履聲驚母，雖嚴寒必跣。 凡事婉曲稱母意，見者感嘆。
Shen Sishou, whose style was Senfu, came from Jiangyin. His father Yaojun served as subprefect of Hubei and was killed by bandits in the second year of Xianfeng. Sishou brought his mother home. When bandits came they fled to a river boat that was too high to climb. He spread out a quilt and helped his mother aboard. They reached Tongzhou and moved on through Shandong and Henan. He rigged a rope litter to carry his mother and walked beside it for more than a thousand li, never leaving her side. Before they reached Lanshan, they met bandits on the road. Sishou wept and begged to be spared. The bandits were moved by his devotion and sent four horsemen to escort them. At Lanshan the city was closed against the bandits. Sishou asked to enter, but the guards suspected him of being a spy and moved to bind him. Weeping, he explained his story and was released. Later he received an appointment in Hubei as well, but did not take it up because his mother was ill. He cared for her for sixteen years, bringing medicine and broth. When he rose at night he feared the sound of footsteps would startle her, and even in bitter cold he went barefoot. In everything he tactfully pleased his mother. All who saw it were deeply moved.
60
謝君澤，江蘇武進人。 父祜曾，事母以孝聞。 寇亂，為賊虜，君澤冒死依護。 父齒豁，不能食，恆嚼以哺。 賊欲戕之，則號泣乞代父死，賊首感動，並釋之。
Xie Junze came from Wujin in Jiangsu. His father Huzeng was known for his filial devotion to his mother. During the bandit turmoil his father was captured. Junze risked death to stay close and protect him. His father's teeth were gone and he could not eat. Junze always chewed food for him and fed him by mouth. When the rebels meant to kill his father, Junze wailed and begged to die in his place. The rebel chief was moved and released them both.
61
馮福基，代州人。 父焯，為安徽潛山天堂司巡檢。 咸豐七年，寇至，福基年十四，匿母他所，藏利刃，計伺隙殺賊，不可得。 日夜涕泣從至黃梅，市毒藥置飯中，斃賊十七，亦吞藥死。 巡撫李續宜奏言：「福基以童穉之年，護母陷賊，計殺兇黨多人，從容就義。 奇節至性，深可嘉愍！」 被旨旌卹。
Feng Fuji came from Daizhou. His father Chao was assistant inspector of Tiantang in Qianshan, Anhui. In the seventh year of Xianfeng bandits came. Fuji was fourteen. He hid his mother elsewhere, kept a sharp blade hidden, and planned to kill the bandits when he could, but found no opening. Weeping day and night he followed them to Huangmei, bought poison and put it in their food, killing seventeen bandits. He then swallowed the poison himself and died. Governor Li Xuyi memorialized: "Though still a child, Fuji protected his mother when she fell into bandit hands, plotted to kill many of the murderous gang, and calmly accepted death. His extraordinary courage and filial devotion are deeply worthy of praise and pity!" The throne issued a decree honoring and compensating him.
62
黃向堅，字端木，江南吳縣人。 父孔昭，崇禎間，官雲南大姚知縣，挈孥之官，向堅獨留。 鼎革後，孔昭阻兵不得歸，向堅日夜哭，將入雲南，親朋、妻子頗危之，向堅決行。 至白鹽井，得父母並弟向嚴皆無恙，留一年乃歸，時為順治十年。 行二萬五千里有奇，向堅次山川道途所經，自為圖十二記之，吳人作樂府紀其事。
Huang Xiangjian, whose style was Duanmu, came from Wu County in Jiangnan. His father Kongzhao served as magistrate of Dayao in Yunnan during the Chongzhen reign. He took his wife and children to his post, and Xiangjian alone remained behind. After the dynastic change Kongzhao was cut off by warfare and could not return. Xiangjian wept day and night and set out for Yunnan. Kin, friends, and his wife all feared for him, but he would not be deterred. At Baiyan Well he found his parents and his younger brother Xiangyan all safe and well. He stayed a year before returning home, in the tenth year of Shunzhi. He had traveled more than twenty-five thousand li. Xiangjian charted the mountains, rivers, and roads he had passed and made twelve maps to record them. The people of Wu wrote ballads to commemorate his journey.
63
顧廷琦，江南長洲人。 父繩詒，崇禎間，官四川仁壽知縣，死張獻忠之難。 事定，廷琦徒步入四川，閱四年，乃至成都。 展轉求得繩詒墓龍腦橋側，持喪歸，自撰入蜀記述其事。
Gu Tingqi came from Changzhou in Jiangnan. His father Shengshi served as magistrate of Renshou in Sichuan during the Chongzhen reign and died in Zhang Xianzhong's rebellion. When the turmoil ended Tingqi walked on foot into Sichuan. After four years he finally reached Chengdu. After much searching he found Shengshi's tomb beside Longnao Bridge, brought the coffin home, and wrote an account of his journey into Shu.
64
李澄，字仲瀾，雲南昆陽人。 明季，充選拔貢生。 父兆旂，官廬江訓導，死寇難，幼子淳從死。 澄奔赴，收父骨返葬，請於當事，得立祠，晨必詣祠拜且泣。 寇至，奉母洪避山谷。 洪病亟，言不原以山谷終，負母投佛寺，遽卒，負遺骸攢祖墓。 順治初，山倮入州城，劫官舍，發藏粟。 省吏以兵至，執澄將殺之，兵中有識澄者，乃免。 澄因言：「山倮迫飢寒，無與百姓事。 今固不宜累百姓，即山倮亦不宜輕言剿，否則且反戈。」 乃坐其渠，州民以安。 兄弟凡八，與仲弟俱，老，相友愛。
Li Cheng, whose style was Zhonglan, came from Kunyang in Yunnan. In the late Ming he was a selected tribute student. His father Zhaoqi was instructor of Lujiang, died in the bandit turmoil, and his youngest son Chun died with him. Cheng rushed there, gathered his father's bones and returned to bury them, petitioned the authorities to establish a shrine, and every morning went to bow and weep before it. When bandits came he led his mother Hong to hide in the mountain valleys. Hong fell gravely ill and said she did not wish to die in the mountains. He carried her to a Buddhist temple, where she suddenly died. He then placed her remains in the ancestral tomb. Early in Shunzhi, mountain tribesmen entered the prefectural city, raided government offices, and broke open stored grain. Provincial clerks came with troops, seized Cheng, and were about to kill him. A soldier who knew him intervened and he was spared. Cheng said, "The mountain tribesmen are driven by hunger and cold and have no quarrel with the common people. It is wrong to burden the common people, and it is also wrong to speak lightly of exterminating the tribesmen, or they will turn against us." The ringleaders were punished, and the people of the prefecture were at peace. There were eight brothers in all. He and his second younger brother, both in old age, remained deeply devoted to each other.
65
劉獻煜，字台凝，陝西華陰人。 父濯翼，明崇禎間官武昌，母與偕，遘亂絕消息。 順治初，獻煜徒步求父母，亂初定，道阻，屢瀕險乃達。 哭山徑中，遇叟識濯翼殯所，發得磚，硃書姓名里貫皆具，猶濯翼所自記也。 乃負骨歸葬。
Liu Xianyu, whose style was Taining, came from Huayin in Shaanxi. His father Zhuoyi served at Wuchang during the Chongzhen reign of Ming. His mother went with him, but turmoil cut off all word of them. Early in Shunzhi Xianyu set out on foot to find his parents. The turmoil had just settled, the roads were blocked, and he repeatedly faced peril before he arrived. Weeping on a mountain path he met an old man who knew Zhuoyi's burial place. Opening the tomb he found a brick inscribed in cinnabar with name and native place—it was still Zhuoyi's own record. He carried the bones home and buried them.
66
錢美恭，浙江山陰人。 父士驌，明官雲南陽宗知縣，與妾之官，美恭留侍母。 康熙元年，美恭得請於母，求父，至雲南，乃知士驌遷嵩明知州，卒葬通海。 美恭至通海，得故僕導詣士驌墓，得庶母及幼弟。 貧無貲，留五年，乃負骨歸葬。
Qian Meigong came from Shanyin in Zhejiang. His father Shiji, a Ming official, served as magistrate of Yangzong in Yunnan. He took a concubine to his post, and Meigong remained to care for his mother. In the first year of Kangxi Meigong obtained his mother's permission and went to seek his father. In Yunnan he learned Shiji had been transferred to Songming, died, and was buried at Tonghai. Meigong reached Tonghai. An old servant guided him to Shiji's tomb, where he found his concubine mother and young brother. Too poor to travel, he stayed five years before carrying the bones home for burial.
67
趙萬全，浙江會稽人。 父應麟，明季客授北遊，萬全始二歲。 既長，問母：「父安在？」 母告以故。 年十九，出求父。 應麟初客京師，遇亂轉徙死馬邑。 萬全遍訪江、淮間，亦至京師，心疑應麟死，見道有遺骸，刺血滲之，不得入，則號於路。 又自京師西，亦至馬邑。 馬邑人張文義，嘗招應麟主書者，死為之殯。 一日遇萬全，問得其事，導至殯所，慟絕良久，乃裹應麟骨負以歸。 既卒，吏為之祠，琢石表異孝。
Zhao Wanquan came from Kuaiji in Zhejiang. His father Yinglin went north as a guest teacher in the late Ming when Wanquan was only two. When he grew up he asked his mother, "Where is my father?" His mother told him what had happened. At nineteen he set out to find his father. Yinglin had first been a guest teacher in the capital. Caught in the turmoil, he wandered and died at Mayi. Wanquan searched throughout the Yangzi and Huai regions and also reached the capital. Suspecting his father was dead, whenever he saw abandoned remains on the road he pricked his finger and let blood seep into the bones. If it did not soak in, he wailed in the road. From the capital he went west and also reached Mayi. Zhang Wenyi of Mayi had once hired Yinglin to keep his accounts. When Yinglin died Wenyi had him buried. One day he met Wanquan, learned his story, and guided him to the burial place. Wanquan was stricken with grief for a long while, then wrapped his father's bones and carried them home on his back. After his death officials built him a shrine and erected a stone to mark his extraordinary filial devotion.
68
劉龍光，字蓼蕭，湖南長沙人。 父廷諤，仕明為益王長史。 師下江西，克建昌，益王遁，廷諤逃山中。 龍光以應試家居，聞亂疾作。 居五年，乃行詣建昌，不得父母所在。 禱於神，夢聞人語在石際，諮石際所在，有女僧示以路。 行小徑萬山中，經藤峽至白石嶺。 徑絕險，攀援顛頓，蒲伏上下。 嶺盡至石際，於村民姚氏家遇其母，廷諤已前一年卒。 居數月，輿櫬奉母歸。 所居村曰見娘堡，相傳宋王龍山於此遇母，故得名云。
Liu Longguang, whose style was Liaoxiao, came from Changsha in Hunan. His father Ting'e served the Ming as chief secretary to the Prince of Yi. When the Qing army descended on Jiangxi and took Jianchang, the Prince of Yi fled and Ting'e escaped into the mountains. Longguang was at home preparing for the examinations. Hearing of the turmoil he fell ill. After five years he set out for Jianchang but could not discover where his parents were. He prayed to the gods. In a dream he heard a voice say "at Shiji." When he asked where Shiji was, a nun showed him the way. He followed a small path through ten thousand mountains, passed Teng Gorge, and reached Baishi Ridge. The path was utterly perilous. He climbed and stumbled, crawling up and down. At the end of the ridge he reached Shiji and at the home of a villager surnamed Yao met his mother. Ting'e had died the year before. After several months he put the coffin on a litter and brought his mother home. The village where he lived was called Jianniang Fort. Tradition says the Song prince Longshan met his mother there, hence the name.
69
李芳巇，小字葵生，湖南湘鄉人。 明季流寇至，湘鄉當孔道，三復三陷，芳巇父母皆被掠。 兄弟死於兵者三，芳巇收葬之，棄家，求父母所在。 行數年至貴陽，遇鄉人必為言父狀，或謂軍中某所頗有狀似所言者，詣求之，果得父。 父脫軍中籍與歸。 再出，又數年至寶慶，暮投山家宿，見二嫗操作，其一方理炊，乃似母。 芳巇自陳尋母狀，嫗聞遽呼曰：「汝葵生耶？ 吾即汝母也！」 蓋母避兵轉徙，方從此嫗為傭，遂奉母還。
Li Fangxi, whose courtesy name was Kuisheng, came from Xiangxiang in Hunan. In the late Ming roving bandits came. Xiangxiang lay on a major route and was taken and lost three times. Fangxi's parents were both carried off. Three brothers died in the warfare. Fangxi gathered and buried them, abandoned his home, and set out to find his parents. After several years of travel he reached Guiyang. Whenever he met a fellow townsman he described his father's appearance. Someone said a man in a certain army camp closely matched the description. He went to seek him and indeed found his father. His father left the army rolls and returned home with him. He set out again. After several more years he reached Baoqing. At dusk he lodged at a mountain home and saw two old women at work. One preparing food looked like his mother. Fangxi explained that he was searching for his mother. The old woman cried out at once, "Are you Kuisheng? It is I, your mother!" His mother had fled the warfare and was then working as a servant for this old woman. He brought her home.
70
唐肇虞，江南人，失其縣。 父卒，肇虞尚幼，晝夜哭。 母止之，曰：「母哭，能止兒勿哭耶？」 順治初，江南寇大起，母被掠。 肇虞遍求諸村落及旁郡縣，渡江北，复南行數千里，屢與寇遇，僅乃免，卒不得母。 至江寧，眾問所自來，泣以情告。 一嫗前問曰：「若母非戴姓
Tang Zhaoyu was from Jiangnan; his native county is no longer recorded. When his father died Zhaoyu was still a child and wept day and night. His mother tried to stop him, saying, "When a mother weeps, how can she keep her child from weeping?" Early in Shunzhi bandits rose throughout Jiangnan and his mother was carried off. Zhaoyu searched every village and neighboring prefecture and county, crossed north of the river, then traveled south again for several thousand li, repeatedly met bandits and barely escaped, yet in the end could not find his mother. Reaching Jiangning the crowd asked where he came from. Weeping, he told them his story. An old woman stepped forward and asked, "Is your mother surnamed Dai
71
耶？」 曰：「然。」 嫗引至家，則其母在焉，相見大慟，遂侍母歸。
?" He said, "It is." The old woman led him to her home, where his mother was waiting. They met and wept bitterly, and he then returned home to serve his mother.
72
繆士毅，江南天長人。 父廊賓，富。 順治十七年，寇掠其家牛馬，怨家誣以助寇，廊賓見法，妻子徙奉天。 士毅以後世父得免，依從母以長。 既聞父死母徙狀，從母語之曰：「而母將行，抱汝乳，且言兒僅此一乳，乳當飽，生死與兒訣矣！」 士毅聞，號泣，欲行求母，恐去不得還，先娶妻生子，康熙二十二年乃決行。 至瀋陽，遇族人同徙者，知母在烏喇為流人薛氏妻。 乃行求得母，母不相識，士毅具言姓名及兩女兄適誰某，皆信，相抱哭，觀者多流涕。 母於法不得還，乃辭歸。 居數年，復往，母又徙愛琿。 行未至，聞母死，求得母葬所，遂居其側僧廬，不復歸。
Mu Shi Yi was a native of Tianchang in Jiangnan. His father Langbin was wealthy. In the seventeenth year of Shunzhi, bandits plundered the family's cattle and horses. An enemy falsely accused them of aiding the bandits; Langbin was executed, and his wife and children were exiled to Fengtian. Shi Yi was spared because his adoptive father was not implicated, and he grew up under his adoptive mother's care. When he learned that his father had died and his mother had been exiled, his adoptive mother told him, "When your mother was about to leave, she held you to nurse and said, 'My child has only this one breast—drink your fill, for this is our parting in life and death!'" When Shi Yi heard this, he wailed. He longed to go seek his mother but feared he might never return, so he first married and had a son. Only in the twenty-second year of Kangxi did he resolve to set out. Reaching Shenyang, he met a clansman who had been exiled with them and learned that his mother was in Wula, married to an exiled man surnamed Xue. He traveled on and found his mother, though she did not recognize him. Shi Yi gave a full account of his name and the men his two elder sisters had married, and all was credible. They embraced and wept, and many onlookers shed tears. His mother could not return home by law, so he took leave and went back. After several years he went again, only to learn his mother had been moved to Aihui. Before he reached her, he heard his mother had died. He found her burial place and lived in a monk's cell beside it, never returning home.
73
子秉文，長，躬至愛琿，泣請歸，士毅終不可。 又數年，卒母葬所。 秉文乃發祖母瘞，並持父骨還葬。
When his son Bingwen came of age, he went in person to Aihui and wept, begging his father to return, but Shi Yi would not agree. Several years later he died at his mother's burial place. Bingwen then opened his grandmother's reburial site and carried his father's bones home for burial as well.
74
陸承祺，字又祉，浙江仁和人。 父夢蘭，客死鬱林。 方軍興，逾年乃得問。 承祺與弟承祚號慟，走萬里，歷險阻，僅得達。 睹叢箐中敗棺，刺血漉骨皆不入，兄弟哭愈哀。 途中有知夢蘭者，告其棺在佛寺，兄弟從以往，撫棺慟，皆隕絕，觀者嗟嘆呼孝子。 持水飲之，承祚
Lu Chenggui, styled Youzhi, was a native of Renhe in Zhejiang. His father Menglan died abroad in Yulin. War had just broken out, and more than a year passed before they could inquire after him. Chenggui and his younger brother Chengzuo wailed in grief and traveled ten thousand li through peril and hardship, barely reaching their destination. They found a broken coffin in the thicketed bamboo. They pricked their fingers and let blood drip on the bones, but it would not soak in, and the brothers wept all the more bitterly. On the road someone who had known Menglan told them his coffin was in a Buddhist temple. The brothers went there and, embracing the coffin, wept in anguish until both collapsed unconscious. Onlookers sighed in admiration and called them filial sons. Someone held water for them to drink. Chengzuo
75
徐甦，承祺氣結不屬，竟死。 承祚匱兩骸擔以歸。 母王得承祚報，知得夢蘭骨及承祺死狀，悲慟不食，七日，未見承祚歸，遽卒。
gradually revived, but Chenggui's breath remained blocked and he could not recover, and in the end he died. Chengzuo placed both sets of remains in coffins and carried them home on his shoulder. Their mother Wang received Chengzuo's report, learned that Menglan's bones had been recovered and that Chenggui had died, and grieved so bitterly she would not eat. On the seventh day, before Chengzuo returned, she suddenly died.
76
汪龍，江南歙縣人。 祖客死蘇州，父往迎喪，溺採石，龍時六歲。 稍長，聞祖喪未歸，如蘇州求祖柩，無知者。 久之，遇灌園叟與徙其祖柩，引詣殯舍，諸柩縱橫，匍匐諦審，柩有祖名，乃奉以歸。 龍侍母孝，一夕，疽發背，委頓甚，自力勿使母聞，越數旬始瘥，母竟未知也。
Wang Long was a native of She County in Jiangnan. His grandfather died as a guest in Suzhou. His father went to bring back the coffin and drowned at Caishi when Long was six years old. When he grew older and learned his grandfather's coffin had not been brought home, he went to Suzhou to seek it, but no one knew where it was. After a long time he met an old gardener who had helped move his grandfather's coffin. The man led him to the undertaker's hall, where coffins lay scattered about. Long crawled among them and scrutinized each one until he found one bearing his grandfather's name, and took it home. Long served his mother filially. One night a carbuncle broke out on his back and he grew very weak, yet he kept his mother from hearing of it. Only after several weeks did he recover, and his mother never knew.
77
方如珽，休寧人。 國初，其曾祖避兵客死潛山。 祖前卒，父不在側，道梗，喪未歸。 如珽既長，問老婢，言有族姑嫁程氏。 年七十餘，訪之，則嘗會其曾祖喪。 偕往踪跡，至黃石坂，於洞中得敗棺，得白金簪，族姑驗之，其曾祖斂時物也。 乃負骨歸葬，距其曾祖卒時，已五十有六年矣。
Fang Ruting was a native of Xiuning. At the founding of the dynasty, his great-grandfather fled the war and died as a guest in Qianshan. His grandfather had died earlier while his father was absent; the roads were blocked, and the remains were not brought home. When Ruting grew up, he asked an old servant woman, who told him of a clan aunt married into the Cheng family. She was over seventy. He visited her and learned she had attended his great-grandfather's funeral. Together they traced the trail to Huangshi Slope, where in a cave they found a broken coffin and a silver hairpin. The clan aunt examined it and confirmed it was from his great-grandfather's encoffining. He then carried the bones home for burial, fifty-six years after his great-grandfather's death.
78
張燾，福建連江人。 父震公，家縣東岱堡，海寇破岱堡，張氏殲焉。 震公適他往，獨免。 燾方七歲，為所掠，轉徙傭於清漳。 康熙十年，燾年二十餘矣，時時念父母。 顧被掠時幼，不審鄉縣，以人謂其語音似連江，而追憶父似名天貞，乃走還連江，數日無所鄉。 或問何為，以張天貞問。 震公聞之，曰：「天貞，吾亡弟，彼焉識之？」 走視問其詳，喜挾以歸，使見母。 燾追憶母容貌，曰：「非吾母也。」 震公曰：「汝母已死於賊，此汝後母耳。」 燾大慟，為母補行喪服三年，而事後母如母。
Zhang Tao was a native of Lianjiang in Fujian. His father Zhengong's family lived at Dongdai Fort east of the county. Sea bandits destroyed the fort and wiped out the Zhang clan. Zhengong happened to be away and alone escaped. Tao was then seven. He was captured and eventually passed from place to place, hired out as a servant in Qingzhang. In the tenth year of Kangxi, Tao was over twenty and often thought of his parents. But he had been taken when young and did not know his home county. Because people said his accent sounded like Lianjiang, and recalling that his father's name seemed to be Tianzhen, he ran back to Lianjiang, yet for days found nowhere to turn. When someone asked what he wanted, he inquired after Zhang Tianzhen. Zhengong heard of it and said, "Tianzhen is my deceased younger brother—how would he know him?" He ran to see him and ask for details, rejoiced, and took him home to present him to his mother. Tao, recalling his mother's appearance, said, "This is not my mother." Zhengong said, "Your mother died at the hands of the bandits; this is your stepmother." Tao grieved bitterly, observed three years of mourning for his mother in absentia, and served his stepmother as he would his own mother.
79
硃壽命，江西餘干人。 康熙十三年，遇寇，與母李相失，壽命日夜泣。 既，聞母為禁旅所俘，屬正藍旗。 壽命徒步走京師，乞於市，忍飢積錢將贖母。 久之得母所在，而主者邀重購，拒壽命。 壽命日跽其門外，膝為痺。 侍讀學士邵遠平高其行，為捐金以贖，暫留遠平家。 母卞，小不當意輒詬罵，或捽而批其頰，壽命益嬉笑。 居數月，附舟還。 壽命不知書，語質，每言：「在母腹日敢母血三合，那忍不報？」
Zhu Shouming was a native of Yugan in Jiangxi. In the thirteenth year of Kangxi, when bandits came, he lost contact with his mother Li, and Shouming wept day and night. Later he heard his mother had been captured by the Banner garrison and assigned to the Plain Blue Banner. Shouming walked to the capital, begged in the markets, endured hunger, and saved money to redeem his mother. After a long time he found where his mother was, but her master demanded a high price and refused to release her to Shouming. Shouming knelt daily at his gate until his knees grew numb. Reader-in-waiting Shao Yuanping admired his conduct and donated money to redeem her. For a time they stayed at Shao's home. His mother was hot-tempered; the least displeasure brought scolding, and sometimes she would seize him and slap his cheeks, yet Shouming only smiled all the more. After several months they took passage on a boat and returned home. Shouming could not read, and his speech was plain. He often said, "In my mother's womb I took three he of her blood each day—how could I bear not to repay her?"
80
潘天成，字錫疇，江南溧陽人。 年十三，遇家難，父母挈子女出避仇。 天成行後，幾為仇所斃。 既得免，乃行求父母。 經青陽白沙廟，宿廢廟，聞虎聲，為詩述悲。 往來徽州、寧國所屬州縣，跡父母所在，至則又他徙。 天成行經村聚，輒播{兆鼓}作鄉語大呼。 至江西界，母金自巷出，就問之，始相識。 乃得父及其弟、妹，皆無恙。 時天成年十五，欲歸苦無貲，出行貸。 又六年，使其弟從父歸，天成奉母挈妹以行。 遇風雪，負母行數里，還抱妹，往復跣行，足流血，入雪盡殷。 既歸，出行販以養，暇則讀書。 荊溪湯之錡出高攀龍門，治性理之學，賢天成，天成從受業焉。 同縣許國昌遇天成尤厚，使為童子師。 鄰家兒詈母，天成召其鄉老人呼兒共懲之，兒悔謝乃巳。 及父母卒，遊學桐城，遂隸籍為安慶府學生。 居二十餘年，移家江寧，天成學益進，狷潔不以乾當道。 終窮餓，年七十四卒，葬惠應寺側。 國昌子重炎，師天成，編刻其遺書為鐵廬集。
Pan Tiancheng, styled Xichou, was a native of Liyang in Jiangnan. At thirteen he met with family disaster. His parents took the children and fled to escape their enemies. Tiancheng walked behind and was nearly killed by their enemies. Once he had escaped, he set out to seek his parents. Passing Bai Sha Temple in Qingyang, he lodged in a ruined temple, heard tigers, and composed a poem expressing his grief. He traveled back and forth among the prefectures and counties under Huizhou and Ningguo, tracking his parents, but whenever he reached a place they had already moved on. Whenever Tiancheng passed through a village, he would beat a drum and shout loudly in the local dialect. Reaching the Jiangxi border, his mother Jin came out from an alley to question him, and only then did they recognize each other. He then found his father and his younger brother and sister, all unharmed. Tiancheng was then fifteen. He wished to return home but had no funds, so he went out to borrow money. Six years later he sent his younger brother home with their father while Tiancheng escorted his mother and took his sister along. They met wind and snow. He carried his mother for several li, then returned for his sister, going back and forth barefoot until his feet bled and the snow where he walked was stained red. After returning home, he peddled goods to support the family and read books in his spare time. Tang Zhiqi of Jingxi was a disciple of Gao Panlong and devoted himself to Neo-Confucian moral philosophy. He esteemed Tiancheng, and Tiancheng studied under him. Xu Guochang of the same county treated Tiancheng with particular kindness and employed him as a tutor for boys. When a neighbor's child cursed his mother, Tiancheng summoned the village elders to call the child and jointly punish him. The child repented and apologized, and the matter ended. After his parents died, he went to study in Tongcheng and was enrolled as a student of Anqing Prefecture. He lived there more than twenty years, then moved his family to Jiangning. Tiancheng's learning advanced further, and he was upright and pure, never seeking favor from the powerful. He ended in poverty and hunger, dying at seventy-four, and was buried beside Huiying Temple. Guochang's son Chongyan studied under Tiancheng and edited and published his posthumous writings as the Tielu Collection.
81
翁運槐，字楫山； 運標，字晉公：浙江餘姚人。 父瀛，往廣西，道湖南。 一夕，泊舟祁陽新塘，失所在，舟人求不得，還報，歸其行篋，鎖在而鑰亡。 時運槐、運標皆幼，運槐年十三，行求父不得，以病歸。 運標，雍正元年成進士，與運槐复求父，遍湖南境，更二年不得。 一夕，复泊新塘，遇土人鄭海還，言距今三十年，弟海生墮水，格敗葦不死。 視葦間有屍，因瘞之白沙洲，身有鑰在囊，藏為識。 乃遣力以囊鑰還，鑰與行篋鎖牝牡合，囊則運槐女兄昔年制以奉父者也。 乃痛哭啟攢，以父喪還葬，而於瘞處留封樹焉，時雍正五年八月也。
Weng Yunhuai, styled Jishan; Yunbiao, styled Jingong: natives of Yuyao in Zhejiang. Their father Ying was traveling to Guangxi by way of Hunan. One night he moored his boat at Xintang in Qiyang and disappeared. The boatmen searched but could not find him and returned to report. They sent back his traveling case—the lock was still on it but the key was gone. Yunhuai and Yunbiao were both young then. Yunhuai was thirteen when he set out to seek his father but could not find him, and returned home ill. Yunbiao passed the jinshi examination in the first year of Yongzheng and, together with Yunhuai, again sought their father throughout Hunan. After two more years they still could not find him. One night they again moored at Xintang and met the local man Zheng Haihuan, who said that thirty years ago his younger brother Haisheng fell into the water and, clinging to broken reeds, did not drown. Seeing a corpse among the reeds, he buried it on Baisha Zhou. There was a key in a pouch on the body, which he kept as a token. They sent men to return the pouch and key. The key matched the lock on the traveling case, and the pouch was one Yunhuai's elder sister had made years before to present to their father. They then wept bitterly, opened the burial, and brought their father's remains home for reburial, while leaving a mound and trees at the original site. It was the eighth month of the fifth year of Yongzheng.
82
運標謁選，得湖南武陵知縣。 嘗有兄弟爭田訟，運標方詣勘，忽掩涕。 訟者請其故，曰：「吾兄弟日相依，及官此，與吾兄別。 今見汝兄弟，思吾兄，故悲耳。」 訟者為感泣罷訟。 縣東堤圮，水虐民，縣又無書院，運標為修築，民以運標姓名其堤與書院。 擢道州知州，縣通
Yunbiao went to await appointment and was assigned magistrate of Wuling in Hunan. Once two brothers were litigating over farmland. Yunbiao had just gone to inspect the site when he suddenly covered his face and wept. The litigants asked why. He said, "My brother and I depended on each other day by day, but when I took this office I parted from my elder brother. Now seeing you brothers, I think of my elder brother, and so I grieve." The litigants were moved to tears and dropped their lawsuit. The eastern dike of the county collapsed and flood waters afflicted the people, and the county had no academy. Yunbiao had them repaired, and the people named the dike and the academy after him. He was promoted to prefect of Daozhou; the counties connected
83
郴、桂，鑿山八十餘里為坦道。 疫，親持方藥巡視，曰：「我民父母，子弟病，奈何不一顧耶？」 年六十，卒官。
Chen and Gui, and he cut through the mountains for more than eighty li to make a level road. When epidemic struck, he personally carried medicines on his rounds and said, "I am father and mother to my people—when sons and younger brothers fall ill, how can I fail to look in on them?" He died in office at the age of sixty.
84
運標知武陵，建祠白沙洲，起鑰亭，買田，俾鄭氏世董之。 知道州，拜祠下，哀感行路。
While serving as magistrate of Wuling, Yunbiao built a shrine at Baisha Zhou, erected a Key Pavilion, purchased land, and entrusted the Zheng clan with its perpetual supervision. When he served as prefect of Daozhou, he bowed at the shrine, and his grief moved all who passed on the road.
85
楊士選，字有貞，江南吳縣人。 方六歲，入塾，塾師為說古人孝行，輒窮其本末，歸告父母：「兒他日亦當如是。」 父商於河南。 喪貲而病。 士選年十六，往省，渡河風雨，士選泣禱得不覆，人稱「孝子舟」，奉其父還裡。 歲饑，士選與妻唐食糠籺，共營甘旨奉父母。 居喪營葬，身穿負土，唐為姑吮疽。
Yang Shixuan, styled Youzhen, was a native of Wu County in Jiangnan. When he was six he entered school. Whenever the schoolmaster told stories of ancient filial conduct, he pressed for every detail and, returning home, told his parents, "I too shall be like this someday." His father was doing business in Henan. He lost his capital and fell ill. Shixuan was sixteen when he went to visit him. Crossing the river in wind and rain, Shixuan wept and prayed that the boat would not capsize. People called it the "Filial Son's Boat," and he brought his father home. In a year of famine, Shixuan and his wife Tang ate bran cakes while together preparing delicacies for their parents. During mourning and burial arrangements, he wore hemp mourning garb and carried earth on his shoulders, while Tang sucked the pus from a carbuncle on her mother-in-law's body.
86
徐大中，湖北潛山人。 潛山俗重風水，大中喪母，厝棺居室傍未葬。 乾隆四十七年，縣大水，齧前和，失其屍，大中大慟。 水初退，求屍於沙中，得一足，襪敗猶未盡，色餘黃，其母斂時裝也。 大中抱足泣，路人見者語曰：「去此二里許，樹上懸屍，濕綿裹，缺一足。」 奔視良是，但脫頤下骨，負歸改斂。 忽有人若丐入其家，曰：「吾拾得頤下骨。」 取與合，人傳為異。 學官欲上其事，大中曰：「我久不葬母，乃遘此禍，我天地間一罪人耳。 舉我孝，於及時葬親者謂何也？」 堅卻之。
Xu Dazhong was a native of Qianshan in Hubei. Qianshan custom valued geomancy. When Dazhong's mother died, he placed the coffin beside the house and did not bury her. In the forty-seventh year of Qianlong, a great flood struck the county, eroded the front embankment, and swept away the corpse. Dazhong grieved bitterly. When the water first receded, he searched for the corpse in the sand and found a foot. The sock, though torn, was not entirely gone, and the color still showed yellow—it was what his mother had worn at encoffining. Dazhong embraced the foot and wept. A passerby who saw him said, "About two li from here a corpse hangs in a tree, wrapped in wet cotton, missing one foot." He ran to look and it was indeed so, but the jawbone had come off. He carried the remains home and re-encoffined her. Suddenly a man like a beggar entered his home and said, "I picked up the jawbone." He brought it and they joined it together. People spread word of it as a marvel. The school official wished to report the matter upward, but Dazhong said, "I long failed to bury my mother and thus met this disaster—I am nothing but a sinner between heaven and earth. To hold me up as filial—what would that say to those who bury their parents in timely fashion?" He firmly refused.
87
沈仁業，字振先，江蘇吳縣人。 父賈於安南，娶婦生子女，仁業八歲從父歸，而母為外國女，例不得入中國，不能從。 仁業長而思母，父卒，乃圖父像，渡海省母。 安南有兵事，母挾幼子女竄山谷中，仁業行求得之，不食七日矣。 居二年，有義其行者為具舟，舟入海，颶作，觸海中山。 仁業抱母泣，風轉，挾母過山至瓊州。 吏執例拒仁業母不得入，仁業涕泗請，莫應。 久之，有老吏謂康熙間有故事，檢文書得之，仁業乃奉母及弟妹以歸。
Shen Renye, styled Zhenxian, was a native of Wu County in Jiangsu. His father traded in Annam, married, and had children. Renye returned with his father at eight, but his mother was a foreign woman and by regulation could not enter China, so she could not follow. When Renye grew up he longed for his mother. After his father died he painted his father's portrait and crossed the sea to visit her. There was warfare in Annam. His mother fled into the mountains with her young children. Renye traveled and found them—they had not eaten for seven days. After two years there, someone who admired his conduct provided a boat. The boat entered the sea, a hurricane arose, and it struck a mountain in the sea. Renye embraced his mother and wept. The wind shifted and carried them past the mountain to Qiongzhou. Officials invoked the regulations and refused to allow Renye's mother entry. Renye pleaded with tears but got no response. After a long time an old clerk said there was a precedent from the Kangxi reign. They searched the documents and found it, and Renye then brought his mother and younger siblings home.
88
魏樹德，陝西蒲城人。 父季龍，出佐幕客遊，樹德猶在娠。 幼劬學，母力針黹以活。 季龍久不歸，樹德以嘉慶十五年舉於鄉，乃行求父。 初聞季龍自福建轉客廣東，先詣福建，求不得，乃詣廣東，遇知季龍者，為約略言葬處，遍求之，得志石荒塚中，乃持喪還。 逾年，母卒，廬墓三年。 除高陵訓導，求呂柟遺書，授諸生。 久之，以老乞歸，卒。
Wei Shude was a native of Pucheng in Shaanxi. His father Jilong went out as an aide on a tour while Shude was still in the womb. From youth he studied diligently while his mother worked needlework to support them. Jilong long did not return. Shude passed the provincial examination in the fifteenth year of Jiaqing and then set out to seek his father. At first he heard Jilong had moved from Fujian to Guangdong. He first went to Fujian but could not find him, then went to Guangdong and met someone who knew Jilong, who roughly indicated the burial place. Searching everywhere, he found the epitaph stone in a desolate tomb and brought the remains home. The next year his mother died, and he lived by the tomb for three years. He was appointed instructor at Gaoling, sought out Lü Nan's posthumous writings, and taught the students. After a long time he requested retirement on account of age and died.
89
李汝恢，江西廬陵人。 父仲鴻，業醫，遊無方。 汝恢年十三，出求父。 初至四川，又至廣東，皆未遇。 乃節日用得百金，復出，遍涉江湖，遇仲鴻貴築。 仲鴻有弟亦出遊，既歸，日念弟。 汝恢乃更出求其從父，得諸柳州。 仲鴻乃樂甚，遽無疾而卒，汝恢喪葬盡禮。 母痺，奉事尤謹。
Li Ruhui was a native of Luling in Jiangxi. His father Zhonghong practiced medicine and wandered without fixed destination. At thirteen Ruhui set out to seek his father. He first reached Sichuan, then Guangdong, but did not find him in either place. He then economized day by day until he had a hundred taels of gold, set out again, traveled throughout the Yangtze region, and found Zhonghong at Guizhu. Zhonghong had a younger brother who had also gone traveling. After returning home he daily thought of his brother. Ruhui then set out again to seek his uncle and found him at Liuzhou. Zhonghong was overjoyed, then suddenly died without illness. Ruhui observed the funeral rites in full. His mother had paralysis, and he served her with particular care.
90
鄭立本，江蘇蕭縣人。 父相德，坐罪戍新疆，立本方四歲。 年十八，辭母以求父，母哭而誡之曰：「汝父左手小指缺一節，中有橫紋，幸相值，以此為驗。」 立本貧無貲，乞且行，至庫車。 聞父戍綏來，綏來至庫車，三千餘裡，張格爾亂未定，官道塞，乃裡糧求路，獨行迷失道，還庫車。 待亂定，乃行至綏來，則父歿已數年。 相德在戍授同戍子弟讀，歿，弟子為治葬。 立本哭墓而病，居二年，相德弟子力護視，故得不死。 病起，啟父瘞，體久化，左手獨存小指，缺一節，有橫紋，如母言。 立本駭慟，聞其事者皆嘆異，乃負骨歸葬，往還凡八年。 同治中，大學士曾國籓駐軍徐州，聞立本事，招往見，立本舉孟子召役往，召見不往語，謝不往見。 國籓高其義，檄知縣以時存問。
Zheng Liben was a native of Xiao County in Jiangsu. His father Xiangde was sentenced to garrison duty in Xinjiang when Liben was four. At eighteen he took leave of his mother to seek his father. His mother wept and admonished him, "Your father's left little finger is missing a joint, with a horizontal ridge on it—if you happen to meet him, use this as proof." Liben was poor and had no funds. He begged as he traveled and reached Kuche. He heard his father was garrisoned at Suilai, over three thousand li from Kuche. Jahangir's rebellion was not yet settled and the official roads were blocked, so he carried provisions and sought a route, traveling alone. He lost his way and returned to Kuche. Waiting until the rebellion was settled, he then traveled to Suilai, but his father had died several years before. While garrisoned, Xiangde taught the children of fellow exiles to read. When he died his students arranged his burial. Liben wept at the grave and fell ill. He stayed two years, and Xiangde's students strenuously watched over him, so he did not die. When he recovered he opened his father's reburial site. The body had long since decomposed, but the left hand alone remained with the little finger missing a joint and bearing a horizontal ridge, just as his mother had said. Liben was shocked and grieved, and all who heard were amazed. He carried the bones home for burial—the round trip took eight years in all. During the Tongzhi reign, Grand Secretary Zeng Guofan was stationed with troops at Xuzhou. Hearing of Liben's story he summoned him for an audience, but Liben cited Mencius—"If called for labor one goes; if called for an audience one does not go"—and declined. Guofan admired his integrity and instructed the county magistrate to visit him regularly.
91
李學侗，山西介休人。 諸生。 生廷儀，道光中客死貴州荔波縣，有同行者斂而葬焉。 學侗志欲歸父喪，貧，客授十餘年，積數百金，始克行。 詣荔波，時方亂，貴州境亦騷動，屢遇險，乃達。 廷儀葬社稷壇山下，或以為先農壇，語廷儀同行者音轉，又以為西龍塘。 學侗至，求西龍塘，無其地。 慟哭周行諸叢塚，乃於社稷壇得焉。 學侗持喪還葬，族人有客死而旅殯者，並載以歸。 既葬，日必往視，持盂飯以祭。 晚治易，有所撰述。
Li Xuetong was a native of Jiexiu in Shanxi. He was a licentiate. His father Tingyi died abroad in Libo County, Guizhou, during the Daoguang reign. A fellow traveler encoffined and buried him there. Xuetong resolved to bring his father's remains home. Poor, he tutored away from home for more than ten years and saved several hundred taels before he could set out. He went to Libo when turmoil was abroad. Guizhou territory was also in unrest, and he met danger repeatedly before reaching his destination. Tingyi was buried below the Altars of Soil and Grain. Some thought it was the Altar of the First Farmer; the fellow traveler's speech turned the sound, and it was also taken to be Xilongtang. When Xuetong arrived he sought Xilongtang but found no such place. Weeping bitterly, he walked among the clustered tombs and finally found it at the Altars of Soil and Grain. Xuetong brought the remains home for burial, and also carried back a clansman who had died abroad with only a temporary burial. After burial he went daily to visit, bringing a bowl of rice as an offering. In his later years he studied the Changes and left written works.
92
董士元，直隸臨榆人。 父行健，嘉慶中出關，去三月而士元生，行健遂不歸。 士元幼思父，六歲，嘗失所在，翼日得之關外二里店。 母問其故，涕泣言曰：「欲尋父也。」 年十五，戚商於奉天，士元請於母，從之往，求父消息不能得。 越十餘年，至阿什河，有言十年前在三姓南淘淇，嘗遇臨榆人，董姓，今不知存亡。 士元乃往淘淇，地僻，行失道，久之始得達。 舉父姓名里居問居人，有知者，曰：「是嘗漁於此，死數年矣。」 士元大慟，得藁葬地，發塚審視，齧指血滴入骨，函以歸。 至奉天，乃具棺還葬。 居二十餘年，母歿，喪葬如禮。 至光緒初卒。
Dong Shiyuan was a native of Linyu in Zhili. His father Xingjian passed through the pass in the Jiaqing reign. Three months after he left, Shiyuan was born, and Xingjian never returned. From youth Shiyuan thought of his father. At six he once disappeared, and the next day was found at Erli Shop outside the pass. His mother asked why. Weeping, he said, "I wanted to seek my father." At fifteen a relative was doing business in Fengtian. Shiyuan asked his mother's leave and went along, but could not obtain news of his father. More than ten years later, reaching the Ashi River, someone said that ten years before at Taogi south of Sanxing he had met a man from Linyu surnamed Dong, whose present fate was unknown. Shiyuan then went to Taogi. The place was remote; he lost his way and only after a long time reached it. He gave his father's name and native place and asked all who lived there. Someone who knew said, "He used to fish here and died several years ago." Shiyuan grieved bitterly, found the straw burial place, opened the tomb and examined the remains, bit his finger and let blood drip on the bones, placed them in a casket, and returned. Reaching Fengtian, he prepared a coffin and brought the remains home for burial. He lived there more than twenty years. When his mother died he observed mourning and burial according to ritual. He died in the early Guangxu reign.
93
李復新，湖北襄城人。 崇禎末歲饑，復新出糴於郾。 土寇賈成倫劫殺其父際春，復新歸，痛甚，誓復仇。 時方亂，法不行，而成倫悍甚，復新乃謬懦示無復仇意，成倫易之。 順治初，復新始告官，獄成，會赦，成倫得減死。 吏監詣徒所，復新伏道旁，俟其至，舉大石擊之，死。 詣縣請就刑，縣愍其孝，上府，請勿竟獄，且旌表其門。 府駮議，謂成倫已遇赦減死，復新擅殺，當用殺人律坐罪。 縣有老掾复具牘上府曰：「禮言父母之仇，不共戴天。 又言報仇者，書於士殺之無罪。 赦罪者一時之仁，復仇者千古之義。 成倫之罪，可赦於朝廷，復新之仇，難寬於人子。 成倫且欲原貸，復新不免極刑，平允之論，似不如是。 復新父子何辜，並遭大戮？ 凡有人心，誰不哀矜！ 宜貰以無罪，仍旌其孝。」 府乃用縣議，表其門日「孝烈」。
Li Fuxin was a native of Xiangcheng in Hubei. At the end of Chongzhen there was famine. Fuxin went to buy grain at Yan. The local bandit Jia Chenglun robbed and killed his father Jichun. Fuxin returned, grieved bitterly, and swore revenge. Times were chaotic and the law went unenforced. Chenglun was very fierce, so Fuxin falsely played the coward and showed no intent of revenge. Chenglun took him lightly. Early in Shunzhi Fuxin at last reported to the authorities. The case was concluded, but an amnesty intervened and Chenglun received commuted death. Officials escorted Chenglun to the place of exile. Fuxin lay in wait by the road, and when Chenglun arrived he lifted a great stone and struck him dead. He went to the county to submit to punishment. The county, moved by his filial devotion, reported upward and asked that the case not be pursued to completion and that his gate be honored with an official commendation. The prefecture rejected the proposal, saying Chenglun had already received commuted death through amnesty, while Fuxin had killed on his own authority and should be punished under the statute for homicide. An old clerk in the county again submitted a memorial to the prefecture saying, "The Rites say that the debt owed one's parents' enemy is so deep one cannot live under the same sky. They also say that one who takes revenge, as recorded among gentlemen, commits no crime in killing. Amnesty is a momentary act of benevolence; revenge is an eternal principle of righteousness. Chenglun's crime may be pardoned by the court, but Fuxin's debt as a son cannot lightly be waived. Chenglun was moreover to be spared, while Fuxin would not escape the severest penalty—is this what fair judgment would say? What guilt had Fuxin and his father that both should suffer violent death? Whoever has a human heart would pity them! He should be pardoned as innocent and still honored for his filial devotion." The prefecture then adopted the county's view and honored his gate with the title "Filial and Heroic."
94
黨國虎，陝西富平人。 明末，父兄為族子所殺，國虎方幼。 順治初，國虎稍長，誘族子於野，撾殺之，併其子，詣縣自首入獄。 知縣郭傳芳將貸之，國虎念父兄仇已雪，遂自經獄中。 唐時縣人梁悅复親仇，傳芳立孝義祠，首悅而配以國虎。
Dang Guohu was a native of Fuping in Shaanxi. At the end of the Ming his father and elder brother were killed by a clansman while Guohu was still young. Early in Shunzhi, when Guohu had grown somewhat, he lured the clansman into the wild, beat him to death, killed his son as well, and went to the county to surrender himself and enter prison. Magistrate Guo Chuanfang was about to release him on bail, but Guo Hu, reflecting that his father and brother's revenge had been avenged, hanged himself in prison. During the Tang, a native named Liang Yue avenged his parent. Chuanfang established a Temple of Filial Piety and Righteousness, placing Yue first and pairing Guo Hu with him.
95
嚴廷瓚，浙江烏程人。 父時敏。 族子暘，以姑為明大學士溫體仁妻，怙餘勢，時敏嘗斥其非。 暘陽與出遊，擠墮水死。 廷瓚稍長，聞父死狀，訟暘論斬。 暘賄上官反其獄，得脫，益肆。 廷瓚奉母避長興，買斧誓復仇。 歲還裡省墓，遇暘，陽暱就之，暘以為畏己也。 母卒，以喪歸。 方村演劇，暘高坐以觀。 廷瓚直前斧裂其首，斷項，詣縣自首。 縣嘉其孝，欲生之，獄上，按察使將援韓愈復仇議為請，廷瓚遽死獄中，或曰暘家賄獄吏殺之。
Yan Tingzan was a native of Wucheng in Zhejiang. His father was Shimin. A clansman named Yang, whose aunt was the wife of the Ming Grand Secretary Wen Tiren, relied on his family's lingering influence. Shimin had once reproved him for wrongdoing. Yang feigned friendliness and invited him out on an excursion, then pushed him so that he fell into the water and drowned. When Tingzan grew older and learned how his father had died, he sued Yang and sought the death penalty. Yang bribed his superiors to reverse the verdict, escaped, and became even more reckless. Tingzan cared for his mother and fled to Changxing, bought an axe, and swore to take revenge. Each year when he returned to his village to tend the graves, he encountered Yang, who feigned warmth and approached him, thinking Tingzan feared him. When his mother died, he returned home for the funeral. The village was staging a play, and Yang sat up high to watch. Tingzan went straight up to him, split his head with an axe, severed his neck, and went to the county seat to surrender himself. The county praised his filial piety and wished to spare his life. When the case went up, the provincial surveillance commissioner was about to cite Han Yu's discourse on vengeance on his behalf, but Tingzan suddenly died in prison. Some said Yang's family had bribed the jailer to kill him.
96
陸起鶤、起鵬，貴州安順人。 父希武。 明末水西安邦彥叛，破安順，陸氏舉室自焚，希武與起鵬幸得脫。 起鶤自火中跳而出，遇賊，為所掠。 居數月，賊攻貴陽，自間道出求父及弟，未得。 順治初，師下安順，起鶤乃歸。 诇知起鵬所在，鬻產贖以歸。 起鵬具言父為邦彥黨羅戎所殺，被掠鬻入土司中。 時戎已就撫，起鶤兄弟訴父前為戎殺事，下巡道，巡道判戎罰鍰。 起鶤始不肯受，既而曰：「不受金，是使戎知吾必報也。」 乃受金，戎謂訟已決，不為備。 起鵬故善騎射，結壯士七，日夜伺戎隙。 一日，戎以事入安順，其徒皆從，起鶤、起鵬與七人者盟，挾弓弩伏城外，令所親醉戎。 戎既醉而出，起鵬射戎中肩，即前斫之，七人者皆起，盡縛其徒，得與戎同殺父者四人，剖心以祭父。 起鶤令起鵬走避，戎黨訴巡道，起鶤赴質，抗辯不稍屈，巡道釋不問。
Lu Qikun and Qipeng were natives of Anshun in Guizhou. Their father was Xiwu. At the end of the Ming, An Bangyan of Shuixi rebelled and overran Anshun. The Lu household burned themselves to death, but Xiwu and Qipeng fortunately escaped. Qikun leaped out from the flames, encountered bandits, and was carried off by them. After several months, when the bandits attacked Guiyang, he slipped out by a secret route to search for his father and brother but could not find them. In the early Shunzhi reign, the imperial army descended on Anshun, and Qikun returned home. Learning where Qipeng was, he sold property to ransom him and bring him home. Qipeng fully recounted that their father had been killed by Luo Rong, a follower of Bangyan, and that he himself had been captured and sold into a native chieftain's domain. By then Rong had submitted to pacification. The Qikun brothers sued over their father's earlier killing by Rong. The case went to the circuit intendant, who sentenced Rong to pay a fine. Qikun at first refused to accept the payment, then said, "If I do not accept the money, that will show Rong that I am bound to take revenge." So he accepted the money. Rong thought the lawsuit was settled and made no preparations. Qipeng had been skilled at riding and archery. He gathered seven stalwart men and day and night watched for an opening against Rong. One day Rong entered Anshun on business with all his followers. Qikun, Qipeng, and the seven men swore an oath, took bows and crossbows, and lay in ambush outside the city while a confidant got Rong drunk. When the drunken Rong came out, Qipeng shot him in the shoulder and rushed forward to hack him down. The seven men rose together, bound all his followers, found four who had joined Rong in killing their father, and cut out their hearts to sacrifice to him. Qikun told Qipeng to flee and hide. When Rong's faction sued to the circuit intendant, Qikun presented himself for questioning, argued without yielding in the least, and the intendant released him without further inquiry.
97
虞爾忘、爾雪，江南無錫人。 國初江南多盜，爾忘、爾雪父罕卿董鄉團，捕盜，盜惎焉。 一日自縣還，聞門外呼，罕卿出，為盜縛去。 爾忘、爾雪方田作，聞馳救，罕卿死橋下矣。 爾忘、爾雪既葬父，仍董鄉團，乃更其初名，「忘」，警忘仇； 「雪」，冀雪恨也。 每獲盜，必詰執殺罕卿者，久之，知為盜杜息。 息方謀入海，與所左右二人夜治行，爾忘、爾雪诇知之，將壯士奄至息家，縶息及二人者至罕卿死所。 比明，爾忘抱罕卿木主至，爾雪於其旁爇釜，爾忘取息舌，爾雪探心肝，且祭且敢，爾忘乃斷息頭。 將刃二人者，一讋死，一乞哀，沉諸河。 爾忘、爾雪持息頭懸罕卿墓，時距罕卿死方踰月。
Yu Erwang and Erxue were natives of Wuxi in Jiangnan. At the founding of the dynasty there were many bandits in Jiangnan. Their father Hanqing organized the village militia and captured bandits, and the bandits hated them for it. One day, returning from the county seat, he heard someone calling outside the gate. Hanqing went out and was bound and taken away by bandits. Erwang and Erxue were working in the fields. Hearing of it, they raced to rescue him, but Hanqing was already dead beneath a bridge. After burying their father, Erwang and Erxue continued to organize the village militia and changed their original names: "Erwang," to warn against forgetting the feud; "Erxue," in the hope of washing away their hatred. Whenever they captured a bandit, they questioned him about who had killed Hanqing. After a long time they learned it was the bandit Du Xi. Xi was planning to flee to sea. He and two companions were preparing to travel by night. Erwang and Erxue learned of it through investigation, brought stalwart men, and suddenly descended on Xi's house. They bound Xi and the two men and brought them to the place where Hanqing had died. By dawn Erwang brought Hanqing's spirit tablet while Erxue lit a cauldron beside it. Erwang cut out Xi's tongue and Erxue extracted his heart and liver, offering sacrifice and consuming the flesh as they did so. Erwang then severed Xi's head. About to execute the two companions, they found one had died of fright; the other begged for mercy and was drowned in the river. Erwang and Erxue took Xi's head and hung it at Hanqing's tomb. Only just over a month had passed since Hanqing's death.
98
黃洪元，江南丹陽人。 父國相，與同里虞庠不相能。 方社，國相被酒夜行，庠遣惡少綁而沉諸河。 洪元與弟福元皆幼，稍長，微聞父死狀，庠欲壻洪元以自解，洪元巽言謝之。 母喪，既葬，洪元、福元同诇庠所在。 又值社，洪元見庠在社所，還呼福元，各持斧往，洪元入迫庠，字庠曰：「逸群，我死汝！」 庠起猶曰：「孺子醉耶？」 洪元曰：「將醉汝血！」 兩斧並舉，遂殺庠。 詣縣自陳狀，有司義之，免福元，下洪元獄。 明年，亦赦出，為浮屠以終。
Huang Hongyuan was a native of Danyang in Jiangnan. His father Guoxiang could not get along with a fellow villager named Yu Xiang. During a community sacrifice, Guoxiang, drunk, was walking at night. Yu Xiang sent ruffians to bind him and sink him in the river. Hongyuan and his younger brother Fuyuan were both young. When they grew older they faintly heard how their father had died. Yu Xiang wished to marry Hongyuan into his family to settle matters, but Hongyuan politely declined with soft words. After their mother's funeral and burial, Hongyuan and Fuyuan together tracked down Yu Xiang's whereabouts. Again it was time for the community sacrifice. Hongyuan saw Yu Xiang at the sacrificial grounds, went back to call Fuyuan, and each took an axe. Hongyuan entered and pressed close to Yu Xiang, addressing him by his style name: "Yiqun, I die — you die!" Yu Xiang rose and still said, "Has the lad gone drunk?" Hongyuan said, "I'll drown you in your own blood!" Both axes rose together and they killed Yu Xiang. They went to the county seat and stated the facts themselves. The officials considered it righteous, released Fuyuan, and imprisoned Hongyuan. The next year he too was released by amnesty and became a Buddhist monk for the rest of his life.
99
顏中和，吳縣人。 父弘仁。 順治初，怨家周昌乘亂誘而殺之，棄其首。 中和礪斧束藁如人形，書昌姓名以試斧。 昌聞之，輕中和幼，不為備。 中和懷斧出跡昌，值市中，尾之行。 稍前，遽揮斧中昌，昌左右顧，又斧之。 母遣其兄孟和走視弟，昌已死。 乃相與詣縣，兄弟爭自承殺人，市人言殺昌者實中和，乃下中和獄。 明年巡按御史錄囚，釋中和。 中和，明義士佩韋從孫也。
Yan Zhonghe was a native of Wu County. His father was Hongren. In the early Shunzhi reign, his enemy Zhou Chang took advantage of the chaos to lure and kill him, then discarded his head. Zhonghe sharpened an axe and bound straw into a human shape, writing Zhou Chang's name on it to test the axe. Zhou Chang heard of it but scorned Zhonghe as too young and made no preparations. Zhonghe hid an axe on his person and went out to track Zhou Chang. Encountering him in the market, he followed behind. Moving slightly ahead, he suddenly swung the axe and struck Zhou Chang. Zhou Chang looked left and right, and he struck again. His mother sent his elder brother Menghe to run and look after his younger brother. Zhou Chang was already dead. Then together they went to the county seat. The brothers each insisted on claiming the killing, but people in the market said it was actually Zhonghe who had killed Zhou Chang, so Zhonghe was imprisoned. The next year the touring censor reviewed prisoners and released Zhonghe. Zhonghe was a descendant in the line of the Ming righteous knight Pei Wei.
100
同時又有顏鼇，父仲常，國初為其仇金瑞甫所殺。 鼇淬刃挾以出入，一日，遇諸胥口，鼇刺瑞甫，入水，鼇從之。 瑞甫脫去，誣鼇以盜。 兵備道王紀、同知劉瑞訊得實，為誅瑞甫。
At the same time there was also Yan Ao. His father Zhongchang was killed at the founding of the dynasty by his enemy Jin Ruifu. Ao kept a sharpened blade and carried it whenever he went out. One day they met at Xukou. Ao stabbed Ruifu, who plunged into the water, and Ao followed him in. Ruifu escaped and falsely accused Ao of robbery. Military intendant Wang Ji and prefectural vice magistrate Liu Rui examined the facts and had Ruifu executed.
101
中和復仇時年十六，鼇年十八。
Zhonghe was sixteen when he took revenge; Ao was eighteen.
102
王恩榮，字仁庵，山東蓬萊人。 縣有小吏寵於官，恩榮父永泰與有隙，被毆死。 恩榮方九歲，祖母、母皆劉氏。 祖母以告官，不得直，畀埋葬銀十兩，內自傷，遽縊。 母泣血三年，病垂死，以官所畀銀授恩榮曰：「汝家以三喪易此，汝誌之不可忘！」
Wang Enrong, styled Ren'an, was a native of Penglai in Shandong. In the county there was a petty clerk favored by the officials. Enrong's father Yongtai had a feud with him and was beaten to death. Enrong was then nine years old. Both his grandmother and mother were of the Liu clan. His grandmother reported it to the authorities but got no justice. They were given ten taels of silver for burial. Inwardly grieving, she suddenly hanged herself. His mother wept blood for three years. When gravely ill and near death, she handed Enrong the silver from the authorities and said, "Your family exchanged three deaths for this. You must remember and never forget!"
103
恩榮依其舅以居，稍長，補諸生。 志復仇，以斧自隨，其舅戒之曰：「汝志固宜爾，然殺人者死，汝父母其餒矣。」 乃娶妻，生子，辭於舅，挾斧行。 遇小吏，揮斧不中，投以石，僕，得救免； 又遇於門，直前斫其首，帽厚，傷未殊。 訴官，時去永泰死十九年，事無證。 恩榮出母所授銀，其上有硃批，旁鈐以血書。 知縣歎曰：「孝子也！ 吾欲聽爾，違國家赦令； 吾欲撓爾，傷人子至情。 周官有調人，其各相避已耳。」 於是恩榮哭，堂上下皆哭，小吏避之棲霞。
Enrong lived with his uncle. When he grew older he enrolled as a licentiate. Determined to take revenge, he always carried an axe. His uncle warned him, "Your resolve is certainly fitting, yet he who kills is subject to death — your parents would starve." So he took a wife, had a son, took leave of his uncle, and set out with his axe. He encountered the petty clerk, swung the axe but missed, and threw a stone. The clerk fell but was saved. He encountered him again at a gate, went straight forward, and hacked at his head. The hat was thick and the wound was not fatal. The clerk sued to the authorities. It was then nineteen years since Yongtai's death, and there was no evidence. Enrong produced the silver his mother had given him. On it was an official red endorsement, beside which was stamped a blood inscription. The magistrate sighed and said, "A filial son! I wish to let you go, but that would violate the state's amnesty decree; I wish to obstruct you, but that would wound a son's utmost feeling. The Rites of Zhou provides for mediators — let each avoid the other, that is all. Then Enrong wept, and all above and below in the hall wept. The petty clerk fled to Qixia to hide.
104
居八年，一日，方入城，過小巷，恩榮與遇，小吏無所逃，乞貸死。 恩榮曰：「吾父遲爾久矣！」 斧裂其腦，以足蹴其心，死。 乃詣縣，小吏家言永泰故自縊，非毆死，當發棺以驗。 恩榮曰：「民原抵罪死，不原暴父骸。」 叩頭流血。 知縣諮於眾，皆曰：「恩榮言是。」 具狀上按察使，按察使議曰：「律不言復仇，然擅殺行凶人，罪止杖六十，即時殺死者不論，是未嘗不許人復仇也。 恩榮父死時未成童，其後屢復仇不遂，非即時，猶即時矣。 況其視死無畏，剛烈有足嘉者，當特予開釋，復其諸生。」 有司將請旌，其舅為辭罷。
After eight years, one day as he was entering the city and passing through a narrow lane, Enrong encountered him. The petty clerk had nowhere to flee and begged to be spared his life. Enrong said, "My father has waited long for you!" With his axe he split the clerk's skull and kicked his heart with his foot. He was dead. Then he went to the county seat. The petty clerk's family said Yongtai had originally hanged himself rather than been beaten to death, and that the coffin should be opened for verification. Enrong said, "I am willing to accept punishment and die, but I will not allow my father's remains to be violated." He knocked his head on the ground until it bled. The magistrate consulted the crowd. All said, "Enrong speaks correctly." He submitted a report to the provincial surveillance commissioner, who deliberated, "The law does not speak of revenge, yet unauthorized killing of an assailant carries a penalty of only sixty blows, and killing on the spot is not prosecuted — thus revenge has never been wholly forbidden. When Enrong's father died he was not yet of age. Afterward he repeatedly attempted revenge without success — though not immediate, it is as good as immediate. Moreover, his fearlessness before death and fierce integrity are truly admirable. He should be specially released and restored to his status as licentiate." The authorities were about to request an imperial commendation, but his uncle declined on his behalf and the matter was dropped.
105
楊獻恆，山東益都人。 父加官，與濟南楊開泰有隙，詈其門，開泰訟焉。 加官率獻恆走求援，開泰遣其徒紿使出小徑，要而毆之，加官死焉。 獻恆死復甦，開泰以他事誣之，下濟南獄。 山東初設總督，獻恆訟焉，下青州府勘問，直獻恆，開泰以賄免。 獻恆走京師叩閽，下山東巡撫會鞫，罰開泰納埋葬銀四十兩，迫獻恆具領。 獻恆藏銀典肆，再走京師叩閽，下山東巡撫，以獄已定罪，獻恆妄訴，笞四十。 開泰計必欲殺獻恆，遣其子承恩至青州謀諸吏。 獻恆潛知之，持鐵骨朵挾刃至所居。 承恩方與吏耳語，伺其出，以鐵骨朵擊之，僕，急拔刀斷其喉，又抉其睛噉之，詣縣自陳，出所藏銀為證。 縣具獄，得末減，遣戍。
Yang Xianheng was a native of Yidu in Shandong. His father Jiaguan had a feud with Yang Kaitai of Jinan. He cursed at Kaitai's gate, and Kaitai sued him. Jiaguan took Xianheng and fled to seek help. Kaitai sent his followers to lure them out by a small path, intercepted and beat them, and Jiaguan died. Xianheng died and revived. Kaitai framed him on another charge and he was sent to prison in Jinan. When Shandong first established a governor-general, Xianheng sued there. The case was sent down to Qingzhou Prefecture for investigation, which found in Xianheng's favor, but Kaitai escaped through bribery. Xianheng went to the capital and petitioned at the palace gate. The case was sent down to the Shandong governor, who jointly tried it, fined Kaitai forty taels of burial silver, and forced Xianheng to sign a receipt. Xianheng deposited the silver in a pawnshop and again went to the capital to petition. The case was sent down to the Shandong governor, who ruled that since the case had already been decided, Xianheng's complaint was groundless, and had him beaten forty blows. Kaitai resolved that he must kill Xianheng and sent his son Chengen to Qingzhou to conspire with the clerks. Xianheng secretly learned of it, took an iron mace and a blade, and went to where Chengen was staying. Chengen was whispering with a clerk. When he came out, Xianheng struck him with the iron mace and he fell. Xianheng quickly drew his knife, cut Chengen's throat, gouged out his eyes and ate them, then went to the county seat to state the facts himself, producing the deposited silver as evidence. The county prepared the case. He received a reduced sentence and was sent into exile.
106
任騎馬，直隸新城人。 父為仇所戕，死以四月八日，方賽神，被二十八創。 騎馬時方幼，至七歲，問母，得父死狀，慟憤，以爪刺胸，血出。 悲至，輒如是，以為常。 其仇姓馬，因自名騎馬。 長，慮仇且疑，乃字伯超，詭自況馬超也。 母欲與議婚，力拒。 母死，治葬，且營祭田。 年十九，四月八日復賽神，騎馬度仇必至，懷刃待於路。 仇至，與漫語，指其笠問值，騎馬左手脫笠授仇，蔽其目，右手出刃急刺，洞仇胸，亦二十八創乃止。 仇妻子至，怖甚，騎馬曰：「吾殺父仇，於汝母子何與？」 乃詣縣自首。 知縣欲生之，曰：「彼殺汝，汝奪刃殺之耶？」 騎馬對曰：「民痛父十餘年，乃今得報之，若幸脫死，謂彼非吾仇，民不原也。」 因袒，出爪痕殷然，見者皆流涕。 獄具，得緩決。
Ren Qima was a native of Xincheng in Zhili. His father had been killed by an enemy. He died on the eighth day of the fourth month during a village sacrifice, suffering twenty-eight wounds. Qima was then very young. At seven he asked his mother and learned how his father had died. Grief and rage overwhelmed him and he scratched his chest with his fingernails until blood flowed. Whenever grief overcame him he did the same — it became his habit. His enemy's surname was Ma, so he named himself Qima. When he grew up, fearing the enemy might grow suspicious, he styled himself Bochao, pretending to compare himself to Ma Chao. When his mother wished to arrange a marriage for him, he firmly refused. When his mother died, he arranged her burial and also set aside sacrificial fields. At nineteen, on the eighth day of the fourth month when the village sacrifice was held again, Qima judged the enemy would surely come and waited on the road with a blade hidden on his person. When the enemy arrived, they chatted idly. Qima pointed at his hat and asked its price. With his left hand he removed the hat and handed it to the enemy, blocking his eyes, and with his right drew his blade and stabbed swiftly, piercing the enemy's chest. He stopped only after inflicting twenty-eight wounds. The enemy's wife and children arrived, terrified. Qima said, "I killed my father's enemy — what has that to do with you, mother and son?" Then he went to the county seat and surrendered himself. The magistrate wished to spare his life and said, "When he killed you, did you seize his blade and kill him?" Qima replied, "Your subject has grieved for his father more than ten years and has now at last taken revenge. If I should luckily escape death and people say he was not my enemy, I would not accept it." He bared his chest, revealing the claw marks still vivid. All who saw wept. When the case was complete, he received a deferred sentence.
107
在獄十餘年，知縣嘗使出祭墓，辭，怪而問之，曰：「仇亦有子，假使效我而斫我。 我死，分也，奈何以累公？」 新城人皆賢之，請於縣，築室獄傍，為娶妻生子。 久之，赦出。 知縣後至者欲見之，輒辭。 聞其習形家言，以相宅召，又謝不往，曰：「官宅不同於民，若言不利，且興役，是以吾言擾民也。」 既卒，總督曾國籓旌其廬曰「孝義剛烈」。
Imprisoned for more than ten years, the magistrate once sent him out to tend his family graves, but he declined. Asked in surprise, he said, "The enemy also has a son. Suppose he imitated me and hacked me down. If I die, that is my portion — but how could I burden Your Honor?" The people of Xincheng all considered him worthy. They petitioned the county to build a house beside the prison, found him a wife, and he had a son. After a long time he was released by amnesty. Later magistrates who arrived wished to see him, but he always declined. Hearing that he studied geomancy, one summoned him to inspect an official residence. Again he declined, saying, "An official residence is not the same as a commoner's home. If I said it was unfavorable and labor were raised, my words would disturb the people." After he died, Governor-General Zeng Guofan commended his dwelling with the inscription "Filial, Righteous, and Fiercely Upright."
108
李巨勳，甘肅禮縣人。 回亂，土豪羅五殺其父，巨勳欲赴死，母以弟幼沮之，命之娶，不可，乃訟五，五繫獄，始娶生子。 五以賄出獄，巨勳與弟恆挾刃伺五。 光緒初，竟擊殺五，巨勳自首繫獄，瘐死。 母不食，亦卒。 妻張，撫孤子成立。
Li Juxun was a native of Li County in Gansu. During the Muslim rebellion, the local strongman Luo Wu killed his father. Juxun wished to go and die in revenge, but his mother, because his younger brother was still small, dissuaded him and ordered him to marry. He refused. Only after he sued Wu and Wu was imprisoned did he marry and have a son. Wu bribed his way out of prison. Juxun and his younger brother constantly carried blades and watched for Wu. In the early Guangxu reign he finally struck and killed Wu. Juxun surrendered himself and was imprisoned, where he died of illness. His mother stopped eating and also died. His wife Zhang raised their orphaned son to adulthood.
109
任四，甘肅渭源人，農也。 徙家狄道，父死於虎，四乃習鳥槍，誓殺百虎報父仇。 遇虎，槍一發立殕。 鄰縣有虎，輒迎四往捕，必得。 四已老，計所殺虎九十有九，復入山伺虎，虎驟至，槍不及發，幾為所噬。 俄雲起晝晦，虎自去，四歸祭父，戒子孫毋更仇虎，遂以無疾卒。 卒時，猶寢虎皮也。
Ren Si was a native of Weiyuan in Gansu and was a farmer. He moved his family to Didao. His father died at the hands of a tiger. Si then learned to use a bird gun and swore to kill a hundred tigers to avenge his father. When he encountered a tiger, one shot from his gun brought it down instantly. When neighboring counties had tigers, they always invited Si to come and hunt them, and he always succeeded. Si was already old. He calculated he had killed ninety-nine tigers and entered the mountains again to wait. A tiger suddenly appeared and he had no time to fire — he was nearly devoured. Soon clouds rose and daylight darkened. The tiger left on its own. Si returned to sacrifice to his father, admonished his descendants never again to feud with tigers, and died without illness. When he died, he was still sleeping on a tiger skin.
110
=王國林=王國林，湖南長沙人。 有膂力。 虎咥其父，國林奮擊，折虎左牙。 虎怒，爪其腹，腹破，腸出尺許，而父卒死。 國林死复甦，家人納其腸，為縫腹，得愈。 乃制火器獵虎，最後獲一虎，左牙折，知為咥父者，烹之，告父墓。
Wang Guolin was a native of Changsha in Hunan. He had great physical strength. A tiger seized his father in its jaws. Guolin fought fiercely and broke the tiger's left fang. The tiger in rage clawed his belly. His belly tore open and intestines spilled out more than a foot, yet his father still died. Guolin died and revived. His family pushed his intestines back in, sewed up his belly, and he recovered. He then made a firearm to hunt tigers. At last he caught a tiger with a broken left fang and knew it was the one that had seized his father. He cooked it and reported to his father's tomb.
111
藍忠，福建漳浦人。 家萬山中，父元章，與叔裕比屋居。 有虎夜出，中伏弩，跳踉入所居村。 裕夢中聞虎至，呼，虎撲門不得入，登屋毀杗桷直下，齧殺裕。 元章聞裕為虎殺，复呼，虎循聲至，破屋撲元章，僕。 忠持長刀直前，刺虎中喉，刃入腹三尺許。 虎舍元章撲忠，忠拔刀柄脫，妻卓搤虎頸，連呼曰：「斧！」 忠自門後取斧力斫之。 天明：力且盡，視虎已殪。 元章尚臥地，忠與妻扶就寢，越日，創甚竟死。
Lan Zhong was a native of Zhangpu in Fujian. His family lived deep in the mountains. His father Yuanzhang and his uncle Yu lived in neighboring houses. A tiger came out at night, struck by a hidden crossbow. It leaped and stumbled into the village where they lived. Yu, in a dream, heard the tiger arrive and cried out. The tiger pounced at the door but could not enter, climbed the roof, broke through the rafters and descended, and bit Yu to death. Yuanzhang heard that Yu had been killed by a tiger and cried out again. The tiger followed the sound, broke through the house, and pounced on Yuanzhang, who fell. Zhong took a long knife and went straight forward, stabbing the tiger in the throat. The blade entered more than three feet into its belly. The tiger released Yuanzhang and pounced on Zhong. Zhong pulled but the knife handle came free. His wife Zhuo seized the tiger's neck and cried repeatedly, "Axe!" Zhong took an axe from behind the door and hacked at it with all his strength. At dawn his strength was nearly spent. He looked and saw the tiger was already dead. Yuanzhang still lay on the ground. Zhong and his wife helped him to bed, but after a day his wounds were severe and he died.