1
岳薦張廒黃學硃吳伯宗錢天潤蕭良昌李九
Yue Jian, Zhang Ao, Huang Xuezhu, Wu Bozong, Qian Tianrun, Xiao Liangchang, and Li Jiu.
2
張某程含光陳福譙衿黃成富李長茂任天篤
Zhang Mou, Cheng Hanguang, Chen Fu, Qiao Jin, Huang Chengfu, Li Changmao, and Ren Tiandu.
3
趙一桂黃調鼎楊藝咸默李晉福胡端友硃永慶王某
Zhao Yigui, Huang Diaoding, Yang Yi, Xian Mo, Li Jinfu, Hu Duanyou, Zhu Yongqing, and Wang Mou.
4
張瑛郭氏僕胡穆孟苑亮楊越子賓吳鴻錫
Zhang Ying, a servant of the Guo family, Hu Mumu, Yuan Liang, Yang Yue, Zi Bin, and Wu Hongxi.
5
韓瑜程增李應卜塞勒王聯黎侗李秉道趙瓏
Han Yu, Cheng Zeng, Li Yingbu, Saile, Wang Lian, Li Tong, Li Bingdao, and Zhao Long.
6
蔣堅李林孫高大鎬許所望邢清源王元鳳瑞
Jiang Jian, Li Linsun, Gao Dabao, Xu Suowang, Xing Qingyuan, Wang Yuan, and Feng Rui.
7
方元衡葉成忠楊斯盛武訓呂聯珠
Fang Yuanheng, Ye Chengzhong, Yang Sisheng, Wu Xun, and Lü Lianzhu.
8
岳薦，江南山陽人。 明末為諸生。 事父母謹，居喪哭踴，氣息僅屬，乃病羸終其身。 庶弟甫生而其母暴疾死，薦亦生女，乃令妻棄女而乳其弟。 弟病瘍，日夜啼，夫婦迭拊之，遂俱生瘍，血淋漓被體，不以為苦。
Yue Jian was from Shanyang in Jiangnan. In the late Ming he held licentiate status. He tended his parents with scrupulous devotion. During mourning he wept and stamped in grief until he was barely breathing, and from then on he remained frail and ill for the rest of his days. When a younger half-brother had just been born, their mother died suddenly. Jian's wife had also given birth to a daughter, but he had her set the infant aside and nurse the boy instead. The boy developed ulcerous sores and cried day and night. Husband and wife took turns holding him, and they too broke out in sores until blood ran over their bodies—yet they never counted it hardship.
9
張廒，陝西盩厔人。 順治初，山賊破其堡，殺廒兄廠，並掠廠子去。 廒愍廠死且無後，負其子入山易廠子歸。 方謀贖子，山賊引去，其子幼不能從，遂殺之。 廒復生子，與廠子並成立。
Zhang Ao was from Zhouzhi in Shaanxi. Early in the Shunzhi era, mountain bandits overran their fort, killed Ao's elder brother Chang, and abducted Chang's son. Grieving that Chang had died without an heir, Ao carried his own infant son into the hills and traded the boy to ransom his nephew. While he was still plotting to recover his son, the bandits marched the boy off. Too young to keep pace, the child was killed. Ao later fathered another son, and both boys grew to maturity.
10
黃學硃，福建甌寧人。 諸生。 順治間，縣有土寇，執學硃及其弟。 度不能兩全，乃紿賊曰：「家有薄產，釋弟歸鬻產，以其值贖我，何如？」 賊疑，欲遣學硃，學硃曰：「我秀才，質重於弟。」 賊遂釋弟歸。 實無產，贖不至，學硃遂被戕。
Huang Xuezhu was from Ouning in Fujian. He held licentiate status. During the Shunzhi years local bandits seized Xuezhu and his younger brother. Seeing that both brothers could not survive, he tricked the bandits: "We have a modest property at home. Let my brother go sell it and ransom me with the proceeds—what do you say?" The bandits were wary and meant to send Xuezhu home instead, but he said, "I am a licentiate—my life is worth more than my brother's as a hostage." The bandits released the younger brother. There was in fact no property, and no ransom ever arrived. Xuezhu was slain.
11
吳伯宗，山西稷山人。 早喪父母，二弟幼，與相依。 居數年，先後皆失之。 伯宗求弟遍遠近，久之，得季弟京師，為高氏僕。 高氏遇之厚，曰：「吾為子善撫，子求得仲弟，與之俱歸。」 又久之，伯宗得仲弟消息，在寧古塔，乃躬往踪蹟之。 仲弟屬將軍部，投牒訟焉。 庭質，辭未畢，伯宗忽躍起，主者怒，撲之，血被面。 伯宗徐曰：「民非敢與抗，適見略吾弟者，奴吾弟者，皆法所不宥，顧美衣帽，平立官側。 民兄弟良家子，為奸人誘掠，萬里投命，官不明其冤，乃視若罪囚，使跪而聽命，民是以不服。」 主者悟，白將軍，歸其仲弟。 時正冬，兄弟相扶行冰雪中，至京師，與季弟同歸。
Wu Bozong was from Jishan in Shanxi. Orphaned young, he raised his two little brothers, who relied on him entirely. Within a few years both brothers were lost to him. Bozong searched near and far. Long afterward he traced his youngest brother to the capital, where the boy was a servant in the Gao household. The Gaos treated him kindly and said, "I will look after you. When you find your middle brother, bring him home with you." Much later he learned his middle brother was at Ningguta and set out himself to find him. The middle brother was held under the general's command, and Bozong filed a formal complaint. At the hearing, before he could finish, Bozong sprang up. The magistrate flew into a rage and had him beaten until his face ran with blood. Bozong said evenly, "I do not defy the court. But the men who robbed my brother and made him a slave—crimes the law forbids—stand there in fine dress, shoulder to shoulder with your officers. We are men of good families, snatched by rogues and dragged ten thousand li from home. You will not hear our grievance, yet treat us like criminals on their knees—that is why I will not bow to this." The official took his meaning, reported to the general, and restored the middle brother. It was midwinter. The brothers helped each other through ice and snow to the capital and went home with the youngest at last.
12
錢天潤，江蘇宜興人。 少孤，為人傭耕，得錢必奉母。 母死，以奉其兄。 有女弟嫁而寡，甥二，方幼，天潤往視之。 女弟泣言：「夫死子幼，不知所以為計。」 天潤問其意，女弟言：「原守節，第苦貧。」 天潤曰：「妹無憂！ 吾助汝。」 遂為女弟耕以給食。 三年，女弟死，撫二甥，畢姻娶。
Qian Tianrun was from Yixing in Jiangsu. Orphaned early, he hired out as a farm laborer and gave every coin he earned to his mother. After his mother died, he devoted his earnings to his elder brother. His younger sister had married and been widowed, leaving two small nephews; Tianrun went to see them. His sister wept, "My husband is dead and my boys are small—I do not know how we shall live." He asked what she wanted. She said, "I mean to keep my widowhood—only poverty stands in the way." "Do not fret, sister! I will see to it." He tilled fields for her and kept the household fed. Three years later his sister died. He raised both nephews and saw them wed.
13
蕭良昌，湖南邵陽人。 家貧，貿漆，事父孝。 兄弟四，良昌其少季。 析居，伯、仲、叔皆有一子，伯、仲早卒，叔攜其子出遊，良昌召伯、仲子與同居，率之貿荊、襄間。 家漸起，始娶婦。 歲除，具酒奉父，父語良昌曰：「兒能撫存孤侄甚善，顧安得汝叔兄父子復還耶？」 良昌跪白父曰； 「兒欲行求久矣。」 明歲遂行。 時傳叔兄在雲南，良昌行六閱月，貲且盡，途窮哭泣，目盡腫。 晨行至一村，遇曉汲者，則叔兄子也，乃與見叔兄，偕歸，父乃大慰。 年八十餘，乃為諸子析居，厚兄子而薄其子，其子亦受之無間言。
Xiao Liangchang was from Shaoyang in Hunan. Poor as he was, he dealt in lacquer and served his father with exemplary devotion. He was the youngest of four brothers. After the family split up, each elder brother had one son. The eldest and second died young; the third left on a long journey with his boy. Liangchang took in his elder brothers' orphans and led them trading between Jingzhou and Xiangyang. The household slowly prospered, and only then did he marry. On New Year's Eve he served his father wine. The old man said, "You have done well by your orphaned nephews—but when will your uncle and cousin come home?" Liangchang knelt and said, "I have wanted to go look for them for a long time." The following year he set out. Rumor placed his uncle and cousin in Yunnan. After six months on the road his money was gone; broke and weeping, his eyes swelled shut. One dawn he came to a village and met a boy drawing water—it was his cousin. He found uncle and cousin, brought them home, and his father was overjoyed. Past eighty he divided property among his sons, giving more to his nephews than to his own boys, who accepted the arrangement without a murmur.
14
李九，江蘇贛榆人。 家青口，兄七，與其鄰爭地而訟，知縣吳元納鄰賕，逮七，下典史費長春加楚毒焉，七自經死，九誓雪兄枉，訴州不得直，訴監司，獄下州，仍不得直。 走京師，訴都察院，命下江蘇巡撫。 元、長春賂承審官，責九健訟，加非刑，而令九所親關說，啗以重利，九不應。 九憤且楚，發病，元等賄醫將毒九。 會按察使陳繼昌至，親鞫，九得直。 獄成，黜元，戍長春，誅縣役二。 九歎曰：「兄枉雪，死無憾！」 歸未至，卒。 青口士民具鼓樂迎其喪。
Li Jiu was from Ganyu in Jiangsu. His family lived at Qingkou. Elder brother Qi sued a neighbor over land. Magistrate Wu Zhangyuan took the neighbor's bribe, had Qi arrested, and ordered clerk Fei Changchun to torture him until Qi hanged himself. Jiu vowed to vindicate his brother, appealed to the prefecture and then the surveillance circuit, but each time the case was sent back without justice. He went to Beijing and petitioned the Censorate, which referred the case to the Jiangsu governor. Zhangyuan and Changchun bribed the judges, accused Jiu of malicious litigation, and tortured him further. They sent relatives to offer him rich bribes; he refused. Writhing in anger and pain, Jiu fell ill. Zhangyuan and his allies bribed a doctor to poison him. Surveillance Commissioner Chen Jichang arrived, heard the case himself, and Jiu at last won justice. The case closed: Zhangyuan was removed from office, Changchun was exiled to frontier service, and two county runners were put to death. Jiu sighed, "My brother is vindicated. I can die content." He died on the road home. The people of Qingkou met his coffin with drums and music.
15
張某，甘肅通渭人。 兄弟皆貧，為木工，相友愛。 將析產，兄曰：「均之。」 弟曰：「弟子一，而兄之子五，如兄言，弟子則富矣！ 諸侄獨非父母孫乎？ 當視人為分。」 兄曰：「不可，父母先有子，未嘗有孫。」 議不決，乃析為三，兄二而弟一。 兄弟皆逾八十，常言：「誰先死，必呼與俱去。」 兄卒，弟慟幾絕，不食七日，亦卒。
Zhang Mou was from Tongwei in Gansu. Both brothers were poor carpenters who loved each other dearly. About to divide the estate, the elder brother said, "Let us split it evenly." The younger said, "I have one son; you have five. Your way makes my line wealthy. Are your nephews not our parents' grandchildren as well? We should divide by head count." The elder refused: "When our parents lived they had sons, not grandsons." They could not settle it and split the estate in three: two parts to the elder, one to the younger. Past eighty, they often said, "Whoever dies first must call the other along." The elder died; the younger grieved until he nearly perished, refused food for seven days, and followed him.
16
程含光，安徽休寧人。 出遊，得貲以養親。 嘗偕弟自六安歸，策蹇經篛嶺。 日暮風起，虎突出，攫弟去。 含光驚墜地，持短鞭力追，左手據虎頸，右以鞭捶虎，大呼震山谷。 虎舍弟嵎吼，含光負弟疾趨投嶺下旅舍。 弟息僅屬，灌以湯，徐甦，肩創十餘，血淋漓。 人言虎牙毒，血不盡且死，含光吮之，血盡出，乃瘥。 其後含光卒，弟每言遇虎事，解衣示人，輒流涕不巳。
Cheng Hanguang was from Xiuning in Anhui. He traveled for work and used his earnings to support his parents. Once he and his brother were returning from Lu'an on donkeys, crossing Zhuo Ridge. At dusk a wind sprang up and a tiger leaped out and carried off his brother. Hanguang fell from his mount, snatched a riding crop, and chased the beast. He seized its neck with his left hand and lashed it with his right, roaring until the hills echoed. The tiger dropped his brother on a hillside and roared off. Hanguang hoisted his brother on his back and ran to an inn below the pass. His brother was barely breathing. They warmed broth and brought him round. More than ten gashes on his shoulder ran with blood. They said tiger venom would kill him unless the blood was drawn. Hanguang sucked the wounds clean, and his brother healed. After Hanguang died, his brother would tell the story, bare his scarred shoulders, and weep without end.
17
陳福，福建永春人。 居西溪，同居十二世，家範簡肅。 世以一人督家事，子孫率教醇樸，未有訟者。
Chen Fu was from Yongchun in Fujian. At Xixi his clan lived together for twelve generations under a plain, austere household rule. One head managed the household each generation. The clan was taught simplicity and honesty, and no one ever went to court.
18
譙衿，湖南沅江人。 同居七世，有家訓二十條，喪祭無失禮。
Qiao Jin was from Yuanjiang in Hunan. Seven generations lived as one household under twenty family precepts; funerals and sacrifices never missed proper rite.
19
黃成富，福建連江人。 同居六世，子弟各執其業。 方田作，諸婦饁，以一婦守家，視臥兒於筐，飢則哺，不問何人子。 懸衣於桁，共衣之，垢則澣，不問何人衣。 雍睦無間言。
Huang Chengfu was from Lianjiang in Fujian. Six generations lived together, each member keeping to his trade. At planting time the women brought meals to the fields. One stayed home with infants in baskets; if a child cried for food she nursed it, never asking whose it was. Clothes hung on beams for all to wear; when dirty they were washed, with no inquiry as to owner. The clan lived in harmony without a word of strife.
20
李長茂，福建海澄人。 同居四世，建祠，置祭田，立義學，著家規、法戒各十條示子孫。 子五福，順治六年進士，官刑部侍郎，兄弟八人皆友愛。
Li Changmao was from Haicheng in Fujian. Four generations lived as one. He built a clan hall, endowed sacrificial land, founded a charity school, and wrote ten household rules and ten admonitions for his descendants. His son Wufu became a jinshi in Shunzhi 6 and rose to vice minister of justice; all eight brothers remained devoted to one another.
21
任天篤，河南偃師人。 乾隆中，巡撫何裕成言天篤九世同居，高宗賜以詩，賚鏹帛，表宅里。 初，天篤祖開昌生五子，欲定議不析產，觀諸子意。 納金麥囷中，子士堯、士舜得以告，開昌曰：「此天賜，汝二人取之！」 以「子無私蓄」對。 開昌悅，乃定議不析產。 宗經、傳，為家訓，教子弟毋侈，毋急利，毋入城市，毋傳述時事，務耕田讀書，惟許學醫，亦毋取酬，不則執百工業以佐家。 婦初至，長者以家訓教之，不率，令暫還母家，悟，乃迎歸。 平居布衣椎髻操作，毋私饋，毋飾容觀，毋適私室。 年五十不執役，寡毋入廚，稍厚其衣食。 女適人寡，毋再嫁。 至天篤，上溯開昌祖光玉，下見玄孫瑞豐，通九世男婦百六十餘人共爨。 吏問天篤何術能不析產，天篤曰：「不忍也！」 人傳其語，謂視張公藝書「忍」字義尤大而遠。
Ren Tiandu was from Yanshi in Henan. In the Qianlong era, Governor He Yucheng reported nine generations under one roof in Tiandu's clan. The Qianlong Emperor granted a poem, silks, and cash, and honored his household. Tiandu's ancestor Kaichang had five sons and wanted the family to keep the estate undivided, so he watched how they would act. He hid gold in the wheat bin. Sons Shiyao and Shishun found it and told him. Kaichang said, "Heaven sent this—take it, both of you!" They replied, "A son should keep no private stash." Delighted, Kaichang made the clan vow never to split the estate. The classics became family law: no luxury, no greed, no trips to town, no gossip about current affairs—only farm and study. Medicine alone was allowed, and never for pay; otherwise take up a trade to help the house. New brides were taught the family rules. Those who would not obey were sent home until they understood, then brought back. Daily life meant plain dress, simple hair, and labor—no private gifts, no cosmetics, no sneaking off to private rooms. At fifty one stopped heavy work. Widows did not cook; their food and clothing were a little better than others'. A widowed daughter-in-law must not marry again. By Tiandu's day the line ran from ancestor Guangyu through Kaichang to great-great-grandson Ruifeng—nine generations, more than one hundred sixty men and women eating from one pot. An official asked how they kept the estate whole. Tiandu said, "We could not bear to split it." People repeated his words and said he had gone even deeper than Zhang Gongyi's famous "forbearance."
22
其後傅麟瑞、張璘，皆以七世同居賜詩旌獎。 麟瑞，魯山諸生； 璘，涇陽諸生。
Later Fu Linrui and Zhang Lin likewise received imperial poems for seven generations under one roof. Linrui was a licentiate of Lushan. Zhang Lin was a licentiate of Jingyang.
23
趙一桂，不知其邑裡。 崇禎末，以省祭官署昌平州吏目，被檄為莊烈帝、後營葬。 師入關，定京師，列狀申州，略曰：「三月二十五日奉順天府檄，穿田妃壙，葬崇禎帝、後。 四月初三日發引，初四日下窆。 州庫如洗，葬日促，監葬官禮部主事許作梅無策，職與義士孫繁祉等十人，斂錢三百四十千，僦夫穿壙。 至初四日，羨道開通，啟壙宮門入，享殿三間，陳祭品。 中設石案一，懸鐙二。 旁列錦綺繒幣五色，俱生存所用器物奁具，皆貯以硃紅木笥。 左傍石床一，床上氍毹衾枕。 又啟中羨門，內大殿九間，中為石床，置田妃棺槨。 帝、後梓宮至，停席棚，陳羊豕、金銀紙錁、祭品。 率眾伏謁，哭，盡哀。 職躬督夫役移田妃柩於右，奉週皇后梓宮於左，乃安先帝梓宮居中。 先帝有棺無槨，移田妃槨用之。 梓宮前各設香案祭器，職手燃萬年鐙，度不滅。 久之，事畢，掩中羨，閉外羨門，复土與地平。 初六日，又率諸人祭奠號哭，呼集居民百餘人，畚土起塚，又築塚牆高五尺有奇。 幸本朝定鼎，為先帝建陵殿三間，繚以周垣，使故主陵寢，不侵樵牧，雖三代開國，無以加之。 一時斂錢者：繁祉，諸生劉汝樸、白紳、徐魁、李某、鄧科、趙永健、劉應元、楊道、王政行，皆州民。」 康熙中，嘉興譚吉璁至昌平，得故吏牘，採入所為肅松錄，邵長蘅又為之文，謂是時李自成據京師，禮部主事改禮政府屬，蓋一桂不知自成所改官制，而政行有子乞韓菼表墓，亦書其事。
Zhao Yigui's home district is unknown. At the end of Chongzhen he was acting clerk at Changping on sacrifice duty and was ordered to bury the Chongzhen Emperor and his empress. After the Qing secured Beijing he petitioned the prefecture: "On the twenty-fifth of the third month I received Shuntian's order to open Consort Tian's tomb and bury the Chongzhen Emperor and empress. The funeral left on the third of the fourth month; burial was on the fourth. The treasury was bare and time was short. Burial officer Xu Zuomei of the Ministry of Rites was at a loss. I and ten volunteers led by Sun Fanzhi raised 340,000 cash and hired diggers. By the fourth the passage was open. We entered the tomb gate to a three-bay offering hall laid with sacrifices. A stone table stood in the center with two lamps hung above it. Brocades and silks in five colors lay beside it—life goods and trousseau chests in red-lacquered boxes. To the left a stone couch bore rugs, quilts, and pillows. We opened the inner gate to a nine-bay hall and a central stone couch holding Consort Tian's coffin. When the imperial coffins arrived we sheltered them under mats and set out sheep, pigs, paper ingots, and offerings. He led all present in prostration and weeping until grief was spent. He oversaw moving Consort Tian's bier to the right, Empress Zhou's to the left, and the late emperor's to the center. The emperor had an inner coffin but no outer shell; Consort Tian's shell was used for his. Incense tables were placed before each coffin. He lit the eternal lamps himself, meaning them never to die. When all was done they sealed the inner passage, closed the outer gate, and heaped earth level with the ground. On the sixth he led mourning again, gathered a hundred villagers to raise the mound, and built a tomb wall over five feet high. The new dynasty built a three-bay hall and encircling wall so the late sovereign's tomb was safe from woodcutters and herds—even founders of the Three Dynasties did no more. Those who gave money were Fanzhi; licentiates Liu Rupu, Bai Shen, Xu Kui, Li Mou, Deng Ke, Zhao Yongjian, Liu Yingyuan; Yang Dao and Wang Zhengxing—all local men." In Kangxi, Tan Jijun of Jiaxing found old clerk papers at Changping and put them in his Susong lu. Shao Changheng wrote that Li Zicheng then held Beijing and turned a Ministry director into a rebel post—Yigui did not know that regime. Zhengxing's son later had Han Tan compose a tomb inscription recording the same events.
24
黃調鼎，字鹽梅，河南洛陽人。 諸生。 其女兄，明福王由崧妃也。 早卒，葬洛陽。 福王稱帝南京，追爵妃父奇瑞洛中伯，以其長子九鼎襲，亦官調鼎。 福王選立後、妃，巡撫山陰祁彪佳之女與焉，命以彪佳少女妻調鼎。 南都破，九鼎降，馬士英挾福王母鄒太后至浙江。 兵敗，太后匿山陰民家，調鼎走依祁氏，與相聞。 福王死京師，求得其柩，載歸洛陽，葬故妃園。 迎鄒太后奉養，至卒，葬福恭王園。 調鼎棄諸生，不出。
Huang Diaoding, style Yanmei, was from Luoyang in Henan. A licentiate of Luoyang. His elder sister had been consort to the Ming Prince of Fu, Zhu Yousong. She died young and was buried at Luoyang. When Zhu Yousong took the throne at Nanjing he made the consort's father Qirui Marquis of Luozhong posthumously. Eldest son Jiuding inherited; Diaoding also received office. When the prince chose an heir and consorts, Qi Biaojia's daughter of Shanyin was among the candidates. The court married Biaojia's younger daughter to Diaoding. When Nanjing fell, Jiuding surrendered. Ma Shiying escorted Empress Dowager Zou to Zhejiang. After defeat the empress dowager hid with a Shanyin family. Diaoding took refuge with the Qis and stayed in touch. When the prince died in Beijing they recovered his coffin, brought it to Luoyang, and buried it in the consort's old garden. They brought Empress Dowager Zou home and cared for her until she died, then buried her in Prince Fu Gong's garden. Diaoding gave up his licentiate standing and lived in seclusion.
25
楊藝，字碩父，廣西臨桂人，大學士瞿式耜客也。 闊略無所忌諱，同幕者稱為痴藝，因以自號。 已，終不合去。 孔有德徇廣西，破桂林，執式耜及總督張同敞，不屈死，藝衰絰懸紙錢滿衣，號哭營、市間，請斂式耜，有德聞而義焉，遂許之，令並斂同敞。 有姚端者，式耜門人。 藝與謀，斂式耜及同敞，淺葬風洞山麓，築室於旁，守墓不去。 時明給事中金堡去為僧，將上書有德乞斂式耜等，知藝先之，乃罷。 以書稿寄式耜子，頗流傳人間，而罕知藝者。 堡紀其事甚詳，且曰：「以吾書掩藝，吾為竊名，瞿氏子為負德。」
Yang Yi, style Shuofu, was from Lingui in Guangxi and a retainer of Grand Secretary Qu Shisi. Carefree and blunt, colleagues called him "Mad Yi," and he adopted the name. In time he left, unable to work with them. Kong Youde overran Guangxi, took Guilin, and executed Qu Shisi and Governor Zhang Tongchang, who would not submit. Yi dressed in mourning hemp hung with paper money and wailed through camps and markets to beg Shisi's burial. Youde was moved, agreed, and ordered Tongchang buried too. Yao Duan was Shisi's student. Yi and Yao buried Shisi and Tongchang shallowly at Fengdong Mountain, built a hut, and refused to leave the graves. Ming secretary Jin Bao had become a monk and meant to petition Youde for the burials; learning Yi had acted first, he gave up. He sent manuscripts to Shisi's son. They spread, yet few knew of Yi. Bao wrote at length and said, "To let my account overshadow Yi is to steal his credit; Shisi's son would be ungrateful."
26
咸默，字大咸，江南山陽人。 明諸生，侍郎左懋第客也。 福王遣懋第等詣京師，默與司務陳用極，副將艾大選，游擊王一斌，都司張良佐、王廷佐，守備劉統從。 使事畢，留勿遣。 大選從令薙發，懋第怒笞之，自殺。 南京破，懋第與用極、一斌、良佐、廷佐、統，皆以不屈死。 默送懋第喪歸葬萊陽，又送用極喪歸葬崑山，一斌等為淺葬京師郊外。 默託堪輿術遊四方，嘗作哭萊陽詩以吊懋第，淒楚，人不忍讀。
Xian Mo, style Dacheng, was from Shanyang in Jiangnan. A Ming licentiate, he was retainer to Vice Minister Zuo Maodi. When the Prince of Fu sent Maodi to Beijing, Mo went with Chen Yongji, Ai Daxuan, Wang Yibin, and officers Zhang Liangzuo, Wang Tingzuo, and Liu Tong. When the mission ended they were held and not released. Daxuan obeyed the order to shave his head. Maodi flogged him in rage; he killed himself. When Nanjing fell, Maodi, Yongji, Yibin, Liangzuo, Tingzuo, and Tong all died refusing submission. Mo brought Maodi's body home to Laiyang and Yongji's to Kunshan. Yibin and the rest were buried shallowly outside Beijing. Mo wandered as a geomancer and wrote a lament for Laiyang so piercing readers could hardly bear it.
27
李晉福，直隸景州人。 事諸生趙遵譜為僮。 師入塞，略地至州，遵譜方出遊，騎而行，晉福從，倉卒被掠去，家人不知也。 越數日，晉福潛還，告家人，即復從遵譜出塞。 遵譜馬為人奪，與晉福徒跣行。 久之，有騎過，則遵譜馬也。 遵譜直前欲奪之，騎者抽刀斫遵譜僕，幾死。 晉福負歸為裡創，僅乃得愈。 遵譜惷直，晉福力戒毋負氣取禍，在兵中稍久相習。 晉福弟遵譜，有勞役，必代之。 後三年，得間，遣遵譜亡歸。 歸一年，晉福亦逃入塞。
Li Jinfu was from Jingzhou in Zhili. He was bondservant to licentiate Zhao Zunpu. When the Manchu army raided the district, Zunpu was out riding and Jinfu with him. They were seized; the family knew nothing. Days later Jinfu stole home, told the family, and went back beyond the pass to Zunpu. Zunpu's horse was taken. Master and servant walked barefoot. Long afterward a rider passed—it was Zunpu's horse. Zunpu rushed to reclaim it. The rider slashed his servant nearly to death. Jinfu carried the man back and dressed his wounds until he barely recovered. Zunpu was blunt and hot-tempered. Jinfu urged him not to provoke trouble. In the camp they slowly grew used to captivity. When corvée fell on Jinfu's younger brother, he always took his place. After three years he found a chance and sent Zunpu home. A year later Jinfu escaped and followed him home.
28
胡端友，湖南寧鄉人，劉光初僕也。 順治初，光初妻胡遇寇，以幼子付端友，端友負而逃，寇逐之，力奔得脫。 至其家，釋負，僕，久之乃蘇。 胡死於寇，其子得成立。 至乾隆中，丁近二千，劉氏祀端友於祏。
Hu Duanyou was from Ningxiang in Hunan, servant to Liu Guangchu. Early in Shunzhi, Guangchu's wife Hu met bandits and gave her little son to Duanyou. He ran with the boy on his back and outpaced the pursuers. At home he set the child down and collapsed; long minutes passed before he woke. Mrs. Hu died in the raid, but the boy grew up. By Qianlong, nearly two thousand ding later, the Lius placed Duanyou in the ancestral shrine.
29
硃永慶，字長源，順天大興人，故明宣府巡撫之馮子也。 師入關，永慶見俘，隸漢軍正黃旗，僦屋居。 永慶修幹美髯，負氣節，好佛，主者賢之，將賜以婦，命視諸俘，恣所擇。 武進楊兆升，仕明官給事中，起兵死。 妾姚見俘，薙發矢守節。 永慶夙聞之，乃自名故殉難宣府巡撫子，擇姚以請，引歸所居室。 向夕，姚拜永慶乞哀，永慶曰：「吾將全夫人節，非特哀之而已。」 乃誦佛至旦，凡三夕，居停覘知之，問曰：「君不近婦人，安用此贅疣？」 永慶曰：「此縉紳婦，吾非欲妻之，欲完其節耳。 恐機洩，故且同室，然非誦佛不可。 乃為君偵得，幸終為吾諱。」 居停感焉，乃治別室以居姚。 久之，事聞於主者，主者益賢之，令姚寄書其家，以其母若弟來，予貲遣之還。
Zhu Yongqing, style Changyuan, was from Daxing in Shuntian, son of the Ming Xuanfu surveillance commissioner Feng. When the Qing entered the pass Yongqing was captured, enrolled in the Han Plain Yellow Banner, and rented a room. Tall, bearded, proud, and devout, he won his master's regard. The master meant to give him a wife and let him choose among the captives. Yang Zhaosheng of Wujin had been a Ming supervising secretary and died in rebellion. His concubine Yao was captured, shaved her head, and swore to keep her chastity. Yongqing had heard of her. He declared himself the martyred commissioner's son, chose Yao, and brought her to his room. That evening Yao begged him. He said, "I mean to preserve your honor—not merely to pity you." He chanted sutras until dawn—for three nights. His landlord noticed and asked, "You won't touch her—why keep her here? He said, "She is a gentlewoman's wife. I do not want her body—I want her honor intact. Lest word leak out we share a room, but only prayer will do. You found out by watching—please keep my secret." Moved, the landlord gave Yao a room of her own. In time his master heard, admired him more, had Yao write home, summoned her mother and brother, and sent them away with funds.
30
王某，江南如皋人，隸也。 順治初，縣人許德溥坐不薙發死，妻當流，王欲脫之，思不得其策，夜不寐，其妻怪問之，語以故。 其妻曰：「此義舉也！ 然非得一人代不可。」 王曰：
Wang Mou was a bondservant from Rugao in Jiangnan. Early in Shunzhi, Xu Depu of the town was executed for refusing to shave. His wife faced exile. Wang could find no plan and lay awake. His wife asked; he told her. His wife said, "That is a righteous deed! But someone must go in her stead." Wang said,
31
「安所得代者？」 其妻曰：「吾當成子義舉，原代行。」 王伏地叩頭謝。 乃匿德溥妻，而以其妻行，行數千里，至流所。 縣人義之，斂金贖歸，夫婦終老於家。
"Where could we find someone to take her place?" His wife said, "Let me finish what you began—I will go in her place." Wang prostrated himself and kowtowed in gratitude. He hid Depu's wife and sent his own wife instead. She traveled thousands of li to the place of exile. Townspeople admired their righteousness, pooled money to buy her back, and the couple lived out their days at home.
32
張瑛，字玉採，山西汾陽人，居西官村。 順治六年，姜瓖亂，眾劫東官村趙氏，盡殺其人。 獨一子亡歸瑛，瑛納之，眾索焉，瑛不與。 瓖亂定，瑛助趙氏子訟於官，誅劫者。 當亂急，村人將走避，瑛曰：「賊未至先走，能保必全乎？ 孰若為守計！」 眾曰：「如無砦堡何！」 瑛曰：「砦堡誠不可猝為，環村而溝焉，其可。」 遂為溝，務深廣。 瑛家有樓，貯村人財物其中。 既而賊大至，逾溝，村人退保樓。 瑛見賊渠據胡床坐而指揮，發石中之，立斃。 餘賊怒攻樓，取薪將焚，眾汲井以救。 持數日，乃稍稍去。 瑛率眾出擊之，賊奔潰，村以得全。 瑛家饒，歲終，必出粟週鄰里。 康熙三十六年，飢，縣民鬻田，貶其值，瑛輒收之，得田且千畝。 明年大穰，瑛榜諸村曰：「原贖者聽。」 不十日盡贖去。 瑛卒，年九十有一。
Zhang Ying, style Yucai, was from Fenyang in Shanxi and lived in Xiguan Village. In the sixth year of Shunzhi, Jiang Xiang rebelled. A mob raided the Zhao household of Dongguan Village and slaughtered everyone. One son alone escaped to Ying, who sheltered him. The mob came for the boy; Ying refused to hand him over. After Xiang's rebellion was put down, Ying helped the Zhao son sue in court and have the raiders executed. As the crisis deepened and villagers prepared to flee, Ying said, "If you run before the bandits even arrive, can you be sure you'll come through whole? Better to make a stand!" The villagers said, "But we have no fort!" Ying said, "A fort can't be thrown up overnight—but a trench ringed around the village can." They dug a trench and made it as deep and wide as they could. Ying's family owned a tower where villagers stored their valuables. Soon the bandits arrived in strength, crossed the trench, and the villagers fell back to the tower. Ying saw the bandit chief seated on a camp chair giving orders. He hurled a stone that struck true and killed him on the spot. The rest of the bandits stormed the tower and piled firewood to burn it. The villagers drew water from the well to fight the flames. They held out for days until the bandits slowly dispersed. Ying led a counterattack; the bandits broke and fled, and the village was saved. The Ying household was prosperous. Every year at year's end he gave grain to the neighbors. In the thirty-sixth year of Kangxi famine struck. County people sold their fields at cut rates, and Ying bought them up until he held nearly a thousand mu. The next year brought a bumper harvest. Ying posted notices in the villages: "All who wish to redeem their land may do so." In less than ten days every plot was redeemed. Ying died at ninety-one.
33
郭氏僕，失姓名，山西聞喜郭景汾家僕也。 姜瓖反，縣人章惇為亂，殺景汾祖及父。 景汾方三歲，僕負之走，得免。 瓖敗，惇降，得官。 景汾讀書成進士，上僕義，被旌。 景汾圖復仇，顧惇已遇赦，知縣邵伯麟為之解，令惇謁景汾祖、父墓，且詣景汾謝。 居無何，景汾擊殺
A servant of the Guo family, name unknown, served in the household of Guo Jingfen of Wenxi in Shanxi. When Jiang Xiang rebelled, a local man named Zhang Dun joined the turmoil and killed Jingfen's grandfather and father. Jingfen was only three. The servant carried him on his back and fled through the chaos, and the boy survived. After Xiang's defeat Dun surrendered and was given an official post. Jingfen passed the examinations and became a jinshi. He reported the servant's loyalty, and the court commended him. Jingfen planned revenge, but Dun had already been amnestied. Magistrate Shao Bolin intervened, ordering Dun to pay respects at the graves of Jingfen's grandfather and father and then come to Jingfen to apologize. Not long afterward Jingfen attacked and killed
34
惇，斷其首祭祖、父，而身詣獄。 伯麟義景汾，具獄辭言惇謀反，景汾率眾擊殺之。 大吏覆讞惇謀反事無有，乃坐景汾擅殺，伯麟意出入人罪，皆論死。 逾年遇赦，減死，戍福建。 耿精忠反，官景汾，事定，逮京師，以從逆見法。 僕自聞喜走京師，為具斂。 惇子訐僕不當收罪人屍，下刑部，僕言：「某負三歲主艱難萬死中，辱以義被旌。 景汾雖被罪死，固某主也。 主死，僕不為之收，是為無義。 某原死，不敢負前旌。」 獄上，聖祖哀而宥之。 當精忠官景汾。 亦欲官伯麟，景汾言：「是不辦一縣令，何能為？」 遂不用，以是免。
Dun, severed his head as an offering before his grandfather and father, and then surrendered himself to the authorities. Moved by Jingfen's cause, Bolin drafted the case to say that Dun had plotted rebellion and that Jingfen had led the people in killing him. Higher officials reviewed the case and found no proof of rebellion. They convicted Jingfen of murder and Bolin of deliberately distorting a capital case. Both were sentenced to death. The following year an amnesty reduced the sentences. Jingfen was sent to garrison duty in Fujian. When Geng Jingzhong rebelled, Jingfen accepted office under him. After the rebellion was crushed he was taken to the capital and executed as a rebel. The servant ran from Wenxi to the capital to lay out Jingfen's body for burial. Dun's son accused the servant of unlawfully claiming a criminal's corpse. The case went to the Board of Punishments. The servant said, "I carried my three-year-old master through a thousand deaths. The court once honored me for loyalty. Jingfen was condemned and executed, but he was still my master. When a master dies, a servant who will not recover his body has no honor. I would rather die than disgrace the commendation I once received." When the case reached the throne, the Kangxi Emperor was moved and pardoned him. When Jingzhong appointed Jingfen to office, he also tried to appoint Bolin. Jingfen said, "That man couldn't even run a county—what good would he be?" Bolin was passed over and so escaped punishment.
35
胡穆孟，福建人，失其縣。 順治間武舉。 與連江沈廷棟同歲，相善。 耿精忠反，徵穆孟，避匿廷棟家。 廷棟寓書於其友，詆精忠，穆孟竊見之，慮書發且得禍，易書為隱語，邏者得書，猶以詆精忠見收。 穆孟以語其妻王，王謂當自承以脫廷棟。 穆孟乃詣吏，吏使與廷棟各具書，辨其跡，釋廷棟而殺穆孟。 穆孟死，王詣市，綴穆孟首，具衣冠為斂，囑子於其叔，且及廷棟，遂縊於屍側，市人皆感泣。 師克福建，卹穆孟，廕其子焉。
Hu Mumu was from Fujian; his home county is unrecorded. He passed the military examinations during the Shunzhi reign. He and Shen Tingdong of Lianjiang passed in the same year and were close friends. When Geng Jingzhong rebelled, Mumu was called to serve. He hid in Tingdong's house. Tingdong wrote a friend a letter denouncing Jingzhong. Mumu saw it in secret and, fearing discovery would bring ruin, rewrote it in cipher. Even so, the messenger who carried the letter back was arrested for slandering Jingzhong. Mumu told his wife Wang. She said she should confess in his place to save Tingdong. Mumu went to the authorities. They had him and Tingdong each copy the letter to compare handwriting, freed Tingdong, and executed Mumu. After Mumu's death Wang went to the execution ground, sewed his head to his body, dressed him for burial, entrusted her son to his uncle with a word for Tingdong, and hanged herself beside the corpse. Everyone in the market wept. After Fujian was recovered, the court honored Mumu posthumously and granted hereditary privilege to his son.
36
苑亮，江南亳州人。 事州人韓斌為僕。 斌舉武科，授福建興化守備。 耿精忠反，脅授副將，浙江總督李之芳討焉。 移江南，錄斌子世晉。 亮從之行，之芳授以札，使招斌。 亮度精忠兵所置堠，為邏者所執。 問誰何，亮自陳，言斌家被籍，南來投斌。 主者監亮見斌，而不許交語。 亮偽遺履，斌發視，得之芳札，乃單騎詣之芳降。 亮陷賊中，被刑訊，終不言齎札事，遂死。 之芳作傳表之。
Yuan Liang was from Bozhou in Jiangnan. He served Han Bin, a man of the prefecture, as a household servant. Han Bin passed the military examination and was appointed garrison commander of Xinghua in Fujian. When Geng Jingzhong rebelled, Bin was forced to accept the rank of vice general. Zhejiang Governor Li Zhifang marched to suppress him. Li shifted operations to Jiangnan and detained Bin's son Shi Jin. Liang went with them. Zhifang gave him a letter and sent him to win Bin over. Liang passed through Jingzhong's outposts and was caught by scouts. When questioned, Liang gave his name and said Bin's property had been seized and he had come south to join his master. The officer in charge brought Liang before Bin under guard but would not let them speak. Liang pretended to lose a shoe. Bin opened it, found Zhifang's letter inside, and rode alone to Zhifang to surrender. Liang remained in rebel hands, was tortured, and never revealed that he had carried the letter. He died. Zhifang wrote a biography to honor him.
37
楊越，初名春華，字友聲，浙江山陰人。 所居曰安城，因以為號。 為諸生，慷慨尚俠。 康熙初，越友有與張煌言交通者，事發，辭連越，減死，流寧古塔。 例僉妻，與其妻範偕行，留老母及二子家居。 寧古塔地初闢，嚴寒，民樸魯。 越至，伐木構室，壘土石為炕，出餘物易菽粟。 民與習，乃教之讀書，明禮教，崇退讓，躬養老撫孤。 贖入官為奴者，蕭山李兼汝、蘇州書賈硃方初及黔沐氏之裔忠顯、忠禎皆廩焉。 又贖明大學士硃大典孫婦，河南李天然希聲夫婦。 凡貧不能舉火及婚喪，倡出貲以周，民相助恐後。 吝，則嗤之，曰：「何以見楊馬法？」 馬法猶言長老，以敬越也。 母終於家，年餘始聞喪，哀慟，杜門居三年。
Yang Yue, born Chunhua, style Yousheng, was from Shanyin in Zhejiang. He lived at Ancheng and took that name as his sobriquet. A licentiate, he was open-handed and devoted to righteous action. Early in the Kangxi reign a friend of Yue's had contact with Zhang Huangyan. When the affair broke, testimony implicated Yue. He was sentenced to commuted death and exiled to Ningguta. Regulations required his wife to accompany him. He went with Fan and left his aged mother and two sons at home. Ningguta was newly settled country, bitterly cold, and the people were plain and rough. When Yue arrived he cut timber for a house, built a kang of earth and stone, and traded what he had for beans and grain. Once the people knew him, he taught them to read, explained ritual and propriety, urged humility, and himself cared for the old and sheltered orphans. He redeemed people sold into government bondage: Li Jianru of Xiaoshan, the Suzhou bookseller Zhu Fangchu, and Zhongxian and Zhongzhen of the Mu clan of Qian—all kept at his expense. He also redeemed the granddaughter-in-law of the Ming Grand Secretary Zhu Dadian, and Li Tianran and Xisheng, a couple from Henan. Whenever someone could not afford food, a wedding, or a funeral, he was first to give and the people rushed to follow. Anyone who held back was mocked: "How will you face Yang Ma-fa?" Ma-fa" meant elder—a title of respect for Yue. His mother died at home. More than a year passed before word reached him. Stricken with grief, he shut his door and mourned for three years.
38
子賓，出塞省越，越初戍年二十四，至是已六十八。 賓還，叩閽乞赦越，事未行。 子寶，復出塞省越。 又二年，越卒於戍所，例不得歸葬，賓、寶請不已，又二年乃得請。 迎範奉越喪以歸，民送者哭填路。 賓撰柳邊紀略，述塞外事甚詳。
His son Bin crossed the frontier to visit him. Yue had been twenty-four when exiled; he was now sixty-eight. Bin returned and petitioned at the palace gates for Yue's pardon, but the plea failed. His son Bao crossed the frontier again to visit him. Two years later Yue died in exile. By rule his body could not be returned. Bin and Bao petitioned without rest until, two years later, permission was granted. They brought Fan and Yue's coffin home. Those who saw them off wept until the road was crowded with mourners. Bin wrote the Brief Account of the Willow Frontier, describing life beyond the pass in rich detail.
39
吳鴻錫，字允康，福建晉江人。 父德佑，康熙初，客浙江，兵部郎中噶尼布奉命督造戰艦，延德佑入幕。 數月德佑卒，鴻錫方七歲，噶尼布攜至京，將子之，鴻錫請呼以伯，曰：「父一而已。」 噶尼布奇之，曰：「七歲兒能辨此耶？」 噶尼布故廉，家漸困，鴻錫為督芻牧，私市書冊、弓矢習之。 通滿、漢文，精騎射。 噶尼布從兄雲麟以平台灣功授溫州參將，至京師，欲以鴻錫行，噶尼布諾之。 鴻錫流涕曰：「我七歲育於公，今我壯而公老，父子幼，必俟其成立，我乃歸。」 鎮國公海清，噶尼布壻也，義鴻錫俾入旗。
Wu Hongxi, style Yunkang, was from Jinjiang in Fujian. His father Deyou, early in Kangxi, was staying in Zhejiang when Gani Bu of the Ministry of War was ordered to oversee warship construction and took Deyou onto his staff. A few months later Deyou died. Hongxi was only seven. Gani Bu brought him to the capital and meant to adopt him, but Hongxi asked to call him Uncle, saying, "A man has only one father." Gani Bu was astonished. "Can a seven-year-old know that?" he said. Gani Bu had lived plainly and his household grew poor. Hongxi oversaw fodder and livestock, and on his own bought books, bows, and arrows and trained with them. He mastered both Manchu and Chinese and excelled at mounted archery. Gani Bu's cousin Yunlin was made Wenzhou brigade commander for his service at Pingtai Bay. When he reached the capital he wanted Hongxi to go with him, and Gani Bu consented. Hongxi wept and said, "You raised me from seven. Now I am grown and you are old, with young sons still at home. I cannot leave until they are established." Prince Haising, Gani Bu's son-in-law, admired Hongxi and had him enrolled in the banner rolls.
40
噶尼布卒，妻哀甚，得狂疾。 子和順、和鼐、和麟。 和順才七歲，鴻錫為治喪，持家政，延師教和順兄弟，稍長，為娶婦。 和順年十六，有忌之者，授以護軍，將困苦之。 每值宿，鴻錫佩刀以從，露坐終夜。
After Gani Bu died his wife grieved so deeply that she lost her mind. She had three sons: Hesun, Henai, and Helin. Hesun was only seven. Hongxi handled the funeral, ran the household, hired tutors for Hesun and his brothers, and when they were older found wives for them. When Hesun turned sixteen, a jealous man had him posted as a guard soldier, intending to wear him down. Whenever Hesun stood night watch, Hongxi girded on a sword and kept him company, sitting in the open until dawn.
41
大學士阿蘭泰為噶尼布故交，鴻錫率和順兄弟候其門，和順試除中書。 師徵噶爾丹，和順從軍，以功擢禮部主事。 有召和順飲者，佐以博，鴻錫持刀迳入坐以和順歸。 他日，或問鴻錫：「人可殺乎？」 鴻錫曰：「殺人罪不過死，吾受撫孤託，而坐視其溺於燕朋，誠生不如死。 死而諸孤知勉，則死賢於生矣。」 和順自是不復與人飲。
Grand Secretary Alantai had been Ganib's old friend. Hongxi brought the Hesun brothers to wait at his gate, and Hesun received a probationary appointment as a Grand Secretariat secretary. When the army marched against Galdan, Hesun went with it and, for his service, was promoted to principal clerk in the Ministry of Rites. When someone invited Hesun to drink and set out dice beside the wine, Hongxi drew his knife, strode in, and sat there until Hesun came home. Another day someone asked Hongxi, "Would you kill a man?" Hongxi said, "Killing a man is a crime no worse than death. I took on the trust of raising these orphans, yet I sit by while he sinks into dissolute company—for that, death would be better than life. If my death makes the orphans learn to strive, then dying would be better than living." After that Hesun never drank with others again.
42
山東飢，遣官治賑，和順與焉，鴻錫從之。 武城廩未發，出私錢散米，又慮飢者驟飽且致斃，瀹萊菔飲之，全活無算。 和順尋榷密雲關，鴻錫曰：「負販小民不得取其稅，額不足，可以家財補焉。」 民歡趨之，額亦足。
When Shandong fell into famine, officials were sent to organize relief. Hesun was among them, and Hongxi went with him. The Wucheng granary had not yet opened its stores, so he spent his own money to give out rice. Fearing that the starving, if suddenly filled, might die from it, he boiled radish for them to drink with it—and saved lives beyond counting. Hesun was soon put in charge of the levy at Miyun Pass. Hongxi said, "Do not take tax from petty peddlers. If the quota falls short, make it up from our household funds." The people came gladly, and the quota was met as well.
43
和鼐習舉業，鴻錫督之，慮其怠，穴幾貫鐵索自系守之，和鼐驚謝，讀益力，以副榜貢生得官。
Henai prepared for the civil examinations under Hongxi's supervision. Fearing slackness, Hongxi bored a hole in the desk, ran an iron chain through it, and tethered himself there to keep watch. Henai was startled and apologized, studied all the harder, and eventually gained office as a tribute student on the alternate list.
44
和麟年十六，鴻錫偕詣永定河效力，水大至，巡撫於成龍夜行堤上，見有向河拜且泣者，問之，鴻錫也，解衣旌之。 工竟，和麟議敘筆帖式，擢刑部郎中。
When Helin was sixteen, Hongxi went with him to labor on the Yongding River. The waters rose in flood. Governor Yu Chenglong walked the dike by night and saw someone bowing toward the river and weeping. Asked who it was, he learned it was Hongxi and removed his own robe to honor him. When the work was done, Helin was recommended for clerk's evaluation and promoted to director in the Ministry of Punishments.
45
鴻錫不得歸，募工寫父母遺像，檢父遺衣冠招魂葬之。 年五十八，卒。 和順兄弟去纓席地，如父母喪。
Unable to return home, Hongxi hired artisans to paint portraits of his dead parents, gathered his father's remaining garments, and buried them in a soul-invoking rite. He died at fifty-eight. The Hesun brothers removed their official tassels and sat on the bare ground, mourning him as they would a parent.
46
韓瑜，字玉採，山東濰縣人。 少孤，事母孝。 母歿，哭泣三年。 既除喪，祭墓未嘗不哀，年八十如故。 冠時母有衣一襲，★M8篋中，賓祭則服之，衣敝不棄。 將卒，命以斂，猶舉孟郊詩曰：「此慈母手中線也。」 事兄謹，兄弟皆八十，無改常度。 產不過中人，好施予，多蓄書，遇寒士則遺之。 族黨長不能婚娶，喪不能葬，必佽以貲。 族子貧，贈以秫十石，使居賈。 得贏，倍以償，不受。 康熙四十三年，飢，民鬻子女，罄所蓄，得九人，不立券。 歲豐，悉遣還之。 卒時八十有六。
Han Yu, styled Yucai, was from Weixian in Shandong. Orphaned in youth, he served his mother with filial devotion. When his mother died, he mourned and wept for three years. After the mourning period ended, he never visited her tomb without grief, and at eighty he was the same as ever. When he came of age his mother had left him a suit of clothes stored in a chest. He wore them at sacrifices for guests, and though they were worn threadbare he never cast them aside. As death approached, he ordered those clothes used to shroud him, and still quoted Meng Jiao's line: "These are threads from a loving mother's hand." He served his elder brother with care. The brothers all lived to eighty without altering their usual ways. His means were no more than comfortable middle rank, yet he loved to give. He kept many books and, when he met poor scholars, would make gifts of them. When clansmen too old to marry on their own lacked the means, or when families could not afford burial, he always lent them money. When a clansman's son was poor, he gave him ten shi of sorghum and set him up in trade. When the boy turned a profit, he tried to repay double. Han Yu would not take it. In Kangxi 43 famine struck and people sold their children. Han Yu spent all he had saved and redeemed nine of them, without so much as a written bond. When the harvest was good again, he sent them all back to their families. He died at eighty-six.
47
程增，字維高，江南歙縣人。 父朝聘，自歙移家安東。 歸省墓，病作。 增冒風渡江，六日夜行千五百里，至則朝聘已歿。 母唐病復作，急還，又已歿，乃絕意仕進。 安東地卑，母柩在堂，水大至，增與一僕力升柩木案上。 既葬，复移家山陽為賈，而使二弟就學。 父母之黨死而無歸者畢葬焉，餘皆定其居，使有恆業。 析田立塾，以養以教。 友有急難，以千金脫之，後更相背，窮復來自解，待之如初。 康熙初，河、淮溢，增出家財修邗溝兩岸堤十里，河道總督張鵬翮以聞。 康熙四十四年，聖祖巡視芒稻河，召增入見，書「旌勞」二字以賜。 兩江總督於成龍好微行，奸人因造言傾怨家，獄或失入。 增謁成龍，力言其弊，指事為徵，成龍曰：「微子言，吾安知人心抗敝至此！」 久之，卒。
Cheng Zeng, styled Weigao, was from Shexian in Jiangnan. His father Chaopin had moved the family from She to Andong. Zeng returned home to tend the tombs, and his father fell ill. Zeng braved wind and cold to cross the river, traveling day and night for six days over fifteen hundred li—and arrived to find Chaopin already dead. His mother Tang's illness returned. He hurried back, only to find her dead as well, and from then on gave up all thought of an official career. Andong lay low, and his mother's coffin still rested in the hall when great floods came. Zeng and a single servant strained to raise the coffin onto a wooden platform. After the burial he moved the family again to Shanyang to trade, and sent his two younger brothers to study. He buried every kinsman of his parents who died far from home with no one to bring them back, and for the rest he found fixed dwellings and steady livelihoods. He set aside fields to endow a school, providing both support and instruction. When a friend fell into desperate trouble, he lent a thousand in gold to free him. Later they quarreled and parted; when the man was poor again he came to explain himself, and Zeng treated him as before. Early in the Kangxi reign the Yellow and Huai rivers burst their banks. Zeng spent his household fortune repairing ten li of dikes on both banks of the Hangou canal, and Grand Canal Governor Zhang Penghe reported it to the throne. In Kangxi 44 the Sage Emperor inspected the Mangdao River, summoned Zeng to audience, and wrote the two characters "Commend Labor" as a gift. Liangjiang Governor Yu Chenglong liked to travel incognito. Scoundrels therefore spread slander to ruin their enemies, and innocent people were sometimes wrongly imprisoned. Zeng visited Yu Chenglong and spoke bluntly of the abuse, citing specific cases as proof. Yu Chenglong said, "Had you not spoken, how would I have known that hearts had grown so stubborn and corrupt!" Many years later he died.
48
李應卜，河南郟縣人。 早失父母，叔丕基遺側室，事如母，壽百歲終。 侄緯，孤，飲食教誨之。 病作，必數視之，曰：「我夜不能起，然終宵未成寢也！」 弟應會亡，病甚，一夕鬚髮皆白。 侄緝幼，食必呼共案，出必視而行，返必問在何所。 施及於鄉人，有典其田而遠遊者，以子託焉，久之，為娶婦，且復其田。 有喪其妻者，為之复娶，予田，俾資以生。 有貧欲遠徙者，予之粟，留勿徙。 有傭於其肆，負金，病且死者，為之蠲其逋，厚給其妻子。 有持金入其肆市粟者，視金有官封，與粟，遣之去。 持金詣縣庭，知縣方以庫失金笞吏，應卜以金上，具言始末，事乃白。 乾隆二年，縣舉應卜行事上大吏，請旌表其門曰「義士」。
Li Yingbu was from Jia County in Henan. He lost his parents early. His uncle Piji left behind a concubine, whom he served as a mother; she lived to a hundred and died. His nephew Wei was orphaned, and he fed, taught, and raised him. Whenever Wei fell ill, he visited again and again, saying, "I cannot get up at night, yet I never truly sleep through the night!" When his younger brother Yinghui died, grief laid him so low that in a single night his beard and hair turned white. His nephew Ji was still young. At meals he always called the boy to share his table; when Ji went out he watched him go; when he returned he asked where he had been. His kindness reached the village as well. One man had pawned his fields and gone far away, leaving his son in Yingbu's care. In time Yingbu found the boy a wife and restored his fields besides. When a man lost his wife, he found him another and gave him fields so he could live. When a poor man meant to move far away, he gave him grain and persuaded him to stay. A hired man in his shop owed him money and lay sick near death. Yingbu cancelled the debt and gave generously to the man's wife and children. Once a man brought gold into his shop to buy grain. Seeing that the gold bore an official seal, Yingbu gave him the grain and sent him on his way. The man took the gold to the county yamen just as the magistrate was flogging a clerk over missing treasury gold. Yingbu brought forward the gold and explained the whole affair, and the matter was cleared. In Qianlong 2 the county reported Yingbu's deeds to higher officials and asked that his gate be inscribed with the title "Righteous Man."
49
塞勒，滿洲人。 官苑副。 與惠色友，塞勒老無子，時引以為戚。 惠色曰：「我已有二子，今婦又有身，男也，為君子。」 已而得男，命曰奇豐額。 既免乳，以畀塞勒，塞勒與其妻撫以為子。 年十六，將應童子試，當具三代，塞勒曰：「吾寧無子，不可改祖宗，欺君父！」 乃攜奇豐額還惠色。 奇豐額初不自知惠色子，塞勒語以故，駷馬去。 奇豐額遂還為惠色子，乾隆三十四年成進士，授刑部主事，累遷江蘇布政使。 塞勒及其妻相繼卒。 五十七年，奇豐額擢江蘇巡撫，入覲，涕泣陳本末，請以本身封典貤封塞勒，並以第三子廣麟為塞勒後。 上命具疏，下部議，皆不許，上特允之。
Saile was a Manchu. He served as deputy superintendent of the imperial gardens. He was friends with Huise. Saile grew old childless and often grieved over it. Huise said, "I already have two sons, and now my wife is with child again. If it is a boy, he is yours, sir." A boy was born, and Huise named him Qifenge. Once the boy was weaned, Huise gave him to Saile, and Saile and his wife raised him as their own son. At sixteen, when Qifenge was about to sit for the child examination and had to declare three generations of ancestry, Saile said, "I would rather have no son than falsify my ancestors and deceive my lord and father!" He then took Qifenge back to Huise. Qifenge had not known he was Huise's son. When Saile told him why, he mounted and galloped away. Qifenge then returned to Huise's household. In Qianlong 34 he passed the jinshi examination, was appointed principal clerk in the Ministry of Punishments, and rose step by step to Jiangsu provincial administration commissioner. Saile and his wife died one after another. In Qianlong 57 Qifenge was promoted to governor of Jiangsu. At audience he wept and told the whole story, asking to extend his own honors posthumously to Saile and to make his third son Guanglin Saile's heir. The Emperor ordered a memorial drawn up and sent it to the ministries for deliberation. All recommended refusal, but the Emperor granted it by special decree.
50
奇豐額，黃氏，先世朝鮮人，隸內務府滿洲正白旗。 坐事罷官，終內務府主事。
Qifenge, of the Huang clan, was descended from Koreans and belonged to the Manchu Plain White Banner of the Imperial Household Department. Dismissed from office for an offense, he ended his career as a chief clerk of the Imperial Household Department.
51
王聯，字鷺亭，江蘇泰州人。 諸生。 應乾隆四十五年江南鄉試，聯與友沈某偕。 沈病於喉，欲歸，聯不入試，送之還。 至龍潭，沈病益劇，聯伴之寢，病者口腐，穢觸鼻，不問。 輿行慮其顛，徒步翼以行。 沈遽死，輿者欲散，聯以義感之，乃得至丹徒，殯於僧寺，以其柩歸。 論者謂新唐書以張道源送友屍歸里，列諸忠義傳，聯亦其亞也。
Wang Lian, styled Luting, was from Taizhou in Jiangsu. He was a licentiate. For the Jiangnan provincial examination of Qianlong 45, Lian set out with a friend surnamed Shen. Shen had a throat ailment and wanted to turn back. Lian did not sit for the examination but escorted him home instead. At Longtan Shen's illness worsened. Lian slept beside him; the sick man's mouth festered and the stench filled his nostrils, yet he did not flinch. Fearing the sedan would jolt Shen, he walked on foot beside it to steady the bearers. Shen died suddenly. The bearers meant to scatter, but Lian moved them by his example and so reached Dantu, laid the body in a coffin at a monastery, and brought the coffin home. Commentators observed that the New Tang History placed Zhang Daoyuan in the biographies of loyalty and righteousness for returning a friend's corpse to his homeland—and that Lian was scarcely his inferior.
52
黎侗，安南人，故安南國王黎維祁之族也。 乾隆間，廣南阮光平破安南，侗護維祁叩關乞援，上遣孫士毅率師送歸國。 既，復為光平襲破，維祁出走，侗齎上所賜國王印走，間道入關，與段旺等二十九人俱。 上命薙發，分置江、浙諸地，獨侗與李秉道等四人不肯從。 其一為黎駟，亦維祁族，其一失姓名，四人者堅請得出關為維祁復仇。 上已受光平降，不欲更為黎氏出兵。 謂侗等忠於黎氏，不以盛衰為去就，諭福康安平心詢問。 士毅尋奏：「侗假託忠義，意圖構釁。」 上命侗等從維祁至京師，令軍機大臣傳詢。 侗等力請還黎氏故土，誓以死殉。 上曰：「侗等仍還安南，或為光平所戮，朕心所不忍。」 命暫系刑部獄。 維祁卒，葬京師郊外。
Li Tong was an Annamese and a kinsman of the former king of Annam, Li Weishi. In the Qianlong reign Ruan Guangping of Guangnan overthrew Annam. Tong escorted Weishi to the frontier to beg aid, and the Emperor sent Sun Shiyi at the head of an army to restore him to his throne. Soon afterward Guangping struck again and Weishi fled. Tong took the king's seal bestowed by the court and, with Duan Wang and twenty-nine others, made his way by hidden routes back into China. The Emperor ordered them shaved and resettled across Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Of the four who refused, Tong and Li Bingdao were two. One was Li Si, also of Weishi's clan; one man's name is lost. All four pleaded insistently to be allowed out of the frontier to avenge Weishi. The Emperor had already accepted Guangping's surrender and had no wish to send troops again on behalf of the Li. Calling Tong and his companions loyal to the Li regardless of fortune or ruin, he instructed Fuk'anggan to question them fairly. Shiyi soon memorialized, "Tong feigns loyalty and righteousness, intending to stir up trouble." The Emperor ordered Tong and the others to accompany Weishi to the capital and had the Grand Council ministers examine them. Tong and the others pleaded to return to Li territory and swore to die for the cause. The Emperor said, "If Tong and his companions returned to Annam, Guangping might kill them—and that my heart cannot bear." He ordered them held for the time being in the Ministry of Punishments. When Weiqi died he was buried in the suburbs of the capital.
53
仁宗即位，命釋四人者，使居外火器營。 嘉慶八年，農耐阮福映並安南，使上表乞封，侗子光倬在行，侗與秉道至涿州迓焉。 仁宗責其私出，下刑部。 侗等初自承出謁維祁墓，既乃具言原得歸國，並以維祁喪還葬。 上許之，賚以銀，並諸黎氏舊臣入漢軍置內地者悉遣還。
When Emperor Jiaqing ascended the throne, he ordered the four released and settled them at the Outer Firearms Brigade. In Jiaqing 8 Ruan Fouying of Nongnai united Annam and sent an envoy to petition for investiture. Tong's son Guangzhuo was in the embassy, and Tong and Bingdao went to Zhuozhou to meet them. Emperor Jiaqing rebuked them for leaving without permission and referred the matter to the Ministry of Punishments. Tong and his companions, having come forward on their own to pay respects at Weiqi's tomb, then explained in full their wish to return home and to bring Weiqi's remains back for burial. The emperor granted their request, rewarded them with silver, and ordered every former Li minister who had been placed in the Han Banner and resettled inland sent home.
54
趙瓏，字雨亭，安徽桐城人。 倜儻重然諾。 有葉暘者，與有連，官大名同知，瓏往客焉。 甫踰月，暘坐事戍伊犁，僮僕皆散走，暘父母老且病，日夜泣，瓏請與俱行。 既至，將軍愛暘才，置幕中，瓏乃辭歸。 暘泣，瓏曰：「勿爾！ 吾且再來。」 歸一年，暘母卒，瓏復往。 比出關，聞暘從將軍移駐塔爾巴哈台，改途赴之。 將軍聞，賢瓏，稱曰「義士」，以此趙義士名著關外。
Zhao Long, styled Yuting, was from Tongcheng in Anhui. He was unconventional in spirit and held his pledges sacred. A kinsman by marriage, Ye Yang, held the post of vice-prefect at Daming; Long went to lodge with him. Barely a month passed before Yang was convicted and sent to exile in Ili. Servants and attendants fled in every direction, while Yang's aged, ailing parents wept without cease. Long asked to accompany them. When they arrived, the general admired Yang's abilities and took him onto his staff. Long then bowed out and went home. Yang wept. Long said, "Enough of that—I shall come again. " A year after his return, Yang's mother died, and Long set out once more. Just as he was leaving the pass, he learned that Yang had moved with the general to Tarbagatai. He changed course and went there instead. The general, hearing of it, honored Long and called him "a man of righteousness." From that day the name of Zhao the Righteous Man rang across the frontier. Another clansman of Yang's, Ye Chun, was also serving exile in Ili.
55
有葉椿者，暘同族也，亦戍伊犁。 瓏再出關，椿母附寄子書致金。 瓏既改赴塔爾巴哈台，未至伊犁。 歸道呼圖壁，遇巡檢陳栻，亦皖人也，因跡椿，則死久矣。 瓏曰：「椿母日夜望子歸，乃今死，當奈何？ 且以金附我者，為我能致之也，義不忍空返其金，令椿骨不還。 顧金少，盡吾橐中貲，猶不足，又當奈何？」 貸於栻，迂道八千里，載椿柩以歸。
When Long crossed the frontier again, Chun's mother entrusted him with a letter for her son and a sum of money. Long had already diverted toward Tarbagatai and never reached Ili. On the return road at Hutubi he met the patrol inspector Chen Shi, a fellow Anhui man. When he traced Chun's whereabouts, he learned the man had been dead for some time. Long said, "Chun's mother has waited day and night for her son to come home—now he is dead. What can be done? She sent this money with me because she trusted I could deliver it. I cannot in good conscience return empty-handed and leave Chun's bones abroad. Yet the sum is too small; even if I emptied my purse it would not suffice—what then?" He borrowed from Shi, took an eight-thousand-li detour, and brought Chun's coffin home. Jiang Jian, styled Feilin, was from Qianshan in Jiangxi. From childhood he showed sharp wit. At seven, entering a temple with his uncle, he saw a county runner seated in the corridor. Speaking with him by chance, he learned that a monk at a certain temple had been killed and the culprit could not be found. Jian told his uncle, "The murderer is the old monk on the dais!" Even while chanting sutras the monk kept looking about—his mind was not on the scripture. The runner hauled him off; one round of questioning and he confessed.
56
蔣堅，字非磷，江西鉛山人。 幼即有智數。 七歲，從叔入寺，廡坐縣役，值與語，謂某寺僧被殺，不得其主名。 堅語其叔曰：「殺人者，堂上老僧也！」 方誦經，屢顧，意乃不在經。 役牽去，一訊而服。 年十七，附舟經瑞洪，有少年同舟，當食必出避，堅疑而問之。 少年自言貧不能償舟值，舟人將不餘食焉，故出避。 堅邀與共食，資以金，其人後客死，又策返其骨及餘金。 長習法家言，佐幕山西，屢雪疑獄。 康熙五十二年，主澤州知州佟國瓏，臨汾民迫姦胥為變，巡撫檄國瓏往按，堅從國瓏以七騎往。 至則眾保山洶洶，堅以巡撫令箭先諭眾。 國瓏入縣，執胥擾民者五六，笞之流血，眾就觀，歡譟悉散。 國瓏乞休，堅歸。 數年，聞國瓏以屬吏虧帑逮下太原獄，責償數千金。 堅往省，為國瓏徵債欒城，又至澤州，貸於州民，為國瓏輸償，獄乃解。 堅嘗曰：「法所以救世，心求人之生，斯善用法矣。」 著求生集。
At seventeen, traveling by boat past Ruihong, he noticed a youth on the same vessel who always slipped away at mealtimes. Suspicious, Jian questioned him. The youth said he was too poor to pay his passage and the boatmen would give him no share of the food, so he stayed away at mealtimes. Jian invited him to share his meal and gave him money. The man later died far from home; Jian also saw to it that his bones and the remaining money were returned. As an adult he studied Legalist writings, served on staff in Shanxi, and repeatedly exonerated men in doubtful cases. In Kangxi 52, serving under Tong Guolong, prefect of Zezhou, when the people of Linfen, pressed beyond endurance by a corrupt clerk, rose in revolt, the governor ordered Guolong to investigate. Jian accompanied him with seven mounted men. On arrival they found the crowd at Baoshan in uproar. Jian first addressed the people under the governor's command arrow. Guolong entered the county seat, seized five or six clerks who had been tormenting the people, and flogged them until they bled. The crowd gathered to watch, and the shouting and tumult melted away. Guolong petitioned to retire; Jian went home. Some years later he heard that Guolong had been arrested and imprisoned at Taiyuan because a subordinate's accounts were short, and that he was held liable for restitution of several thousand taels. Jian went to see him, collected debts on Guolong's behalf in Luancheng, then borrowed from the people of Zezhou to pay the restitution. Only then was the case cleared. Jian once said, "Law exists to save the world. When the heart seeks to preserve life, that is the right way to use law. " He wrote the Qiushuji, or Collection on Seeking Life. His son Shi Quan is recorded in the Wenyuans section. Li Linsun was from Xiangcheng in Henan. In the late Qianlong years, sect rebels rose and prepared to attack the Henan provincial capital. The provincial treasurer Ma Huiyu then held command of the city's defense, but he had no troops and saw no means of holding the rebels off. One Chen Boyu of Pixian had once served as a client of the Henan governor. He had warned beforehand that the sect rebels would rise and was jailed for spreading heterodox talk. When rebellion broke out in Sichuan and Hubei, the senior officials received him as an honored guest.
57
子士銓，文苑有傳。
He befriended Linsun and spoke to Huiyu, who then had Linsun lead five hundred local militiamen to help hold the city.
58
李林孫，河南襄城人。 乾隆末，教匪起，將攻河南會城。 是時布政使馬慧裕主城守，顧無兵，度無以御。 有陳伯瑜者，郫縣人，嘗為河南巡撫客，先事言教匪且起，以妖言下獄。 川、楚亂作，諸大吏禮為上客。 友林孫，言於慧裕，使率鄉兵五百人助守。 教匪至，伯瑜以二百五十人面水肄戰。 匪易其少，就觀之，林孫以二百五十人出其背夾擊，大破之。 知縣林嵐乞其兵守盧氏，教匪渠張潮兒來攻，號十萬，嵐兵不及二千，莫敢進。 嵐謝其眾曰：「公等皆林孫人，徒死無益。」 指大樹曰：「我官也，死是間耳。」 眾怒曰：「誰無面目者，致公為此言？ 今日戰，有不勝賊而生者，撞大石破腦死！」 嵐拜，眾亦拜。 遂戰，賊幾殲。 人或以兵家言問林孫，林孫謝不省，曰：「豪傑無他，得人心耳。」
When the sect rebels arrived, Boyu drilled two hundred and fifty men in battle formation facing the water. The rebels, dismissing them for their small numbers, drew close to watch. Linsun then led two hundred and fifty men out from behind and struck from both flanks, shattering them completely. Magistrate Lin Lan asked for troops to hold Lushi. The sect chieftain Zhang Chao'er came to attack at the head of what he claimed were a hundred thousand men. Lan had fewer than two thousand soldiers, and none dared advance. One Chen Boyu of Pixian had once served as a client of the Henan governor. He had warned beforehand that the sect rebels would rise and was jailed for spreading heterodox talk. When rebellion broke out in Sichuan and Hubei, the senior officials received him as an honored guest. He befriended Li Linsun and spoke to Ma Huiyu, who then had Linsun lead five hundred local militiamen to help hold the city. When the sect rebels arrived, Boyu drilled two hundred and fifty men in battle formation facing the water. The rebels, dismissing them for their small numbers, drew close to watch. Linsun then led two hundred and fifty men out from behind and struck from both flanks, shattering them completely. Magistrate Lin Lan asked for troops to hold Lushi. The sect chieftain Zhang Chao'er came to attack at the head of what he claimed were a hundred thousand men. Lan had fewer than two thousand soldiers, and none dared advance. Lan spoke to his men: "You are all Linsun's countrymen. Pointless death gains nothing." He pointed to a great tree. "I am the magistrate. If I die, let it be here beneath these branches." The men flared up. "Who among us has no honor, that you should speak so? Today we fight—any man who fails to beat the bandits yet lives shall smash his skull against that stone!" Lan bowed; the men bowed in return. They fought, and the bandits were nearly wiped out. When some questioned Linsun about military doctrine, he begged off, saying he knew nothing of such matters. "Heroes have no other art," he said. "They win men's hearts—that is all."
59
高大鎬，湖南桃源人。 父陛，臨淄知縣。 嘉慶初，大鎬將僕王明省父歸，道荊門，遇教匪。 大鎬從容語，使引見其渠。 渠疑為官軍諜，欲殺之。 大鎬自言：「我盜也！ 奈何殺我？」 渠使與其徒角，殺三人，乃錄與其徒伍。 渠令攻宜城，大鎬從行，渡溪，匿橋下得脫。 遇餘寇，又殺三人，乃走宜城白吏，言寇且至，為畫城守策。 大鎬在賊中久，知賊畏飛石，令盡發市衢街道民家階磩碎之，置城上。 寇至，見有備乃走。 吏欲敘大鎬功，大鎬辭歸桃源。 王明在賊中，不與大鎬相聞，既為官兵所俘，讞非盜，釋之，亦得歸。
Gao Dabao was from Taoyuan in Hunan. His father Bi had been magistrate of Linzi. Early in Jiaqing, Dabao was taking his servant Wang Ming home to see his father when, on the road at Jingmen, they ran into sect rebels. Dabao spoke with easy composure and had himself brought before the rebel chieftain. The chieftain suspected him of being a government spy and meant to kill him. Dabao declared, "I am a bandit myself! Why kill me?" The chieftain had him fight his followers hand to hand. He killed three men and was taken into the band. When the chieftain ordered an attack on Yicheng, Dabao went along, but crossing a stream he hid beneath a bridge and slipped away. He met straggling bandits, killed three more, then hurried to Yicheng and warned the officials that raiders were coming, sketching out a plan for the city's defense. Having lived long among the bandits, Dabao knew they feared hurled stones. He ordered the threshold stones of market lanes and street-front houses broken up and piled on the walls. When the bandits came and saw the city prepared, they turned away. The officials wanted to register Dabao's merit, but he refused and went home to Taoyuan. Wang Ming stayed among the bandits with no word from Dabao. Captured later by government troops, he was cleared of banditry and released, and he too made his way home.
60
許所望，字叔翹，安徽懷遠人。 諸生。 工為詩。 嘉慶七年冬，宿州民王朝明、李勝才為亂，州破。 所望與其戚王冠英出粟三千石佐軍，且率其徒邱惠齡、張國綱、謝崇訓等破賊陳家集。 十八年秋，林清亂起，師圍滑縣，兩江總督百齡駐徐州，安徽巡撫胡克家駐亳州，為備。 歸德盜楊七郎據引河集，其黨洪廣漢據保安山，與潁州亂民沙占魁等遙相結，觀變。 克家知所望，以書招之。 所望率八百人至亳州，以惠齡等十人為隊長。 所望謀曰：「楊七郎猛且狡，宜以計誘之。」 令國綱、崇訓率健兒八人偽為逃卒詣七郎，越五日誘之出，以百餘人至邱家集。 七郎忽疑曰：「若為許所望來耶？」 崇訓出不意斷七郎臂，眾大驚，國綱疾呼曰：「我張國綱也！」 立擊殺數人、國綱與惠齡同破宿州賊，以勇聞，賊素憚之，遂大潰。 所望率兵至，七郎走死，廣漢亦潰。 占魁等走永城，會師克滑縣，餘賊走與合，焚會亭。 所望與戰公基湖，列十火槍土埠上，令眾伏地，曰：「賊至二百步，槍發，乘煙疾進擊之。」 賊潰奔，逐之數十里，亳州師乃罷。 百齡在徐州，亦得河南張永祥者，以鄉兵三百助守。 事定，所望辭敘功，以諸生應試如故。 永祥從巡撫阮元自河南移浙江，亦罷去，人呼為張鐵槍雲。
Xu Suowang, styled Shuqiao, was from Huaiyuan in Anhui. He was a licentiate scholar. He was accomplished in poetry. In the winter of Jiaqing 7, Wang Chaoming and Li Shengca of Su Prefecture rebelled and the prefectural city fell. Suowang and his kinsman Wang Guanying contributed three thousand shi of grain to support the army, and Suowang led his followers Qiu Huiling, Zhang Guogang, Xie Chongxun, and others in breaking the bandits at Chenjiaji. In the autumn of Jiaqing 18 the Lin Qing rebellion erupted. Imperial forces besieged Huaxian; Governor-General Bai Ling took post at Xuzhou and Anhui Governor Hu Kejia at Bozhou to prepare. The Guidé bandit Yang Qilang held Yinheji, his lieutenant Hong Guanghan held Bao'an Mountain, and they kept in distant contact with Yingzhou rebels such as Sha Zhankui, waiting to see which way fortune would turn. Kejia knew Suowang's reputation and summoned him by letter. Suowang led eight hundred men to Bozhou and appointed Huiling and nine others as squad captains. Suowang said, "Yang Qilang is fierce and cunning—we must draw him out by guile." He sent Guogang and Chongxun with eight picked men disguised as deserters to Qilang. Five days later they enticed him out with a little over a hundred men to Qiujiaji. Qilang suddenly suspected them. "Have you come for Xu Suowang?" Chongxun struck without warning and severed Qilang's arm. The bandits panicked. Guogang shouted, "I am Zhang Guogang!" He cut down several men at once. Guogang and Huiling had crushed the Suzhou rebels and were known for valor; the bandits had long feared them and now fled in complete rout. Suowang brought up his troops. Qilang fled to his death and Guanghan's force collapsed. Zhankui and the others retreated toward Yongcheng. When the main army captured Huaxian, surviving bandits fled to join them and burned Huiting. At Gongjihu Suowang drew up ten fire-guns on an earthen mound and had his men lie flat. "When the bandits come within two hundred paces," he said, "fire, then charge through the smoke." The bandits broke and ran. Pursued for miles, they were not finally dispersed until the Bozhou force stood down. At Xuzhou Bai Ling also enlisted Zhang Yongxiang of Henan, who helped hold the line with three hundred local militiamen. When order was restored, Suowang refused any record of merit and went back to his examinations as a licentiate. Yongxiang followed Governor Ruan Yuan from Henan to Zhejiang and then retired; men called him Iron-Spear Zhang.
61
邢清源，曹州人。 入鎮標為兵數十年，老而退伍。 咸豐十一年，長槍會為亂，圍曹州。 時親王僧格林沁駐軍濟寧，欲乞援，無敢齎書往者，清源請行。 乃裂帛為牘，置清源衣帶，清源破衣持竹杖為丐者狀，出圍達王所。 王即札示發兵狀，仍置衣帶還報，兵至，城得全。 王元，杭州旗營牧馬人也。 粵寇陷省城，將軍瑞昌守旗營，令元持書突圍出乞援張玉良，大哭不食。 玉良義之，立進兵。 瑞昌夾擊，遂復省城。 明年，城再陷，元已保營官，戰歿長安，附祀瑞昌祠。
Xing Qingyuan was from Caozhou. He enlisted in the garrison banner and served as a soldier for decades before retiring in old age. In Xianfeng 11 the Long Spear Society rose in rebellion and besieged Caozhou. Prince Sengge Rinchen was then encamped at Jining. The city needed relief, yet no one dared carry a message through the siege. Qingyuan offered to go. They tore silk into a dispatch and hid it in Qingyuan's belt. Dressed in rags and leaning on a bamboo staff like a beggar, Qingyuan broke through the siege and reached the prince. The prince immediately issued orders to march; the dispatch was hidden in his belt again for the return journey. When the relief force arrived, the city was saved. Wang Yuan was a groom in the Hangzhou banner garrison. When Cantonese rebels took the provincial capital, General Ruichang held the banner camp and sent Yuan through the siege with a letter pleading for Zhang Yuliang's relief. Yuan wept and refused food. Yuliang was moved by his loyalty and marched at once. Ruichang attacked from both sides and retook the capital. The next year the city fell again. Yuan, by then a camp officer, was killed fighting at Chang'an and was honored with sacrifice in Ruichang's shrine.
62
鳳瑞，字桐山，瓜爾佳氏，滿洲正白旗人，乍浦駐防。 粵寇來犯，與兄麟瑞戰禦。 城陷，麟瑞陣歿，見忠義傳。 鳳瑞改隸李鴻章軍，轉戰江、浙，屢有功，而太倉一役尤著。
Feng Rui, styled Tongshan, belonged to the Guwalgiya clan—a Manchu of the Plain White Banner stationed at Zhapu. When the Taiping rebels struck, he and his elder brother Linrui fought to hold them off. The city fell; Linrui died in battle. His account appears among the Biographies of the Faithful and Righteous. Feng Rui then entered Li Hongzhang's service and campaigned across Jiangsu and Zhejiang with repeated distinction, above all at Taicang.
63
初，李軍以乏餉不用命，鳳瑞力保盜魁賀國賢，國賢本鹽商，官誣殺其兄，乃為盜。 鳳瑞與其兄善，責以大義，立出十萬金助餉，並率所部奮攻城，遂克太倉州。 國賢後官至總兵，鳳瑞以筆帖式積功累保副都統，賞花翎。
At first Li's troops, unpaid, refused to fight. Feng Rui stood up for the bandit leader He Guoxian—a salt merchant whose brother officials had murdered on false charges, driving him to the hills. Close to Guoxian, Feng Rui appealed to his sense of duty. Guoxian immediately pledged a hundred thousand in gold for the army's pay and led his men in a furious assault that took Taicang. Guoxian later became a regional commander. Feng Rui, beginning as a clerk, rose by merit to vice commander-in-chief and received the peacock feather.
64
江南平，調歸杭州，遂隱居不仕。 時難民遍地，鳳瑞先於上海、青浦設廠施衣食，為謀棲宿，分遣歸里。 复奉詔招集旗人歸防安插，恢復營製。 建昭忠祠，立忠義墳。 凡杭、乍兩營死者逾萬人，屍骨狼藉，躬督檢埋，分建兩大塚於兩地。 勒碑致祭，列入祀典。 又採訪姓名，匯刻浙江八旗殉難錄。
After Jiangnan was pacified he returned to Hangzhou and withdrew from public life. Refugees then filled the land. Feng Rui opened relief stations at Shanghai and Qingpu, giving food and clothing, finding shelter, and sending people home in turn. By imperial order he also gathered banner people back to garrison duty, resettled them, and restored the old camp system. He built the Zhaozhong Shrine and raised a tomb for the faithful and righteous. More than ten thousand men of the Hangzhou and Zhapu garrisons had fallen; bones lay scattered, and he personally oversaw their collection and burial, raising two great mounds in the two places. He set up steles and sacrifices and had them entered in the state cult. He also collected names and compiled the Record of Zhejiang Banner Martyrs.
65
乍浦副都統錫齡阿全家同殉，其僕石某獨負其幼子出，乞食養之。 鳳瑞見而言於巡撫薛煥，奏請撫卹，為賦義僕行，給貲送歸。
The Zhapu vice commander Xiling'a's whole household perished together. Only his servant, a man surnamed Shi, carried out the young son and begged to keep him alive. Feng Rui saw this and spoke to Governor Xue Huan. A memorial was submitted for relief, a poem was written in praise of the faithful servant, and funds were provided to send the boy home.
66
鳳瑞義俠，好行善，歲收租穀數百石，必盡散之窮乏，數十年如一日，眾稱善人。 卒，年八十有二，贈將軍。
Righteous and chivalrous, Feng Rui loved to do good. Each year he received several hundred shi of rent grain and gave every measure to the poor, decade after decade without fail. The people called him a good man. He died at eighty-two and was posthumously made a general.
67
鳳瑞博學，工書畫，遊跡遍天下，嘗自刊玉章，曰「讀萬卷書，行萬里路。」 著有老子解、如如老人詩草及殉難錄等。
Feng Rui was widely learned and accomplished in calligraphy and painting; his travels carried him across the empire. He once carved a jade seal with the words, "Read ten thousand books; walk ten thousand li." Among his writings are Exposition of the Laozi, the Poetry Drafts of the Old Man Ruru, and the Martyrs' Record.
68
子四，文梁年十三，母病危，剖心以救，母愈，文梁竟卒。
He had four sons. Wenliang, at thirteen, when his mother lay near death, cut open his own chest to save her. She recovered; Wenliang did not.
69
方元衡，字莘田，安徽桐城人。 以貢生官光祿寺署正。 父病失明，晨夕調護，廁牏必躬親之，終親之身不稍怠。 推產給弟，惟筆耕以奉甘旨。 年五十，依母懷如嬰兒。 居喪不宴笑，不居內，日所行必告於主，葬則廬墓側，歲時祭，必哀戚盡禮。 俗惑於風水，常停柩久不葬，請設勸葬局，限期督葬，無後者則購地代葬之，先後逾五萬俱。 復設採訪局，採訪全省節孝貞烈，歷二十年，匯請得旌者凡十餘萬人。 建總祠總坊於省會，有司春秋致祭。 著有續心學宗、孝經淺註。 卒後，皖人上其孝義行，特贈五品卿。
Fang Yuanheng, styled Xintian, was from Tongcheng in Anhui. Through tribute-student status he served as acting director at the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. When his father fell ill and went blind, he tended him morning and night, always attending the privy himself, and never slackened so long as his father lived. He turned his estate over to his younger brother and supported his parents solely by his writing. At fifty he still clung to his mother like an infant in her arms. In mourning he neither feasted nor laughed, nor slept in the inner rooms. Each day's doings he reported to the spirit tablet. At burial he lodged beside the tomb, and at seasonal rites he mourned with full propriety. Deluded by geomancy, people often left coffins unburied for years. He petitioned to establish an Encouragement of Burial Bureau, set deadlines, and supervised burials; where there were no heirs he bought land and buried the dead himself—more than fifty thousand in all. He also opened an Inquiry Bureau to gather cases of chaste and faithful women across the province. Over twenty years the honors petitioned and granted came to more than a hundred thousand persons. He built a general shrine and memorial arch at the provincial capital, where officials performed sacrifices in spring and autumn. His writings include Continuation of the Heart Learning Tradition and Brief Commentary on the Classic of Filial Piety. After his death the people of Anhui memorialized his filial and righteous conduct, and he was specially granted fifth-grade dignitary rank.
70
武訓，山東堂邑人。 乞者也，初無名，以其第曰武七。 七孤貧，從母乞於市，得錢必市甘旨奉母。 母既喪，稍長，且傭且乞。 自恨不識字，誓積貲設義學，以所得錢寄富家權子母，積三十人，得田二百三十畝有奇，乞如故。 藍縷蔽骭，晝乞而夜織。 或勸其娶，七謝之。 又數年，設義塾柳林莊，築塾費錢四千餘緡，盡出所積田以資塾。 塾為二級，曰蒙學，曰經學。 開塾日，七先拜塾師，次遍拜諸生，具盛饌饗師，七屏立門外，俟宴罷，啜其餘。 曰：「我乞者，不敢與師抗禮也！」 常往來塾中，值師晝寢，默跪榻前，師覺驚起； 遇學生遊戲，亦如之：師生相戒勉。 於學有不謹者，七聞之，泣且勸。 有司旌其勤，名之曰訓。 嘗至館陶，僧了證設塾鴉莊，貲不足，出錢數百緡助其成。 复積金千餘，建義塾臨清，皆以其姓名名焉。 縣有嫠張陳氏，家貧，刲肉以奉姑，訓予田十畝助其養。 遇孤寒，輒假以錢，終身不取，亦不以告人。 光緒二十二年，歿臨清義塾廡下，年五十九。 病革，聞諸生誦讀聲，猶張目而笑。 縣人感其義，鐫像於石，歸田四十畝，以其從子奉祀。 山東巡撫張曜、袁樹勳先後疏請旌，祀孝義祠。
Wu Xun came from Tangyi in Shandong. He was a beggar. At first he had no proper name and was known as Wu Seven from his birth order. Orphaned and destitute, Seven begged with his mother in the market. Whatever coin he earned he spent on delicacies for her. After his mother died he grew a little older and both hired himself out and begged. Ashamed that he could not read, he vowed to save for a charity school. He lent his earnings to wealthy families at interest; when thirty lenders had joined him he held more than two hundred thirty mu of land—and still begged as before. Clad in tatters that barely covered his shins, he begged by day and wove by night. Some urged him to marry. Seven refused. Several years later he opened a charity school at Liulin Village. Building it cost more than four thousand strings of cash, and he gave all his accumulated land to sustain it. The school had two levels: Elementary Study and Classic Study. On opening day Seven first bowed to the schoolmaster, then to every pupil. A feast was laid for the master; Seven stood outside the gate and, when the banquet ended, drank what was left. He said, "I am a beggar. I dare not stand on equal footing with my teacher!" He was often at the school. If he found the master napping by day he knelt silently before the couch until the master woke with a start; when he saw pupils at play he did the same, and master and students admonished one another. When a pupil was careless, Seven wept as he urged him on. The authorities commended his devotion and gave him the name Xun. Once at Guantao he found the monk Liaozheng opening a school at Yazhuang but short of funds; he gave several hundred strings of cash to finish it. He saved more than a thousand taels and built charity schools at Linqing, each bearing his name. In the county lived a poor widow, Lady Zhang of the Chen clan, who cut her own flesh to feed her mother-in-law. Xun gave her ten mu of land to help her. To the orphaned and destitute he lent money he never collected in life, and never spoke of it to anyone. In Guangxu 22 he died under the eaves of the Linqing charity school, aged fifty-nine. On his deathbed, hearing pupils recite their lessons, he still opened his eyes and smiled. The county, moved by his example, carved his likeness in stone, restored forty mu of land, and appointed his nephew to tend his rites. Governors Zhang Yao and Yuan Shuxun of Shandong memorialized in turn for his commendation, and he was enshrined in the Shrine of Filial Piety and Righteousness.
71
呂聯珠，字星五，漢軍正黃旗人，隸盛京內務府。 所居村曰瓦子峪。 貧，授徒為大父及父母養，一介不妄取。 應鄉試，徒步千餘裡，有富家子招與同乘，堅卻之。 光緒十四年，舉於鄉，授筆帖式，補催長，不改其狷。 聯珠有從叔，其一貧，無子，請兼祧侍養。 叔嚴急，事之盡禮； 其一出遠遊，以廢疾歸，奉於家，喪葬婚嫁力任之。 有田招佃以耕，鄰田鬻於人，佔聯珠田五尺，聯珠言於官，讓與之。 田中有他氏墓，為之掃除歲祭焉。 同學坐事繫獄死，為之葬。 姻家有以疑獄死京師者，赴會試，為攜其骨還葬。
Lü Lianzhu, styled Xingwu, was a Han bannerman of the Plain Yellow Banner serving in the Mukden Inner Palace Office. He lived in a village called Waziyu. Poor, he taught to support his grandfather and parents and never accepted so much as a grain he had not earned. Going up for the provincial examination he walked more than a thousand li. A rich man's son offered him a seat in his carriage; he firmly declined. In Guangxu 14 he passed the provincial examination, became a clerk, and served as revenue collector without softening his strict integrity. Lianzhu had two paternal cousins once removed. One was poor and childless and asked to be kept through joint adoption. That uncle was harsh and demanding, yet he served him with full propriety; the other had gone far abroad, returned broken by illness, and Lianzhu kept him at home, shouldering funeral, marriage, and every other duty. He leased out his fields. When a neighbor's buyer encroached five chi on his land, Lianzhu reported it to the magistrate and yielded the strip. Another family's tomb stood in his fields; he swept it and made offerings every year. A classmate imprisoned on a charge died in custody; Lianzhu buried him. A kinsman by marriage had died in a disputed case in the capital; on his way to the metropolitan examination Lianzhu carried the bones home for burial.
72
聯珠篤行，式於鄉人。 治程、硃之學，鄉人奉其教。 久之，卒。
Deeply upright, Lianzhu set the standard for his neighbors. He mastered the learning of Cheng and Zhu, and the village looked to his instruction. In time he died.