1
李清李模梁以樟王世德閻爾梅萬壽祺鄭與僑
Li Qing, Li Mo, Liang Yizhang, Wang Shide, Yan Ermei, Wan Shouqi, and Zheng Yuqiao.
2
曹元方莊元辰王玉藻李長祥王正中董守諭
Cao Yuanfang, Zhuang Yuanchen, Wang Yuzao, Li Changxiang, Wang Zhengzhong, and Dong Shouyu.
3
陸宇弟宇巇江漢方以智子中德等錢澄之
Lu Yu, his younger brother Yu Xi, Jiang Han, Fang Yizhi and his son Zhongde, Qian Chengshi, and others.
4
惲日初郭金台硃之瑜沈光文陳士京吳祖錫
Yun Richu, Guo Jintai, Zhu Zhiyu, Shen Guangwen, Chen Shijing, and Wu Zuxi.
5
太史公伯夷列傳，憂憤悲嘆，百世下猶想見其人。 伯夷、叔齊扣馬而諫，既不能行其志，不得已乃遁西山，歌采薇，痛心疾首，豈果自甘餓死哉？ 清初，代明平賊，順天應人，得天下之正，古未有也。 天命既定，遺臣逸士猶不惜九死一生以圖再造，及事不成，雖浮海入山，而回天之志終不少衰。 迄於國亡已數十年，呼號奔走，逐墜日以終其身，至老死不變，何其壯歟！ 今為遺逸傳，凡明末遺臣如李清等，逸士如李孔昭等，分著於篇，雖寥寥數十人，皆大節凜然，足風後世者也。 至黃宗羲等已見儒林傳，魏禧等已見文苑傳，餘或分見於孝友及藝術諸傳，則當比而觀之，以見其全焉。
In the Grand Historian's biography of Bo Yi, grief and indignation pour forth in such lament that even a hundred generations later readers still yearn to meet the man face to face. Bo Yi and Shu Qi seized the horse's bridle to remonstrate; when they could not put their purpose into effect, they had no choice but to withdraw to Mount Xi and sing "Gathering Ferns," sick at heart—could they truly have welcomed starvation? At the founding of the Qing, the dynasty replaced the Ming, pacified the rebels, aligned with Heaven, and won the people's assent, securing the Mandate in its proper form—something without precedent in antiquity. Once the Mandate was settled, loyalist ministers and reclusive scholars still risked death again and again to restore the dynasty; and when the cause failed, though they took to the sea or the mountains, their will to turn the heavens back never slackened. Even decades after the fall of the state they still cried out and rushed about, pressing their cause day after day to the end of their lives, unchanging until death—how magnificent! Here we compose the Biographies of Recluses: late-Ming loyalist ministers such as Li Qing and reclusive scholars such as Li Kongzhao are treated in separate entries; though only a few dozen in all, each displays lofty integrity enough to inspire posterity. Huang Zongxi and others already appear in the Biographies of Confucian Scholars, Wei Xi and others in the Biographies of Literary Men, and the rest in part among the filial, friendly, and artistic biographies; those accounts should be read together for the full picture.
6
李清，字心水，號映碧，興化人。 天啟辛酉舉人，崇禎辛未進士，授寧波府推官。 考最，擢刑科給事中，同日上兩疏：一言禦外敵當戰守兼治，不當輕言款； 禦內寇當剿撫並用，不當專言撫。 一言治獄不宜置失入，而獨罪失出，因論尚書劉之鳳不職狀。 尋以天旱，复疏言此用刑鍛鍊刻深所致，語侵尚書甄淑，淑遂劾清把持，詔鐫級，調浙江布政司照磨。 無何，淑敗，即家起吏科給事中。 疾朝臣日競門戶，疏言：「國家門戶有二：北門之鎖鑰，以三協為門戶； 陪京之扃鍵，以兩淮為門戶。 置此不問，而閧堂斫穴，長此安底？」 疏入，不報。
Li Qing, styled Xinshui and known as Yingbi, was from Xinghua. He passed the provincial examination in the xinyou year of Tianqi and became a jinshi in the xinwei year of Chongzhen, after which he was appointed investigating censor of Ningbo Prefecture. Rated highest in his evaluation, he was promoted to supervising secretary in the Bureau of Punishments and on the same day submitted two memorials: one argued that repelling foreign enemies required both fighting and defending together, and that negotiated peace should not be proposed lightly; the other argued that internal rebels should be met with both suppression and pacification, not pacification alone. The second held that in criminal justice wrongful convictions should not be ignored while only wrongful releases were punished, and on that basis criticized Minister Liu Zhifeng for dereliction of duty. Soon afterward, citing the drought, he memorialized again that the disaster stemmed from excessively harsh and coerced punishments, implicating Minister Zhen Shu; Shu then impeached Qing for domineering conduct, and an edict reduced his rank and transferred him to registrar in the Zhejiang Provincial Administration Commission. Before long Shu fell from power, and Qing was summoned from home to supervising secretary in the Bureau of Personnel. Distressed by the daily factional strife among court officials, he memorialized: "The state has two gateways: the northern gate's lock and key lie in the Three Xie; the secondary capital's bolt and bar lie in the Two Huai. Yet these are left unattended while men brawl in the hall and hack at one another's dens—how can this end well?" The memorial was submitted, but no reply came.
7
京師陷，福王建號南京，遷工科都給事中。 見朝政日壞，官方大亂，乃疏言：「大仇未雪，凡乘國難以拜官者，義將慚慟入地，宜急更前轍，以圖光復。」 又憤時議以偏安自足，抗疏曰：「昔宋高之南渡也，說者謂其病於意足，若陛下於今日，其何足之有？ 以河、洛為豐、沛，則恭皇之舊封也，為恭皇所已有而不有，則不足； 以金陵為長安，則高帝之始基也，為高帝所全有而不有，則不足。 臣深望陛下無忘痛恥，以此志為中外倡也。 儻陛下弛於上，則諸臣必逸於下，先帝之深仇，將安得而復哉？ 且宋之南渡，猶走李成，擒楊麼，以靖內製外。 今則獻、瑤交熾，兩川危於累卵，汀、潮、南贛，並以警聞。 北有既毀之室，南無可怡之堂，臣竊為陛下危之！」 疏上，報聞而已。
When the capital fell, the Prince of Fu proclaimed his reign at Nanjing, and Qing was promoted to chief supervising secretary in the Bureau of Works. Seeing court affairs worsen daily and officialdom fall into chaos, he memorialized: "The great vengeance remains unavenged; all who have taken office by exploiting the national calamity ought in righteousness to die of shame; Your Majesty should urgently change course and plan restoration." Indignant that contemporaries took partial security as sufficient, he submitted a forceful memorial: "When Emperor Gaozong of Song crossed south, critics said his malady was contentment; what, for Your Majesty today, is there to be content about? Take the He and Luo as Feng and Pei—that was the Respectful Emperor's former fief; what he already possessed and yet lacks is insufficiency; take Jinling as Chang'an—that was the High Emperor's founding base; what he wholly possessed and yet lacks is insufficiency. Your servant deeply hopes Your Majesty will not forget bitter shame and will make this resolve a model for court and realm alike. If Your Majesty slackens above, the ministers will grow lax below—how then will the late emperor's deep vengeance ever be avenged? Moreover, after the Song crossed south they still routed Li Cheng and captured Yang Mo, pacifying the interior to control the exterior. Now Zhang Xianzhong and Li Dingguo rage together; the two Shu hang by a thread; Ting, Chao, and southern Gan all report alarms. In the north the house is already ruined; in the south there is no hall where one may take comfort—your servant privately trembles for Your Majesty!" The memorial was submitted, but only acknowledgment of receipt followed.
8
有司始諡莊烈帝為思宗，清言廟號同於漢後主禪，請易之。 又請補諡太子、二王及開國、靖難並累朝死諫諸臣，或以為迂，歎曰：「士大夫廉恥喪盡矣！ 不於此時顯微闡幽，激發忠義之氣，更復何望耶？」 清事兩朝，凡三居諫職，章奏後先數十上，並寢閣不行。
The authorities first gave the posthumous title Sizong to the Zhuanglie Emperor; Qing argued that the temple name duplicated that of Liu Shan, the Later Lord of Han, and asked that it be changed. He also asked for supplementary posthumous titles for the crown prince, the two princes, and officials of the founding, Jingnan, and later reigns who died remonstrating; some called this pedantic, and he sighed: "Scholar-officials have lost all sense of integrity and shame! If we do not bring the obscure to light now and rouse the spirit of loyalty and righteousness, what hope remains?" Qing served two dynasties and held remonstrating office three times; several dozen memorials in succession were all shelved without effect.
9
尋遷大理寺左寺丞，遣祀南鎮，行甫及杭，而南都失守矣。 乃由間道趨隱松江，又渡江寓高郵，久乃歸故園，杜門不與人事。 當道屢薦不起，凡三十有八年而歿。 清忠義蓋出天性，莊烈帝之變，適在揚州，聞之，號慟幾絕。 自是每遇三月十九日，必設位以哭。 嘗曰：「吾家世受國恩，吾以外吏，蒙先帝簡擢，涓埃未報。」 國亡後，守其硜硜，有死無二，蓋以此也。
Soon he was made left assistant director of the Court of Judicial Review and sent to sacrifice at the Southern Sacred Peak; he had just reached Hangzhou when the Southern Capital fell. He then took secret routes to hide in Songjiang, crossed the river and lodged in Gaoyou, and after a long interval returned to his old home, closing his door to the world. Local authorities repeatedly recommended him, but he would not serve; thirty-eight years later he died. Qing's loyalty and righteousness sprang from inborn nature; the Zhuanglie Emperor's calamity occurred while he was in Yangzhou, and on hearing of it he wailed until he nearly died. Thereafter, on the nineteenth day of the third month each year, he invariably set out a seat and wept. He once said: "My family for generations received the state's grace; I, a minor official, was singled out and promoted by the late emperor, yet I have repaid not the slightest debt." After the fall of the state he held to his unyielding course, faithful unto death without a second thought—and this was why.
10
晚著書自娛，尤潛心史學，為史論若干卷，又刪注南、北二史，編次南渡錄等書，藏於家。
In his later years he wrote for his own pleasure and devoted himself especially to historical studies, producing several fascicles of historical essays, abridging and annotating the two histories of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and compiling works such as the Record of the Southern Crossing, all kept in his household.
11
李模，字子木，吳縣人。 天啟乙丑進士，授東莞知縣。 考最，入為御史。 因劾論中官，謫南京國子監典籍。 福王立，封四鎮為侯、伯，模上言：「擁立時，陛下不以得位為利，諸臣何敢以定策為功？ 甚至侯、伯之封，輕加鎮將。 夫諸將事先帝未收桑榆之效，事陛下未彰汗馬之績，方應戴罪，何有勳勞？ 使諸將果忠義者，必先慰先帝殉國之靈，而後可膺陛下延世之賞。」 報聞。 尋改為河南道御史。 馬、阮亂政，歎曰：「事無可為矣！」 即請告，不復出。 杜門里居，三十年如一日。 幼與徐汧為總角交，汧死國事，為卹其家而存其孤，不渝舊好。 年八十，卒於家。
Li Mo, styled Zimu, was from Wu County. A jinshi of the yichou year of Tianqi, he was appointed magistrate of Dongguan. Rated highest in his evaluation, he entered the capital as a censor. Because he impeached eunuch officials, he was demoted to archivist of the Nanjing Directorate of Education. When the Prince of Fu was enthroned and the four garrisons were enfeoffed as marquises and earls, Mo memorialized: "When Your Majesty was enthroned, you did not regard gaining the throne as a benefit—how dare ministers claim merit for settling the succession? Even marquisates and earldoms were lightly bestowed on garrison commanders. The generals had not served the late emperor to the last, nor shown conspicuous merit under Your Majesty—they ought rather to bear guilt; what merit had they? If they were truly loyal and righteous, they must first console the spirit of the late emperor who died for the state, and only then receive Your Majesty's reward for prolonging the dynasty." The court acknowledged receipt. Soon he was transferred to censor of the Henan Circuit. When Ma Shiying and Ruan Dayue threw the government into disorder, he sighed: "Nothing more can be done!" He immediately requested leave and never returned to office. He shut his door and lived at home for thirty years without change. In youth he and Xu Kan had been close friends since childhood; when Kan died for the state, Mo mourned his family and preserved his orphan, never betraying their old bond. At eighty he died at home.
12
梁以樟，字公狄，清苑人。 與兄以棻、弟以桂，並知名，時號「三梁」。 以樟負異才，八歲讀書家塾中，值壁裂，作壁裂歌云：「壁猛裂，龍驚出。」 見者大奇之。 十六歲補弟子員，受知左光斗。 崇禎己卯舉鄉試第一，明年成進士。 命試騎射，進士皆書生，夙不習，以樟獨躍馬彎弓，矢三發，的皆應弦破，觀者嘆異。 即授河南太康知縣。
Liang Yizhang, styled Gongdi, was from Qingyuan. He and his elder brother Yifen and younger brother Yigui were all renowned, and their contemporaries called them "the Three Liangs." Yizhang possessed extraordinary talent; at eight, while reading in the family school, he saw a wall crack and composed a "Song of the Cracked Wall": "The wall splits apart—the startled dragon emerges." All who saw it marveled at him. At sixteen he became a licentiate and won the recognition of Zuo Guangdou. In the jimao year of Chongzhen he placed first in the provincial examination, and the next year became a jinshi. Ordered to test horsemanship and archery, the jinshi were all scholars unaccustomed to such skills; Yizhang alone leaped on a horse, bent the bow, and with three arrows broke the target each time—onlookers marveled. He was immediately appointed magistrate of Taikang in Henan.
13
中原盜起十餘年，所在荼毒，督撫莫能辦，率倡撫議，苟且幸無事，盜且服且叛。 而河南比年大旱蝗，人相食，民益蜂起為盜。 人為以樟危，僉都御史史可法以其有經世略，獨勸之行。 抵任，探知境內賊凡三十六窟，於是練鄉勇，修城堡，嚴保甲； 募死士，入賊巢。 伺賊出入。 嘗夜半馳風雪中，帥健兒密搗賊壘，賊驚佚，擒其渠，毀巢而歸。 居半載，境內賊悉平。 調商丘，時李自成犯開封，不能破，乃東攻歸德。 以樟嬰城血戰三日夜，城陷，妻張率家人三十口自焚死，事具明史。
Bandits had ravaged the Central Plain for more than ten years; governors-general and governors could not cope and generally advocated pacification, taking temporary relief while bandits submitted and rebelled by turns. Henan in recent years had suffered drought and locusts; men ate one another, and ever more people swarmed into banditry. People thought Yizhang was in peril; Censor-in-Chief Shi Kefa alone urged him to go, judging that he had a talent for statecraft. On reaching his post he learned that the district held thirty-six bandit lairs; he then trained local militia, repaired fortresses, and tightened the baojia system; recruited men willing to die and sent them into bandit nests. They watched the bandits' movements. Once at midnight he galloped through wind and snow, leading stalwart men in a secret raid on a bandit camp; the bandits fled in alarm, he captured their chief, destroyed the nest, and returned. Within half a year bandits throughout the district were pacified. Transferred to Shangqiu, he found Li Zicheng attacking Kaifeng; unable to take it, Li turned east to attack Guide. Yizhang defended the city in bloody battle for three days and nights; when it fell, his wife Zhang led thirty members of the household to burn themselves to death—the affair is fully recorded in the History of Ming.
14
以樟被重創，僕亂屍中，死复甦，商民救之出，奔淮上，被逮讞請室。 賊入潼關，复渡河東犯，京師震動。 以樟乃從獄中上疏：「請皇太子撫軍南京，輔以重臣，假便宜從事，係人心。 倡召豪傑義旅，大起勤王兵。 擇宗室賢才，分建要地，而重督撫權，行方鎮遺意，合力拒。」 疏上，執政尼之。
Yizhang suffered grave wounds and lay among the corpses in the rout; though seemingly dead he revived; merchants rescued him and he fled to the Huai region, where he was arrested and sent to the capital prison. The rebels entered Tong Pass and again crossed the river to attack eastward; the capital was shaken. From prison Yizhang submitted a memorial: "I request that the crown prince take command of the army at Nanjing, assisted by great ministers and granted discretionary authority, to bind the people's hearts. Propose summoning heroic volunteers and raise armies in force to rescue the throne. Select talented members of the imperial clan, establish them at key points, restore weight to the powers of governors-general and governors in the manner of Tang and Song frontier commissioners, and resist together." The memorial was submitted, but the chief ministers blocked it.
15
迨出獄，而都城陷。 福王立，以樟自德州、臨清南下，與各郡邑建義文武吏及諸豪士歃血盟，人皆感憤流涕，受約束待命。 渡淮見可法，因建議：「山東、河北為江南籓蔽，若無山東、河北，是無中原、江北，無中原、江北，區區江南，豈能自守耶？ 今宜於河南北、山東，設三大鎮，仿唐節度使、宋經制招討使之制，以大臣文武兼資者為之。 寬其文法，使自為戰守，而閣部大治兵，居中馭之。」 又言：「北方人心向順，宜及時撫為我用，否則忠者不能支，黠者反戈相向矣。」 前後奏記百數十。 而馬士英專政，貨鬻官爵，用逆黨阮大鋮為兵部尚書，競立門戶，斥忠讜之士，君臣日夜酣樂。 左良玉、高傑、劉澤清等各擁兵跋扈，莫能製。 以樟知事不可為，憤鬱成疾，辭去。 可法仍舉以樟為兵部職方司主事，經理開、歸。
By the time he left prison, the capital had already fallen. When the Prince of Fu was enthroned, Yizhang came south from Dezhou and Linqing and with civil and military officials of various prefectures and counties who had raised righteous armies, together with eminent local men, swore a blood oath; all wept in indignant grief and accepted discipline, awaiting orders. Crossing the Huai he saw Shi Kefa and proposed: "Shandong and Hebei are Jiangnan's screen; without them there is no Central Plain or country north of the river; without the Central Plain and the north, how can narrow Jiangnan defend itself? Now three great garrisons should be established north of the Yellow River in Henan and in Shandong, following the Tang military commissioners and the Song pacification commissioners, with great ministers of combined civil and military talent to command them. Relax legal constraints so they may fight and defend on their own, while the Grand Secretariat and ministries organize troops and control them from the center." He also said: "Northern hearts incline toward submission; they should be won promptly for our use, otherwise the loyal cannot hold out and the cunning will turn their blades against us." His memorials before and after numbered more than a hundred. But Ma Shiying monopolized government, sold offices and ranks, appointed the traitor-faction member Ruan Dacheng Minister of War, vied in faction, expelled loyal and forthright men, and ruler and ministers nightly reveled. Zuo Liangyu, Gao Jie, Liu Zeqing, and others each held troops arrogantly, and none could control them. Yizhang knew nothing more could be done, fell ill from indignant grief, and resigned. Shi Kefa still recommended Yizhang as director in the Bureau of Military Appointments of the Ministry of War to administer Kaifeng and Guide.
16
未幾，揚州破，可法死，南都相繼潰。 以樟遂與以棻遯跡寶應之葭湖，買田數十畝，躬耕自給。 清初，召用勝國諸臣，以樟年才三十七，朝貴致書勸駕，不應。 自築忍冬軒，日與張★M9、孫爾靜講學其中，四方之士，若閻爾梅、王猷定、劉純學、崔干城、僧松隱暨其鄉人王世德父子，時時過以樟劇飲，慷慨激昂，繼以涕泣。 晚年偕喬出塵、陳鈺、硃克生、劉中柱結文字社。 康熙四年七月十五日，端坐作論學數百言，擲筆而卒，年五十八。 世德之子潔、源，集其理學、經濟諸書及詩、古文合為一編，曰梁鷦林先生全書，今傳世者，惟卬否詩集而已。
Before long Yangzhou fell, Shi Kefa died, and the Southern Capital collapsed in turn. Yizhang then withdrew with Yifen to Jiahu in Baoying, bought several tens of acres of land, and personally farmed to support themselves. At the beginning of the Qing, when former Ming officials were summoned to serve, Yizhang was only thirty-seven; eminent court figures sent letters urging him to take office, but he did not respond. He built his own Honeysuckle Pavilion and daily lectured there with Zhang Jue and Sun Erjing; scholars from all directions—Yan Ermei, Wang Youding, Liu Chunxue, Cui Gancheng, the monk Songyin, and his fellow townsman Wang Shide and his sons—often visited Yizhang for heavy drinking, speaking with passionate fervor followed by tears. In his later years he joined Qiao Chuchen, Chen Yu, Zhu Kesheng, and Liu Zhongzhu to form a literary society. On the fifteenth day of the seventh month of the fourth year of Kangxi, he sat upright, wrote several hundred words on the study of principle, threw down his brush, and died at the age of fifty-eight. Shide's sons Jie and Yuan gathered his works on Neo-Confucian learning, statecraft, poetry, and ancient prose into one compilation titled Complete Works of Mr. Liang Jiaolin; only the Yin Fou Poetry Collection survives today.
17
世德，字克承，自號霜皋，北平人。 少襲錦衣衛指揮僉事。 北部陷，拔刀將引決，為僕所奪，妻魏已率婦女赴井死，遂易僧服，與以樟偕隱。 嘗憤野史誣罔，不可傳信後世，欷歔扼腕，作崇禎遺錄一卷，自序之，康熙間修明史，有司錄其副本上史館。 三十二年，卒，年八十有一。 子源，以手藁殉葬。
Shide, styled Kezheng and known as Shuanggao, was from Beiping. In youth he inherited the post of vice commander of the Embroidered Uniform Guard. When the north fell, he drew his sword to kill himself, but a servant wrested it away; his wife Wei had already led the women to their deaths in a well; he then donned monk's robes and went into hiding with Yizhang. Indignant that unofficial histories spread falsehoods unfit to be trusted by posterity, he sighed and wrung his hands, wrote one fascicle of Chongzhen's Last Record with his own preface, and during the Kangxi compilation of the Ming History officials submitted a copy to the Historiography Institute. In the thirty-second year of Kangxi he died, aged eighty-one. His son Yuan had the manuscript buried with him.
18
閻爾梅，字用卿，號古古，沛縣人。 崇禎庚午舉人。 李自成陷北京，爾梅上書請兵北伐，並儘散家財，結死士，為前驅。 自成黨武愫至沛，屢使招爾梅，以碎牒大罵下獄，愫敗，乃免。 赴史可法之聘，參軍事，首勸渡河复山東，不聽。 時高傑為許定國所殺，河南大亂，爾梅又說可法西行鎮撫之。 傑部將約束待命，可法為設提督統其眾，而自退保揚州。 爾梅力阻之，請開幕府徐州，號召河南北義勇，得以一成一旅規畫中原。 又請空名告身數百紙，乘時布發，視忠義為鼓勵，俾逋寇叛帥不得以逾時渙散，少有睥睨。 策皆不行，遂貽以書而去。
Yan Ermei, styled Yongqing and known as Gugu, was from Pei County. He passed the provincial examination in the gengwu year of Chongzhen. When Li Zicheng seized Beijing, Ermei submitted a memorial requesting troops for a northern expedition, distributed all his family wealth, and gathered men willing to die to serve as vanguard. Li Zicheng's agent Wu Su arrived at Pei and repeatedly sent envoys to recruit Ermei; Ermei tore the dispatch to shreds and cursed him, and was thrown into prison; when Su was defeated, he was released. He accepted Shi Kefa's invitation, joined military affairs, and first urged crossing the river to recover Shandong; Shi Kefa would not listen. At that time Gao Jie was killed by Xu Dingguo and Henan fell into great disorder; Ermei again urged Shi Kefa to go west and pacify the region. Jie's subordinate generals agreed to await orders; Shi Kefa appointed a grand coordinator to command them and himself withdrew to defend Yangzhou. Ermei strenuously opposed this, requesting to open a headquarters at Xuzhou to summon loyal volunteers from north and south of the River, so that with even a single regiment he could plan for the Central Plains. He also requested several hundred blank commissions to distribute at the right moment, treating loyalty and righteousness as encouragement so that fleeing bandits and rebel commanders could not exploit the delay to scatter and grow restive. None of these plans was adopted, so he sent Shi Kefa a letter and departed.
19
及可法殉節，爾梅走淮安，就劉澤清、田仰，畫戰守策，復不聽。 師入淮，爾梅率河北壯士伏城外，眾懼阻，羽士陶萬明特庇之。 巡撫趙福星以書招，爾梅痛哭謝之。 乃散其眾，遁海上，祝髮，稱蹈東和尚。 复走山東，聯絡四方魁傑，謀再舉。 又至河南，至京師，以山東事發被捕，下濟南獄，脫走還沛。 名捕急，弟爾羹、侄禦九皆就逮，妻、妾同自縊。
When Shi Kefa died for the cause, Ermei fled to Huai'an and sought out Liu Zeqing and Tian Yang, outlining strategies for war and defense; again they would not listen. When the Qing army entered Huai, Ermei led stalwarts from north of the River to lie in ambush outside the walls; the troops feared obstruction, but the Taoist Tao Wanming especially sheltered him. Surveillance commissioner Zhao Fuxing recruited him by letter; Ermei wept and declined. He then dismissed his followers, fled to the sea, tonsured his head, and styled himself Daodong Monk. He again went to Shandong, contacted champions from all quarters, and plotted another uprising. He also went to Henan and the capital; when the Shandong affair was discovered he was arrested and imprisoned in Jinan, escaped, and returned to Pei. The hunt for him grew urgent; his younger brother Ergen and nephew Yujiu were both seized; his wife and concubine hanged themselves together.
20
爾梅乃託死夜遁，變名翁深，字藏若，歷遊楚、蜀、秦、晉九省。 過關中，與王弘撰等往還。 北至榆林，從寧夏入蘭州。 凡十年，獄解，始還。 未幾，為仇家所攀，復出亡，龔鼎孳救之，得免。 北謁思陵，又東出榆關。 還京，會顧炎武，复遊塞外。 至太原，訪傅山，結歲寒之盟。 爾梅久奔走，歷艱險，不少阻。 後見大勢已去，知不可為，乃還沛。 寄於酒，醉則罵座。 常慨然曰：「吾先世未有仕者，國亡，破家為報仇，天下震動。 事雖終不成，疾風勁草，布衣之雄足矣！」 遂高歌起舞。 泣數行下。 居數歲卒。 年七十有七。
Ermei then feigned death and fled by night, changed his name to Weng Shen, styled Cangruo, and traveled through nine provinces—Chu, Shu, Qin, and Jin among them. Passing through Guanzhong, he associated with Wang Hongzuan and others. He went north to Yulin and entered Lanzhou from Ningxia. After ten years the prison case was resolved, and he returned home. Before long an enemy family implicated him and he fled again; Gong Dingzi saved him and he was spared. He went north to pay respects at Sizong's mausoleum, then went east through the Yulin Pass. Returning to the capital, he met Gu Yanwu and again traveled beyond the frontier. Reaching Taiyuan, he visited Fu Shan and pledged friendship in adversity. Ermei had long rushed about, enduring hardships and dangers, with little discouragement. Later, seeing the great trend was already gone and knowing nothing more could be done, he returned to Pei. He took refuge in wine; when drunk he cursed those present. He often said with emotion: "My ancestors never held office; when the state fell I ruined my family to avenge it, and the realm was shaken. Though the enterprise ultimately failed, in a fierce wind the tough grass stands firm—a hero in plain cloth suffices!" Then he sang loudly and danced. Tears streamed down his face. After several years there, he died. He was seventy-seven.
21
爾梅博學善詩，有白耷山人集。
Ermei was broadly learned and skilled at poetry; he left the Baiga Shanren Collection.
22
萬壽祺，字介若，世稱年少先生，徐州人。 與爾梅同郡，又同歲生，同舉鄉試，志節皆
Wan Shouqi, styled Jieruo and known in the world as Master Shaonian, was from Xuzhou. He was from the same commandery as Ermei, born in the same year, and passed the provincial examination together; their integrity of purpose was the same,
23
同，既同舉事。 南都破，江以南義師云起。 沈自炳、戴之俊、錢邦芑起陳湖，黃家瑞、陳子龍起泖，吳易起笠澤，皆與會師，謀恢復。 兵潰，壽祺被執，不屈，將及難，有陰救之者，囚系月餘，得脫。 乃渡江歸隱，築室浦西，妻徐、子睿，灌園以自給。 髡首被僧衣，自稱明志道人、沙門慧壽，而飲酒食肉如故。 時渡江而南，訪知舊，吊故壘。 遺民故老過淮陰者，亦輒造草堂，流連歌哭，或淹留旬月。 雖隱居，固未嘗一日忘世也。 順治九年，卒。
and they also jointly raised the standard in rebellion. When the Southern Capital fell, loyal armies rose like clouds south of the Yangtze. Shen Zibing, Dai Zhijun, and Qian Bangqian rose at Chenhu; Huang Jiarui and Chen Zilong rose at Mao; Wu Yi rose at Lize—all joined forces and planned restoration. When the army was routed, Shouqi was captured and refused to submit; about to face execution, someone secretly rescued him; after more than a month in prison, he escaped. He then crossed the river and returned to seclusion, built a dwelling west of the ford, and with his wife Xu and son Rui tended gardens to support themselves. He shaved his head and wore monk's robes, styling himself Monk Mingzhi and Shramana Huishou, yet drank wine and ate meat as before. He would cross the river south to visit old friends and mourn former camps. Surviving subjects and old elders passing through Huaiyin would also visit his thatched hall, lingering in song and weeping, sometimes staying a month or more. Though in reclusion, he never for a single day forgot the world. In the ninth year of Shunzhi he died.
24
壽祺善詩、文、書、畫，旁及琴、劍、棋、曲、雕刻、刺繡，亦靡弗工妙。 爾梅論有明一代書，推為第一。 著有隰西草堂集。
Shouqi was skilled at poetry, prose, calligraphy, and painting, and also excelled at the zither, sword, chess, opera, carving, and embroidery—nothing failed to reach exquisite mastery. Ermei, in discussing Ming calligraphy, ranked him first. He authored the Xixi Thatched Hall Collection.
25
初，爾梅、壽祺同謀舉事，一起江北，一起江南，先後相呼應。 及事敗，爾梅出走，思得一當。 壽祺留江、淮觀世變，不幸先死。 爾梅獨奔走三十餘年，亦終無所就。 後世稱「徐州二遺民」，常為之太息雲。
Initially Ermei and Shouqi plotted an uprising together—one rose north of the River, one south of the River, calling to each other in turn. When the enterprise failed, Ermei fled, seeking one chance at success. Shouqi remained on the Yangtze and Huai to observe the changes of the times; unfortunately he died first. Ermei alone rushed about for more than thirty years, yet ultimately achieved nothing. Later generations call them the Two Recluses of Xuzhou and often sigh deeply for them.
26
鄭與僑，字惠人，號確菴，濟寧人。 五歲父歿，母張以祖遺田讓之仲，獨取遺書一篋授僑，曰：「兒讀此，可飽也！」 與僑發奮力學，崇禎丙子舉於鄉。 時流寇充斥山左，與僑以濟寧為漕艘咽喉地，倡義與城守張世臣、舉人孟瑄並力殺賊，城賴以完。 有賊郭升者，將至濟寧州，吏議迎款，囑與僑草表，力拒乃止。 及賊至，與僑率鄉人殲之，遂徙家淮陽。
Zheng Yuqiao, styled Huiren and known as Que'an, was from Jining. At five his father died; his mother Zhang gave the ancestral fields to the second uncle, keeping only one basket of inherited books, which she gave Yuqiao, saying: "My child, read these and you will never go hungry!" Yuqiao applied himself with determination to study and passed the provincial examination in the bingzi year of Chongzhen. At that time roaming bandits filled Shandong; because Jining was the throat of the grain transport fleet, Yuqiao initiated righteous action and, together with city defender Zhang Shichen and provincial graduate Meng Xuan, fought the bandits with united strength; the city was preserved intact. A bandit named Guo Sheng was about to arrive at Jining Prefecture; officials debated welcoming him with submission and commissioned Yuqiao to draft the memorial; he forcefully refused and they stopped. When the bandits arrived, Yuqiao led the township people to annihilate them, then moved his household to Huaiyang.
27
史可法方開府淮上，聞與僑名，奏為儀真令，而吏部以其前守濟寧功，改除揚州府推官。 揚州為興平伯高傑列籓地，其將卒多驕橫，稍不當意，抽刀剚人，與僑悉裁之以法。 巡按御史何綸薦以推官監江、海軍，駐通州。
Shi Kefa had just opened his headquarters on the Huai; hearing Yuqiao's name, he memorialized for him to be magistrate of Yizhen; but the Board of Personnel, because of his earlier merit defending Jining, changed the appointment to judicial assistant of Yangzhou Prefecture. Yangzhou was the fief territory of Xingping Earl Gao Jie; his officers and soldiers were mostly arrogant and overbearing; at the slightest displeasure they would draw knives and stab people; Yuqiao restrained them all by law. Surveillance censor He Lun recommended him as judicial assistant supervising the river and sea armies, stationed at Tongzhou.
28
江南失守，與僑奉母之武林，總督張存仁、經略洪承疇奇其才，欲官之，皆謝不起。 後歸濟上，立社教授生徒，絕口不談時事。 嘗遍遊秦、晉、川、蜀、荊、楚、吳、越諸勝，著有確菴稿、丹照集、爭光集、濟寧遺事、秦邊記要等書。 卒，年八十有四。 自為壙志。
When Jiangnan fell, Yuqiao took his mother to Wulin; Governor-General Zhang Cunren and frontier commissioner Hong Chengchou admired his talent and wished to appoint him; he declined all offers. Later he returned to the Ji region, established a literary society to teach students, and never spoke of current affairs. He once toured widely through the scenic places of Qin, Jin, Chuan, Shu, Jing, Chu, Wu, and Yue, and authored Que'an Drafts, Danzhao Collection, Zhengguang Collection, Jining Reminiscences, Record of the Qin Frontier, and other books. He died at the age of eighty-four. He wrote his own tomb inscription.
29
曹元方，字介皇，海鹽人。 父履泰，明兵部侍郎，以忠直著。 元方，崇禎癸未進士，南京建號，授常熟知縣。 時大學士馬士英擅國政，有薦元方署職方司事者，士英亦藉元方名，冀往謁附己，元方訖不往。 上疏言原遵定制補外吏，語侵士英，士英怒，卒與令常熟。 常熟為吳中煩劇邑最，當金陵草創，所在兵與民交狃無寧晷。 元方措兵餉，惜民力，俱帖然，邑稱治。
Cao Yuanfang, styled Jiehuang, was from Haiyan. His father Lütai was an assistant minister of War in the Ming, renowned for loyalty and uprightness. Yuanfang became a jinshi in the guiwei year of Chongzhen; when Nanjing established its reign he was appointed magistrate of Changshu. At that time Grand Secretary Ma Shiying monopolized state affairs; someone recommended Yuanfang as acting director in the Bureau of Military Appointments; Shiying also hoped to use Yuanfang's reputation, expecting him to come pay court and attach himself; Yuanfang never went. He submitted a memorial saying he wished to follow established practice and take an exterior post; his words impugned Shiying; Shiying was angered but ultimately let him take office at Changshu. Changshu was among the most troublesome and demanding counties of Wu; when Jinling was first founded, everywhere soldiers and civilians were mutually habituated to violence without a moment's peace. Yuanfang arranged military supplies and husbanded the people's strength; all became settled, and the county was said to be well governed.
30
金陵敗，棄官歸，履泰先獲譴謫戍，亦適歸。 父子相謂，於義不可晏然以居。 元方先變姓名，間道入閩，至建寧，謁唐王。 即授吏部文選司主事，晉驗封司郎中。 頃之，履泰亦由海道至，即授太常卿，晉兵部右侍郎。 父子俱以忠義激發，間關來，一時咸偉之。
When Jinling fell he abandoned office and returned; Lütai had earlier been condemned and exiled to frontier garrison, and also happened to return. Father and son said to each other that by principle they could not live at ease. Yuanfang first changed his name and surname, took a secret route into Fujian, reached Jianning, and had audience with the Prince of Tang. He was immediately appointed director in the Bureau of Civil Appointments of the Ministry of Personnel and promoted to chief in the Bureau of Seals. Soon Lütai also arrived by sea, was immediately appointed minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, and promoted to vice minister of the Right in the Ministry of War. Father and son both were inspired by loyalty and righteousness, coming through hardships together; for a time all admired them.
31
當是時，鄭芝龍久以桀寇內附，崇其秩號，姑息為養驕，至是益甚，志叵測。 元方抗疏，自請出視江上師，閱封守，欲從外為重內計。 得召對，加御史銜，賜白金，揮涕以行。 至浦城，則江上潰兵接踵狼狽下，元方倉卒走，計後圖。 履泰從唐王趨贛州，遇兵，投身崖石下，絕复甦。 舁至僧舍，展轉至浦城，父子得相見。
At that time Zheng Zhilong had long since submitted from within as a fierce bandit; the court exalted his rank and title and indulgently fed his arrogance; by now this was even worse and his intentions were unfathomable. Yuanfang submitted a forceful memorial, requesting himself to go out and inspect the armies on the river and review border defense, intending to strengthen the interior from without. He was summoned for audience, granted the title of censor, given silver, and set out weeping. Reaching Pucheng, routed soldiers from the river came down one after another in disarray; Yuanfang fled in haste, planning for later. Lütai followed the Prince of Tang toward Ganzhou; encountering soldiers, he threw himself beneath cliff rocks, lost consciousness, and then revived. Carried to a monk's quarters, he went by stages to Pucheng, and father and son were able to meet.
32
履泰疾甚，先歸，旋卒於家。 元方聞，乃亟歸，微服挈母及妻子行，寄食旅舍中。 久之，事稍定，卜居硤石村，築草堂，自號耘庵。 以老卒，年八十有二。
Lütai was gravely ill, returned home first, and soon died at home. Hearing this, Yuanfang hurried home, in plain dress taking his mother, wife, and children, lodging at inns for food. After a long time affairs slightly settled; he chose residence at Xiashi Village, built a thatched hall, and styled himself Yun'an. He died of old age at eighty-two.
33
莊元辰，字起貞，晚字頑菴，鄞人，學者稱漢曉先生。 賦性嚴凝，不隨人唯阿。 崇禎丁丑進士，授南京太常博士。 甲申之變，一日七至中樞史可法之門，促以勤王，福王立，議推科臣，總憲劉宗周、掌科章正宸皆舉元辰為首，而馬士英密遣私人致意曰：「博士曷不持門下刺上謁相公？ 掌科必無他屬。」 峻拒之。 中旨僅授刑部主事。 已而阮大鋮欲興同文之獄，元辰曰：「禍將烈矣！」 遽行，未幾而留都亡。
Zhuang Yuanchen, styled Qizhen and in later years Wanan, was from Yin; scholars called him Master Hanxiao. Stern and austere by nature, he would not truckle to others. In the dingchou year of Chongzhen he became a jinshi and was appointed erudite of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices in Nanjing. At the crisis of Jiashen he visited Grand Secretary Shi Kefa's gate seven times in one day, urging him to march to the emperor's aid; when the Prince of Fu was enthroned and censorate posts were discussed, Censor-in-Chief Liu Zongzhou and chief supervising secretary Zhang Zhengchen both ranked Yuanchen first—but Ma Shiying secretly sent a private agent with this message: "Doctor, why not take a visiting card from your patron and pay a call on the Grand Secretary? The chief supervising secretary will surely have no other choice." He sternly refused. An edict from the center appointed him only a principal clerk in the Ministry of Punishments. Before long Ruan Dacheng wished to revive the Tongwen case; Yuanchen said: "Disaster is about to blaze forth!" He departed at once; before long the Southern Capital fell.
34
錢肅樂之起事也，元辰破家輸餉，時降臣謝三賓為王之仁所脅，以餉自贖。 及肅樂與之仁赴江上，三賓潛招兵，眾疑之。 明經王家勤謂肅樂曰：「浙東沿海皆可以舟師達鹽官，倘彼乘風而渡，列城且立潰矣，非分兵留守不可。」 肅樂曰：「是無以易吾莊公者。」 於是共推元辰任城守事，分兵千人屬之，以四明驛為幕府，家勤及林時躍參其事。 元辰日耀兵巡諸堞裡，人呼為「城門軍」，三賓不敢動。 乃迎魯王於天台，鄞始解嚴。
When Qian Sule raised the standard of revolt, Yuanchen ruined his family to supply funds; at the time the surrendered minister Xie Sanbin, coerced by Wang Zhiren, tried to buy his way out with supplies. When Sule and Zhiren went to the river front, Sanbin secretly recruited troops, and the men grew suspicious. Classicist Wang Jiaqin said to Sule: "Along the Zhejiang coast, naval forces can reach Yanguan; if the enemy crosses with a fair wind, the cities in a row will collapse at once—troops must be divided to hold the rear." Sule said: "There is no one who could replace our Master Zhuang." They then jointly recommended Yuanchen to oversee city defense, assigning him a thousand troops; they made Siming Station his headquarters, with Jiaqin and Lin Shiyue assisting. By day Yuanchen displayed his forces and patrolled the ramparts; people called them the Gate Guard Army, and Sanbin dared not stir. They then welcomed the Prince of Lu at Tiantai, and Yin at last lifted martial law.
35
晉吏科都給事中，遷太常卿。 上疏言：「殿下大仇未雪，舉兵以來，將士宣勞於外，編氓殫藏於內，臥薪嘗之不遑，而數月來，頗安逸樂。 釜魚幕燕，撫事增憂，則晏安何可懷也？ 敵在門庭，朝不及夕，有深宮養優之心，安得有前席借箸之事，則蒙蔽何可滋也？ 天下安危，託命將相，今左右之人，頗能內承色笑，則事權何可移也？ 五等崇封，有如探囊，有為昔時佐命元臣所不能得者，則恩膏何可濫也？ 陛下試念兩都黍離麥秀之悲，則居處必不安； 試念孝陵、長陵銅駝荊棘之慘，則對越必不安； 試念青宮二王之辱，則撫王子何以為情； 試念江乾將士列邦生民之困，則衣食可以俱廢。」 疏入，報聞。 已又言中旨用人之非，累有封駁，王不能用。
He was promoted to supervising secretary in the Office of Scrutiny for Personnel and transferred to vice minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. He memorialized: "Your Highness's great vengeance is not yet avenged; since raising arms, officers and soldiers have proclaimed their merit in the field while the registered people have exhausted their stores at home—there is no time even to lie on firewood and taste gall, yet in recent months there has been much ease and pleasure. Like fish in a cauldron or swallows under a tent—when I consider affairs my worry only grows; how then can ease and comfort be cherished? The enemy is at the gate and morning does not know the evening; if the heart turns to nurturing actors in the inner palace, how can there be counsel like leaning forward over the mat to borrow chopsticks? How then can blindness to danger grow? The safety and peril of the realm are entrusted to generals and ministers; now those close at hand are quite able to win smiles within—then how can authority be shifted? Enfeoffment to the fifth rank is like reaching into a sack; there are men who win what even founding ministers could not obtain—then how can favor be lavished without measure? Your Majesty, try to recall the grief of the two capitals' millet lament—then the place of dwelling will surely be unsettled; try to recall the horror of Xiaoling and Changling with bronze camels among brambles—then the facing of Heaven will surely be unsettled; try to recall the humiliation of the Eastern Palace and the two princes—then how can one stroke the prince's hair and remain composed; try to recall the distress of officers and soldiers on the river and the people of the myriad states—then food and clothing may both be cast aside." When the memorial was submitted, acknowledgment was returned. He later also criticized improper appointments by edict from the center, repeatedly issuing rebuttals; the prince could not employ his advice.
36
時三賓夤緣居要，而馬士英又至，元辰言：「士英不斬，國事必不可為！」 貽書同官黃宗羲、林時對云：「蕞爾氣象，似惟恐其不速盡者，區區憂憤，無事不痛心疾首，以致咳嗽纏綿，形容骨立。 原得以微罪，成其山野。」 遂乞休。
At that time Sanbin had wormed his way into important posts, and Ma Shiying had also arrived; Yuanchen said: "Unless Shiying is executed, state affairs can certainly not succeed!" He sent letters to colleagues Huang Zongxi and Lin Shidui, saying: "This petty realm's bearing is as though it only fears not perishing quickly; in small measure I am vexed and indignant, pained at everything to the marrow, so that a cough lingers on and my appearance is bones alone. I would prefer to be guilty of a minor offense and achieve life in the mountains and wilds." He then requested retirement.
37
未幾，大兵東下，乃狂走深山中，朝夕野哭。 元辰故美鬚眉，顧盼落落，至是失其面目，巾服似頭陀，一日數徙，莫知所止，山中人亦不復識。 忽有老婦呼其小字曰：「子非念四郎邪？」 因歎曰：「吾晦跡未深，奈何？」 順治四年，疽發背，戒勿藥，曰：「吾死已晚，然及今死猶可。」 遂卒。
Before long the great army marched east; he fled wildly into the deep mountains, weeping in the wilderness morning and evening. Yuanchen had been handsome with fine brows and beard, his gaze lofty and free; by this time his face was lost, his cap and robe like a dharma-master's; he moved several times in a day, and none knew where he stopped—the mountain people no longer recognized him either. Suddenly an old woman called his childhood name: "Are you not Niansilang?" He sighed: "I have not hidden my tracks deeply enough—what is to be done?" In the fourth year of Shunzhi, an abscess broke out on his back; he warned against medicine, saying: "My death is already late, yet to die even now is still possible." He then died.
38
王玉藻，字質夫，江都人。 崇禎癸未進士，授慈溪知縣。 少詹項煜以從逆亡命，玉藻及慈民馮元飚均出其門，遂匿於馮氏。 慈人斃煜於水，玉藻置不問。 有明士習重闈誼，或以為過，玉藻曰：「吾豈能為向雄之待鍾會哉！ 夫君臣之與師友，果孰重？」 聞者悚然。
Wang Yuzao, styled Zhifu, was from Jiangdu. In the guiwei year of Chongzhen he became a jinshi and was appointed magistrate of Cixi. Junior Guardian Xiang Yu fled as a rebel fugitive; Yuzao and Cixi native Feng Yuanbiao had both been his disciples, so he hid at Feng's house. The people of Cixi killed Yu in the water; Yuzao took no notice. Ming scholars' custom honored examination-year fellowship; some thought it excessive; Yuzao said: "How can I be like Xiang Xiong awaiting Zhong Hui! Between ruler and minister on the one hand and teacher and friend on the other—which is truly weightier?" Those who heard it were awestruck.
39
金陵破，魯王監國，玉藻乃與沈宸荃起兵，晉御史，仍行縣。 复募義勇，請赴江上自劾，略謂：「今恃以自保者，惟錢唐一江，待北兵渡江而後禦，曷若御之於未渡之先？ 臣原以身先之！」 乃解縣事，以兵科都給事往軍前。 時駐兵江上者，有方國安、王之仁、孫嘉績、熊汝霖、章正宸、鄭道謙、錢肅樂、沈光文、陳潛夫、黃宗羲，咸各自為軍，兵餉交訌，莫敢先進。 既不予玉藻以餉，复陳劃地分餉，又不聽，玉藻乃力請還朝。
When Jinling fell, the Prince of Lu governed the realm as regent; Yuzao then joined Shen Chenquan in raising troops, was promoted to censor, and still administered the county. He again recruited volunteers and requested to go to the river front, submitting a memorial of self-reproach stating roughly: "What we rely on now for self-preservation is only the Qiantang River; to defend after the northern troops have crossed—would it not be better to defend before they have crossed? Your subject wishes to take the lead in person!" He then resigned the county post and went to the army front as supervising secretary in the Office of Scrutiny for War. At that time those stationed on the river included Fang Guo'an, Wang Zhiren, Sun Jiaji, Xiong Rulin, Zhang Zhengchen, Zheng Daoqian, Qian Sule, Shen Guangwen, Chen Qianfu, and Huang Zongxi—each commanded his own army; supplies and pay clashed, and none dared advance first. Since they gave Yuzao no funds, he again memorialized to divide territory for dividing supplies; when they would not listen, Yuzao forcefully requested return to court.
40
既入諫垣，上封事十餘，略謂：「北兵之可畏者在勇，而我軍之可慮者在怯，怯由於驕，兵驕由於將驕。 今統兵之將，無汗馬之勞，輒博五等之封，安得不啟以驕心？ 驕則畏戰，非稍加裁抑，恐無以戢其囂陵之氣。」 又謂：「宜用海師窺吳淞，以分杭州北兵之勢。 又劉宗周、祁彪佳諸臣，宜加褒忠之典。」 以是不為諸臣所喜，乃力求罷職。 時元辰為太常，固乞留之，謂：「古人折檻旌直，今令直臣去國，豈國家之福！」 玉藻感其言，供職如初。
Once he entered the remonstrance office, he submitted more than ten sealed memorials, stating roughly: "What is to be feared in the northern troops is courage; what is to be worried about in our army is cowardice—and cowardice comes from arrogance, and army arrogance from generals' arrogance. The generals in command today, without labor of battle-horses, casually win enfeoffment to the fifth rank—how can this not open the door to arrogant hearts? Arrogance then fears battle; unless they are slightly restrained and suppressed, I fear there will be no way to curb their overbearing air." He also stated: "Use naval forces to probe Wusong and divide the pressure of the northern troops at Hangzhou. Again, ministers such as Liu Zongzhou and Qi Bujia should receive posthumous honors for loyalty." Because of this he was not liked by the various ministers, and he forcefully sought dismissal. At that time Yuanchen was vice minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and earnestly begged him to remain, saying: "The ancients broke the railing to honor the upright; now to let upright ministers leave the state—is that the state's fortune!" Moved by his words, Yuzao resumed duty as before.
41
浙東再破，玉藻追魯王蹕，弗及，自投於池，水涸，不得死，乃以黃冠遯於剡溪。 資糧俱盡，採野葛為食。 妻李，遼東巡撫植女，知書明大義，在浙右時，屢脫簪珥佐軍興； 偕入剡溪，命二子方岐、方嶷拾墮樵，不以窮阨易操。 適四明山寨競起義軍，以書致玉藻，玉藻思乘間入舟山，為偵騎所遏，不果往。 每臨流讀所作詩，輒激勵慷慨，仰天起舞，或朝夕悲歌，與門人熊亦方相和答。 繼亦方以癲死，玉藻歸隱北湖，誓不易衣去發，作絕詞以逝。 遺命不冠而斂。
When eastern Zhe fell again, Yuzao pursued the Prince of Lu's traveling court but could not catch up; he threw himself into a pool—the water was dry and he could not die—so he fled in Daoist robes to Shan Stream. Provisions were entirely exhausted; he gathered wild kudzu for food. His wife Li was the daughter of Liaodong governor Li Zhi, literate and understanding great principle; when in western Zhe, she repeatedly sold hairpins and earrings to aid the military effort; entering Shan Stream together, she ordered the two sons Fangqi and Fangyi to gather fallen firewood, not changing conduct because of poverty and hardship. Just then mountain strongholds in Siming rose with righteous armies and sent Yuzao a letter; Yuzao thought to slip in to Zhoushan but was blocked by scout horsemen and could not go. Whenever he read his own poems by the stream, he was stirred to ardor, dancing toward heaven, or singing grief morning and evening, answering each other with his disciple Xiong Yifang. Yifang soon died mad; Yuzao returned to seclusion at North Lake, swore not to change his clothes or cut his hair, and composed a farewell poem before dying. He left orders to be buried without a cap.
42
李長祥，字研齋，達州人。 崇禎癸未進士。 初以諸生練鄉勇助城守，後選庶吉士，吏部薦備將帥之選。 或曰：「天子果用公，計安出？」 歎曰：「不見孫白谷往事乎？ 今惟有請便宜行事，雖有金牌，亦不受進止。 平賊後，囚首闕下受斧鉞耳！」 聞者咋舌。 賊日逼，上疏請急令大臣輔太子出鎮津門，以提調勤王兵。 不果行，而京師潰，為賊所掠，乘間南奔。
Li Changxiang, styled Yanzhai, was from Dazhou. In the guiwei year of Chongzhen he became a jinshi. At first as a licentiate he trained local militia to aid in city defense; later he was selected as a Hanlin bachelor, and the Ministry of Personnel recommended him among candidates for generalship. Someone said: "If the Son of Heaven truly employs you, Sir, what plan would you propose?" He sighed: "Have you not seen Sun Baigu's past affair? Today there is only to ask leave to act at discretion; even if there were a gold tablet, one would not accept orders to advance or halt. After pacifying the bandits, bound and presented at court to receive axe and halberd—that is all!" Those who heard it gasped. As bandits pressed daily, he memorialized urgently requesting that great ministers be ordered immediately to escort the crown prince out to garrison Jin Gate and direct and mobilize troops marching to the emperor's aid. It was not carried out; the capital collapsed and he was plundered by bandits, escaping south in an interval.
43
福王立，改監察御史，巡浙鹽。 魯王監國，加右僉都御史，督師西行，而江上師又潰。 魯王航海去，長祥以餘眾結寨上虞之東山。 時浙江諸寨林立，四出募餉，居民苦之。 獨長祥與張煌言、王翊三營，且屯且耕，井邑不擾。 監軍鄞人華夏者，為之聯絡佈置，請引舟山之兵，連大蘭諸寨，以定鄞、慈五縣，因下姚江，會師曹娥，合偁山諸寨以下西陵。 僉議奉長祥為盟主，刻期將集，而為降紳謝三賓所發，引兵來攻。 前軍張有功被執，死。 中軍與百夫長十二人，期以次日縛長祥為獻。 晨起，十二人忽自相語：「奈何殺忠臣？」 折矢扣刃，偕誓而遯。
When the Prince of Fu was enthroned, he was changed to surveillance censor and toured Zhe salt administration. When the Prince of Lu governed as regent, he was added Right Assistant Censor-in-Chief and supervised the army marching west, but the river-front army collapsed again. The Prince of Lu fled by sea; Changxiang with remnant troops established a stronghold at East Mountain in Shangyu. At that time strongholds in Zhe stood like forests, sallying forth everywhere to levy supplies—the people suffered greatly. Only Changxiang, together with Zhang Huangyan and Wang Yi in three camps, both garrisoned and farmed, not disturbing market towns. Military supervisor Hua Xia of Yin coordinated and arranged for him, requesting to bring Zhoushan troops, link the Dalanshan strongholds, stabilize the five counties of Yin and Cixi, then descend the Yao River, rendezvous at Cao'e, and unite with the Weishan strongholds to move below Xiling. All agreed to make Changxiang league leader and set a date for assembly—but the surrendered gentry Xie Sanbin exposed the plan and led troops to attack. Vanguard Zhang Yougong was captured and died. The central army and twelve centurions agreed to bind Changxiang the next day as an offering. At morning rise the twelve suddenly said among themselves: "How can we kill a loyal minister?" They broke arrows and sheathed blades, swore together, and fled.
44
長祥匿丐人舟中，入紹興城。 居數日，事益急，复遯至奉化，依平西伯朝先。 朝先亦蜀人，得其助，復合眾於夏蓋山，晉兵部左侍郎。 請合朝先之眾，聯絡沿海，以為舟山衛。 張名振忌之，襲殺朝先，長祥僅免。 舟山破，亡命江、淮間，總督陳錦捕得之，安置江寧。 未幾，乘守者之怠，逸去。 由吳門渡秦郵，奔河北，遍歷宣府、大同，复南下百粵。 晚歲，始還居毗陵，築讀易堂以老。
Changxiang hid in a beggar's boat and entered Shaoxing city. After several days, affairs grew still more urgent; he fled again to Fenghua and relied on Earl Pingxi Chaoxian. Chaoxian was also a Shu man; with his help he rallied troops again at Xiagaishan and was promoted Left Vice Minister of War. He requested to unite Chaoxian's forces and coordinate the coast as a Zhoushan guard. Zhang Mingzhen resented him, raided and killed Chaoxian; Changxiang barely escaped. When Zhoushan fell, he fled between the Yangtze and Huai; Governor-General Chen Jin captured him and settled him at Jiangning. Before long, taking advantage of the guards' negligence, he escaped. He crossed from Suzhou Gate to Qinpost, fled to Hebei, traversed Xuanfu and Datong, then descended again to the Hundred Yue. In his later years he at last returned to live at Piling, built the Hall for Reading the Changes, and aged there.
45
王正中，字仲扌為，保定人。 崇禎丁丑進士。 魯王監國，以兵部職方司主事攝餘姚縣事。 時義軍猝起，市魁、裡正得一劄付，輒入民舍括金帛，郡縣不敢誰何。 正中既視事，令各營取餉必經縣，否則以盜論。
Wang Zhengzhong, styled Zhongwei, was from Baoding. In the dingchou year of Chongzhen he became a jinshi. When the Prince of Lu governed as regent, he served as acting chief clerk in the Bureau of Military Appointments of the Ministry of War while administering Yuyao county affairs. At the time militias were springing up everywhere. Ward chiefs and village heads who received a written requisition would march into people's homes to extort gold and silk, and neither prefectures nor counties dared question them. Once Zhengzhong took office, he decreed that every camp had to draw rations through the county government—otherwise the act would be prosecuted as theft.
46
總兵陳梧渡海掠餘姚，正中遣民兵擊殺之，諸營大譁，責正中擅殺大將。 黃宗羲言於監國曰：「梧借喪亂以濟其私，致犯眾怒，是賊也。 正中守土，當為國保民，何罪之有？」 議乃息。 張國柱、田仰、荊本徹各率所部過姚江，舳艫蔽空而下，以正中嚴備，不敢犯，皆帖帖趣行。 國柱後從定海入，縱兵焚掠，正中單騎入其軍，呵止之，國柱迄不得逞。 尋擢監察御史，諸軍從浙西來會，一聽約束，眾倚之若嚴城焉。
Regional commander Chen Wu crossed the sea to raid Yuyao. Zhengzhong sent militiamen who attacked and killed him. The army camps erupted in protest, denouncing Zhengzhong for having a senior general killed without authorization. Huang Zongxi told the regent, "Wu used the chaos to serve his private ends and brought the wrath of all upon himself. He was a bandit. Zhengzhong held his post and was duty-bound to protect the people for the realm. What crime had he committed?" With that, the uproar died down. Zhang Guozhu, Tian Yang, and Jing Benche each led their forces down the Yaojiang River, their flotilla so dense it darkened the sky. Finding Zhengzhong's defenses ironclad, they dared not provoke him and passed on meekly. Later Guozhu entered from Dinghai and unleashed his men to burn and plunder. Zhengzhong rode alone into his camp, roared them to a halt, and Guozhu never got what he wanted. He was soon promoted investigating censor. As armies gathered from western Zhejiang, all submitted to his authority; to the troops he was as dependable as a walled fortress.
47
尋以株連繫獄，論死。 獄中有閩人柯仲蜅者，精星象，正中欲從受業，援黃霸從夏侯勝授經事為說，數年講習不怠，洞悉天官、律呂、度數諸書，復從黃宗羲學壬遁、孤虛之術。 宗羲歎曰：「傳吾絕學者，仲扌為一人耳！」 遂造監國魯元年丙戌大統歷以進。 浙東亡，避竄山中，貧不能自存，傍鑑湖佃田五畝，佐以醫卜自給。 康熙六年，卒，年六十九。 著有周易註、律書詳註。
Not long after he was swept up by association, thrown into prison, and sentenced to death. In prison there was a Fujianese man named Ke Zhongfu, an expert in astrology. Zhengzhong wished to study under him, citing how Huang Ba had learned the classics from Xiahou Sheng while imprisoned. For years he studied without cease, mastering works on celestial offices, pitch pipes, and measurement, and went on to learn from Huang Zongxi the techniques of renchen and guxu divination. Zongxi sighed and said, "Of all who might carry on my lost learning, Zhongwei alone can do it!" He then compiled the Great Calendar for the first year of the Lu regency (bingxu) and submitted it to court. When eastern Zhejiang fell, he fled into the mountains. Too poor to live, he rented five mu beside Mirror Lake and supported himself with medicine and fortune-telling. He died in the sixth year of the Kangxi reign, at sixty-nine. His writings include Commentary on the Book of Changes and Detailed Commentary on the Treatise on Pitch Pipes.
48
董守諭，字次公，鄞縣人。 舉人。 魯王監國，召為戶部貴州司主事。 時熊汝霖、孫嘉績首事起兵，然皆書生，不知調度。 乃迎方國安、王之仁，授之軍政，凡原設營兵、衛軍俱隸之。 孫、熊所統，惟召募數百人。
Dong Shouyu, styled Cigong, was from Yin county. He held the rank of provincial graduate. When the Prince of Lu held the regency, Shouyu was summoned to serve as chief clerk in the Guizhou Section of the Ministry of Revenue. At the time Xiong Rulin and Sun Jiaji had been first to raise troops, but both were bookish men with no knowledge of military supply. So they brought in Fang Guo'an and Wang Zhiren and placed military affairs in their hands—all existing camp soldiers and garrison troops fell under their command. Sun and Xiong themselves commanded only a few hundred men they had recruited.
49
方、王兵既盛，反惡當國者有所參決，因而分餉分地之議起。 分餉者，正兵食正餉，田賊之出也，方、王主之； 義兵食義餉，勸捐無名之徵也，熊、孫諸軍主之。 分地者，某正兵，支某邑正餉； 某義兵，支某邑義餉也。 魯王令廷臣集議，方、王司餉者，皆至殿陛譁爭，守諭曰：「諸君起義旅，咫尺天威，不守朝廷法乎？」 乃稍退。 守諭又進曰：「義餉有名無實，以之饋義兵，必不繼。 即使能繼，誰為管庫？ 今請以一切稅供悉歸戶部，計兵而後授餉，覈地之遠近，酌給之後先，則兵不絀於食，而餉可以時給也。」 方、王雖不從，然所議正，無以難也。
Once Fang's and Wang's armies had grown powerful, they resented any role for the court ministers in decision-making, and the disputes over dividing rations and assigning territories began. "Dividing rations" meant regular troops would be paid from regular funds—land-tax revenue—and Fang and Wang would control that supply. Volunteer troops would be paid from "volunteer funds"—donations and unofficial levies—and Xiong, Sun, and their forces would control those. "Dividing territory" meant assigning each regular unit its own district's tax revenue. Each volunteer unit would draw its pay from a designated district's donation pool. The Prince of Lu convened the court to discuss the matter. The paymasters for Fang's and Wang's armies crowded the palace steps, shouting their claims. Shouyu said, "You raised armies to restore the dynasty—will you not obey the law within sight of the throne?" At that they pulled back a little. Shouyu pressed on: "Volunteer funds are mostly nominal. Pay volunteer troops from them and the supply will soon run dry. Even if they could be sustained, who would manage the stores? I propose placing all tax revenue under the Ministry of Revenue, allotting rations only after troops are counted, weighing distances between territories and setting priorities accordingly. Then the armies will never go hungry and pay will reach them on time." Fang and Wang did not agree, but they could find no fault with his reasoning.
50
之仁請收漁船稅，守諭曰：「今日所恃者人心耳，漁戶巳辦漁丁稅矣，若再苛求，民不堪命，人心一搖，國何以立？」 久之，又請行稅人法，請塞金錢湖為田，官賣大戶祀田贍軍，三疏皆下部議，兵士露刃以待覆，守諭力持不可。 之仁大怒，謂：「行朝大臣不敢裁量幕府，戶曹小臣敢爾阻大事邪？」 檄召守諭，將殺之，魯王不能禁，令且避。 守諭慷慨對曰：「司餉守正，臣分也。 生殺出主上，武寧雖悍將，何為者？ 臣任死王前，聽武寧以臣血濺丹墀可耳！」 於是舉朝忿怒，曰：「之仁反邪，何敢無王命而害餉臣！」 之仁乃止。
Zhiren wanted to levy a tax on fishing boats. Shouyu said, "Our foundation today is the people's loyalty. Fishing households already pay the boat tax—squeeze them further and they will break. Once hearts turn against us, how can this state endure?" Later he pressed for a poll tax, for damming Gold Coin Lake into farmland, and for selling the sacrificial estates of great families to fund the army. All three proposals went to the ministries for review while soldiers waited with naked blades for approval. Shouyu held firm against every one. Zhiren erupted in fury. "Court ministers won't stand up to the army," he said, "and this petty revenue clerk dares block my plans?" He sent a summons for Shouyu with intent to kill him. The Prince of Lu could not stop it and told Shouyu to withdraw for now. Shouyu answered without flinching, "Managing rations and upholding what is right is my duty. The power of life and death rests with the sovereign. What business has the Prince of Wuning—a fierce general though he is—to decide it? If I must die, let me die before the Prince. Let the Prince of Wuning splash my blood on the palace steps—that is all I ask!" The whole court blazed with outrage: "Has Zhiren turned traitor? How dare he kill a paymaster without royal sanction!" Zhiren backed down.
51
明年，莊烈帝大祥，守諭請謁朝堂哭，三軍縞素一日，遷經筵日講官，兼理餉事。 魯王航海，守諭不及從，遂遯跡荒郊，旋卒。 著有攬蘭集。
The next year, on the grand mourning for Emperor Zhuanglie, Shouyu petitioned to weep before the court. The entire army wore white for a day. He was promoted to daily lecturer at the classics lecture while continuing to manage rations. When the Prince of Lu took to the sea, Shouyu could not follow. He vanished into the countryside and soon died. His Collection of Gathering Orchids survives.
52
陸宇，字周明，鄞縣人。 諸生。 慷慨尚氣節。 時有弟子訟其師，師不得直。 宇詣文廟，慟哭伐鼓，卒直其師而後止。 明亡，嘗與黃宗羲謀舉事，其所與計畫者，皆四方知名士。 其城西田舍，複壁柳車，雜賓死友。 計敗，喜事乃益甚。 江湖間多傳其姓名，以為異人。
Lu Yu, styled Zhouming, was from Yin county. He was a licentiate. He was bold and fiercely loyal to principle. Once a student sued his teacher, and the courts would not give the teacher a fair hearing. Yu went to the Confucian temple, wept bitterly, and beat the mourning drum until the courts finally gave his teacher justice. After the fall of the Ming, he plotted rebellion with Huang Zongxi, drawing into their plans celebrated men from every corner of the realm. At his farm west of the city he built hidden chambers and willow funeral carts to shelter fugitives and men marked for death. When the plot failed, his zeal for the cause only burned brighter. His name traveled through the martial underworld, and many held him to be a man of singular gifts.
53
南都破，甬東師起，宇毀家紓餉。 翁洲又破，宇捐金與諜者，令訪死事消息。 張肯堂之孫以俘至，亟治橐饘入獄視之，語其弟宇巇使為脫系。 董志寧之喪在海上，宇致而葬之。 旋為降卒所誣，捕入省獄，獄具，宇無所詿誤，脫械出門，未至館而卒。
When Nanjing fell and armies rose in eastern Zhe, Yu liquidated his family fortune to help pay the troops. When Zhoushan fell, Yu paid spies in gold to seek news of fallen comrades. When Zhang Huangyan's grandson arrived a prisoner, Yu hurriedly prepared food and entered the jail to see him, telling his brother Lu Xi to secure his release. Dong Zhining's body lay unburied at sea; Yu recovered it and gave him proper burial. Soon surrendered soldiers framed him and he was thrown into the provincial jail. When the case closed he had implicated no innocent man. Shackles off, he walked out the gate—and died before reaching his lodging.
54
宇以好事盡其家產，室中所有，惟草薦敗絮及故書數百卷。 訃聞，家人整理其室，得布囊於亂書之下，發而視之，則赫然人頭也。 宇巇識其面目，捧之而泣曰：「此故少司馬篤庵王公頭也！」 初，司馬兵敗，梟城闕，宇思收葬之，每徘徊其下。 一日，見暗中有叩首而去者，蹟之，走入破室。 宇曰：「子何人？」 其人曰：「餘毛明山，曾以卒伍事司馬，今不勝故主之感耳！」 宇相與流涕，而詣江子云計所以收其頭者。 子云名漢，錢肅樂部將也。 失勢家居，會端陽競渡，遊人雜沓，子云紅笠握刀，從十餘人登城遨戲。 至梟頭所，問守卒曰：「孰戴此頭也者？」 卒以司馬對。 子云佯怒曰：「嘻！ 吾怨家也，亦有是日乎？」 拔刀擊之，繩斷墮地，宇、明山已豫立城下。 方是時，龍舟噪甚，人無回面易視者，宇以身蔽，明山拾頭雜儔人而去。 宇祀之書室，蓋十二年矣，而家人無知者。 至是宇巇始瘞之。
His zeal for the cause had consumed his entire fortune. His rooms held nothing but straw mats, worn rags, and a few hundred old books. When news of his death reached home, his family tidied his room and found a cloth sack beneath a pile of books. They opened it—and there, plain as day, was a human head. Lu Xi recognized the face. Clasping it, he wept and said, "This is the head of the late Vice Minister Wang Yi, styled Du'an!" When Wang's army was defeated, his head was hung at the city gate. Yu had long hoped to recover it for burial and often lingered below. One day he saw a figure kowtowing in shadow and slipping away. He followed the man into a ruined hut. Yu asked, "Who are you?" The man answered, "I am Mao Mingshan. I once served the Vice Minister as a common soldier—I cannot bear the grief for my old master!" Yu wept with him, then went with him to Jiang Ziyun to plan the recovery of the head. Ziyun, whose given name was Han, had been a subordinate general under Qian Sule. Out of office and living at home, he waited for the Dragon Boat Festival when the streets would throng with revelers. Ziyun put on a red hat, took up a knife, and with a dozen followers climbed the city wall as though out for sport. At the place where the head hung, he asked the guard, "Whose head is this?" The soldier said it was the Vice Minister's. Ziyun feigned rage. "Ha! My sworn enemy—and I live to see this day?" He slashed with his knife. The rope snapped and the head fell. Below the wall Yu and Mingshan were already waiting. The dragon boats roared; no one turned to stare. Yu shielded the scene with his body while Mingshan snatched up the head and melted into the crowd. Yu had kept it enshrined in his study for twelve years, and not one person in his household knew. Only then did Lu Xi finally bury it.
55
宇巇，宇第五弟，字春明。 負才自喜，俯視一切。 宇風格棱棱不可犯，而宇巇稍濟之以和，故世人親之如夏日冬日之分。 然其刻意勵行，雖嚬笑皆歸名節，則一也。 丙戌後，棄諸生與諸遺民遊，荒亭木末，時聞野哭。
Lu Xi was Yu's fifth younger brother, styled Chunming. Confident in his gifts, he looked down on the world. Yu's manner was austere and forbidding; Lu Xi softened it with warmth. People drew near to them as they do to summer and winter in turn. Yet both cultivated their conduct with deliberate rigor: even a smile or frown served principle. In that they were one. After 1646 he gave up his licentiate standing and wandered with fellow loyalists among ruined pavilions and treetops, where sometimes one heard the wild wailing of mourners.
56
同里秀才杜懋俊，仗義死難，藏其遺孤。 桐城方授，避地來鄞，宇巇館之湖樓中。 授卒，宇巇經紀其喪，收拾遺文以致其家。 性嗜異書，晚年，家既貧，不能具寫官，乃手鈔之，瀕病不倦。 從子官山左，令其訪東萊趙士喆遺書，垂歿，尚以其書未至為恨。 自棄諸生，即練衣蔬食，叢林以為佞佛，爭勸之披緇，宇巇笑不答。 及遺命不作佛事，眾始瞿然。 卒，年六十六。 著觀日堂集八卷。
Du Maojun, a licentiate from his home village, had died for the cause. Lu Xi sheltered his orphaned child. Fang Shou of Tongcheng fled to Yin county, and Lu Xi housed him in a lakeside pavilion. When Fang Shou died, Lu Xi arranged his funeral, gathered his surviving writings, and sent them home to his family. He loved rare books passionately. In old age, too poor to hire copyists, he transcribed them by hand, laboring on even as illness closed in. His nephew held office in Shandong; Lu Xi sent him to find the surviving works of Zhao Shizhe of Donglai. On his deathbed he still mourned that the books had not reached him. From the day he renounced his licentiate status he wore coarse cloth and ate plain food. Buddhist clergy took him for a devotee and urged him to enter the priesthood. Lu Xi only smiled and said nothing. When his will forbade Buddhist funeral rites, everyone was startled into new respect. He died at sixty-six. His Collected Works of the Hall for Contemplating the Sun survives in eight fascicles.
57
漢，錢塘人。 為肅樂所倚恃，授以都督僉事總兵官。 師至閩，幾下福州，漢功為多。 侍郎馮景第之乞師日本也，請與偕行。 及歸，漢曰：「東師必不出也！」 已而果然。 肅樂既卒，漢侍母居鄞，種蔬自給，四壁無長物，惟餘肅樂所贈寶刀一而已。 每語及肅樂，則淚淋淋下，抑鬱終。
Jiang Han was from Qiantang. Qian Sule trusted him and made him Vice Commissioner-in-chief and supreme regional commander. When the army marched into Fujian and nearly captured Fuzhou, Han's merit was greatest among them. When Vice Minister Feng Jingdi petitioned to seek aid from Japan, Han asked to accompany the mission. On their return Han said, "The Japanese will never send troops!" In time he was proved right. After Sule's death Han cared for his mother in Yin county, supporting them by growing vegetables. His bare rooms held nothing but the treasured saber Sule had given him. Whenever he spoke of Sule, tears streamed down his face. He died of sorrow.
58
方以智，字密之，桐城人。 父孔炤，明湖廣巡撫，為楊嗣昌劾下獄，以智懷血疏訟冤，得釋，事具明史。 以智，崇禎庚辰進士，授檢討。 會李自成破潼關，範景文疏薦以智，召對德政殿，語中機要，上撫幾稱善。 以忤執政意，不果用。 京師陷，以智哭臨殯宮，至東華門，被執，加刑毒，兩髁骨見，不屈。
Fang Yizhi, styled Mizhi, was from Tongcheng. His father Kong Zhao had served the Ming as governor-general of Huguang. When Yang Sichang impeached him and had him thrown into prison, Yizhi submitted a blood petition to plead his innocence and won his release; the affair is fully recorded in the Ming History. Yizhi passed the jinshi examination in the gengchen year of Chongzhen and was appointed a Hanlin reviser. When Li Zicheng broke through Tong Pass, Fan Jingwen recommended Yizhi in a memorial. Summoned to audience in Dezheng Hall, he spoke to the heart of the crisis, and the emperor stroked the armrest and praised him. Because he had offended those in power, he was never given office. When the capital fell, Yizhi went to mourn at the imperial mourning hall. At Donghua Gate he was seized and tortured until both kneecaps were laid bare, yet he would not submit.
59
賊敗，南奔，值馬、阮亂政，修怨欲殺之，遂流離嶺表。 自作序篇，上述祖德，下表隱志。 變姓名，賣藥市中。 桂王稱號肇慶，以與推戴功，擢右中允。 扈王幸梧州，擢侍講學士，拜禮部侍郎、東閣大學士，旋罷相。 固稱疾，屢詔不起。 嘗曰：「吾歸則負君，出則負親，吾其緇乎？」
When the rebels were defeated he fled south. Ma Shiying and Ruan Dacheng were ruining the government and, nursing old grudges, sought his life, so he wandered destitute through Lingnan. He wrote a prefatory account of his own life, praising his ancestors above and declaring his resolve to live in seclusion below. He changed his name and sold medicine in the market towns. When the Prince of Gui took the throne at Zhaoqing, Yizhi was promoted to right palace aide for his role in supporting the enthronement. Escorting the prince to Wuzhou, he was made reader-in-waiting, then Vice Minister of Rites and Grand Secretary of the Eastern Pavilion—only to be dismissed from the chancellorship soon after. He steadfastly pleaded illness and repeatedly refused the emperor's summons. He once said, "If I go back, I betray my sovereign; if I go out, I betray my parents—shall I take the tonsure?"
60
行至平樂，被縶。 其帥欲降之，左置官服，右白刃，惟所擇，以智趨右，帥更加禮敬，始聽為僧。 更名弘智，字無可，別號藥地。 康熙十年，赴吉安，拜文信國墓，道卒，其閉關高座時也。 友人錢澄之，亦客金陵，遇故中官為僧者，問以智，澄之曰：「君豈曾識耶？」 曰：「非也。 昔侍先皇，一日朝罷，上忽歎曰：'求忠臣必於孝子！ '如是者再。 某跪請故，上曰：'早禦經筵，有講官父巡撫河南，坐失機問大辟，某薰衣，飾容止如常時。 不孝若此，能為忠乎？ 聞新進士方以智，父亦繫獄，日號泣，持疏求救，此亦人子也。 '言訖复嘆，俄釋孔炤，而辟河南巡撫，外廷亦知其故乎？」 澄之述其語告以智，以智伏地哭失聲。
On the road to Pingle he was seized. The commander tried to win him over, setting official robes on the left and a naked blade on the right for him to choose. Yizhi moved toward the blade. The commander treated him with even greater respect and only then allowed him to become a monk. He took the monastic name Hongzhi, styled Wuke, and the sobriquet Yaodi. In the tenth year of Kangxi he set out for Ji'an to pay his respects at the tomb of Wen, Duke of Xinguo, and died on the road, still in the midst of his meditative seclusion. His friend Qian Chengshi was also staying in Jinling when he met a former palace eunuch turned monk. Asked about Yizhi, Chengshi said, "Did you ever know him?" The monk said, "No. Long ago I served the late emperor. One day after court was dismissed the emperor suddenly sighed and said, 'Seek loyal ministers among filial sons! He said it twice. I knelt and asked why. The emperor said, 'Earlier at the Classics lecture there was a lecturer whose father, governor of Henan, faced execution for military failure. He perfumed his robes and carried himself as if nothing were wrong. So unfilial—how could he be loyal? I hear the new jinshi Fang Yizhi also has a father in prison. Day after day he weeps and submits memorials begging for rescue. That too is a son. When he finished he sighed again. Soon Kong Zhao was released and the Henan governor was executed. Does the outer court know why?" Chengshi repeated the story to Yizhi, who fell prostrate and wept uncontrollably.
61
以智生有異禀，年十五，群經、子、史，略能背誦。 博涉多通，自天文、輿地、禮樂、律數、聲音、文字、書畫、醫藥、技勇之屬，皆能考其源流，析其旨趣。 著書數十萬言，惟通雅、物理小識二書盛行於世。
Yizhi was born with unusual gifts. By fifteen he could recite from memory most of the Classics, Masters, and Histories. His learning was broad and his mastery wide. In astronomy, geography, ritual and music, pitch and number, phonology, writing, painting and calligraphy, medicine, and martial arts alike, he could trace origins and currents and analyze their essential meaning. He wrote several hundred thousand characters of books, but only Tongya and Wuli Xiaoshi achieved wide circulation.
62
子中德，字田伯，著古事比。 以智構馬、阮之難，中德年十三，撾登聞鼓，訟父冤。 父出亡，偕諸弟徒步追從。 中通，字位伯，精算術，著數度衍，見疇人傳。 中屨，字素伯，幼隨父於方外，備嘗險阻，著古今釋疑。
His son Zhongde, styled Tianbo, wrote Gu Shibi. When Yizhi fell afoul of Ma Shiying and Ruan Dacheng, thirteen-year-old Zhongde beat the Gate of Imperial Complaint drum to plead his father's innocence. When his father fled into exile, he and his younger brothers followed on foot. Zhongtong, styled Weibo, was skilled in mathematics. He wrote Shudu Yan and is treated in the Biographies of Calendar Experts. Zhonglu, styled Subo, followed his father into monastic life from childhood, endured every hardship, and wrote Gujin Shiyi.
63
錢澄之，字飲光，原名秉鐙，桐城人。 少以名節自勵。 有御史巡按至皖，盛儀從，謁孔子廟，諸生迎迓門外。 澄之忽前扳車，御史大駭，止車，因抗聲數其穢行。 御史故閹黨，方自幸脫「逆案」，內懼不敢究其事。 澄之以此名聞。 是時復社、幾社始興，比郡中主壇坫者，宣城沈壽民，池陽吳應箕，桐城則澄之及方以智，而澄之又與陳子龍、夏允彝輩聯雲龍社，以接武東林。 澄之體貌偉然，好飲酒，縱談經世之略。 嘗思冒危難，立功名。
Qian Chengshi, styled Yinguang and originally named Bingdeng, was from Tongcheng. From youth he held himself to the standards of honor and integrity. When a touring censor arrived in Anhui with a grand retinue to visit the Confucian temple, the students lined up outside the gate to welcome him. Chengshi suddenly stepped forward and seized the carriage. The censor was alarmed and stopped. Chengshi then raised his voice and publicly denounced his foul conduct. The censor was a former member of the eunuch faction who had only just congratulated himself on escaping the treason purge. Too frightened to press the matter, he let it drop. Chengshi won fame for this act. At that time Fushe and Jishe were just rising. In neighboring prefectures Shen Shoumin of Xuancheng and Wu Yingji of Chiyang presided over the literary societies; in Tongcheng it was Chengshi and Fang Yizhi. Chengshi also joined Chen Zilong, Xia Yunyi, and others in the Yunlong Society, carrying on the tradition of the Donglin. Chengshi was imposing in stature, fond of wine, and given to free talk of statecraft. He long dreamed of braving danger to win merit and fame.
64
阮大鋮既柄用，刊章捕治黨人，澄之先避吳中，妻方赴水死，事具明史。 於是亡命走浙、閩，入粵，崎嶇險絕，猶數從鋒鏑間支持名義不少屈。 黃道周薦諸唐王，授吉安府推官，改延平府。 桂王時，擢禮部主事，特試，授翰林院庶吉士，兼誥敕撰文。 指陳皆切時弊，忌者眾，乃乞假，間道歸里。 結廬先人墓旁，環廬皆田也，自號曰田間，著田間詩學、易學。
When Ruan Dacheng seized power and issued edicts to arrest faction members, Chengshi fled to Wu first. His wife Fang drowned herself; the affair is fully recorded in the Ming History. He then fled through Zhejiang and Fujian into Guangdong. Over paths rugged beyond measure he still repeatedly upheld the loyalist cause amid clashing blades and never yielded. Huang Daozhou recommended him to the Prince of Tang, and he was appointed investigating censor of Ji'an Prefecture, then transferred to Yanping. Under the Prince of Gui he was promoted to secretary in the Ministry of Rites. By special examination he became a Hanlin bachelor and was also charged with drafting patents and edicts. His memorials cut to the heart of the abuses of the day. Resentment against him was widespread, so he requested leave and returned home by secret routes. He built a hut beside his ancestors' tomb, with fields all around, and styled himself Tianjian. He wrote Tianjian Studies of Poetry and the Changes.
65
澄之嘗問易道周，依京房、邵雍說，究極數學，後乃兼求義理。 其治詩，遵用小序首句，於名物、訓詁、山川、地理尤詳。 自謂著易、詩成，思所以翊二經者，而得莊周、屈原，乃復著莊屈合詁。 蓋澄之生值末季，離憂抑鬱無所洩，一寓之於言，故以莊繼易，以屈繼詩也。 又有藏山閣詩文集。 卒，年八十二。
Chengshi once studied the Changes under Huang Daozhou, following Jing Fang and Shao Yong to pursue numerical cosmology to its limits, and later also sought moral principle. In his work on the Odes he followed the opening lines of the Small Prefaces and was especially detailed on names and things, glosses, and geography. Once his works on the Changes and the Odes were complete, he sought further ways to support those two Classics and turned to Zhuangzi and Qu Yuan, writing Combined Glosses on Zhuangzi and Qu Yuan. Chengshi was born in the dynasty's final age. Parting, sorrow, and depression with no outlet he poured into words—hence Zhuangzi after the Changes and Qu Yuan after the Odes. He also left the Cangshange Collection of poetry and prose. He died at eighty-two.
66
惲日初，字仲升，號遜菴，武進人。 崇禎癸酉副榜。 久留京師，應詔上備邊五策，不報。 知時事不可為，乃歸隱天台山。 兩京亡，唐王立福州，魯王亦監國紹興，吏部侍郎姜垓薦日初知兵，魯王遣使聘之，固辭不起。 大兵下浙，避走福州； 福州破，走廣州； 廣州复破，乃祝髮為浮圖，復至建陽。
Yun Richu, styled Zhongsheng and known as Sun'an, was from Wujin. He placed on the second list of the provincial examination in the guiyou year of Chongzhen. He remained long in the capital and, responding to an imperial edict, submitted five strategies for frontier defense, but received no reply. Seeing that the times could not be set right, he withdrew to seclusion on Mount Tiantai. When both capitals fell, the Prince of Tang established his court at Fuzhou and the Prince of Lu governed from Shaoxing. Vice Minister Jiang Gai recommended Richu as a military expert. The Prince of Lu sent envoys to engage him, but he steadfastly refused. When the great army descended on Zhejiang, he fled to Fuzhou; when Fuzhou fell, he fled to Guangzhou; when Guangzhou also fell, he tonsured his head and became a monk, then made his way back to Jianyang.
67
是時唐王被執死，魯王亦敗走海外，湖廣何騰蛟、江西楊廷麟等皆前後覆滅，而明遺臣尚擁殘旅，遙奉永曆。 金壇人王祈聚眾入建寧，屬縣多響應。 日初曰：「建寧，入閩門戶，能守，則諸郡安，然不扼仙霞關，建寧終不守也。 欲取仙霞，宜先取蒲城。」 乃遣長子楨隨副將謝南雲先趨蒲城，失利，皆死。 而御史徐云兵連入數州縣，銳甚，日初說令夜入蒲城，自督兵繼進。 會大雷雨，人馬衝泥淖，行不能速，軍遂潰。 建寧被圍，王使兵部尚書揭重熙赴援。 日初上書，請迳取蒲城，斷仙霞嶺餉道，徐與圍中諸將夾擊之。 重熙巡至邵武，不能進，建寧遂破，王祈力戰死。 日初收殘卒走廣信，尋入封禁山中，數日糧盡，喟然曰：「天下事壞散已數十年，不可救正。 然莊烈帝殉社稷，薄海茹痛，小臣愚妄，謂即此可延天命。 今乃至此，徒毒百姓，何益？」 遂散眾，獨行歸常州。 久之，張煌言與鄭成功軍薄江寧，敗走。 訛傳張弟鳳翼乃日初門人，從師匿，縣官將收捕，日初色如常，曰：「吾當死久矣。」 既而事解。 卒，年七十有八。
By then the Prince of Tang had been captured and killed and the Prince of Lu defeated and driven overseas. He Tengjiao in Huguang and Yang Tinglin in Jiangxi had fallen in turn, yet Ming loyalists still held remnant forces and from afar upheld the Yongli regime. Wang Qi of Jintan raised a force and entered Jianning, and many neighboring counties answered his call. Richu said, "Jianning is the gateway into Fujian. Hold it and the prefectures will be secure—but unless Xianxia Pass is seized, Jianning cannot be held in the end. To take Xianxia, one must first take Pucheng." He then sent his eldest son Zhen with Vice General Xie Nanyun to strike first at Pucheng. They were defeated and both died. Meanwhile Censor Xu Yun's troops swept through several prefectures and counties with great momentum. Richu persuaded him to enter Pucheng by night while he himself led troops in support. A great thunderstorm struck. Men and horses bogged down in mud and could not advance quickly, and the army collapsed. When Jianning was besieged, Wang sent Minister of War Jie Chongxi to its relief. Richu submitted a memorial urging a direct strike at Pucheng to cut the supply route over Xianxia Ridge, then join the besieged generals in a pincer attack. Chongxi advanced only as far as Shaowu and could go no farther. Jianning fell, and Wang Qi died fighting to the end. Richu gathered remnant troops and fled to Guangxin, then withdrew into the Fengjin Mountains. After several days their provisions ran out, and he sighed and said, "The affairs of the realm have been ruined and scattered for decades—they cannot be set right. Yet the Zhuanglie Emperor died for the altars of state, and grief gnawed at every corner of the realm. In foolish presumption this petty subject thought that even so the Mandate might yet be prolonged. Now it has come to this, poisoning the common people to no purpose. What good is there in it?" He then dismissed his followers and returned alone to Changzhou. Long afterward the armies of Zhang Huangyan and Zheng Chenggong pressed close to Jiangning and were defeated and driven off. A false report spread that Zhang's younger brother Fengyi was Richu's disciple and was hiding with him. When the county magistrate moved to arrest him, Richu's face showed no change. He said, "I ought to have died long ago." Soon afterward the matter was resolved. He died at seventy-eight.
68
少與楊廷樞等交，於百氏無所不窺，尤喜宋儒書。 及從劉宗周遊，學益進，嘗上書申
From youth he associated with Yang Tingji and others. There was scarcely a school of thought he did not explore, and he especially loved the Song Neo-Confucians. After traveling with Liu Zongzhou his learning advanced further, and he once submitted a memorial pleading for
69
救，義聲震天下。 丙戌後，累至山陰哭祭，為之行狀，近十萬言。 晚服浮圖服，而言學者多宗之。 無錫高世泰重葺東林書院，日初與同志習禮其間。 知常州府駱鍾泰屢求見，不納。 去官後，與一見，言中庸要領，喜而去，曰：「不圖今日得聆大儒緒論也！」
his rescue, and his righteous fame resounded throughout the realm. After the bingxu year he repeatedly went to Shanyin to mourn and offer sacrifice, and wrote a biographical account of nearly one hundred thousand characters. In later years he wore Buddhist robes, and many scholars looked to him as their master. Gao Shitai of Wuxi rebuilt the Donglin Academy, and Richu practiced ritual there with like-minded companions. Lu Zhongtai, prefect of Changzhou, repeatedly sought an audience, but Richu would not receive him. After leaving office Richu granted him one meeting. Speaking on the essentials of the Doctrine of the Mean, Lu went away delighted and said, "I never dreamed that today I would hear a great scholar's foundational discourse!"
70
次子桓，在建寧被掠，不知所終； 少子格，字壽平，見藝術傳。
His second son Huan was captured at Jianning, and his fate is unknown; his youngest son Ge, styled Shouping, is treated in the Biographies of Artists.
71
郭金台，字幼隗，湘潭人，本姓陳氏，名湜。 年十五，遭家難，賴中表郭氏卵翼得脫，遂為繼。 弱冠有聲黌序間，萬曆間，兩中副車。 崇禎朝，屢以名薦，不起； 例授官，亦不拜。 既南渡，隆武鄉試登賢書，督師何騰蛟論薦，授職方郎中。 再起監軍僉事，有司敦迫，皆以母老病辭不就。 避跡山中，然於時事多所論列。 一二枕戈泣血之士，崎嶇嶺海，經營措置，不遺餘力。 當是時，潰卒猖獗，積尸盈野，百里無人煙。 金台請於督師，命偏裨主團練，力率鄉勇，鍛矛戟，峙芻糗，鄉人全活者以數万計。
Guo Jintai, styled Youwei, was from Xiangtan. His original surname was Chen and his given name Shi. At fifteen he suffered a family calamity. Sheltered by his maternal cousin's Guo clan he escaped, and was then adopted into that family. In early manhood he won renown among the schools. During the Wanli reign he twice placed on the second list of the provincial examination. Under Chongzhen he was repeatedly recommended by name and declined office; when an office was granted by routine appointment, he likewise refused it. After the southward crossing he passed the Longwu provincial examination. Grand Coordinator He Tengjiao recommended him, and he was appointed director in the Bureau of Military Appointments. When he was again promoted to vice commissioner of military inspection, the local authorities pressed him urgently, but each time he declined on the grounds of his mother's age and illness. He hid himself in the mountains, yet continued to offer pointed analyses of current affairs. He was among the handful who slept with weapons at their pillows and wept blood for the cause, traversing rugged mountains and seas and managing affairs with every ounce of strength. At that time routed soldiers ran rampant, corpses piled the fields, and for a hundred li not a trace of human life remained. Jintai petitioned the grand coordinator and had a subordinate officer take charge of militia training. He vigorously led village braves, forged spears and halberds, and stockpiled fodder and dry provisions. Tens of thousands of villagers owed their survival to him.
72
清初，當局特疏薦於朝，力請得免。 晚授徒衡山，深衣幅巾，足不履戶外，絕口不談世事。 惟論列當時殉難諸人，輒欷歔流涕。 康熙十五年，以疾卒於家，年六十有七。 自題其墓曰「遺民郭某之墓」。 著有石村詩文集，五經駢語，博物彙編。
In the early Qing the authorities specially memorialized recommending him to the throne, but he petitioned forcefully and won exemption from office. In later years he taught students at Hengshan, dressed in deep robes and a scholar's cap, never set foot outside his door, and never spoke of worldly affairs. Only when he spoke of those who had died for the cause would he sigh and weep. In the fifteenth year of Kangxi he died of illness at home, at sixty-seven. He inscribed his own tomb with the words "Tomb of the leftover subject, Master Guo." His works include the Shicun Poetry and Prose Collection, Parallel Sayings on the Five Classics, and Compendium of Natural History.
73
硃之瑜，字魯興，號舜水，餘姚人，寄籍松江。 少有志概，九歲喪父，哀毀逾禮。 及長，精研六經，特通毛詩。 崇禎末，以諸生兩奉徵闢，不就。 福王建號江南，召授江西按察司副使，兼兵部職方司郎中，監方國安軍，之瑜力辭。 台省劾偃蹇不奉詔，將逮捕，乃走避舟山，與經略王翊相締結，密謀恢復。 渡海至日本，思乞師。 魯王監國，累徵闢，皆不就。 又赴安南，見國王，強令拜，不為屈，轉敬禮之。
Zhu Zhiyu, styled Luxing and known as Shunshui, was from Yuyao and registered his domicile in Songjiang. From youth he had lofty ambition. He lost his father at nine, and his grief exceeded what ritual prescribed. When grown he mastered the Six Classics and was especially versed in the Mao recension of the Book of Poetry. At the end of the Chongzhen reign, though twice summoned to office as a licentiate, he declined both times. When Prince Fu established his regime in Jiangnan, he summoned Zhiyu as vice censor of the Jiangxi surveillance commission and concurrent director in the Bureau of Military Appointments to supervise Fang Guo'an's army. Zhiyu firmly declined. The censorate impeached him for defying the summons and moved to arrest him. He fled to Zhoushan, allied with Grand Coordinator Wang Yi, and secretly plotted restoration. He crossed the sea to Japan, hoping to beg military aid. When the Prince of Lu served as regent, Zhiyu was repeatedly summoned to office and each time refused. He also went to Annam and met the king, who tried to force him to bow. He would not yield, and the king came instead to respect and honor him.
74
復至日本，時舟山既失，之瑜師友擁兵者，如硃永祐、吳鍾巒等皆已死節，乃決蹈海全節之志，遂留寓長崎。 日人安東守約等師事之，束脩敬養，始終不衰。 日本水戶侯源光國厚禮延聘，待以賓師，之瑜慨然赴焉。 每引見談論，依經守義，曲盡忠告善道之意。 教授學者，循循不倦。
He returned to Japan. Zhoushan had already fallen, and Zhiyu's teachers and friends who commanded troops—Zhu Yongyou, Wu Zhongluan, and others—had all died martyrs. He resolved to drown himself rather than compromise his integrity, then took up residence at Nagasaki. Japanese scholars such as Ando Shuyaku studied under him, presenting tuition and supporting him with reverence that never waned. Lord Mitsukuni of Mito treated him with great courtesy and invited him, receiving him as both guest and teacher. Zhiyu went forth resolutely. Whenever he was received in audience for discussion, he followed the classics and upheld righteousness, offering counsel as sincere and thorough as a loyal minister's. In teaching scholars he was patient and never weary.
75
日人重之瑜，禮養備至，特於壽日設養老之禮，奉几杖以祝。 又為製明室衣冠使服之，並欲為起居第，之瑜再辭曰：「吾藉上公眷顧，孤踪海外，得養志守節，而保明室衣冠，感莫大焉！ 吾祖宗墳墓，久為發掘，每念及此，五內慘烈。 若豐屋而安居，豈我志乎？」 乃止。
The Japanese greatly valued Zhiyu and provided for him with every courtesy. On his birthday they performed the rite of honoring the aged, presenting an armrest and staff in blessing. They also had Ming court dress made for him to wear and wished to build him a residence. Zhiyu declined twice, saying, "I rely on my lord's favor. Alone and adrift overseas, I am able to nourish my will, keep my integrity, and preserve Ming court dress—my gratitude is boundless! My ancestors' graves have long been desecrated. Whenever I think of this, my heart is torn with anguish. If I lived in a grand house and dwelt at ease, would that accord with my intent?" So they desisted.
76
之瑜為日人作學宮圖說，商榷古今，剖微索隱，使梓人依其圖而以木模焉，棟樑枅椽，莫不悉備。 而殿堂結構之法，梓人所不能通曉者，親指授之。 度量分寸，湊離機巧，教喻縝密，經歲而畢。 文廟、啟聖宮。 明倫堂、尊經閣、學舍、進賢樓，廊廡射圃，門戶牆垣，皆極精巧。 又造古祭器，先作古升、古尺，揣其稱勝，作簠、簋、籩、豆、登、鉶之屬。 如周廟欹器，唐、宋以來，圖雖存而製莫傳，乃依圖考古，研覈其法，巧思默契，指畫精到。 授之工師，或未洞達。 復為揣輕重，定尺寸，關機運動，教之經年，不厭煩數，卒成之。 於是率儒學生，習釋奠禮，改定儀注，詳明禮節，學者皆通其梗概。 日人文教，為之彬彬焉。 之瑜居日本二十餘年，年八十三卒，葬於日本長崎瑞龍山麓。 日人諡曰文恭先生，立祠祀之，並護其墓，至今不衰。
Zhiyu drew up an illustrated explanation of the academy for the Japanese, discussing ancient and modern practice and analyzing every subtle detail. He had carpenters follow his diagrams and build wooden models with beams, rafters, bracket-sets, and purlins all complete. Where the carpenters could not grasp the methods of hall construction, he instructed them personally. He measured every inch and fraction, fitted joints with ingenious precision, and taught with meticulous care until the work was finished within a year. There were the Confucian temple and the Hall of the Sage's Birth. The Hall of Bright Ethics, the Venerating Classics Pavilion, student dormitories, the Advancing Worthies Tower, corridors, the archery ground, gates, and walls were all executed with exquisite refinement. He also recreated ancient ritual vessels. First he made the ancient sheng measure and chi ruler, estimated their proper proportions, and then fashioned fu, gui, bian, dou, deng, xing, and the like. Take the tilted vessel of the Zhou temple: since Tang and Song times diagrams had survived but the craft had been lost. He studied the archaeology from the diagrams, examined the methods, and with ingenious insight gave instructions of exacting precision. When he passed the work to master craftsmen, sometimes they still did not fully grasp it. Again he estimated weight, fixed dimensions, and the moving joints of the mechanism, teaching for a full year without wearying of repetition until at last it was completed. Thereupon he led Confucian students in practicing the sacrificial rite, revised the ritual procedures, and clarified the etiquette until every scholar understood the essentials. Japanese culture and education became refined thereby. Zhiyu lived in Japan for more than twenty years. He died at eighty-three and was buried at the foot of Ruilong Mountain in Nagasaki. The Japanese posthumously honored him as Master Wengong, built a temple to worship him, and protected his tomb—a reverence that has not waned to this day.
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之瑜嚴毅剛直，動必以禮。 平居不苟言笑，唯言及國難，常切齒流涕。 魯王敕書，奉持隨身，未嘗示人，歿後始出，人皆服其深密謹厚雲。 著有文集二十五卷，釋奠儀註一卷，陽九述略一卷，安南供役紀事一卷。
Zhiyu was stern, resolute, and upright; every action accorded with ritual. In daily life he was never casual in speech or laughter. Only when the national calamity was mentioned would he gnash his teeth and weep. He always carried the Prince of Lu's edict on his person and never showed it to anyone. Only after his death was it revealed, and all admired his secrecy and steadfast integrity. His works include Collected Works in twenty-five juan, Sacrificial Ritual Procedures in one juan, Outline of the Yangjiu in one juan, and Record of Service in Annam in one juan.
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沈光文，字文開，一字斯菴，鄞人。 少以明經貢太學，福王授太常博士，浮海至長垣，晉工部郎。 閩師潰而北，扈從不及。 聞粵中建號，乃走肇慶，累遷太僕卿。 由潮陽航海至金門，閩督李率泰方招徠故國遺臣，密遣使以書幣招之，光文焚書返幣。 知粵事不可支，卜居於泉州海口，浮家泛宅。 忽颶風大作，舟人失維，飄泊至台灣。 時鄭成功尚未至，而台灣為荷蘭所據，光文受一廛以居，與中土音耗隔絕。 成功克台灣，知光文在，大喜，以賓禮見。 時海上諸遺老，多依成功入台，光文與握手相勞苦。 成功致廩餼，且以田宅贍之。
Shen Guangwen, styled Wenkai and also known as Si'an, was from Yin. In youth he passed the classics examination and entered the Imperial Academy. Prince Fu appointed him Erudite of the Grand Master of Ceremonies. He crossed the sea to Changyuan and was promoted to director in the Ministry of Works. The Fujian armies were routed and fled north, and he could not join the royal escort. Hearing that Guangdong had established a regime, he went to Zhaoqing and was repeatedly promoted until he became Minister of the Imperial Stud. From Chaoyang he sailed to Kinmen. The Fujian governor Li Shuatai was then recruiting former ministers of the fallen dynasty and secretly sent an envoy with a letter and gifts to win him over. Guangwen burned the letter and returned the gifts. Seeing that the Guangdong cause could not hold, he chose to live at the harbor mouth of Quanzhou, making his home upon the water. Suddenly a great typhoon arose. The boatmen lost their moorings and were driven to Taiwan. Zheng Chenggong had not yet arrived, and Taiwan was held by the Dutch. Guangwen received a homestead to live on and was cut off from all news of the mainland. When Chenggong captured Taiwan and learned that Guangwen was there, he was overjoyed and received him with the ceremony due a guest. Many elderly loyalists at sea had followed Chenggong to Taiwan. Guangwen shook hands with them and exchanged accounts of their hardships. Chenggong provided him with stipends and granted fields and a residence for his support.
79
成功卒，子錦嗣，改父之臣與政，軍亦日削。 光文作賦諷之，幾不測。 乃變服為浮屠，逃入台北鄙，結茅羅漢門山中以居，山旁有伽溜灣者，番社也。 光文教授生徒自給，不足，則濟以醫。 歎曰：「吾二十載飄零絕島，棄墳墓不顧者，不過欲完發以見先皇帝於地下耳，而卒不克，命也夫！」 已而錦卒，諸鄭復禮之如故。
When Chenggong died, his son Zheng Jing succeeded him, replaced his father's ministers and policies, and the armies dwindled day by day. Guangwen wrote a fu satirizing him and nearly came to grief for it. He changed his dress and became a monk, fled into the remote north of Taipei, and built a thatched hut in the Luohan Gate mountains to live in. Beside the mountain lay Galao Bay, an aboriginal settlement. Guangwen supported himself by teaching students; when that was not enough, he supplemented his income with medicine. He sighed and said, "Twenty years adrift on this isolated isle, abandoning my ancestors' graves—all because I wished only to keep my hair and meet the former emperor in the world below. Yet in the end I could not. Fate indeed!" Soon afterward Zheng Jing died, and the Zheng clan again treated him as before.
80
康熙癸丑年，王師下台灣，閩督姚啟聖招之，光文辭。 啟聖貽書問訊曰：「管寧無恙？」 且許遣人送歸鄞，會啟聖卒，不果。 而諸羅令李麟光，賢者也，為粟肉之繼，旬日一候門下。 時耆宿已盡，而寓公漸集，乃與宛陵韓文琦，關中趙行可，無錫華袞、鄭廷桂，榕城林奕丹，山陽宗城，螺陽王際慧等結詩社，所稱福台新詠者也。 尋卒於諸羅。
In the guichou year of Kangxi the imperial army took Taiwan. The Fujian governor Yao Qisheng invited him, and Guangwen declined. Qisheng sent a letter of greeting that read, "Is Guan Ning well?" He also promised to send someone to escort him home to Yin, but Qisheng died before it could be done. Li Linguang, magistrate of Zhuluo, was a worthy man. He sent grain and meat in steady supply and visited Guangwen's gate every ten days. The elder generation was already gone, but expatriates were gradually gathering. He formed a poetry society with Han Wenqi of Wannings, Zhao Xingke of Guanzhong, Hua Gun and Zheng Tinggui of Wuxi, Lin Yidan of Rongcheng, Zong Cheng of Shanyang, Wang Jihui of Luoyang, and others—the group known as New Poems of Fortunate Taiwan. He soon died at Zhuluo.
81
陳士京，字佛莊，先世本奉化硃氏，遷鄞，改姓陳。 熊汝霖薦授職方司郎中，監三衢總兵陳謙軍。 謙使閩，偕行，而唐、魯方爭頒詔事，謙死，遂遯之海上。 鄭芝龍聞名，令與其子成功遊，芝龍以閩降，成功不肯從，異軍特起，士京實讚之。 已而汝霖奉魯王室，復以公義說成功，始致寓公之敬。 會魯王上表粵中，成功亦欲啟事於粵，使士京往，加都御史，歸。
Chen Shijing, styled Fozhuang, was descended from the Zhu clan of Fenghua. His ancestors migrated to Yin and changed their surname to Chen. Xiong Rulin recommended him, and he was appointed director in the Bureau of Military Appointments to supervise the army of Chen Qian, commander of Quzhou. Qian was sent on mission to Fujian and Shijing went with him. The Tang and Lu courts were then competing to issue edicts. When Qian died, Shijing fled to the sea. Zheng Zhilong, hearing of his reputation, had him associate with his son Chenggong. When Zhilong surrendered Fujian, Chenggong refused to follow and raised an independent force. Shijing openly praised him for it. Later, when Rulin served the Prince of Lu's court, he again appealed to Chenggong on grounds of public duty, and only then did Shijing earn the respect due a guest minister. When the Prince of Lu submitted a memorial to Guangdong, Chenggong also wished to open relations there and sent Shijing. Shijing was promoted to censor-in-chief and then returned.
82
魯王入浙，特留閩，與成功相結，以為後圖。 成功盛以恢復自任，賓禮遺臣，其最致敬者，尚書盧若騰，侍郎王忠孝，都御史章朝薦，及徐孚遠、沈光文，與士京數人而已。 久之，見海師無功，粵事亦日壞，乃築鹿石山房於鼓浪嶼中，感物賦詩以自遣。 尋卒。
When the Prince of Lu entered Zhejiang, Shijing was specially left in Fujian to ally with Chenggong for future plans. Chenggong took the restoration of the dynasty as his great mission and received loyalist ministers with guest ceremony. Those he most honored were the ministers Lu Ruoteng and Wang Zhongxiao, the censor Zhang Chaojian, Xu Fuyuan, Shen Guangwen, and Shijing—only a handful in all. After long years, seeing the naval forces achieve nothing and the Guangdong cause daily worsen, he built the Lushi Mountain Hermitage on Gulangyu and wrote poetry inspired by the world around him to console himself. He soon died.
83
吳祖錫，字佩遠，吳江人。 崇禎壬午副貢。 時中原大亂，料京師必危，預謀勤王。 欲身任浙西，以浙東屬之許都，約未定而變作，故鎮臣陳洪範隨王師下江南，與有舊，自言其降出於不得已，而以奇策告祖錫，立出遺產四萬金畀之。 已而薙發令下，遽委之去，改名鉏，字稽田。 從陳子龍、徐孚遠謀恢復。 偵事杭州，為仇家縛送江寧，羈繫獄中，复髡而縱之。 魯王授職方郎中，桂王亦官之如魯，仍往來吳、越間。
Wu Zuxi, styled Peiyuan, was from Wujiang. In the renchen year of Chongzhen he placed on the second list of the provincial examination. The central plains were in chaos. He judged that the capital would surely fall and began planning to rush to the throne's aid. He planned to take charge of western Zhejiang himself and assign eastern Zhejiang to Xu Du, but before the agreement was settled crisis erupted. The garrison commander Chen Hongfan followed the Qing south into Jiangnan. They had old ties, and Hongfan said his surrender had been unavoidable. He confided a secret strategy to Zuxi and immediately handed over his inheritance of forty thousand taels of gold. Soon afterward the hair-shaving order was issued. He abruptly abandoned the plan, changed his name to Chu, and styled himself Jitian. With Chen Zilong and Xu Fuyuan he plotted restoration. While spying on affairs at Hangzhou, he was seized by an enemy family and sent to Jiangning. He was imprisoned, shaved again, and then released. The Prince of Lu appointed him director in the Bureau of Military Appointments, and the Prince of Gui gave him the same rank. He continued to travel between Wu and Yue.
84
副將馮源淮駐軍嘉興，乃與結納，冀有所為。 其部屬董某司诇察，馮耳目也，亦故與厚善。 比孚遠歸自海外，有所謀，密館之。 事稍聞於馮，馮遣董詣問，祖錫遽前握其手曰：「徐公在此，若欲見之乎？」 董驚曰：「徐公果在此，顧肯令我見耶？」 即引見，董叩頭泣下，道其鄉慕，矢不相負。 因以譌言報馮，而陰遣弋船衛孚遠浮海去。
The vice general Feng Yuanhuai had stationed his army at Jiaxing. Zuxi allied with him, hoping to accomplish something. Feng's subordinate Dong served as scout and intelligence officer—Feng's eyes and ears—and had also been on close terms with Zuxi. When Xu Fuyuan returned from overseas with a plan in hand, Zuxi secretly housed him. Word of the matter reached Feng, who sent Dong to inquire. Zuxi immediately stepped forward, grasped his hand, and said, "Master Xu is here. Do you wish to see him?" Dong was astonished. "If Master Xu is truly here, would he really let me see him?" Zuxi immediately introduced them. Dong kowtowed and wept, spoke of his admiration from their home region, and vowed never to betray them. He then fed Feng false reports while secretly dispatching an escort boat to see Xu Fuyuan safely overseas.
85
海師入江，祖錫實導之，且連歲在金陵，隱為之助。 乃復遭刊章，事解，志不稍挫。 將詣滇南，而先之鄖陽。 時鄖陽十三營，尚保殘寨，乃勸出師撓楚以救滇。 顧十三營已疲敝，不能用其策也。
When the naval forces entered the Yangtze, Zuxi guided them in person, and for years at Jinling he secretly assisted them. He again faced a published warrant for his arrest, but when the affair was resolved his resolve did not waver in the least. He was about to go to southern Yunnan and first went to Yunyang. The thirteen camps at Yunyang still held remnant fortresses. He urged them to march out and harass Chu to relieve Yunnan. But the thirteen camps were already exhausted and could not adopt his strategy.
86
桂王既入緬甸，思追從，道阻，不得達。 復返吳。 遊中州，更由秦入楚，卒無所遇。 康熙己未，客膠州大竹山，鬱鬱靡所騁。 會懷宗忌日，慟哭嘔血死，遺命藁葬山中，年六十有二。 距明亡已三十有五年矣。
After the Prince of Gui had fled into Burma, Zuxi wished to follow him, but the road was blocked and he could not reach him. He returned once more to Wu. He traveled through the Central Plain, then from Qin into Chu, and in the end found no opening for his cause. In the jiwei year of Kangxi he lodged as a guest at Dazhu Mountain in Jiaozhou, depressed and with nowhere to turn his energies. On the memorial day of the Huizong Emperor he wailed until he vomited blood and died, leaving instructions for a simple burial in the mountains; he was sixty-two. Thirty-five years had passed since the fall of the Ming.
87
凡明末三王遺臣逸士，其初或起義，或言事，各有所謀，其後或蹈海，或居夷，志不少沮，皆先後雲亡。 及祖錫死，徐枋為之傳曰：「自吳子歿，而天下絕援溺之望。」 亦可悲矣！ 故以附於明末遺臣之末。
In all, the loyalist ministers and reclusive scholars who served the three Ming princes at the dynasty's end—some at first raised armies, some remonstrated at court, each with his own design; later some took to the sea, some lived among foreigners, their resolve scarcely broken—all passed away in turn like clouds dispersing. When Zuxi died, Xu Fang wrote his biography, saying: "Since Master Wu's death, the world has lost all hope of rescuing the drowning." How lamentable! Therefore his account is appended at the end of the late-Ming surviving ministers.