1
西南諸省，水復山重，草木蒙昧，雲霧晦冥，人生其間，叢叢虱虱，言語飲食，迥殊華風，曰苗、曰蠻，史冊屢紀，顧略有區別。 無君長不相統屬之謂苗，各長其部割據一方之謂蠻。 若粵之僮、之黎，黔、楚之瑤，四川之倮儸、之生番，雲南之野人，皆苗之類。 若漢書：「南夷君長以十數，夜郎最大。 其西，靡莫之屬以十數，滇最大。 自滇以北，君長以十數，卭都最大。」 在宋為羈縻州。 在元為宣慰、宣撫、招討、安撫、長官等土司。 湖廣之田、彭，四川之謝、向、冉，廣西之岑、韋，貴州之安、楊，雲南之刀、思，遠者自漢、唐，近亦自宋、元，各君其君，各子其子，根柢深固，族姻互結。 假我爵祿，寵之名號，乃易為統攝，故奔走惟命，皆蠻之類。
In the southwestern provinces, rivers double back and mountains rise in layers; vegetation lies in a haze, and clouds and fog shut out the light. Those who live there teem like lice in clusters; their language and diet are wholly unlike Han ways. Histories call them Miao and Man and record them often, though not without distinction. Groups without a chief or mutual subordination are termed Miao; those each headed by its own leader and holding a separate territory are termed Man. The Zhuang and Li of Guangdong, the Yao of Guizhou and the Chu region, the Luoluo and raw tribes of Sichuan, and the wild tribes of Yunnan—all belong to the Miao category. As the Book of Han puts it: "Several dozen southern Yi chieftains exist; Yelang is the largest. West of them, the Mimo group numbers in the tens; Dian is the largest. North of Dian, chieftains again number in the tens; Qiongdu is the greatest." Under the Song they became jimi prefectures. Under the Yuan they became native offices of various ranks: pacification commissions, pacification prefectures, punitive pacification commissions, soothing commissions, chief-official domains, and the like. The Tian and Peng of Huguang, the Xie, Xiang, and Ran of Sichuan, the Cen and Wei of Guangxi, the An and Yang of Guizhou, and the Dao and Si of Yunnan—some lineages reaching back to Han and Tang, others only to Song and Yuan—each kept its own lord and hereditary succession; their foundations were deep and their kin networks tightly interwoven. Once granted imperial ranks and stipends and honored with titles, they could readily be brought under control, and so they hurried to obey every order—all belonging to the Man category.
2
明代播州、藺州、水西、麓川，皆勤大軍數十萬，殫天下力而後剷平之。 故云、貴、川、廣恆視土司為治亂。
In the Ming, Bozhou, Linzhou, Shuixi, and Luchuan each took armies of hundreds of thousands and the full exertion of the realm before they could finally be suppressed. For this reason Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Guangxi always took the native chieftains as the barometer of peace and turmoil.
3
清初因明制，屬平西、定南諸籓鎮撫之。 康熙三年，吳三桂督雲、貴兵兩路討水西宣慰安坤之叛，平其地，設黔西、平遠、大定、威寧四府。 三籓之亂，重啗土司兵為助。 及叛籓戡定，餘威震於殊俗。
Early in the Qing the Ming arrangements were kept, and these domains were left to the pacification of the Pingxi, Dingnan, and other princely establishments. In Kangxi 3 (1664), Wu Sangui led Yunnan-Guizhou forces on two routes against the rebellion of An Kun, pacification commissioner of Shuixi; after pacifying the territory he established the four prefectures of Qianxi, Pingyuan, Dading, and Weining. During the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, native chieftain forces were heavily enlisted as allies. Once the rebel princes were crushed, the lingering prestige of the dynasty awed the frontier peoples.
4
至雍正初，而有改土歸流之議。 四年春，以鄂爾泰巡撫雲南兼總督事，奏言：「雲貴大患，無如苗蠻。 欲安民必先制夷，欲制夷必改土歸流。 而苗疆多與鄰省犬牙相錯，又必歸併事權，始可一勞永逸。 即如東川、烏蒙、鎮雄，皆四川土府。 東川與滇一嶺之隔，至滇省城四百餘里，而距四川成都千有八百里。 去冬，烏蒙土府攻掠東川，滇兵擊退，而川省令箭方至。 烏蒙至滇省城亦僅六百餘里。 自康熙五十三年土官祿鼎乾不法，欽差、督、撫會審畢節，以流官交質始出，益無忌憚。 其錢糧不過三百餘兩，而取於下者百倍。 一年四小派，三年一大派。 小派計錢，大派計兩。 土司一取子婦，則土民三載不敢婚。 土民有罪被殺，其親族尚出墊刀數十金，終身無見天日之期。 東川已改流三十載，仍為土目盤踞，文武長寓省城，膏腴四百里，無人敢墾。 若東川、烏蒙、鎮雄改隸雲南，俾臣得相機改流，可設三府一鎮，永靖邊氛。 此事連四川者也。 廣西土府州縣峒寨等司五十餘員，分隸南寧、太平、思恩、慶遠四府，多狄青征儂智高、王守仁征田州時所留設。 其邊患，除泗城土府外，餘皆土目，橫於土司。 且黔、粵向以牂牁江為界，而粵之西隆州與黔之普安州逾江互相鬥入，苗寨寥闊，文武動輒推諉。 應以江北歸黔，江南歸粵，增州設營，形格勢禁。 此事連廣西者也。 滇邊西南界以瀾滄江，江外為車里、緬甸、老撾諸土司。 其江內之滇沅、威遠、元江、新平、普洱、茶山諸夷，巢穴深邃，出沒魯魁、哀牢間，無事近患腹心，有事遠通外國，自元迨明，代為邊害。 論者謂江外宜土不宜流，江內宜流不宜土。 此雲南宜治之邊夷也。 貴州土司向無鉗束群苗之責，苗患甚於土司。 而苗疆四周幾三千餘里，千有三百餘寨，古州踞其中，群砦環其外。 左有清江可北達楚，右有都江可南通粵，皆為頑苗蟠據，梗隔三省，遂成化外。 如欲開江路以通黔、粵，非勒兵深入，遍加剿撫不可。 此貴州宜治之邊夷也。 臣思前明流土之分，原因煙瘴新疆，未習風土，故因地制宜，使之鄉導彈壓。 今歷數百載，相沿以夷治夷，遂至以盜治盜，苗、倮無追贓抵命之憂，土司無革職削地之罰，直至事大上聞，行賄詳結，上司亦不深求，以為鎮靜邊民無所控訴； 若不剷蔓塞源，縱兵刑財賦事事整飭，皆治標而非治本。 其改流之法，計擒為上，兵剿次之。 令其自首為上，勒獻次之。 惟制夷必先練兵，練兵必先選將。 誠能賞罰嚴明，將士用命，先治內，後攘外，必能所向奏效，實雲貴邊防百世之利。」 世宗知鄂爾泰才，必能辦寇，即詔以東川、烏蒙、鎮雄三土府改隸雲南。 六年，復鑄三省總督印，令鄂爾泰兼制廣西。
By the early Yongzheng reign the policy of gaitu liuqu—replacing native chieftains with regular officials—was under debate. In the spring of Yongzheng 4 (1726), Ortai was appointed governor of Yunnan with concurrent duties as governor-general and memorialized: "Yunnan and Guizhou's gravest trouble is none other than the Miao and Man. To secure the people one must first subdue the frontier tribes; to subdue them one must replace native chieftains with regular administration. Yet the Miao frontier largely interlocks with neighboring provinces in jagged boundaries; administrative authority must also be consolidated before the problem can be settled once and for all. Take Dongchuan, Wumeng, and Zhenxiong—all were native prefectures under Sichuan. Dongchuan lies only one ridge away from Yunnan—just over four hundred li from the provincial capital of Yunnan, yet more than eighteen hundred li from Chengdu in Sichuan. Last winter the Wumeng native prefecture attacked Dongchuan; Yunnan troops drove them off, and only then did Sichuan's dispatch orders arrive. Wumeng, too, is only a little over six hundred li from the Yunnan provincial capital. Since Kangxi 53 (1714), when the native official Lu Dingqian broke the law, imperial commissioners and the provincial governors jointly tried Bi Jie; Lu emerged only after a regular official was sent in as hostage—and from then on he grew ever bolder. Their registered tax grain came to only a little over three hundred taels, yet what they extracted from the people was a hundred times as much. They imposed four minor levies each year and one major levy every three years. Minor levies were counted in cash; major levies in taels of silver. Whenever a native chieftain took a bride, the common people dared not marry for three years. When a native subject was executed for a crime, his kin still had to pay dozens of taels in gold as "knife-pad" compensation—and the condemned had no hope of daylight again in his lifetime. Dongchuan had been under regular administration for thirty years, yet native headmen still held sway; civil and military officials lodged at the provincial capital, and four hundred li of fertile land lay unreclaimed because no one dared to farm it. If Dongchuan, Wumeng, and Zhenxiong were reassigned to Yunnan so that I might carry out gaitu liuqu as circumstances allow, three prefectures and one garrison could be established to settle the frontier for good. This matter involves Sichuan as well. Guangxi has more than fifty native prefectures, districts, stockade offices, and the like, distributed under Nanning, Taiping, Si'en, and Qingyuan—most of them remnants of Di Qing's campaign against Nong Zhigao and Wang Shouren's campaign against Tianzhou. Their frontier troubles, apart from the Sicheng native prefecture, all arise from native headmen who throw their weight around within the chieftain domains. Moreover, Guizhou and Guangdong had long taken the Zangge River as their boundary, yet Guangdong's Xilong and Guizhou's Pu'an crossed the river and encroached on each other; Miao stockades sprawled across a vast empty frontier, and civil and military officials constantly passed the buck. The north bank should belong to Guizhou and the south bank to Guangdong; additional prefectures and garrisons should be set up so that terrain and power mutually constrain each other. This matter involves Guangxi as well. Yunnan's southwestern frontier is marked by the Lancang River; beyond the river lie the native domains of Cheli, Burma, Laos, and the like. Within the river, the tribes of Dianyuan, Weiyuan, Yuanjiang, Xinping, Pu'er, Chashan, and elsewhere nest in deep fastnesses and roam between Luokui and Ailao; in quiet times they threaten the interior, in crisis they reach out to foreign powers—from Yuan through Ming they were a perennial frontier scourge. Commentators hold that beyond the river native chieftains are appropriate and regular officials are not, while within the river regular officials are appropriate and native chieftains are not. These are the frontier peoples of Yunnan that ought to be brought under control. Guizhou's native chieftains had never been charged with restraining the Miao clans; the Miao menace outweighed that of the chieftains themselves. The Miao frontier spans nearly three thousand li on every side, with more than thirteen hundred stockades; Guzhou sits at the center while clusters of forts ring it on the outside. To the left the Qing River could reach Chu in the north; to the right the Du River could reach Guangdong in the south—both held by stubborn Miao, cutting off three provinces and reducing the region to land beyond the pale. To open the river route and link Guizhou and Guangdong, troops must be driven deep and thorough pacification carried out—nothing less will do. These are the frontier peoples of Guizhou that ought to be brought under control. Your servant reflects that the Ming division between regular and native rule arose because the new frontier was miasmal and unfamiliar and officials unaccustomed to local conditions—so policy adapted to place, using natives as guides and to keep order. Now, after several hundred years, governing Yi through Yi has continued until thieves govern thieves; Miao and Luo need not fear restitution or execution, and native chieftains face no dismissal or confiscation—only when affairs grow grave and reach the throne do they bribe their way to a closed report, and superiors do not press the matter, thinking frontier quiet means the people have no grievances; unless the vines are cut and the source blocked, then even if troops, punishments, and taxes are all put in order, it treats symptoms, not the root. The method of replacing native rule: stratagem and capture come first; military suppression second. Inducing voluntary surrender comes first; compelled submission second. Only by training troops first can the frontier tribes be controlled; only by selecting commanders first can troops be trained. If rewards and punishments are strict and clear and officers and men obey orders, pacifying the interior first and then repelling outsiders, success is assured wherever one turns—it would truly secure Yunnan-Guizhou's frontier for generations to come." The Yongzheng Emperor knew Ortai's ability and that he could handle the frontier; he immediately ordered the three native prefectures of Dongchuan, Wumeng, and Zhenxiong reassigned to Yunnan. In the sixth year the seal of the three-province governor-general was recast, and Ortai was placed in concurrent charge of Guangxi.
5
於是自四年至九年，蠻悉改流，苗亦歸化，間有叛逆，旋即平定。 其間如雍正朝古州苗疆之蕩平，乾隆朝四川大小金川之誅鋤，光緒朝西藏瞻對之征伐，皆事之钜者，分見於篇。
Thus from the fourth to the ninth year the Man domains were all converted to regular administration and the Miao submitted; occasional rebellions were swiftly put down. Among them, such major campaigns as the pacification of the Guzhou Miao frontier under Yongzheng, the suppression of the Greater and Lesser Jinchuan in Sichuan under Qianlong, and the expedition against Zhandui in Tibet under Guangxu are treated separately in their respective chapters.
6
其土官銜號，曰宣慰司，曰宣撫司，曰招討司，曰安撫司，曰長官司。 以勞績之多寡，分尊卑之等差，而府、州、縣之名亦往往有之。
Their native official titles were pacification commission, pacification prefecture, punitive pacification commission, soothing commission, and chief official. Ranks of high and low were distinguished according to merit, and titles of prefecture, department, and district also often appeared.
7
今土司之未改流者，四川宣撫使二：曰卭部，曰沙馬。 宣慰司五：曰木坪，曰明正，曰巴底，曰巴旺，曰德爾格忒。 安撫使二十有一：曰長寧，曰沃日，曰瓦寺，曰梭磨，曰瓜別，曰木裏，曰革布希劄，曰巴底，曰綽斯甲布，曰喇袞，曰瓦述餘科，曰霍耳竹窩，曰霍耳章谷，曰霍耳孔撒，曰霍耳咱，曰林蔥，曰霍耳甘孜麻書，曰霍耳東科，曰春科，曰下瞻對，曰上納奪。 長官司二十有九：曰靜州，曰隴木，曰嶽希，曰松岡，曰卓克基，曰威龍州，曰陽地隘口，曰黨壩，曰河東，曰阿都正，曰普濟州，曰昌州，曰沈邊，曰冷邊，曰瓦述啯隴，曰瓦述毛丫，曰瓦述曲登，曰瓦述色他，曰瓦述更平，曰霍耳納林沖，曰霍耳白利，曰春科高日，曰上瞻對，曰蒙葛結，曰泥溪，曰平夷，曰蠻夷，曰沐川，曰九姓。
Of native chieftains not yet converted to regular administration today, Sichuan has two pacification commissioners: Qiongdu and Shama. Five pacification commissions: Muping, Mingzheng, Badi, Bawang, and De'erge. Twenty-one soothing commissioners: Changning, Wo'er, Wasi, Suomo, Guabie, Muli, Gebuxizha, Badi, Chuosijia, Lagun, Washuyuke, Huo'er Zhuwo, Huo'er Zhanggu, Huo'er Kongsa, Huo'er Zha, Lincong, Huo'er Ganzi Mashu, Huo'er Dongke, Chunke, Lower Zhandui, and Upper Na'duo. Twenty-nine chief officials: Jingzhou, Longmu, Yuexi, Songgang, Zhuokeji, Weilong, Yangdi'aikou, Dangba, Hedong, Aduzheng, Pujizhou, Changzhou, Shenbian, Lengbian, Washu Gonglong, Washu Maoya, Washu Qudeng, Washu Seta, Washu Gengping, Huo'er Nalinchong, Huo'er Baili, Chunke Gaori, Upper Zhandui, Menggejie, Nixi, Pingyi, Manyi, Muchuan, and Jiuxing.
8
雲南宣慰使一：曰車里。 宣撫使五：曰耿馬，曰隴川，曰幹厓，曰南甸，曰孟連。 副宣撫使二：曰遮放，曰盞達。 安撫使三：曰路江，曰芒市，曰猛卯。 副長官司三：曰納樓，曰虧容甸，曰十二關，土府四：曰蒙化，曰景東，曰孟定，曰永寧。 土州四：曰富州，曰灣甸，曰鎮康，曰北勝。
Yunnan has one pacification commissioner: Cheli. Five pacification prefects: Gengma, Longchuan, Ganya, Nandian, and Menglian. Two deputy pacification prefects: Zhefang and Zhanda. Three soothing commissioners: Lujiang, Mangshi, and Mengmao. Three deputy chief officials: Nalou, Kuirongdian, and Shierguan; four native prefectures: Menghua, Jingdong, Mengding, and Yongning. Four native departments: Fuzhou, Wandian, Zhenkang, and Beisheng.
9
貴州長官司六十有二：曰中曹，曰白納，曰養龍，曰虎墜，曰程番，曰上馬，曰小程，曰盧番，曰方番，曰違番，曰羅番，曰臥龍，曰小龍，曰大龍，曰金石，曰大平，曰小平，曰大谷龍，曰小谷龍，曰木瓜，曰麻鄉，曰新添，曰平伐，曰羊場，曰慕役，曰頂營，曰沙營，曰楊義，曰都勻，曰邦水，曰思南，曰豐寧上，曰豐寧下，曰爛土，曰平定，曰樂平，曰卭水，曰偏橋，曰蠻夷，曰沿河，曰郎溪，曰都坪，曰黃道，曰都素，曰施溪，曰潭溪，曰新化，曰歐陽，曰亮寨，曰湖耳，曰中林，曰八舟，曰龍里，曰古州，曰洪州，曰省溪，曰提溪，曰烏羅，曰平頭，曰垂西，曰抵寨，曰岩門。 副長官司三：曰西堡，曰康莊，曰石門。
Guizhou has sixty-two chief officials: Zhongcao, Bainuo, Yanglong, Huzhui, Chengfan, Shangma, Xiaocheng, Lufan, Fangfan, Weifan, Luofan, Wolong, Xiaolong, Dalong, Jinshi, Daping, Xiaoping, Dagulong, Xiaogulong, Mugua, Maxiang, Xintian, Pingfa, Yangchang, Muyi, Dingying, Shaying, Yangyi, Duyun, Bangshui, Sinan, Upper and Lower Fengning, Lantu, Pingding, Leping, Qiongshui, Pianqiao, Manyi, Yanhe, Langxi, Duding, Huangdao, Dusu, Shixi, Tanxi, Xinhua, Ouyang, Liangzhai, Hu'er, Zhonglin, Bazhou, Longli, Guzhou, Hongzhou, Shengxi, Tixi, Wuluo, Pingtou, Chuixi, Dizhai, and Yanmen. Three deputy chief officials: Xibao, Kangzhuang, and Shimen.
10
廣西土州二十有六：曰忠州，曰歸德，曰果化，曰下雷，曰下石西，曰思陵，曰憑祥，曰江州，曰思州，曰萬承，曰太平，曰安平，曰龍英，曰都結，曰結安，曰上下凍，曰佶倫，曰茗州，曰茗盈，曰鎮遠，曰那地，曰南舟，曰田州，曰向武，曰都康，曰上映。 土縣四：曰羅陽，曰上林，曰羅白，曰忻城。 長官司三：曰遷隆峒，曰永定，曰永順。
Guangxi has twenty-six native departments: Zhongzhou, Guide, Guohua, Xialei, Xiashixi, Siling, Pingxiang, Jiangzhou, Sizhou, Wancheng, Taiping, Anping, Longying, Dujie, Jie'an, Upper and Lower Dong, Jilun, Mingzhou, Mingying, Zhenyuan, Nadi, Nanzhou, Tianzhou, Xiangwu, Dukang, and Shangying. Four native districts: Luoyang, Shanglin, Luobai, and Xincheng. Three chief officials: Qianlongdong, Yongding, and Yongshun.
11
凡宣慰、宣撫、安撫、長官等司之承襲隸兵部，土府、土州之承襲隸吏部。 凡土司貢賦，或比年一貢，或三年一貢，各因其土產，穀米、牛馬、皮、布，皆折以銀，而會計於戶部。
Succession for pacification commissions, pacification prefectures, soothing commissions, and chief officials fell under the Ministry of War; succession for native prefectures and native departments fell under the Ministry of Personnel. Tribute and levies from native chieftains were paid either annually or every three years, according to local products—grain, cattle, hides, cloth—all converted to silver and accounted for at the Ministry of Revenue.
12
雍正七年，川陝總督岳鍾琪奏四川巴塘、里塘等處請授宣撫司三員、安撫司九員、長官司十二員，給與印結號紙，副土官四員、千戶三員、百戶二十四員，給以職銜，以分職守。 內巴塘、裏塘正副土官原無世代頭目承襲，請照流官例。 如有事故，開缺題補，與他土司不同。
In Yongzheng 7, Governor-General Yue Zhongqi of Sichuan-Shaanxi memorialized that Batang, Litang, and other places in Sichuan sought appointment of three pacification prefects, nine soothing commissioners, and twelve chief officials, with seals, credentials, and patents; four deputy native officials, three chiliarchs, and twenty-four centurions were to receive titles to divide responsibilities. The principal and deputy native officials of Batang and Litang originally had no hereditary clan heads to succeed them; he asked that they follow the regular-official precedent. If a vacancy occurred, the post would be opened and filled by imperial appointment—unlike other native chieftains.
13
湖廣之西南隅，戰國時巫郡、黔中地。 湖北之施南、容美，湖南之永順、保靖、桑植，境地毗連，介於岳、辰、常德、宜昌之間，與川東巴、夔相接壤，南通黔，西通蜀。 元時所置宣慰、安撫、長官司之屬，明時因之。 向推永、保諸宣慰，世席富強，兵亦果敢，每遇征伐，荷戈前驅，國家倚之為重。 清有天下，僅施南、散毛、容美三宣撫使，永順、保靖兩宣慰使而已。 雍正年間，施南、容美、永順、保靖先後納土，特設施南一府，隸北布政使，永順一府，隸南布政使。 兩府既設，合境無土司名目。 後有苗寇，分見各傳，不入此篇。
The southwestern corner of Huguang was the territory of Wu Commandery and Qianzhong in the Warring States period. Shinan and Rongmei in Hubei and Yongshun, Baojing, and Sangzhi in Hunan adjoin one another, lying between Yuezhou, Chenzhou, Changde, and Yichang, bordering Ba and Kui in eastern Sichuan, reaching Guizhou in the south and Shu in the west. The pacification commissions, soothing commissions, and chief officials established under the Yuan were retained under the Ming. The Yongshun and Baojing pacification commissioners had long enjoyed wealth and power; their troops were bold, and whenever campaigns arose they bore arms in the vanguard—the state relied on them heavily. When the Qing gained the realm, only three pacification prefects remained—Shinan, Sanmao, and Rongmei—and two pacification commissioners, Yongshun and Baojing. In the Yongzheng reign Shinan, Rongmei, Yongshun, and Baojing surrendered their domains in turn; a Shinan Prefecture was specially established under the northern provincial administration, and a Yongshun Prefecture under the southern. Once the two prefectures were established, the entire region had no native chieftain titles left. Later Miao bandit troubles are treated separately in other chapters and are not included here.
14
施南：古巴地。 秦、漢南郡蠻。 唐施州。 元置施南宣撫司、忠孝安撫司。 明玉珍時，復置忠路宣撫司。 明宣德三年，復置劍南長官司，立施州衛，領所一、宣撫司四、安撫司九、長官司十三、蠻夷官司五。 清康熙三年，施州始歸順。 四年，改沙溪宣慰司為宣撫司，改劍南長官司為建南長官司，而施南宣撫司、忠孝安撫司、忠路安撫司如故。 雍正六年，從湖廣總督邁柱之請，裁施州衛，設恩施縣，改歸州直隸州，原管之十五土司並隸恩施縣。 十二年，忠孝安撫司田璋納土，其地入於恩施縣。 十三年，施南宣撫司覃禹鼎以罪改流，於是忠峒土司田光祖等並請歸流，乃以十五土司並原設恩施縣，特設施南府，領六縣。 容美改鶴峰州，別隸宜昌府，領於巡荊道。 明制，施州衛，轄三里、五所、三十一土司，市郭里、都亭里、崇寧里，附郭左、右、中三所，大田軍民千戶所，支羅鎮守百戶所。
Shinan: ancient Ba territory. Under Qin and Han, the tribes of Nan Commandery. Under the Tang, Shizhou. The Yuan established the Shinan Pacification Prefecture and the Zhongxiao Soothing Commission. In the time of Ming Yuzhen, the Zhonglu Pacification Prefecture was re-established. In Xuande 3 (1428) the Jiannan Chief Official was re-established and Shizhou Guard was founded, governing one battalion, four pacification prefectures, nine soothing commissions, thirteen chief officials, and five Man-Yi offices. In Kangxi 3 (1664) Shizhou first submitted to the Qing. In the fourth year the Shaxi Pacification Commission was reduced to a Pacification Prefecture, and the Jiannan Chief Official was renamed the Jiannan Chief Official; the Shinan Pacification Prefecture, Zhongxiao Soothing Commission, and Zhonglu Soothing Commission remained unchanged. In Yongzheng 6, at the request of Governor-General Mai Zhu of Huguang, Shizhou Guard was abolished, Enshi County established, Guizhou made a directly governed department, and the fifteen native chieftains formerly under its jurisdiction placed under Enshi County. In the twelfth year, Tian Zhang of the Zhongxiao Soothing Commission surrendered his domain, and his territory was incorporated into Enshi County. In the thirteenth year, Qin Yuding of the Shinan Pacification Prefecture was converted to regular administration for a crime; thereupon Tian Guangzu of the Zhongdong native chieftain and others also petitioned for conversion. The fifteen native chieftains together with the existing Enshi County were combined to establish Shinan Prefecture specially, governing six counties. Rongmei was changed to Hefeng Department, separately subordinated to Yichang Prefecture and placed under the Xunjing circuit. Under the Ming system, Shizhou Guard governed three li, five battalions, and thirty-one native chieftains—the Shiguo, Duting, and Chongning li; the Left, Right, and Central city-attached battalions; the Datian Military-Civilian Thousand-Household Battalion; and the Zhiluo Garrison Hundred-Household Battalion.
15
大田所，元為散毛峒。 明洪武五年定其地，二十三年屬千戶所，仍名散毛。 尋改為大田軍民千戶所，領百戶所一、土官百戶所十、剌惹等三峒。
Datian Battalion had been Sanmao Cave under the Yuan. In Hongwu 5 (1372) its boundaries were fixed; in the twenty-third year it was placed under a thousand-household battalion and still called Sanmao. It was soon renamed the Datian Military-Civilian Thousand-Household Battalion, governing one hundred-household battalion, ten native-official hundred-household battalions, and three caves including Laren.
16
支羅所，舊隸龍潭司。 明嘉靖四十四年，因峒長黃中叛，討平之，遂割半置所立屯，以百戶二員世鎮之，而今峒司屬焉。
Zhiluo Battalion had formerly been subordinate to Longtan Commission. In Jiajing 44 (1565), after cave chief Huang Zhong rebelled and was suppressed, half the territory was carved off to establish a battalion and garrison; two hundred-household officers were posted there in perpetuity, and the present cave commission was placed under its jurisdiction.
17
施南宣撫司，元施南道宣慰使。 明洪武四年，覃大富入朝，七年，升宣撫司。 清因之。 雍正時，覃禹鼎襲。 禹鼎，容美土司田明如婿也，有罪輒匿容美。 當事以明如之先從征紅苗有功，置勿問。 十三年，明如被逮，自經死。 禹鼎以淫惡抗提，擬罪改流，以其地置利川縣。
Shinan Pacification Prefecture had been the Shinan Circuit Pacification Commissioner under the Yuan. In Hongwu 4 (1371) Qin Dafu came to court; in the seventh year the office was promoted to Pacification Prefecture. The Qing retained the arrangement. In the Yongzheng era Qin Yuding succeeded to the office. Yuding was the son-in-law of Tian Mingru, the Rongmei native chieftain; whenever he committed an offense he would take refuge in Rongmei. The authorities, citing Mingru's earlier merit in campaigning against the Red Miao, let the matter pass without inquiry. In the thirteenth year Mingru was arrested and hanged himself. Yuding, for lewd and wicked conduct in resisting official summons, was sentenced to conversion to regular administration; his territory was made Lichuan County.
18
東鄉安撫司，明玉珍置東鄉五路宣撫司。 明洪武六年改安撫司，命覃起喇為之。 清初歸附。 雍正十年，覃壽椿以長子得罪正法，改流，以其地入恩施縣。
Dongxiang Soothing Commission had been the Dongxiang Five-Routes Pacification Prefecture established by Ming Yuzhen. In Hongwu 6 (1373) it was changed to a Soothing Commission, and Qin Qila was appointed to the post. Early in the Qing they submitted to the dynasty. In Yongzheng 10 (1732), because Qin Shoucun's eldest son was executed for an offense, the domain was converted to regular administration and its territory was incorporated into Enshi County.
19
忠建宣撫司，明洪武四年，以田恩俊為之。 六年，改宣撫司。 清初歸附。 雍正十一年，田興爵以橫暴不法擬流，以其地為恩施縣。
Zhongjian Pacification Prefecture—in Hongwu 4 (1371) Tian Enjun was appointed to the post. In the sixth year it was changed to a Pacification Prefecture. Early in the Qing they submitted to the dynasty. In Yongzheng 11 (1733), Tian Xingjue was sentenced to conversion to regular administration for tyranny and lawlessness; his territory became Enshi County.
20
金峒安撫司，明洪武四年，以覃耳毛為之。 清初歸附。 康熙四十三年，覃世英襲。 子邦舜，呈請改流，以其地為咸豐縣。
Jindong Soothing Commission—in Hongwu 4 (1371) Qin Ermao was appointed to the post. Early in the Qing they submitted to the dynasty. In Kangxi 43 (1704) Qin Shiying succeeded to the office. His son Bangshun petitioned for conversion to regular administration, and the territory became Xianfeng County.
21
忠峒安撫司，元置湖南鎮邊宣慰司。 明洪武四年，命田璽玉為宣撫司。 永樂四年，改安撫司。 清初田楚珍歸附，調征播州有功，仍准襲職。 雍正十二年，田光祖糾十五土司呈請納土歸流，以其地入宣恩縣。
Zhongdong Soothing Commission had been the Hunan Frontier Pacification Commission established under the Yuan. In Hongwu 4 (1371) Tian Xiyu was appointed Pacification Prefecture. In Yongle 4 (1406) it was changed to a Soothing Commission. Early in the Qing Tian Chuzhen submitted; for merit in the Bozhou campaign he was still permitted to succeed to office. In Yongzheng 12 (1734), Tian Guangzu rallied fifteen native chieftains to petition surrendering their domains and converting to regular administration; their territory was incorporated into Xuan'en County.
22
散毛宣撫司，元為散毛府。 至正六年，改宣撫司。 明洪武四年，命覃野旺為宣撫司，割其半為大田所。 清初覃勳麟歸附，仍准襲職。 雍正十三年，覃烜納土，以其地入來鳳縣。
Sanmao Pacification Prefecture had been Sanmao Prefecture under the Yuan. In Zhi Zheng 6 (1346) it was changed to a Pacification Prefecture. In Hongwu 4 (1371) Qin Yewang was appointed Pacification Prefecture, and half the territory was carved off as Datian Battalion. Early in the Qing Qin Xunlin submitted and was still permitted to succeed to office. In Yongzheng 13 (1735) Qin Xuan surrendered his domain, and the territory was incorporated into Laifeng County.
23
忠路安撫司，明洪武四年，命覃英為安撫司。 清康熙元年，覃承國歸附，以征譚逆功襲前職。 雍正十三年，覃楚梓納土，以其地改利川縣。
Zhonglu Soothing Commission—in Hongwu 4 (1371) Qin Ying was appointed Soothing Commissioner. In Kangxi 1 (1662) Qin Chengguo submitted; for merit in campaigning against the Tan rebel he succeeded to his former office. In Yongzheng 13 (1735) Qin Chuzi surrendered his domain, and the territory was made Lichuan County.
24
忠孝安撫司，元至正十一年，改軍民府。 明洪武四年，以田墨施為安撫司。 清因之。 康熙八年，田京襲，累授總兵。 十九年，告休。 雍正十三年，田璋納土，以其地為恩施縣。
Zhongxiao Soothing Commission—in Zhi Zheng 11 (1351) it was changed to a Military-Civilian Prefecture. In Hongwu 4 (1371) Tian Moshi was appointed Soothing Commissioner. The Qing retained the arrangement. In Kangxi 8 (1669) Tian Jing succeeded to the office and was repeatedly appointed regional commander. In the nineteenth year he requested retirement. In Yongzheng 13 (1735) Tian Zhang surrendered his domain, and the territory became Enshi County.
25
高羅安撫司，元高羅寨長官司。 明洪武六年，改安撫司，以田大名為之。 清順治初，田飛龍歸附，仍准世襲。 雍正十三年，田昭納土，以其地入宣恩縣。
Gaoluo Soothing Commission had been the Gaoluo Stockade Chief Official under the Yuan. In Hongwu 6 (1373) it was changed to a Soothing Commission, and Tian Daming was appointed to the post. In early Shunzhi Tian Feilong submitted and was still permitted hereditary succession. In Yongzheng 13 (1735) Tian Zhao surrendered his domain, and the territory was incorporated into Xuan'en County.
26
木冊長官司，元置安撫司。 明永樂六年，改長官司，以田穀佐為長官司。 清初，田經國歸附，仍與世襲。 雍正十三年，田應鼎納土，以其地入宣恩縣。
Muce Chief Official had been a Soothing Commission established under the Yuan. In Yongle 6 (1408) it was changed to a Chief Official domain, and Tian Guzuo was appointed Chief Official. Early in the Qing Tian Jingguo submitted and was still granted hereditary succession. In Yongzheng 13 (1735) Tian Yingding surrendered his domain, and the territory was incorporated into Xuan'en County.
27
大旺安撫司，元至正置。 明洪武四年，以田驢蹄為安撫司。 清康熙初，田永封歸附，仍准襲職。 雍正十三年，田正元納土，以其地入來鳳縣。
Dawang Soothing Commission was established in the Zhi Zheng era of the Yuan. In Hongwu 4 (1371) Tian Lüti was appointed Soothing Commissioner. In early Kangxi Tian Yongfeng submitted and was still permitted to succeed to office. In Yongzheng 13 (1735) Tian Zhengyuan surrendered his domain, and the territory was incorporated into Laifeng County.
28
臨壁長官司，原附大旺。 清康熙元年，頒給田琦印信，仍與世襲。 雍正十三年，田封疆納土，以其地入來鳳縣。 東流安撫司，原附大旺。
Linbi Chief Official had originally been attached to Dawang. In Kangxi 1 (1662) a seal was conferred on Tian Qi, and hereditary succession was still granted. In Yongzheng 13 (1735) Tian Fengjiang surrendered his domain, and the territory was incorporated into Laifeng County. Dongliu Soothing Commission had originally been attached to Dawang.
29
唐崖長官司，元置千戶所。 明洪武七年，改長官司。 清初覃宗禹歸附，仍與世襲。 雍正十三年，覃梓桂納土，以其地入咸豐縣。
Tangya Chief Official had been a Thousand-Household Battalion established under the Yuan. In Hongwu 7 (1374) it was changed to a Chief Official domain. Early in the Qing Qin Zongyu submitted and was still granted hereditary succession. In Yongzheng 13 (1735) Qin Zigui surrendered his domain, and the territory was incorporated into Xianfeng County.
30
龍潭安撫司，明洪武四年，以田應虎為安撫司。 清初歸附，仍准世襲。 雍正十三年，田貴龍納土，以其地入咸豐縣。
Longtan Soothing Commission—in Hongwu 4 (1371) Tian Yinghu was appointed Soothing Commissioner. Early in the Qing they submitted to the dynasty, and hereditary succession was still permitted. In Yongzheng 13 (1735) Tian Guilong surrendered his domain, and the territory was incorporated into Xianfeng County.
31
沙溪安撫司，明置。 清初歸附。 康熙四年，黃天奇襲安撫司。 天奇子楚昌。 初，楚昌入施州衛學為諸生。 時諸司爭並，民鮮知禮，楚昌折節力學，有時名。 及襲職，設官學，公餘與多士講肄，多所成就。 楚昌死，子正爵襲。 雍正十三年，改流，其地入於利川縣。
Shaxi Soothing Commission was established in the Ming. Early in the Qing they submitted to the dynasty. In Kangxi 4 (1665) Huang Tianqi succeeded to the Soothing Commission. Tianqi's son was Chuchang. At first Chuchang entered Shizhou Guard School as a licentiate. At the time the various commissions vied to annex one another and the people scarcely knew propriety; Chuchang humbled himself and studied hard, winning a reputation in his day. When he succeeded to office he established an official school; in his spare hours he lectured and studied with many scholars, and many of them went on to distinction. When Chuchang died, his son Zhengjue succeeded to the office. In Yongzheng 13 (1735) it was converted to regular administration, and the territory was incorporated into Lichuan County.
32
卯峒長官司，清雍正十三年，長官司向舜納土，以其地入來鳳縣。
Maodong Chief Official—in Yongzheng 13 (1735) Chief Official Xiang Shun surrendered his domain, and the territory was incorporated into Laifeng County.
33
漫水宣撫司，清初，宣撫司向國泰歸附，仍准世襲。 雍正十三年，向庭官納土，其地入於來鳳縣。
Manshui Pacification Prefecture—early in the Qing, Pacification Commissioner Xiang Guotai submitted and was still permitted hereditary succession. In Yongzheng 13 (1735) Xiang Tingguan surrendered his domain, and the territory was incorporated into Laifeng County.
34
西萍長官司，雍正十三年裁，其地入於咸豐縣。
Xiping Chief Official was abolished in Yongzheng 13 (1735), and the territory was incorporated into Xianfeng County.
35
建南長官司，明宣德五年置。 清雍正十三年裁，其地入於利川縣。
Jiannan Chief Official was established in Xuande 5 (1430). In Yongzheng 13 (1735) it was abolished, and the territory was incorporated into Lichuan County.
36
容美土司，唐元和元年，田行皋從高崇文討平劉辟，授施溱溶萬招討把截使，仍知四州事。 宋有田思政。 元有田乾亨。 明洪武三年，田光寶以元所授誥敕詣行在請換，乃命光寶仍為宣慰使。 傳至田既霖，清順治間歸附，仍授宣慰使。 子甘霖襲。 甘霖字特雲，著合浦集。 甘霖子舜年，字九峰，受吳逆偽承恩伯敕，後繳。 奉檄從征有勞績，頗招名流習文史，刻有廿一史纂。 日自課，某日讀某經、閱某史至某處，刻於書之空處，用小印志之。 有白鹿堂集、容陽世述錄。 子明如襲職。 以放肆為趙申喬劾奏，奉旨原宥。 雍正十一年，再為邁柱嚴參，明如移駐平山寨儗抗拒，為石樑長官司張彤砫催迫，明如自盡。 改土歸流，改司為鶴峰州，隸宜昌府。
The Rongmei native chieftain—in Yuanhe 1 (806) Tian Xinggao followed Gao Chongwen in suppressing Liu Pi and was appointed Pacification-and-Interception Commissioner over Shi, Qin, Rong, and Wan, and continued to administer the affairs of the four prefectures. Under the Song there was Tian Minzheng. Under the Yuan there was Tian Qianheng. In Hongwu 3 (1370) Tian Guangbao brought the patents conferred by the Yuan to the temporary capital to request reissuance, and Guangbao was then appointed Pacification Commissioner. The line passed to Tian Jilin; in the Shunzhi era he submitted to the Qing and was still appointed Pacification Commissioner. His son Ganlin succeeded to the office. Ganlin, styled Teyun, authored the Hepu Collection. Ganlin's son Shunnian, styled Jiufeng, had accepted a false patent as Baron of Chengen from the Wu rebel, which he later surrendered. Obeying orders he campaigned with meritorious service; he greatly recruited distinguished men to study literature and history, and had the Twenty-One Histories Compendium printed. He set himself daily lessons: on such-and-such a day he read such-and-such a classic or perused such-and-such a history to such-and-such a point—he had this carved in the blank margins of his books and marked it with a small seal. He authored the Bailu Hall Collection and the Rongyang Hereditary Chronicle. His son Mingru succeeded to the office. For license he was impeached by Zhao Shenqiao, but an imperial decree pardoned him. In Yongzheng 11 (1733) he was again severely impeached by Mai Zhu; Mingru moved his headquarters to Pingshan Stockade intending to resist, was pressed by Zhang Tongzhu of the Shiliang Chief Official, and took his own life. The native domain was converted to regular administration; the commission was changed to Hefeng Department, subordinate to Yichang Prefecture.
37
永順：漢武陵，隋辰州，唐溪州地。 宋時為永順州。 元時，彭萬潛自改為永順等處軍民安撫司。 明洪武五年，改宣慰使。 清順治四年，恭順王孔有德至辰州，宣慰使彭宏澎率三知州、六長官、三百八十峒苗蠻歸附。 十四年，頒給宣慰使印，並設流官經歷一員。 康熙十年，吳三桂叛踞辰龍關，授永順宣慰使彭廷椿偽印，廷椿繳之。 奉旨賞其子宏海總兵銜，令率土兵協剿，有功，授宣慰司印。 雍正六年，宣慰使彭肇槐納土，請歸江西祖籍，有旨嘉獎，授參將，並世襲拖沙喇哈番之職，賜銀一萬兩，聽其在江西祖籍立產安插，改永順司為府，附郭為永順縣，分永順白崖峒地為龍山縣。
Yongshun: Under the Han it was Wuling; under the Sui, Chenzhou; under the Tang, Xizhou territory. Under the Song it became Yongshun Prefecture. Under the Yuan, Peng Wanqian reorganized the domain as the Yongshun and Other Places Military-Civilian Pacification Commission. In Hongwu 5 (1372) it was converted to a pacification commissioner's office. In Shunzhi 4 (1647), Prince Gongshun Kong Youde reached Chenzhou, and Pacification Commissioner Peng Hongpeng brought over three native prefects, six chief officials, and the people of three hundred eighty Miao and Man stockades in submission. In the fourteenth year (1657), the pacification commissioner's seal was issued and a regular-administration registrar was appointed. In Kangxi 10 (1671), Wu Sangui rebelled and held Chenlong Pass; he issued a false seal to Yongshun Pacification Commissioner Peng Tingchun, but Tingchun turned it in. By imperial order his son Honghai received the rank of regional commander and was sent to lead native troops in the joint campaign; for his merit he was granted the pacification commission's seal. In Yongzheng 6 (1728), Pacification Commissioner Peng Zhaohuai returned his native domain and asked to resettle in his ancestral home in Jiangxi. An edict praised him; he was made a colonel and granted the hereditary rank of Tuwashalahafan, with ten thousand taels of silver, and permission to establish estates and settle in Jiangxi. The Yongshun Commission became a prefecture, its seat became Yongshun County, and the Baiya Cave region was split off as Longshan County.
38
南渭州土知州，屬永順司。 元至元中，置安撫司。 明洪武二年，以彭萬金為土知州。 傳至彭應麟，清順治四年，歸附。 雍正五年，彭宗國納土，以其地入永順縣。
The Nanwei Prefecture native prefecture was subordinate to the Yongshun Commission. During the Yuan Zhongyuan era a pacification commission was established. In Hongwu 2 (1369), Peng Wanjin was appointed native prefect. The line descended to Peng Yinglin, who submitted in Shunzhi 4 (1647). In Yongzheng 5 (1727), Peng Zongguo returned his domain, and its lands were annexed to Yongshun County.
39
施溶州土知州，在永順司東南。 元會溪、施溶等處長官司。 明洪武二年，改州，以田建霸為土知州。 傳至田茂年，清順治四年，歸附。 雍正五年，田永豐納土。
The Shirong Prefecture native prefecture lay southeast of the Yongshun Commission. Under the Yuan it was the Huixi, Shirong, and Other Places Chief Official. In Hongwu 2 (1369) it was converted to a prefecture, with Tian Jianba as native prefect. The line descended to Tian Maonian, who submitted in Shunzhi 4 (1647). In Yongzheng 5 (1727), Tian Yongfeng returned his domain.
40
上溪州土知州，屬永順司。 明洪武二年，以張義保為土知州。 傳至張漢卿，清順治四年，歸附。 雍正五年，張漢儒納土。
The Shangxi Prefecture native prefecture was subordinate to the Yongshun Commission. In Hongwu 2 (1369), Zhang Yibao was appointed native prefect. The line descended to Zhang Hanqing, who submitted in Shunzhi 4 (1647). In Yongzheng 5 (1727), Zhang Hanru returned his domain.
41
臘惹峒長官司，元屬思州，以向孛爍為總管。 明洪武五年，改屬永順司，以田世貴為長官司。 傳至田仕朝，清順治四年，歸附。 雍正五年，田中和納土。
The Layre Cave Chief Official. Under the Yuan it belonged to Sizhou, with Xiang Boluo as superintendent. In Hongwu 5 (1372) it was transferred to the Yongshun Commission, with Tian Shigui as chief official. The line descended to Tian Shichao, who submitted in Shunzhi 4 (1647). In Yongzheng 5 (1727), Tian Zhonghe returned his domain.
42
麥著黃峒長官司，元曰麥著土村，屬思州。 明洪武五年，改屬永順司，以黃穀踵為長官司。 傳至黃甲，清順治四年，歸附。 雍正五年，黃正乾納土。
The Maizhu Huang Cave Chief Official. Under the Yuan it was called Maizhu Native Village and belonged to Sizhou. In Hongwu 5 (1372) it was transferred to the Yongshun Commission, with Huang Guzhong as chief official. The line descended to Huang Jia, who submitted in Shunzhi 4 (1647). In Yongzheng 5 (1727), Huang Zhengqian returned his domain.
43
驢遲峒長官司，元屬思州。 明洪武五年，改屬永順司，以向迪踵為長官司。 傳至向光胄，清順治四年，歸附。 雍正五年，向錫爵納土。
The Lvchi Cave Chief Official. Under the Yuan it belonged to Sizhou. In Hongwu 5 (1372) it was transferred to the Yongshun Commission, with Xiang Dizhong as chief official. The line descended to Xiang Guangzhou, who submitted in Shunzhi 4 (1647). In Yongzheng 5 (1727), Xiang Xijue returned his domain.
44
施溶溪長官司，元屬思州。 明初，改屬永順司，以汪良為長官司。 傳至汪世忠，清順治四年，歸附。 雍正五年，汪文珂納土。
The Shirong Stream Chief Official. Under the Yuan it belonged to Sizhou. In the early Ming it was transferred to the Yongshun Commission, with Wang Liang as chief official. The line descended to Wang Shizhong, who submitted in Shunzhi 4 (1647). In Yongzheng 5 (1727), Wang Wenke returned his domain.
45
白岩峒長官司，元屬葛蠻安撫司。 明初，改屬永順司，以張那律為長官司。 傳至張四教，清順治四年，歸附。 雍正五年，張宗略納土。
The Baiyan Cave Chief Official. Under the Yuan it belonged to the Geman Pacification Commission. In the early Ming it was transferred to the Yongshun Commission, with Zhang Nalu as chief official. The line descended to Zhang Sijiao, who submitted in Shunzhi 4 (1647). In Yongzheng 5 (1727), Zhang Zonglue returned his domain.
46
田家峒長官司，明洪武三年，以田勝祖為長官司。 傳至田興祿，清順治四年，歸附。 雍正五年，田藎臣納土。
The Tianjia Cave Chief Official. In Hongwu 3 (1370), Tian Shengzu was appointed chief official. The line descended to Tian Xinglu, who submitted in Shunzhi 4 (1647). In Yongzheng 5 (1727), Tian Jinchen returned his domain.
47
保靖宣慰司，亦唐溪州地。 宋曰保靜州。 元為保靖州安撫司。 明仍為安撫使。 清順治四年，明宣慰司彭象乾之子彭朝柱歸附。 象乾曾孫澤虹病廢，其妻彭氏用事。 漢奸高倫、張為任二人結連其舍把長官彭澤蛟、彭祖裕等，相與樹黨，以劫殺為事。 雍正元年，澤虹死，子御彬幼，澤蛟欲奪其職，為禦彬所遏。 迨御彬襲職，肆為淫凶，澤蛟與其弟澤虬合謀，互相劫殺。 二年，御彬以追緝澤蛟為名，潛結容美土司田旻如、桑植土司向國棟，率土兵搶虜保靖民財。 七年，御彬安置遼陽，以其地為保靖縣。
The Baojing Pacification Commission was also Tang-era Xizhou territory. Under the Song it was known as Baojing Prefecture. Under the Yuan it became the Baojing Prefecture Pacification Commission. Under the Ming it remained a pacification commissioner's office. In Shunzhi 4 (1647), Peng Zhaozhu, son of the Ming pacification commissioner Peng Xiangqian, submitted. Xiangqian's great-grandson Ze Hong was incapacitated by illness, and his wife Lady Peng wielded authority. The Han collaborators Gao Lun and Zhang Weiren allied with his subordinate chief officials Peng Zejiao, Peng Zuyu, and others, building factions and making robbery and murder their livelihood. In Yongzheng 1 (1723), Ze Hong died. His son Peng Yubin was still a child, and Zejiao tried to seize the office but was thwarted by Yubin. Once Yubin succeeded to the office, he gave himself over to lewdness and cruelty; Zejiao and his brother Zeqiu plotted together, and the factions raided and killed one another. In the second year (1724), Peng Yubin, claiming to pursue Zejiao, secretly allied with Rongmei chieftain Tian Minru and Sangzhi chieftain Xiang Guodong and led native troops to plunder the property of Baojing commoners. In the seventh year (1729), Peng Yubin was resettled in Liaoyang; his domain was converted to Baojing County.
48
大喇司，在龍山縣，屬保靖司。 明正德十五年，以土舍彭惠協理巡檢事。 傳至彭禦佶，雍正十三年，納土。
The Dala Commission lay in Longshan County and was subordinate to the Baojing Commission. In Zhengde 15 (1520), native cadet Peng Hui was appointed to assist in patrol duties. The line descended to Peng Yuji, who returned his domain in Yongzheng 13 (1735).
49
桑植宣慰司，本慈利縣地。 元有上桑植、下桑植宣慰司。 明置安撫司。 清順治四年，宣慰司向鼎歸附，授原職。 鼎子長庚調鎮古州八萬。 長庚子向國棟殘虐，與容美、永順、茅岡各土司相仇殺，民不堪命。 雍正四年，土經歷唐宗聖與國棟弟國柄等相率赴愬，總督傅敏入奏，乃繳追印篆，國棟安置河南，以其地為桑植縣。
The Sangzhi Pacification Commission was originally part of Cili County. Under the Yuan there were separate Upper and Lower Sangzhi pacification commissions. Under the Ming a pacification commission was established. In Shunzhi 4 (1647), Pacification Commissioner Xiang Ding submitted and was confirmed in his former post. Ding's son Chang Geng was transferred to command the Bawan garrison at Guzhou. Chang Geng's son Xiang Guodong ruled with brutal cruelty, feuding with the Rongmei, Yongshun, and Maogang chieftains in mutual slaughter until the people could endure no more. In Yongzheng 4 (1726), native registrar Tang Zongsheng joined Guodong's brother Guobing and others in a joint appeal to the throne. After Governor-General Fu Min memorialized, the seals were recalled, Guodong was resettled in Henan, and his domain was converted to Sangzhi County.
50
上下峒長官司，明置宣撫司，復改為長官司，而分其地為二。 清康熙二年，向九鸞、向日葵歸附。 二十一年，給九鸞上峒長官司印，日葵下峒長官司印。 雍正十三年，上峒司向玉衡、下峒司向良佐納土，以其地屬桑植縣。
The Upper and Lower Cave Chief Officials. The Ming first established a pacification commissioner, then converted the office to chief officials and split the territory in two. In Kangxi 2 (1663), Xiang Jiuluan and Xiang Rikui submitted. In the twenty-first year (1682), Jiuluan received the Upper Cave chief-official seal and Rikui the Lower Cave chief-official seal. In Yongzheng 13 (1735), Upper Cave Commissioner Xiang Yuheng and Lower Cave Commissioner Xiang Liangzuo returned their domains, and their lands were annexed to Sangzhi County.
51
茅岡長官司，明改天平千戶所。 清順治四年，石門天平所千戶覃祚昌、茅岡長官覃廕祚等相繼歸附，給與印信。 雍正十二年，茅岡土司覃純一納土，石門天平所、慈利麻寮所相繼請設流官，分其地屬石門、慈利、安福三縣。
The Maogang Chief Official. Under the Ming it was converted to the Tianping Guard Battalion. In Shunzhi 4 (1647), Shimen Tianping Guard Battalion Commander Tan Zuchang, Maogang Chief Official Tan Yinzuo, and others submitted in succession and received official seals. In Yongzheng 12 (1734), Maogang chieftain Tan Chunyi returned his domain. The Shimen Tianping and Cili Maliao guard battalions successively petitioned for regular administrators, and their territories were divided among Shimen, Cili, and Anfu counties.