Volume 518 Biographies 305: Frontier Dependencies 1: Khorchin, Jalaid, Dorbod, Gorlos, Harqin, Tumed

清起東夏，始定內盟。康熙、乾隆兩戡准部。自松花、黑龍諸江，迤邐而西，絕大漠，亙金山，疆丁零、鮮卑之域，南盡昆侖、析支、渠搜，三危既宅，至於黑水，皆為籓部。撫馭賓貢，夐越漢、唐。屏翰之重，所以寵之；甥舅之聯，所以戚之；銳劉之衛，所以懷之；教政之修，所以宣之。世更十二，載越廿紀，虔奉約束，聿共盟會，奧矣昌矣。若夫元之戚垣，自為風氣；明之蕃衛，虛有名字，蓋未可以同年而語。帶礪之盛，具見世表。茲綜事實，列之為傳。揆文奮武，悅近來遠，疏附禦侮，可得大凡。末造顛頹，乃彰畔渙。盛衰得失，斯可鑒已。科爾沁部，在喜峰口外，至京師千二百八十里。東西距八百七十里，南北距二千有百里。東紮賚特，西紮嚕特，南盛京邊牆，北黑龍江。

The Qing dynasty rose in the eastern Xia region and first consolidated the Inner Mongol leagues. Under the Kangxi and Qianlong reigns the court twice pacified the Dzungars. From the Sungari and Amur rivers the frontier ran west in a great arc across the desert and the Altai range, through the old territories of the Dingling and Xianbei, and south to Kunlun, Qizhi, Qusou, and the settled lands of Sanwei, down to the Amur—all of it organized as Qing frontier dependencies. In governing and receiving tribute from its frontier subjects, the Qing far outstripped even Han and Tang. They were honored as the dynasty's outer shield and inner bulwark; marriage alliances bound them as kin; elite military service won their loyalty; and the spread of civilizing policy made the court's will known throughout the frontier. Through twelve reigns and more than twenty decades they reverently kept their obligations and met in league assembly together—a frontier order both deep-rooted and thriving. The Yuan had its imperial kin, each with its own ways; while the Ming's frontier guards were little more than names on paper—hardly comparable at all. The full splendor of these investitures and frontier honors is recorded reign by reign in the chronological tables. Here the facts are gathered and set out in the biographies that follow. Civil and martial policy, winning those near and attracting those far, binding the distant and repelling enemies—the general pattern of Qing frontier rule emerges from these themes. Only in the dynasty's final decline did rebellion and disunion stand out plainly. Their rise and fall, their gains and losses—here is a lesson for posterity. The Khorchin league lay beyond Xifeng Pass, twelve hundred and eighty li from Beijing. It measured eight hundred and seventy li from east to west and more than two thousand li from north to south. Jalaid lay to the east, Jalut to the west, the Mukden border wall to the south, and the Amur to the north.

元太祖削平西北諸國，建王、駙馬等世守之，為今內外扎薩克蒙古所自出。

Genghis Khan conquered the northwestern states and installed princes and imperial sons-in-law to hold them by hereditary tenure—the ancestors of today's Inner and Outer Mongol zasak leagues.

科爾沁始祖曰哈布圖哈薩爾，元太祖弟，今科爾沁六扎薩克，及紮賚特、杜爾伯特、郭爾羅斯、阿嚕科爾沁、四子部落、茂明安、烏喇特、阿拉善、青海和碩特，皆其裔。哈布圖哈薩爾十四傳至奎蒙克塔斯哈喇，有子二：長博第達喇，號卓爾郭勒諾顏；次諾捫達喇，號噶勒濟庫諾顏。

The Khorchin traced their descent to Khabutu Hasar, Genghis Khan's younger brother. His line included the six Khorchin zasak banners as well as Jalaid, Dorbod, Gorlos, Alxa Khorchin, the Four Torghut Banners, Maoming'an, Urad, Alashan, and the Qinghai Khoshut. Fourteen generations after Khabutu Hasar came Kuimengke Tasihara, who had two sons: the elder Boidara, styled Jorogol noyan; and the younger Nomunda, styled Galejiku noyan.

博第達喇子九：長齊齊克，號巴圖爾諾顏，為土謝圖汗奧巴、扎薩克圖郡王布達齊二旗祖；次納穆賽，號都喇勒諾顏，為達爾漢親王滿珠習禮、冰圖郡王洪果爾、貝勒棟果爾三旗祖；次烏巴什，號鄂特歡諾顏，見郭爾羅斯傳；次烏延岱科托果爾；次托多巴圖爾喀喇；次拜新；次額勒濟格卓哩克圖，裔不著；次愛納噶，號車臣諾顏，見杜爾伯特傳；次阿敏，號巴噶諾顏，見紮賚特傳。諾捫達喇子一，曰哲格爾德，為扎薩克鎮國公喇嘛什希一旗祖。

Boidara had nine sons. The eldest, Chichik, styled Batuur noyan, was ancestor of the banners of Tüsiyetü Khan Obai and Jasaktu Prince Budari; the second, Namusai, styled Dural noyan, was ancestor of the banners of Darchan Prince Manjusiri, Bintu Prince Honggoer, and Beile Donggoer; the third, Ubash, styled Otohon noyan, is treated in the Gorlos biography; the fourth, Uyandai Kotogor; the fifth, Todobaatur Kara; the sixth, Baixin; the seventh, Erlejige Joriktu, whose line is not recorded further; the eighth, Ainaga, styled Sechen noyan, is treated in the Dorbod biography; and the ninth, Amin, styled Baga noyan, is treated in the Jalaid biography. Nomunda had one son, Jegerde, ancestor of the banner of zasak Gushun-ejen Lama Shisi.

蒙古強部有三：曰察哈爾；曰喀爾喀；曰衛拉特，即厄魯特。明洪熙間，科爾沁為衛拉特所破，避居嫩江，以同族有阿嚕科爾沁，號嫩江科爾沁以自別。紮賚特、杜爾伯特、郭爾羅斯三部與同牧，服屬於察哈爾。

Three Mongol powers dominated the steppe: Chakhar; Khalkha; and the Oirats, or Eleuths. In the Hongxi reign of the Ming the Oirats defeated the Khorchin, who withdrew to the Nen River. Because a related branch held Alxa Khorchin, they called themselves Nen River Khorchin to set themselves apart. Jalaid, Dorbod, and Gorlos pastured with them and acknowledged Chakhar overlordship.

太祖癸巳年，科爾沁台吉齊齊克子翁果岱，納穆賽子莽古斯、明安等，隨葉赫部台吉布齋，糾哈達、烏拉、輝發、錫伯、卦爾察、珠舍裏、納殷諸部來侵，攻赫濟格城不下，陳兵古哷山。上親禦之，至紮喀路，諭諸將曰：「彼雖眾，皆烏合。我以逸待勞，傷其一二台吉，眾自潰。」命巴圖魯額亦都率百騎挑戰，葉赫諸部兵罷攻城來禦，逆擊之。明安馬蹶，裸而遁，追至哈達部柴河寨南，俘獲甚眾。戊申，征烏拉部，圍宜罕阿林城，翁果岱復助烏拉台吉布占泰，我師擊敗之。於是莽古斯、明安、翁果岱先後遣使乞好。

In the guisi year of Taizu's reign, Onggodei son of Khorchin taiji Chichik, together with Mangusi and Minggan sons of Namusai and others, joined Yehe taiji Buksan in rallying Hada, Ula, Hoifa, Xibe, Gūwalgiya, Jusheli, Nayan, and other tribes in an invasion. They failed to take Hejige and encamped their forces at Mount Gule. The emperor marched out in person. At Zhakalu Road he told his generals, "They are numerous, but they are only a mob. We shall meet their fatigue with rested troops; wound one or two of their taiji and the rest will scatter on their own." He ordered Batuur Eidu to lead a hundred horsemen forward in challenge. The Yehe coalition abandoned the siege to meet them, and the Qing forces struck back. Minggan's horse stumbled and he fled naked. The pursuit carried as far as south of the Hada Chaihe stockade, and the Qing forces took a great number of prisoners. In the wushen year the court campaigned against Ula and besieged Yihanalin. Onggodei again aided Ula taiji Bujantai, but the Qing army defeated them. Thereafter Mangusi, Minggan, and Onggodei sent envoys in turn to sue for peace.

天命九年，翁果岱子奧巴率族來歸。尋為察哈爾所侵，我援之，解圍去。天聰二年，會大軍征察哈爾。三年，從征明，克遵化州，圍北京。五年，圍大淩河，降其將祖大壽。六年，從略大同、宣府邊。八年，復從征明。

In the ninth year of Tianming, Obai son of Onggodei led his people to submit. Soon afterward Chakhar attacked them; Qing aid relieved the siege. In the second year of Tiancong they joined the main army in the campaign against Chakhar. In the third year they followed the campaign against Ming, captured Zunhua, and joined the siege of Beijing. In the fifth year they besieged Dalinghe and induced its commander Zu Dashou to surrender. In the sixth year they joined raids along the Datong and Xuanfu frontiers. In the eighth year they again joined campaigns against Ming.

十年春，大軍平察哈爾，獲元傳國玉璽。奧巴子土謝圖濟農巴達禮偕台吉烏克善、滿珠習禮、布達齊、洪果爾、喇嘛什希、棟果爾，及紮賚特、杜爾伯特、郭爾羅斯、喀喇沁、土默特、敖漢、柰曼、巴林、紮嚕特、阿嚕科爾沁、翁牛特諸部長來賀捷。以上功德隆，宜正位號，遺朝鮮國王書，示推戴意。四月，合疏上尊號，改元崇德。禮成，敘功，詔科爾沁部設扎薩克五：曰巴達禮，曰滿珠習禮，曰布達齊，曰洪果爾，曰喇嘛什希，分領其眾，賜親王、郡王、鎮國公爵有差。十月，命大學士希福等赴其部，鞫罪犯，頒法律，禁奸盜，編佐領。二年，從征喀木尼堪部及朝鮮。三年，征喀爾喀。四年春，征索倫。秋，圍明杏山、高橋。八年，隨饒餘貝勒阿巴泰、護軍統領阿爾津征明及黑龍江諸部。

In the spring of the tenth year the main army pacified Chakhar and recovered the Yuan dynastic jade seal. Obai's son Tüsiyetü jinong Badari came with taiji Uksan, Manjusiri, Budari, Honggoer, Lama Shisi, Donggoer, and the chiefs of Jalaid, Dorbod, Gorlos, Harqin, Tumed, Aohan, Naiman, Baarin, Jalut, Alxa Khorchin, and Ongniud to congratulate the victory. Because the dynasty's achievements had reached their height, it was time to assume the imperial title; a letter was sent to the king of Korea announcing the plan for enthronement. In the fourth month the Mongol chiefs jointly presented the honorific title and the reign era was changed to Chongde. After the enthronement rites, rewards were distributed. An edict established five Khorchin zasak—Badari, Manjusiri, Budari, Honggoer, and Lama Shisi—to divide leadership of the people, granting ranks from qinwang and junwang down to gushun-ejen. In the tenth month Grand Secretaries Xifu and others were sent to the Khorchin lands to try criminals, promulgate laws, forbid treachery and theft, and organize zuoling companies. In the second year they joined campaigns against the Kamniikan tribes and Korea. In the third year they campaigned against Khalkha. In the spring of the fourth year they campaigned against the Solon. That autumn they besieged the Ming fortresses of Xingshan and Gaoqiao. In the eighth year they followed Raoyu Beile Abatai and Guard Commander Arjin in campaigns against Ming and the Amur tribes.

順治元年，偕紮賚特、杜爾伯特、郭爾羅斯兵隨睿親王多爾袞入山海關，走流賊李自成，追至望都。二年，隨豫親王多鐸定江南。三年，復隨剿蘇尼特叛人騰機思，敗喀爾喀土謝圖汗、車臣汗援兵。七年，科爾沁復設扎薩克一，以棟果爾子彰吉倫領之，由貝勒晉郡王爵。十三年，上以科爾沁及紮賚特、杜爾伯特、郭爾羅斯、喀喇沁、土默特、敖漢、柰曼、巴林、紮嚕特、阿嚕科爾沁、翁牛特、烏珠穆沁、浩齊特、蘇尼特、阿巴噶、四子部落、烏喇特、喀爾喀左翼、鄂爾多斯諸扎薩克歸誠久，賜敕曰：「爾等秉資忠直，當太祖、太宗開創之初，誠心歸附，職效屏籓。太祖、太宗嘉爾勳勞，崇封爵號，賞賚有加。朝覲貢獻，時令陛見，飲食教誨，為數甚多。凡有懷欲吐，俱得陳奏，心意和諧，如同父子。朕荷祖宗鴻庥，統一寰宇，恐於懿行有違，成憲未洽，恆用憂惕。親政以來，六年於茲，未得與爾等一見，雖因萬幾少暇，而懷爾之忱，時切朕念。每思爾等效力有年，功績卓著，雖在寤寐，未之有斁。誠以爾等相見既疏，恐有壅蔽，不能上通，故特遣官齎敕賜幣，以諭朕意。嗣後有所欲請，隨時奏聞，朕無不體恤而行。朕方思致天下於太平，爾等心懷忠藎，毋忘兩朝恩寵。朕世世為天子，爾等亦世世為王，享富貴於無窮，垂芳名於不朽，不亦休乎！」

In the first year of Shunzhi, together with Jalaid, Dorbod, and Gorlos troops, they followed Prince Regent Dorgon through Shanhai Pass, routed Li Zicheng's rebels, and pursued them to Wangdu. In the second year they followed Prince Dodo in pacifying Jiangnan. In the third year they again joined the suppression of the Sunid rebel Tenggis and defeated Khalkha relief forces led by the Tüsiyetü and Sechen khans. In the seventh year another Khorchin zasak was established under Donggoer's son Janggilun, who was promoted from beile to junwang. In the thirteenth year the emperor, noting that Khorchin and the zasak of Jalaid, Dorbod, Gorlos, Harqin, Tumed, Aohan, Naiman, Baarin, Jalut, Alxa Khorchin, Ongniud, Ujimqin, Khoqit, Sunid, Abaga, the Four Torghut Banners, Urad, Khalkha Left Wing, and Ordos had long remained loyal, issued an edict: "You are by nature loyal and upright. At the founding of the dynasty under Taizu and Taizong you submitted in good faith and served as the dynasty's outer shield. Taizu and Taizong praised your merit, raised your titles, and heaped rewards upon you. You came to court for audiences and tribute, were summoned to audience in due season, and received feasts, instruction, and guidance again and again. Whatever you wished to say, you could present in memorial; our hearts were in harmony like father and son. I have received my ancestors' vast blessing and unified the realm, yet I fear I may fall short of their excellent conduct and that established statutes may not yet be fully applied, and so I live in constant anxiety. Six years have passed since I took the throne, yet I have not met you once. Though the myriad affairs of state leave me little leisure, my regard for you has never left my mind. Whenever I think of your years of loyal service and outstanding achievements, the thought stays with me waking and sleeping. Because we meet so seldom, I fear your concerns may be blocked from reaching me. I therefore send officials with this edict and gifts to make my intentions known. Hereafter, whatever you wish to request, report it at any time and I shall consider it sympathetically and act upon it. I am working to bring the realm to peace. Keep your loyal hearts and do not forget the grace shown you by two reigns. I shall be Son of Heaven generation after generation, and you shall be kings generation after generation, enjoying endless wealth and honor and leaving an immortal name—is that not felicity!"

康熙十三年，徵所部兵討逆籓吳三桂。十四年，剿察哈爾叛人布林尼。先是科爾沁內附，莽古斯以女歸太宗文皇帝，是為孝端文皇后。孫烏克善等復以女弟來歸，是為孝莊文皇后。曾孫綽爾濟復以女歸世祖章皇帝，是為孝惠章皇后。科爾沁以列朝外戚，荷國恩獨厚，列內扎薩克二十四部首。有大征伐，必以兵從，如親征噶爾丹，及剿策妄阿喇布坦、羅卜藏丹津、噶爾丹策淩、達瓦齊諸役，扎薩克等效力戎行，莫不懋著勤勞。土謝圖親王、達爾漢親王、卓哩克圖親王、扎薩克圖郡王四爵俸幣視他部獨增，非惟禮崇姻戚，抑以其功冠焉。所部六旗，分左右翼。土謝圖親王掌右翼，附紮賚特部一旗、杜爾伯特部一旗；達爾漢親王掌左翼，附郭爾羅斯部二旗，統盟於哲裏木。右翼中旗駐巴顏和翔，左翼中旗駐伊克唐噶哩克坡，右翼前旗駐席喇布林哈蘇，右翼後旗駐額木圖坡，左翼前旗駐伊嶽克裏泊，左翼後旗駐雙和爾山。爵十有七：扎薩克和碩土謝圖親王一；附多羅貝勒一；扎薩克和碩達爾漢親王一；附卓哩克圖親王一；多羅郡王二，一由親王降襲；多羅貝勒一；固山貝子一；輔國公四，一由貝子降襲；扎薩克多羅扎薩克圖郡王一；扎薩克多羅冰圖郡王一；扎薩克多羅郡王一，由貝勒晉襲；附輔國公一，由貝子降襲；扎薩克鎮國公一。左翼中旗扎薩克達爾漢親王滿珠習禮之玄孫色布騰巴勒珠爾，乾隆十一年三月尚固倫和敬公主。二十年，準噶爾之平，以功加雙俸，尋以阿睦爾撒納叛事，奪爵。二十三年，復封和碩親王。三十七年，與征金川，又以附富德劾阿桂，奪爵。四十年，復之。

In the thirteenth year of Kangxi the league levied its troops to suppress the rebel Wu Sangui. In the fourteenth year they helped suppress the Chakhar rebel Burni. After Khorchin submitted, Mangusi gave his daughter in marriage to Taizong; she became Empress Xiaoduanwen. His grandson Uksan and others later sent another daughter of the clan; she became Empress Xiaozhuangwen. His great-grandson Chuoerji gave another daughter to Shizu; she became Empress Xiaohuizhang. As maternal kin through successive reigns, Khorchin enjoyed uniquely heavy imperial favor and ranked first among the twenty-four Inner Mongol zasak leagues. On every major campaign they furnished troops—from the emperor's personal expedition against Galdan to the suppression of Tsewang Arabtan, Lobsang Danjin, Galdan Tsering, Dawachi, and others. The zasak and their men served in the field and distinguished themselves in every campaign. The four ranks of Tüsiyetü qinwang, Darchan qinwang, Joriktu qinwang, and Jasaktu junwang received stipends and gifts beyond those of other leagues—not only because ritual honored imperial affines, but because their achievements stood foremost. The league comprised six banners divided into left and right wings. The Tüsiyetü qinwang governed the right wing with one Jalaid and one Dorbod banner attached; the Darchan qinwang governed the left wing with two Gorlos banners attached, and the league was united at Jirem. The right-wing central banner was stationed at Bayan Hexiang; the left-wing central at Ike Tanggalikpo; the right-wing front at Xilabulinhasu; the right-wing rear at Emetupo; the left-wing front at Iyeke Libo; and the left-wing rear at Shuang He'ershan. There were seventeen titles: one zasak heshuo Tüsiyetü qinwang; with one attached duoluo beile; one zasak heshuo Darchan qinwang; with one attached Joriktu qinwang; two duoluo junwang, one inherited by demotion from qinwang rank; one duoluo beile; one gushan beizi; four fuguo gong, one inherited by demotion from beizi rank; and one zasak duoluo Jasaktu junwang. One zasak duoluo Bintu junwang; one zasak duoluo junwang, inherited by promotion from beile rank; with one attached fuguo gong, inherited by demotion from beizi rank; and one zasak gushun-ejen. Sebuteng Balzhuer, great-great-grandson of left-wing central banner zasak Darchan Prince Manjusiri, married the Gurun Hejing Princess in the third month of the eleventh year of Qianlong. In the twentieth year, after the pacification of the Dzungars, he received double stipend for his merit, but soon lost his title for involvement in the Amursana rebellion. In the twenty-third year he was restored to heshuo qinwang. In the thirty-seventh year he joined the Jinchuan campaign, but again lost his title for siding with Fu De in impeaching Agui. In the fortieth year his title was restored.

四傳至棍楚克林沁，襲鎮國公，官至御前大臣，卒。其後左翼中旗輔國公二，左翼後旗輔國公一，均停襲。左翼後旗扎薩克多羅郡王僧格林沁，以軍功晉博多勒噶台和碩親王。同治二年，予世襲罔替。四年，以剿撚匪陣亡，自有傳。其旗增多羅貝勒一，輔國公二，皆以僧格林沁功。

Four generations later Gunchukelin inherited the gushun-ejen title, rose to Grand Minister in Attendance, and died. Thereafter two fuguo gong titles in the left-wing central banner and one in the left-wing rear banner all lapsed for lack of heirs. Sengge Rinchen, zasak duoluo junwang of the left-wing rear banner, was promoted to Boduoligatai heshuo qinwang for military merit. In the second year of Tongzhi his line was granted perpetual hereditary succession. In the fourth year he died in battle against the Nian rebels; his career is recorded in a separate biography. His banner gained one additional duoluo beile and two fuguo gong titles, all rewards for Sengge Rinchen's service.

僧格林沁子伯彥訥謨祜，初封輔國公。同治三年，晉貝勒。四年七月，襲博多勒噶台親王，為御前大臣。十一月，命與左翼中旗扎薩克達爾漢親王索特那木朋蘇克等選馬隊剿奉天馬賊。五年二月，大破馬賊于鄭家屯。三月，命捕吉林餘匪。六月，條陳奉天善後事宜，詔如所請行。匪平，回京。光緒初，德宗典學，命在毓慶宮行走，授兼鑲黃旗領侍衛內大臣。十七年，卒。

Sengge Rinchen's son Boyenemuhu was first enfeoffed as fuguo gong. In the third year of Tongzhi he was promoted to beile. In the seventh month of the fourth year he inherited the Boduoligatai princedom and became Grand Minister in Attendance. In the eleventh month he was ordered, together with left-wing central banner zasak Darchan Prince Sotenompengsuke and others, to raise cavalry and suppress horse bandits in Fengtian. In the second month of the fifth year he inflicted a major defeat on the horse bandits at Zhengjiatun. In the third month he was ordered to hunt down the remaining bandits in Jilin. In the sixth month he submitted a detailed plan for postwar recovery in Fengtian, and the court approved his proposals. After the bandits were suppressed he returned to Beijing. Early in the Guangxu reign, when the Guangxu Emperor began his studies, he was assigned to the Yuqing Palace and appointed concurrent Bordered Yellow Banner Chief Guard and Grand Minister of the Imperial Bodyguard. He died in the seventeenth year.

自道光季年海防事起，洎咸豐三年粵逆北犯，八年海防又急，皆調東三盟兵協同防剿，科爾沁部為之冠，予爵職、給廕襲者，皆甲諸部。僧格林沁之亡，始撤哲裏木盟兵旋所部。

From the late Daoguang period, when coastal defense became urgent, through the third year of Xianfeng when the Taiping rebels marched north and the eighth year when the coast was threatened again, the court repeatedly called up troops from the eastern three leagues. Khorchin always led the rest, and its rewards of titles and hereditary privileges ranked first among all the leagues. Only after Sengge Rinchen's death were the Jirem league troops withdrawn to their home banners.

初，科爾沁諸旗以距奉天近，皆招佃內地民人開墾。乾隆四十九年，盛京將軍永瑋等奏：「賓圖王旗界內所留民人近鐵嶺者，達爾漢王旗所留民人近開原者，即交鐵嶺縣、開原縣治之。」嘉慶十一年十月，盛京將軍富俊等以左翼後旗昌圖額勒克地方招墾閒荒，經歷四載，人民四萬有奇，請增置理事通判治之。達爾漢王旗界內所留人民，亦交通判就近並治，時諸旗扎薩克、王、公等多招民人墾荒，積欠抗租，則又請驅逐。廷議非之，嚴定招墾之禁，已佃者不得逐，未墾者不得招。道光元年，左翼中旗扎薩克達爾漢親王布彥溫都爾瑚竟以墾事延不就鞫，奪扎薩克。然私放私墾者仍日有所增，流民游匪於焉麕集。同治中，以昌圖匪亂，通判秩輕，升為理事同知。光緒二年，署盛京將軍崇厚奏設官撫治，以清盜源。遂升昌圖同知為府，以原墾達爾漢王旗之梨樹城、八面城地置奉化、懷德二縣隸之。七年，又設康平縣于康家屯，隸之。二十八年，盛京將軍增祺奏設遼源州于蘇家屯，隸之。皆治左翼三旗墾民。

At first, because the Khorchin banners lay close to Fengtian, they all recruited Han tenant farmers from the interior to open land for cultivation. In the forty-ninth year of Qianlong Mukden General Yongwei memorialized that settlers within Bintu Prince's banner near Tieling and within Darchan Prince's banner near Kaiyuan should be placed under Tieling and Kaiyuan county administration. In the tenth month of the eleventh year of Jiaqing, Mukden General Fujun reported that the left-wing rear banner had opened idle land at Changtu Elege; in four years the population exceeded forty thousand, and he requested a supervising subprefect to govern the settlers. Settlers within Darchan Prince's banner were to be governed by the same subprefect. Meanwhile many banner zasak, princes, and dukes recruited Han farmers to open wasteland, then petitioned for their expulsion when rents fell into arrears. The court rejected these petitions and strictly regulated land opening: settlers already in place could not be expelled, but no new recruitment was permitted. In the first year of Daoguang, left-wing central banner zasak Darchan Prince Buyanwenduerhu repeatedly evaded trial over illegal land opening and was stripped of his zasak post. Yet unauthorized leasing and cultivation continued to spread, and drifting settlers and roaming bandits gathered there in growing numbers. During the Tongzhi reign, after bandit unrest at Changtu, the subprefect's rank was deemed too low and the post was raised to supervising prefect. In the second year of Guangxu acting Mukden General Chonghou memorialized for official administration to suppress the root causes of banditry. Changtu was then raised to a prefecture, and Fenghua and Huaide counties were established on land originally opened in Darchan Prince's banner at Lishucheng and Bamian Cheng. In the seventh year Kangping county was established at Kangjiatun under the same prefecture. In the twenty-eighth year Mukden General Zengqi established Liaoyuan prefecture at Sujiatun under the same administration. All administered Han settlers on the three left-wing banners.

是年，右翼前旗扎薩克圖郡王烏泰以放荒事屢被劾，命禮部尚書裕德會增祺勘治。四月，覆奏言：「烏泰已放荒界南北長三百餘里，東西寬一百餘里，外來客民有一千二百六十餘戶。烏泰不諳放荒章程，以致嗜利之徒，任意墾占，轉相私售，實已暗增數千餘戶，新開荒地又增長三百餘里，寬一百餘里。梅楞齊莫特、色楞等復袒護荒戶，阻台吉壯丁在新放荒地遊牧。協理台吉巴圖濟爾噶勒遂以斂財聚眾，不恤旗艱，控之理籓院。經傳集烏泰等親自宣導，均各悔悟，原湔洗前愆，驅除讒慝，和同辦理旗務。請將烏泰、巴圖濟爾噶勒暫革，仍准留任，勒限三年，限滿經理得宜，由闔旗呈請開復，否則永遠革任；齊莫特、色楞等均分別屏黜，不准干預旗務。並為定領荒招墾章程，荒價則一半報效國家，一半歸之蒙旗。升科則每晌以中錢二百四十為籌餉設官等經費，以四百二十作蒙古生計，自王府至台吉、壯丁、喇嘛，各有得數。仍酌留餘荒，講求牧養。」均報可。十月，增祺又奏勘明是旗洮爾河南北已墾未墾之地，約有一千餘萬畝，派員設局丈放。三十年，以其地置洮南府，並置靖安、開通二縣隸之。三十一年，盛京將軍趙爾巽以右翼後鎮國公旗墾地置安廣縣，而法庫門舊為左翼中達爾漢王諸旗招墾地，亦置同知治之。三十四年，東三省總督徐世昌以右翼中旗和碩土謝圖親王墾地置醴泉等縣。於是科爾沁六旗墾地幾遍，郡縣亦最多，諸扎薩克王公等得租豐溢，而化沙礫為膏沃，地方亦日臻富庶。

That year right-wing front banner Jasaktu Prince Utai was repeatedly impeached over illegal land opening; Minister of Rites Yude was ordered to investigate jointly with Zengqi. In the fourth month their reply stated that Utai had opened land more than three hundred li from north to south and more than one hundred li from east to west, with more than 1,260 outside tenant households. Utai did not understand the regulations, so profiteers encroached at will and resold plots in secret. In fact several thousand households had been added covertly, and newly opened land extended another three hundred li in length and one hundred li in width. Melengqimote, Seleng, and others shielded the settlers and blocked taiji and banner troops from pasturing on the newly opened land. Associate taiji Batujiergale amassed wealth and followers without regard for the banner's welfare and lodged a complaint at the Court of Colonial Affairs. After Utai and others were summoned and instructed them in person, all repented, wished to make amends, remove troublemakers, and manage banner affairs harmoniously. They requested that Utai and Batujiergale be temporarily suspended but allowed to remain in office for three years; if management proved sound the banner could petition for restoration, otherwise dismissal would be permanent; Qimote, Seleng, and others were removed and forbidden to interfere in banner affairs. They also fixed regulations for surveying wasteland and recruiting settlers; half the land price went to the state and half to the Mongol banner. For taxation each shang was assessed 240 zhongqian for military and official expenses and 420 for Mongol livelihood; from the princely mansion down to taiji, banner troops, and lamas, each received a fixed share. A portion of wasteland was still reserved for pasture. The court approved all of these proposals. In the tenth month Zengqi reported that north and south of the Taoer River in this banner, cultivated and uncultivated land totaled about ten million mu, and officials were sent to survey and allocate it. In the thirtieth year Taonan prefecture was established there, with Jing'an and Kaitong counties under its jurisdiction. In the thirty-first year Mukden General Zhao Erxun established Anguang county on cultivated land of the right-wing rear gushun-ejen banner, and Faku—formerly opened by the left-wing central Darchan Prince and related banners—also received a supervising prefect. In the thirty-fourth year Three Eastern Provinces Governor-General Xu Shichang established Liquan and other counties on land cultivated by the right-wing central banner heshuo Tüsiyetü Prince. Cultivated land soon covered nearly all six Khorchin banners, which had more counties than any other league. Zasak princes and dukes drew abundant rents, gravel plains turned fertile, and the region grew steadily prosperous.

諸扎薩克王公等世次皆見表，惟右翼和碩土謝圖親王色旺諾爾布桑寶以庚子之變，中外多故，殞於非命。裕德等勘奏，謂為屬員逼勒而死，因請治偪勒者如律。尋增祺奏以族子業喜海順承襲，傳爵如故。

The successive generations of all zasak princes and dukes appear in the tables; only right-wing heshuo Tüsiyetü Prince Sewennorbuzanbao died violently amid the turmoil of the 1900 crisis and the troubles at home and abroad. Yude's investigation concluded that subordinates had driven him to his death, and they requested legal punishment for those responsible. Soon afterward Zengqi memorialized that the title should pass in orderly succession to his clansman Yexihai.

凡蒙旗，扎薩克為一旗之長，制如一品，與都統等。其輔曰協理台吉。屬曰管旗章京，副章京，參領，佐領。蒙語管旗章京曰梅楞，參領曰劄蘭，佐領曰蘇木。蘇木實分治土地人民。其佐領之額，右翼中旗二十二，左翼中旗四十六，右翼前旗、後旗均十六，左翼前旗、後旗均三。凡哲裏木盟重大事件，科爾沁六旗以近奉天，故由盛京將軍專奏。郭爾羅斯前旗一旗以近吉林，郭爾羅斯後旗、紮賚特、杜爾伯特三旗以近黑龍江，故各由其省將軍專奏。

In every Mongol banner the zasak is the banner chief, ranked at first grade and equal to a military governor. His deputy is the associate taiji. Subordinate officers include the banner-managing zhangjing, deputy zhangjing, company commanders, and platoon leaders. In Mongol the banner-managing zhangjing is called meileng, the company commander jalan, and the platoon leader sumu. The sumu is the unit that actually administers land and people. Platoon leader quotas were: twenty-two for the right-wing central banner, forty-six for the left-wing central, sixteen each for the right-wing front and rear banners, and three each for the left-wing front and rear. For major affairs of the Jirem league, the six Khorchin banners—being near Fengtian—report directly to the Mukden General. Gorlos front banner reports to the Jilin general; Gorlos rear, Jalaid, and Dorbod report to the Heilongjiang general.

紮賚特部，元太祖弟哈布圖哈薩爾十五傳至博第達喇，有子九，阿敏其季也。與兄齊齊克、納穆賽等鄰牧，號所部曰紮賚特。天命九年，阿敏子蒙袞偕科爾沁台吉奧巴遣使乞好，優詔答之，遂率屬來歸。順治五年，授蒙袞子色棱扎薩克，以與科爾沁同祖，附之，隸哲裏木盟。旗一，駐圖卜紳察罕坡。其爵為扎薩克多羅貝勒，由固山貝子晉襲。

The Jalaid league descended from Khabutu Hasar, Genghis Khan's younger brother. Fifteen generations later came Boidara, who had nine sons; Amin was the youngest. Pasturing alongside his elder brothers Chichik and Namusai, he styled his people Jalaid. In the ninth year of Tianming, Amin's son Menggun and Khorchin taiji Obai sent envoys to sue for peace. The court responded favorably, and they led their followers to submit. In the fifth year of Shunzhi Menggun's son Seleng was appointed zasak. Sharing ancestry with Khorchin, he was attached to them and enrolled in the Jirem league. It comprised one banner, stationed at Tubinschahanpo. Its title was zasak duoluo beile, inherited by promotion from gushan beizi rank.

光緒二十五年，黑龍江將軍恩澤等奏：「以戶部咨，黑龍江副都統壽山條奏，請放蒙古各旗荒地，派員赴紮賚特旗剴切勸商，原將屬界南接郭爾羅斯前旗，東濱嫩江之四家子、二龍梭口等處，指出開放，南北約長三百餘里，東西寬百餘里或三四十里，設局勘辦。並謂若大東以至大西，使沿邊各蒙旗均能招民墾荒，則強富可期，即可無北鄙之驚。」下所司議行。先是哲裏木盟諸旗皆以禁墾甲令過嚴，無敢明言招墾者，至是始接踵開放雲。三十一年，以墾地置大賚廳治之。是部有佐領十六。杜爾伯特部，在喜峰口外，至京師二千五十里。東西距百七十里，南北距二百四十里。東及北皆黑龍江，西紮賚特，南郭爾羅斯，北界索倫籓部。蒙古稱杜爾伯特部者二，同名異族。一姓鮮囉斯，為衛拉特台吉孛罕裔，旗十有四，駐牧烏蘭古木，稱外扎薩克，別有傳。一姓博爾濟吉特，為元太祖弟哈布圖哈薩爾裔，即今駐牧喜峰口外之內劄薩克也。

In the twenty-fifth year of Guangxu Heilongjiang General Enze memorialized that, following the Board of Revenue and Deputy Governor Shoushan's proposal to open Mongol wasteland, officials should be sent to negotiate with the Jalaid banner. Land south of Gorlos front banner and east along the Nen at Sijiazi and Erlongsuokou—about three hundred li north to south and thirty to one hundred li east to west—was designated for opening under a survey bureau. They argued that if frontier Mongol banners from east to west could recruit settlers, the border would grow strong and wealthy and northern alarms could be avoided. The proposal was referred to the responsible offices for implementation. Earlier the Jirem league banners had not dared openly recruit settlers under strict prohibition orders; only now did land opening spread in succession. In the thirty-first year cultivated land was placed under Dazhai subprefecture. This league had sixteen platoon leaders. The Dorbod league lay beyond Xifeng Pass, two thousand and fifty li from Beijing. It measured one hundred and seventy li from east to west and two hundred and forty li from north to south. The Amur lay to the east and north, Jalaid to the west, Gorlos to the south, and Solon frontier dependencies to the north. Mongols recognize two groups called Dorbod, sharing a name but of different origin. One, of the Khorlos surname and descended from Oirat taiji Bohan, had fourteen banners pasturing at Ulanqab; as Outer Zasak they are treated in a separate biography. The other, of Borjigit descent from Khabutu Hasar, is the Inner Zasak league pasturing beyond Xifeng Pass treated here.

哈布圖哈薩爾十六傳至愛納噶，始以名其部。天命九年，愛納噶子阿都齊偕科爾沁台吉奧巴遣使乞好，優詔答之，遂率屬來歸。順治五年，授阿都齊子色稜扎薩克，以與科爾沁同祖，附之，隸哲裏木盟。旗一，駐多克多爾坡。其爵為扎薩克固山貝子。

Sixteen generations after Khabutu Hasar came Ainaga, who first gave his name to the league. In the ninth year of Tianming, Ainaga's son Aduci and Khorchin taiji Obai sent envoys to sue for peace. The court responded favorably, and they led their followers to submit. In the fifth year of Shunzhi Aduci's son Seleng was appointed zasak, attached to Khorchin as a fellow descendant of Khabutu Hasar, and enrolled in the Jirem league. It comprised one banner, stationed at Dokdorepo. Its title was zasak gushan beizi.

同治二年，杜爾伯特貝子貢噶綽克坦咨黑龍江將軍，請將交界重立封堆。尋勘明：「巴勒該岡以北黑龍江界內，有杜爾伯特蒙人等居屯四處，牌莫多以南杜爾伯特界內，有黑龍江省屬人等居屯八處，舊界所占均系曠地，應准各就其所，以安生計。蒙古越占巴勒該岡地，應將南榆樹改為新界，省屬人等越占牌莫多地，應將四六山改為新界，共立界堆十七。」奏入，詔如議。四年，貢噶綽克坦復咨以所立界堆將蒙古田地草廠歸入省界，有碍蒙古生計。詔派副都統克蒙額與哲裏木盟長及杜爾伯特會勘，劃還塔爾歡屯以東第十、第十一封堆之西蒙古墳塋房基，平毀二十顆樹封堆之南蒙界旗屯房屋，又增立界堆十有九，並以牌莫多以南官屯舊占蒙屯較巴勒該岡以北蒙屯舊占省屯多地十三里，撥二十顆樹封堆之南省屬空閒地如數補之。七年六月奏結，請飭貝子貢噶綽克坦嚴約屬人照界永遠遵守，報可。十年，以是旗私招民人墾荒，嚴申禁令，革其協理台吉。光緒二十五年，將軍恩澤以招墾蒙地，關邊圉富強大計，復奏派員商勸放墾。時東三省鐵路之約既成，是部當鐵路之沖，交涉煩多，商民萃集。三十二年，因以所部墾地置安達廳治之，隸黑龍江。是部一旗，有佐領二十五。郭爾羅斯部，在喜峰口外，至京師千八百九十七里。東西距四百五十里，南北距六百六十里。南盛京邊牆，東吉林府，西及北科爾沁。

In the second year of Tongzhi Dorbod beizi Gungachoktan asked the Heilongjiang general to re-establish border markers. A survey found that north of Balegaigang within Heilongjiang were four Dorbod settlements, and south of Paimoduo within Dorbod were eight Heilongjiang settlements on what had been vacant land. Each side was allowed to remain where they were. Where Mongols had encroached north of Balegaigang, Nanyushu became the new boundary; where provincial subjects had encroached south of Paimoduo, Siliushan became the new boundary; seventeen markers were erected. The court approved the proposal. In the fourth year Gungachoktan complained that the new markers had placed Mongol fields and pasture within the provincial border, harming Mongol livelihood. Deputy Governor Kemenge was sent with the Jirem league chief and Dorbod to resurvey. Mongol graveyards west of markers ten and eleven east of Taerhuantun were returned; Mongol houses south of the twenty-tree marker were removed; nineteen new markers were added; and because official settlements south of Paimoduo had occupied thirteen li more Mongol land than Mongols had occupied provincial land north of Balegaigang, vacant provincial land south of the twenty-tree marker was allotted to compensate. In the sixth month of the seventh year the case was closed with orders that beizi Gungachoktan strictly instruct his followers to observe the boundary permanently. In the tenth year the banner was rebuked for privately recruiting settlers to open wasteland, and its associate taiji was dismissed. In the twenty-fifth year of Guangxu General Enze again memorialized to send officials to negotiate land opening, arguing that cultivating Mongol land was essential to frontier strength. By then the Three Eastern Provinces railway treaty was in effect. The league lay on the main railway line, foreign dealings multiplied, and merchants and settlers gathered thickly. In the thirty-second year cultivated land within its jurisdiction was placed under Anda subprefecture, subordinate to Heilongjiang. The league comprised one banner with twenty-five platoon leaders. The Gorlos league lay beyond Xifeng Pass, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven li from Beijing. It measured four hundred and fifty li from east to west and six hundred and sixty li from north to south. The Mukden frontier wall lay to the south, Jilin to the east, and Khorchin to the west and north.

元太祖遣弟哈布圖哈薩爾征郭爾羅斯部，十六傳至烏巴什，即以為所部號。子莽果仍之。

Genghis Khan sent his younger brother Khabutu Hasar against the Gorlos. Sixteen generations later came Ubash, who gave his name to the league. His son Manggu succeeded him.

天命九年，莽果子布木巴偕科爾沁台吉奧巴遣使乞好，優詔答之，遂率屬來歸。會察哈爾林丹汗掠科爾沁，遣軍由郭爾羅斯境往援，至農安塔。林丹汗遁，不敢復犯科爾沁及郭爾羅斯諸部。嗣設扎薩克二：曰布木巴，爵鎮國公；曰固穆，為布木巴從弟，爵輔國公。以與科爾沁同祖，附之，隸哲裏木盟。旗二：前旗駐固爾班察罕，後旗駐榛子嶺。爵三：扎薩克輔國公一，扎薩克台吉一，附鎮國公一。

In the ninth year of Tianming, Manggu's son Bumuba and Khorchin taiji Obai sent envoys to sue for peace. The court responded favorably, and they led their followers to submit. When Chakhar's Lin Dan Khan raided Khorchin, Qing troops marched through Gorlos to relieve them as far as Nong'an Tower. Lin Dan Khan fled and never again raided Khorchin or Gorlos. Two zasak were then established: Bumuba as gushun gong (defender duke); and Gumu, Bumuba's younger cousin, as fugo gong (bulwark duke). Sharing Khorchin ancestry, they were attached to Khorchin and enrolled in the Jirem league. It comprised two banners: the front banner at Gurban Chahan and the rear at Zhenziling. Three titles: one zasak fugo gong, one zasak taiji, and one attached gushun gong.

是部布木巴一旗為前旗，近吉林。嘉慶五年，吉林將軍秀林奏以郭爾羅斯墾地置長春理事通判，並請分徵其租，上以非體斥之。十傳至喀爾瑪什迪，於光緒九年削扎薩克，公爵如故。以其族等台吉巴雅斯呼朗代為扎薩克。光緒十三年，復升長春廳為府。於是旗界內遼黃龍府舊地置農安縣，隸之。三十四年，又以墾地增廣，分置長嶺縣。宣統二年，分長春府地置德惠縣。旋又定國家與蒙古分收民租例。是旗置郡縣凡四，皆隸吉林。

Bumuba's banner formed the front banner, near Jilin. In the fifth year of Jiaqing Jilin General Xiulin proposed governing Gorlos cultivated land under a Changchun supervising subprefect and dividing rent collection. The emperor rejected the proposal as improper. Ten generations later came Karmashidi, who in the ninth year of Guangxu was stripped of the zasak post while retaining his ducal rank. His kinsman taiji Bayaskhulang succeeded him as zasak. In the thirteenth year of Guangxu Changchun was promoted from subprefecture to prefecture. Within the banner borders the old Huanglong prefecture lands became Nong'an county, subordinate to Changchun. In the thirty-fourth year Changling county was carved out as cultivation expanded. In the second year of Xuantong Dehui county was established from Changchun prefecture. Regulations were soon fixed for dividing settler rents between the state and the Mongols. The front banner gained four counties, all under Jilin.

固穆一旗為後旗，近黑龍江，亦當東三省鐵路之衝。光緒三年，以墾地置肇州廳，隸黑龍江。後又分置肇東經歷。是部二旗，墾地分隸吉林、黑龍江二省。前旗有佐領二十三。後旗有佐領三十四。喀喇沁部，在喜峰口外，至京師七百六十里。東西距五百里，南北距四百五十里。東土默特及敖漢，西察哈爾正藍旗牧廠，南盛京邊牆，北翁牛特。

Gumu's banner formed the rear banner, near Heilongjiang and likewise on the main railway line. In the third year of Guangxu cultivated land was placed under Zhaozhou subprefecture, subordinate to Heilongjiang. Later a Zhaodong sub-bureau was added. Cultivated land in the two banners was divided between Jilin and Heilongjiang. The front banner had twenty-three platoon leaders. The rear banner had thirty-four platoon leaders. The Harqin league lay beyond Xifeng Pass, seven hundred and sixty li from Beijing. It measured five hundred li east to west and four hundred and fifty li north to south. Tumed and Aohan lay to the east, Chakhar Plain Blue Banner pastures to the west, the Mukden wall to the south, and Ongniud to the north.

元時有劄爾楚泰者，生濟拉瑪，佐元太祖有功。七傳至和通，有眾六千戶，遊牧額沁河，號所部曰喀喇沁。子格哷博羅特繼之。

In Yuan times Jarchutai fathered Jirema, who served the founding emperor with distinction. Seven generations later came Hetong, with six thousand households pasturing on the Ejin River and taking the name Harqin for the league. His son Geleg Borot succeeded him.

生子二：長格哷勒泰宰桑，為扎薩克杜棱貝勒固嚕思奇布及扎薩克一等塔布囊格哷爾二旗祖；次圖嚕巴圖爾，為扎薩克鎮國公色棱一旗祖。格哷勒泰宰桑子四：長恩克，次准圖，次鄂穆克圖，均居喀喇沁。天聰二年二月，恩克曾孫蘇布地以察哈爾林丹汗虐其部，偕弟萬丹偉徵等乞內附，表奏：「察哈爾汗不道，喀喇沁被虐，因偕土默特、鄂爾多斯、阿巴噶、喀爾喀諸部兵，赴土默特之趙城，擊察哈爾兵四萬。還，值赴明請賞兵三千，復殪之。察哈爾根本動搖，事機可乘。皇帝儻興師進剿，喀喇沁當先諸部至。」諭遣使面議。七月，遣喇嘛偕五百三十八人來朝，命貝勒阿濟格、碩讬迎宴，刑白馬烏牛誓。九月，上親征察哈爾，蘇布地等迎會於綽洛郭勒，賜賚甚厚。三年正月，敕所部遵國憲。六月，蘇布地及圖嚕巴圖爾孫色棱等率屬來歸，詔還舊牧。十月，上征明，以塔布囊布林哈圖為導，入遵化，駐兵羅文峪。四年，布林哈圖為明兵所圍，擊敗之，擒副將丁啟明及遊擊一、都司二。詔嘉其功，賜莊田僕從及金幣。六月，由都爾弼從征察哈爾，林丹汗遁，以所收察哈爾糧貯遼河守之。復分兵隨貝勒阿濟格略明大同、宣府邊。八年正月，偕巴林、阿嚕科爾沁、阿巴噶諸部兵收撫察哈爾流民。五月，從征明大同，至朔州。九年正月，詔編所部佐領，以蘇布地子固嚕思奇布掌右翼，色棱掌左翼。五月，選兵從征明，敗之於遼河源。

He had two sons: the elder Gelegletu jaisang founded the banners of zasak Duoluo beile Gülüsichib and first-rank tabunang Gele'er; the younger Tulubaatur founded the banner of zasak gushun gong Seleng. Gelegletu jaisang had four sons—Enke, Zhuntu, and Omoktu—who all remained in Harqin. In the second month of Tiancong year two Subude, great-grandson of Enke, because Lin Dan Khan of Chakhar oppressed his people, asked to submit with his brothers Wandan and Weijeng, memorializing: "The Chakhar khan is unjust and Harqin suffers. We therefore joined Tumed, Ordos, Abaga, and Khalkha troops at Tumed's Zhaocheng and routed forty thousand Chakhar soldiers. On the return march we met three thousand Ming-bound troops seeking rewards and destroyed them as well. Chakhar's foundations are shaken and the moment can be seized. If Your Majesty sends a punitive expedition, Harqin will march ahead of all the other leagues. The emperor ordered envoys to discuss the matter in person. In the seventh month lamas and five hundred thirty-eight followers came to court. Beile Ajige and Shuotuo were sent to welcome them and they swore an oath over a white horse and black ox. In the ninth month the emperor campaigned personally against Chakhar. Subude met him at Chuoluo Gol and received lavish rewards. In the first month of year three the court ordered them to observe Qing law. In the sixth month Subude, Seleng grandson of Tulubaatur, and others led their followers to submit, and the court restored their old pastures. In the tenth month the emperor marched against the Ming with tabunang Burin Hatu as guide, entered Zunhua, and encamped at Luowen Valley. In the fourth year Burin Hatu, surrounded by Ming troops, defeated them and captured Vice General Ding Qiming, one brigade commander, and two colonels. The court praised his merit and granted estate lands, retainers, and gold. In the sixth month he joined the Chakhar campaign through Duerbi. Lin Dan Khan fled, and captured Chakhar grain was stored along the Liao for garrison use. Detachments also followed beile Ajige in raiding the Datong and Xuanfu borders. In the first month of year eight he joined Baarin, Alxa Khorchin, and Abaga forces in resettling Chakhar refugees. In the fifth month he joined the Datong campaign and reached Shuozhou. In the first month of year nine platoon leaders were organized under Subude's son Gülüsichib on the right wing and Seleng on the left. In the fifth month selected troops joined the Ming campaign and defeated the enemy at the Liao headwaters.

崇德元年，詔授布林哈圖一等子，賜號岱達爾漢塔布囊。二年，遣大臣阿什達爾漢等赴其部理庶獄。三年九月，隨大軍自密雲入明邊，敗其兵六千。十月，從征前屯衛及寧遠。七年，從圍薊州，過北京，下山東。

In the first year of Chongde Burin Hatu was granted first-rank zi and the title Daider Han tabunang. In the second year Ashi Daerhan and other ministers were sent to try ordinary cases in Harqin. In the ninth month of year three the main army entered the Ming border through Miyun and defeated six thousand troops. In the tenth month he joined campaigns at Qiantun and Ningyuan. In the seventh year he joined the siege of Jizhou, passed Beijing, and marched into Shandong.

順治元年，從入山海關，擊流賊李自成。六年，從征喀爾喀。康熙十三年，大軍剿逆籓耿精忠等，所部塔布囊霍濟格爾偕土默特塔布囊善達等，以兵赴兗州。十七年，上諭曰：「塔布囊霍濟格爾等前自兗州赴浙江，聽康親王傑書調度。各統所屬官兵征剿逆賊，深入閩省，同大兵平定逆籓耿精忠。行間效力，身先士卒，衝鋒陷陣，奮勇用命，深為可嘉。宜降恩綸，即行議敘，以勵後效。」二十年，上駐蹕和爾和，諭曰：「塔布囊霍濟格爾出征時最著勤勞，今已溘逝。朕至此地，遣散秩大臣鄂齊等攜茶酒往奠。」二十五年，敘平浙江、福建功，賜參領巴雅爾等十人世職。

In the first year of Shunzhi he followed the army through Shanhai Pass against Li Zicheng's rebels. In the sixth year he joined the Khalkha campaign. In the thirteenth year of Kangxi, during campaigns against the rebel princes Geng Jingzhong, tabunang Hojiger and Tumed tabunang Shanda led troops to Yanzhou. In the seventeenth year the emperor said: "Tabunang Hojiger and others went from Yanzhou to Zhejiang under Prince Kang Jieshu's command. They led their troops deep into Fujian and, with the main armies, pacified the rebel prince Geng Jingzhong. In battle they led from the front, charged enemy lines, and fought with conspicuous valor. Rewards should be granted at once to encourage others. In the twentieth year, encamped at Herhe, the emperor said: "Tabunang Hojiger served with exceptional diligence on campaign and has now died. I have come here and send Grand Minister Oqi with tea and wine to perform the rites. In the twenty-fifth year ten officers including Captain Bayar received hereditary honors for pacifying Zhejiang and Fujian.

二十九年，從征噶爾丹，敗之於烏蘭布通。四十四年，詔增設一旗，以塔布囊格哷爾領之。五十四年，徵所部兵千赴推河防禦策妄阿喇布坦，尋命侍郎覺和托等攜帑萬兩賜之，雍正九年，從征噶爾丹策淩。所部初設二旗，右翼駐錫伯河北，左翼駐巴顏珠爾克；後增一旗，駐左右翼界內。爵六：親王品級扎薩克多羅杜棱郡王一，由貝勒晉襲；附鎮國公一，由貝子降襲；輔國公一；扎薩克多羅貝勒一，由貝子晉襲；扎薩克固山貝子一，由鎮國公晉襲；扎薩克公品級一等塔布囊一。

In the twenty-ninth year he joined the campaign against Galdan and helped defeat him at Ulan Butung. In the forty-fourth year the court added a third banner under tabunang Gele'er. In the fifty-fourth year a thousand Harqin troops were sent to the Tui River against Tsewang Arabtan, and Vice Minister Jiaohetuo was sent with ten thousand taels as reward. In the ninth year of Yongzheng they joined the campaign against Galdan Tsering. The league began with two banners: the right wing north of the Xibo River and the left at Bayan Zhurhe; later a third banner was added between the two wings. Six titles: one zasak Duoluo Duling junwang of princely rank, inherited by promotion from beile; one attached gushun gong (defender duke), demoted from beizi rank; one fugo gong (bulwark duke); one zasak duoluo beile, inherited by promotion from beizi; one zasak gushan beizi, inherited by promotion from gushun gong; and one zasak first-class tabunang of gong rank.

乾隆四十一年，以所部墾地設平泉州。嘉慶八年，降爵。貝子丹巴多爾濟以獲逆犯陳德功，予貝勒，官至領侍衛內大臣、御前大臣，卒。光緒二十三年，扎薩克一等台吉塔布囊巴特瑪鄂特薩爾以事革，復以貝勒熙淩阿襲。存爵五。

In the forty-first year of Qianlong cultivated land within the league became Pingquan prefecture. In the eighth year of Jiaqing several titles were reduced. Beizi Danba Dorji was promoted to beile for capturing the rebel Chen Degong, served as chief guard of the inner service and grand minister before the throne, and died in office. In the twenty-third year of Guangxu zasak first-rank taiji tabunang Batma Otsar was dismissed, and beile Xiling'a inherited the title. Five titles remained in office.

是部招民墾地最在先。乾隆十四年，始定不許容留民人多墾地畝之禁。道光十九年，復定喀喇沁、土默特種地民人不得以所種地畝折算蒙古賒貸銀錢例。光緒十七年，敖漢部金丹道匪之變，是部同時被擾。事平，特頒帑賑恤之。二十九年，熱河都統錫良以左翼旗招華商承辦全旗五金各礦，中旗同道勝銀行立有合同，開八里罕等地金礦，與定章應聲明華、洋股本若干，及只准指定一處不准兼指數處者不符，請飭外務部妥議辦法。下所司議申定章約束之。

Harqin was the first league to recruit Han settlers for cultivation. In the fourteenth year of Qianlong the court first barred banners from retaining settlers who opened excessive acreage. In the nineteenth year of Daoguang the court again barred Harqin and Tumed settlers from using planted acreage to settle Mongol loans in silver. In the seventeenth year of Guangxu, during the Jindandao uprising in Aohan, Harqin was disturbed as well. After order was restored, the court issued special relief funds. In the twenty-ninth year Rehe Governor-General Xiliang reported that the left-wing banner had contracted Chinese merchants for all banner mines and the central banner with Daosheng Bank to open gold mines at Balihan—contrary to regulations on declared capital and single-site concessions—and asked the Foreign Ministry to settle the matter. The case was referred to the responsible offices to enforce the regulations.

是部右翼旗有佐領四十四，中旗有佐領三十八，左翼旗有佐領四十，與土默特二旗統盟於卓索圖。嘉慶中，設熱河都統後，是盟與昭烏達盟重大事件，皆由都統專奏。道光末，籌直隸海防，咸豐初，剿粵匪，皆徵是盟之兵，與哲裏木、昭烏達號東三盟兵，頗著功績雲。土默特部，在喜峰口外，至京師千里。東西距四百六十里，南北距三百有十里。東養息牧牧廠，西喀喇沁，南盛京邊牆，北喀爾喀左翼及敖漢。土默特分左右翼，異姓同牧。主左翼者為元臣濟拉瑪裔。自濟拉瑪十三傳至善巴，與喀喇沁為近族。主右翼者為元太祖裔。自元太祖十九傳至鄂木布楚琥爾，生子固穆，與歸化城土默特為近族。

The right wing had forty-four platoon leaders, the center thirty-eight, and the left wing forty; together with Tumed's two banners they formed the Josotu league. After the Rehe governor-general was established in the Jiaqing period, major affairs of this league and Zhaowuda were reported directly by the governor-general. From late Daoguang coastal defense through early Xianfeng campaigns against the Taiping rebels, the court repeatedly called up this league's troops together with Jirem and Zhaowuda as the eastern three leagues, and they won considerable distinction. The Tumed league lay beyond Xifeng Pass, a thousand li from Beijing. Its territory measured four hundred and sixty li east to west and three hundred and ten li north to south. Yangximu pastures lay to the east, Harqin to the west, the Mukden wall to the south, and Khalkha Left Wing and Aohan to the north. Tumed was split into left and right wings in which families of different lineage pastured together. The left wing was headed by descendants of the Yuan minister Jirema. Thirteen generations descended from Jirema to Shanba, who were close kin to Harqin. The right wing was headed by descendants of the Yuan founding emperor. Nineteen generations descended from the founding emperor to Ombochuhor, who fathered Gumu and were close kin to the Guihuacheng Tumed.

天總三年，善巴、鄂木布楚琥爾各率屬來歸。八年六月，選兵從征明，頒示軍律。七月，由獨石口入明邊，會大軍於保安州，分兵隸都統武訥格，略察哈爾邊。九年，詔編所部佐領，設扎薩克三：曰善巴，曰賡格爾，曰鄂木布楚琥爾。賡格爾者，善巴族也。崇德二年，以罪削扎薩克，善巴領其眾。自是土默特分左右翼，命善巴及鄂木布楚琥爾掌之。是年遣大臣阿什達爾漢等赴其部理庶獄。六年，從圍明錦州，敗總督洪承疇援兵。八年，隨饒餘貝勒阿巴泰征明。

In the third year of Tiancong, Shanba and Ombochuhor each led their followers to submit. In the sixth month of year eight they mobilized troops for the Ming campaign and promulgated military regulations. In the seventh month they entered Ming territory through Dushikou, joined the main force at Bao'an, and detachments under Commander-in-Chief Unge raided the Chakhar frontier. In year nine the court organized their platoon leaders and appointed three zasak—Shanba, Genger, and Ombochuhor. Genger belonged to Shanba's clan. In the second year of Chongde Genger was stripped of his zasak rank for misconduct and Shanba assumed command of his people. Thereafter Tumed was formally split into left and right wings under Shanba and Ombochuhor. That same year Asha Darhan and other ministers were sent to adjudicate civil cases in the league. In the sixth year they joined the siege of Jinzhou and routed Grand Secretary Hong Chengchou's relief force. In the eighth year they followed Raoyu Beile Abatai on a Ming campaign.

順治元年，從入山海關，擊流賊李自成。三年，隨剿蘇尼特部叛人騰機思。康熙元年，喀爾喀台吉巴爾布冰圖來歸，詔附土默特牧。十三年，大軍剿逆籓耿精忠等，詔所部塔布囊善達偕喀喇沁塔布囊霍濟格爾以兵赴兗州聽調。十七年，調赴浙江，隨康親王傑書進剿。閩地悉定，諭優敘。五十五年，詔選兵千隨公傅爾丹屯鄂爾坤。五十九年，以旱歉收，賜帑賑之。雍正三年，塔布囊沙津達賚隨大軍防禦準噶爾。七年，封鎮國公。九年，大將軍傅爾丹擊準噶爾于和通呼爾哈諾爾，沙津達賚陣逃，削爵；而土默特部將之隨參贊內大臣馬蘭泰者，敗賊西爾哈昭，斬獲甚眾，稍雪恥焉。

In the first year of Shunzhi they marched through Shanhai Pass and fought Li Zicheng's rebels. In the third year they joined the suppression of the Sunid rebel Tenggis. In the first year of Kangxi Khalkha taiji Barbu Bingtu submitted, and the court ordered him to pasture under Tumed. In the thirteenth year, during the campaign against Geng Jingzhong and other rebel princes, the court ordered Tumed tabunang Shanda and Harqin tabunang Huojiger to Yanzhou with their troops. In the seventeenth year they were sent to Zhejiang and followed Prince Kang Jieshu on the punitive campaign. When Fujian was fully pacified, the court granted them preferential honors for merit. In the fifty-fifth year the court detailed a thousand men to garrison the Ergun with Duke Furdan. In the fifty-ninth year drought and failed harvests brought imperial relief funds. In the third year of Yongzheng tabunang Shajin Dabai joined the main army against the Dzungars. In the seventh year he was enfeoffed as Gushun Gong. In the ninth year Grand Marshal Furdan attacked the Dzungars at Khorgol. Shajin Dabai fled in battle and lost his title; Yet Tumed officers under Grand Coordinator Malantai defeated the enemy at Xierhazhao with heavy kills and captures, partly redeeming the disgrace.

所部二旗，左翼駐海他哈山，右翼駐巴顏和朔，隸卓索圖盟。爵三：扎薩克多羅達爾漢貝勒一，由鎮國公晉襲；附喀爾喀貝勒一；扎薩克固山貝子一。

Its two banners garrisoned the left wing at Haitaha Mountain and the right at Bayan Hosho under the Josotu League. Three noble ranks were held: one zasak duoluo darhan beile, promoted from Gushun Gong; one attached Khalkha beile; and one zasak gushan beizi.

乾隆四十一年，以所部墾地置朝陽縣。同治九年，以右翼旗箭丁等屢控扎薩克貝子索特那木色登科派太重，於是管旗章京阿阿尚等以因公派錢不能體恤，均革。熱河都統庫克吉泰因奏變通土默特比丁章程，申明交納丁錢舊章，箭丁子女不許妄行役使及隨侍陪嫁，八枝箭丁仍歸土默特管束。光緒十七年，敖漢部金丹道匪之變，是部同時被擾。事平，賑恤之。左翼有佐領八十，右翼有佐領九十，於諸旗為特多焉。

In the forty-first year of Qianlong reclaimed lands within the league were organized as Chaoyang County. In the ninth year of Tongzhi right-wing archer households repeatedly protested that zasak beile Sotenam Sedengke's levies were excessive; banner secretary Aashang and others were dismissed for failing to moderate official collections. Rehe governor-general Kukejitai memorialized to revise Tumed military-household rules, reaffirmed the old silver quota, barred wrongful impressment of archers' sons and dowry servants, and returned eight branches of archer households to Tumed authority. In the seventeenth year of Guangxu, when the Aohan Jindan Dao uprising erupted, Tumed was attacked as well. After order was restored, the court granted relief. The left wing held eighty platoon leaders and the right ninety, an unusually high count among the banners.

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