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卷519 列傳三百六 藩部二 敖汉 奈曼 巴林 扎鲁特 阿噜科尔沁 翁牛特 克什克腾 喀尔喀左翼 乌珠穆沁 浩齐特 苏尼特 阿巴噶 阿巴哈纳尔

Volume 519 Biographies 306: Frontier Dependencies 2: Aohan, Naiman, Baarin, Jarud, Ar Khorchin, Ongniud, Hexigten, Ka Er Ka Zuo Yi, Ujumqin, Horchin, Sunid, Abaga, Abahanar

Chapter 519 of 清史稿 · Draft History of Qing
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Chapter 519
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1
西 西
The Aohan banner lay beyond Xifeng Pass, some 1,010 li from the capital. It measured 160 li from east to west and 280 li from north to south. Naiman lay to the east, Kharchin to the west, Tumed to the south, and Ongniud to the north.
2
Of the twenty-four Inner Jasak banners, all save Khorchin, Jalaid, Durbot, Gorlos, Kharchin, Left Tumed, Ar Khorchin, Ongniud, Abaga, Abahanar, the Fourth Tribe, Minggan, and Urad traced their descent to Dayan Chesen Khan, fifteenth-generation scion of Genghis Khan. Dayan Chesen Khan had eleven sons. His eldest, Tülu Bolot, was ancestor to five banners: Aohan, Naiman, Ujumqin, Khorchin, and Sunid. The third son, Bars Bolot, founded the Right Tumed banner and the Ordos banners. The fifth son, Altai Bolot, was ancestor to the Baarin and Jarud banners. The sixth son, Öchir Bolot, founded the Hexigten banner. The eleventh son, Galsangja Jarai Hün Taiji, founded the Left and Right Khalkha banners. The remaining sons are not recorded here. Tülu Bolot had two sons. The elder, Boti Alak, is treated in the Ujumqin biography. The younger, Namik, fathered Bema Tushitu. He had two sons. The elder, Daiqing Duleng, gave his people the name Aohan. The younger, Esen Wei Zheng Noyan, is treated in the Naiman biography.
3
Daiqing Duleng's sons Sonom Düren and Sechen Jölikitu had at first all been subject to Chakhar. When Ligdan Khan proved tyrannical, in Tiancong 1 (1627) he and the Naiman chief Günchük brought their people over to the Qing. Sonom Düren was ordered to settle at Kaiyuan, while Sechen Jölikitu was sent back to his former grazing lands. In the second year he joined the Naiman, Baarin, and Jarud taijis in campaigning against Chakhar. They were told not to slaughter those who surrendered and to tighten their patrol posts. Later Sonom Düren was found guilty of unauthorized hunting in the Hada and Yehe mountains, and the court debated confiscating his Kaiyuan holdings. When Sechen Jölikitu died, his son Wangdi succeeded him as banner chief. In the winter of the eighth year a minister went to Shüngön Köl to demarcate frontier pastures, fixing Zhahasu Tai and Nangjia Tai as the Aohan border. In Chongde 1 (1636) the banner's zuolings were registered, a jasak was appointed with Wangdi at its head, and he was ennobled as a prince of the first rank.
4
調 調 貿巿
In Shunzhi 1 (1644) he marched through Shanhaiguan with the Qing forces and fought Li Zicheng's rebel army. In Kangxi 13 (1674) he offered troops for the campaign against the rebel Wu Sangui and was told to keep his herds at pasture until called. In the fourteenth year he joined the main force in putting down the Chakhar rebel Bulunni. In the fifteenth year his troops were sent to Henan and soon afterward redeployed to Jingzhou. Three years later they returned victorious. In the autumn of the twenty-eighth year the court ordered grain from the Xifengkou storehouses distributed to needy households under the banner. In the winter of the thirty-seventh year officials were sent to teach them agriculture. The emperor said, "Where I have traveled I have seen that the land of the Aohan and Naiman banners is excellent and can bear every kind of grain. If the harvest is plentiful, people on both sides of the Greater Khingan who lack farmland can buy grain nearby and will not have to cross into the border markets for rice. Those who had refrained from farming because grain land could not also pasture horses should now reserve grassy tracts for herding, so cultivation and grazing need no longer conflict. Moreover, many Aohan and Naiman Mongols live by fishing; if they are taught to draw water for irrigation, they should take readily to it. Whatever may benefit the Mongols, consult with the princes and taijis and then put it into practice." In Yongzheng 5 (1727), after disaster struck the banner, the court granted treasury funds for relief. In the ninth year he joined the main army in campaigning against Galdan Tseren.
5
The banner, headquartered at Gurban Turgai Mountain, formed the Zhaowuda League together with Naiman, Ongniud, Baarin, Jarud, Left Khalkha, and Ar Khorchin. There were five noble ranks: one jasak prince of the first rank; one attached prince of the first rank; two attached banner beizi, one of whom had inherited after demotion from beile rank; and one defender duke of the state, who had inherited after demotion from beizi rank.
6
貿 西 西
This banner was the first to undertake land reclamation. After the Jiaqing era the court repeatedly issued strict bans on the practice. In Guangxu 17 (1891) the Jindandao bandit Yang Yuechun and his followers raised a rebellion. In the tenth month they stormed and occupied the residence of Beizi Dekexin, killed him, and fanned out in raids that brought fighting to Kharchin, Tumed, Ongniud, and Naiman alike. They forced Han Chinese into their ranks, slaughtered Mongols on sight, seized government offices, destroyed churches, and laid waste with appalling violence. Zhili military governor Ye Zhichao and others were ordered to suppress the uprising, which was not quelled until the twelfth month. The court ordered relief: for the eight banners of Aohan and four allied tribes, more than 170,000 taels of silver were granted, aiding over 300,000 Han and Mongol people in all. Li Hongzhang and banner general Kuibin jointly memorialized: "Mongols and settler tenants are deeply at odds — over rents on leased fields on the one hand and merchants' unpaid debts on the other. New rules should be drawn up: tenants on Mongol land should pay through local officials, with Mongol princes sending agents to collect their shares; and when merchants trade on Mongol capital or credit disputes lead to losses, cases should go to local officials for impartial settlement, without favor to either side." This was the root of the rift between Mongols and settler tenants in the Aohan region, which Hongzhang and his colleagues hoped to heal through reform. In the twenty-fourth year Jasak Prince Damulin Da'erdake was stripped of his league headship and jasak rank for burdening his people as Zhaowuda league chief and levying unauthorized exactions. In the thirty-first year Jasak Prince Le'enzhale Nuo'erzan was assassinated by one of his guards. In the thirty-third year, with the succession still unsettled, banner general Tingjie asked the Court of Colonial Affairs to choose a worthy kinsman and confirm the inheritance without delay. In Xuantong 1 (1909) the clansman Gunbuzhabu succeeded to the title. In the second year the banner was split into left and right divisions: the existing jasak retained the left banner, while Prince Selengduanlubu was appointed jasak of the new right banner. The left banner had thirty-five zuolings and the right banner twenty. The Naiman banner lay beyond Xifeng Pass, some 1,110 li from the capital. It measured 95 li from east to west and 220 li from north to south. Left Khalkha lay to the east, Aohan to the west, Tumed to the south, and Ongniud to the north.
7
Genghis Khan had once pacified the Naiman together with his brother Khabtu Khasar. Three generations later Esen Wei Zheng Noyan adopted that name for his people. His son Günchük succeeded, took the title Batulu Taiji, and became subject to Chakhar. When Ligdan Khan proved tyrannical, in Tiancong 1 Günchük and his nephew Öchir brought their people over to the Qing and were sent back to their former grazing lands. Öchir, on patrol with his men, killed a hundred Chakhar soldiers, presented more than a hundred head of livestock as booty, and was granted the title Hoshoqi along with a suit of armor. In the eighth year a minister went to Shüngön Köl to demarcate frontier pastures, fixing Bak Ar Hoshu and Bagashirusu Tai as the Naiman border. In Chongde 1 he was appointed jasak and ennobled as a first-rank Darhan prince. Earlier Abang Hoshoqi of the banner had distinguished himself hunting down Minggan fugitives with the main army. Now, when an envoy was sent to proclaim the edict in Korea, Günchük sent his follower Daiduchi to carry the letter. They met Ming troops from Pidao, ambushed them, killed two enemy soldiers, and returned wounded; all were rewarded. In the fifth year he sent his follower Zhadan with the main army against the Solon; on their return he received generous rewards. In the seventh year he again sent Shandan and Sartu on the Ming campaign; they entered through Huangyakou, took Jizhou, pushed into Shandong, and captured Yanzhou. In the eighth year Shandan came to present captives and was given a banquet in his honor.
8
祿
In Shunzhi 1 he marched through Shanhaiguan with the Qing forces and fought Li Zicheng's rebel army. In Kangxi 14 the Chakhar rebel Bulunni rose in revolt. Jasak Prince Zhamusan joined him, moved to Chagan Gol, coordinated with Bulunni's forces, and sent agents to incite other jasaks. Pacification Commissioner Prince Xin Eza was ordered to lead troops against them. At Dalu, Bulunni was routed and fled, then was slain in battle by the Khorchin imperial son-in-law Shajin. Cornered and captured, Zhamusan pleaded for mercy and was spared by special edict. The taijis who had stayed loyal were richly rewarded: Öchir inherited the jasak princely rank from first-class taiji; Ulemji rose from second-class taiji to beizi; Gele'er from second-class taiji to auxiliary state duke; Urtnasu from third-class to first-class taiji; and Öchir's eldest son Erdeni was granted third-class taiji. In the twentieth year the court ordered grain from the Xifengkou storehouses distributed to needy households under the banner. In Yongzheng 5 a poor harvest struck the banner and the court granted treasury funds for relief. In the ninth year he joined the main army in campaigning against Galdan Tseren. At first Naiman and Aohan had alike answered the court's calls to ceremony and war, arriving in close succession and holding equal rank. Only Zhamusan's disloyalty kept Naiman from standing on a par with Aohan. Once Öchir received a new enfeoffment and served with scrupulous loyalty, the court's favor toward Naiman was restored as before.
9
西 西
The banner was headquartered at Zhangwu Tai, its chief holding the rank of jasak first-rank Darhan prince. In Daoguang 27 Princess Shou'an Gurun was betrothed to Demchugjab, son of Naiman Jasak Prince Awangduwadijab, who was made a Gurun imperial son-in-law. He soon succeeded to the princely title and office. He died in Tongzhi 4 (1865) and was posthumously granted princely rank. During the Jindandao uprising of Guangxu 17 this banner was also ravaged. After order was restored, the court granted relief. The banner had fifty zuolings. The Baarin banner lay beyond Gubeikou, 960 li from the capital. It measured 251 li from east to west and 233 li from north to south. Ar Khorchin lay to the east, Hexigten to the west, Ongniud to the south, and Ujumqin to the north.
10
Altai Bolot, sixteenth-generation scion of Genghis Khan, fathered Khorshichi Khasar. His son Subuhai took the title Darhan Noyan and gave his people the name Baarin. His son Baghabatur succeeded him. He had three sons: the eldest Ebugedei Hong Batur, the second Hotogor Anggha, and the third Setel. At first they had all been subject to Khalkha.
11
使 滿
In Tianming 4 Ebugedei Hong Batur and the Khalkha chief sent envoys to seek alliance, and the request was granted. In the spring of the eleventh year, for breaking the alliance and secretly treating with Ming, the Qing army marched against them and killed Taiji Nangnuk in battle. That winter, campaigning against Jarud, the court ordered detachments into Baarin territory to show force, burn the grasslands, drive off scouts, and withdraw. About then Ligdan Khan of Chakhar raided their banners, and the taijis all fled to Khorchin for refuge. In Tiancong 2 (1628) Setel brought his son Sebeten, together with Seleng son of Ebugedei Hong Batur, Manzhushiri son of Hotogor Anggha, and others from Khorchin to submit to the Qing. The court treated them generously and settled them in their new allegiance. In the third year he joined the campaign against Ming, entered through Da'an Pass via the Yangximu River, and took Zunhua. In the fourth year he attacked Changli and, with Jarud forces, invested the north side of the city. In the sixth year he joined a raid along the Datong and Xuanfu frontier. In the fifth month of the eighth year he mustered at Zhamuhake for the campaign against Chakhar and received a carved saddle and fine horses from the zaisang Budui Shanjin. He then marched on Ming Shuozhou through Dushikou and captured eight forts. In the tenth month a minister went to Shüngön Köl to demarcate frontier pastures, fixing Hulahu Hu, Hoburidu, Keliyehada, and Hujieradake as the Baarin border. In Chongde 1 (1636) selected troops joined the campaign against Ming. In the third year they entered Ming territory through Qiangzi Ridge, set scaling ladders against the walls, and took the city when Sorhu, a man under taiji Ayushi, was first to climb over. In the fourth year he joined the siege of Jinzhou. In the sixth year he joined the siege of Songshan. In the seventh year he presented prisoners of war and received rewards of silks and gifts for his officers.
12
滿
In Shunzhi 1 (1644) he followed the Qing army through Shanhaiguan and fought the rebel Li Zicheng. In the fifth year an edict registered the banner's zuolings, appointing Manzhushiri to head the left wing and ennobling him as gushan beizi; Sebeten was placed at the head of the right wing and ennobled as duoluo junwang; each was appointed jasak. In Kangxi 23 the emperor traveled beyond the Great Wall and halted at Wuladai. The jasaks of both wings brought their taijis to audience, and each received caps and robes, bows and arrows, and silver in varying measure. In the twenty-eighth year an edict released grain from the Gubeikou granary to relieve poor households within the banner. In the twenty-ninth year the imperial son-in-law Alabutan was ordered to lead four hundred men from both wings to Hulu Gol to reconnoiter Galdan. In that campaign Sebeten's sons Gele'ertu and Namjaa took part, as did his grandsons Namudak, Sanglida, and Urgun, together with the clan taiji Shakhtar and others. Gele'ertu distinguished himself in the van with fierce attacks, and when the army returned he was richly rewarded. In the thirty-fourth year, after Galdan raided Khalkha as far as Bayan Ulan, an edict called up Aohan and Naiman troops for Alabutan's command and ordered Namudak, Urgun, and others to hold the Ujumqin frontier. That year the banner suffered crop failure, and an edict ordered relief grain from Polai Tun. In the thirty-eighth year Guard Commander Ekejeha and academician Suhena were sent to join the jasaks and distribute one thousand shi of grain stored at Baarin for famine relief. If the population proved too large for the available grain, more was brought from Polai for distribution. In Yongzheng 9 he joined the main army in campaigning against Galdan Tseren. Second-class taiji Linzhan pursued the enemy to the Chabahan River and guarded the baggage camels and horses; and again struck them at Tarletu, Gurban Shile, and other points. For these services he was promoted to first-class taiji.
13
西 西 西
The banner comprised two wings: the right wing was headquartered at Tubo Mountain and the left at Achatu Tuoluo Hai. There were four noble ranks: one jasak duoluo junwang of princely standing, one jasak gushan beizi, and two supplementary gushan beizi. In Guangxu 17, during the Jindandao rebellion, the bandit leader Li Guozhen raided into this banner as far as Nalin Gou. Ye Zhichao sent troops that defeated and suppressed them. In the thirty-third year reclaimed land within the banner was organized as Linxi County, subordinate to Chifeng Zhili Prefecture. The left wing had sixteen zuolings and the right wing twenty-six. The Jarud banner lay beyond Xifengkou, 1,510 li from the capital. It measured 125 li from east to west and 460 li from north to south. Khorchin lay to the east, Ar Khorchin marked the western border, Left Khalkha to the south, and Ujumqin to the north.
14
Ubashi, eighteenth-generation scion of Genghis Khan, took the title Wei Zheng Noyan and gave his people the name Jarud. He had two sons: the elder Bayan Dar Ileden and the younger Dulai Noyan. Bayan Dar Ileden had five sons. The eldest, Zhongtu, was succeeded by his son Neiji, who in turn took the title of khan; the second was Gengen; the third was Zhongnen; the fourth Guobirtu and the fifth Angan. Dulai Noyan had two sons: the elder Seben and the younger Mani. At first they had all been subject to Khalkha.
15
L5 使 使 使
In the jiayin year of the founding emperor's reign, Neiji gave his younger sister in marriage to Prince Manggūltai; Zhongnen and his cousin Erjige also came to enter into alliance. In the autumn of Tianming 4 he followed the main army in the campaign against Ming at Tieling. Seben, his elder cousin Bak, and others joined Khalkha taiji Zaisai with more than ten thousand men to aid Ming, but were taken prisoner by the Qing army in battle. That winter Neiji, Erjige, Eteng, Erzee, Dorji Sang, and Arqibidengtu, together with Karjoliktu Hong Batur and others, sent envoys to seek alliance. The request was granted and a minister was dispatched to oversee the covenant. When some men under their zaisang Koken came over to the Qing side, the emperor refused to receive them, holding that the alliance must not be broken. Seben and Bak were soon released and sent home. In the eighth year Bak came to court, and the emperor ordered his hostage son Okirsang released to return with him. Yet Zhongla, Angan, and others repeatedly raided Qing envoys carrying robes and gifts bound for Khorchin, seizing horses and cattle as well. The emperor sent troops against them, killed Angan, and captured his followers. Zhongnen's son Santu, taken prisoner with his family, came to court to plead for mercy. An edict restored him so that he might rebuild his household. Before long the banner's taijis broke the alliance again, ambushed the Qing envoy Gushi at Hanchala and on the Liao River, and looted his goods. In the eleventh year the great prince Daišan was ordered to lead an punitive expedition. Erzee was killed, and Bak and thirteen other taijis were captured. When the army returned, they were again ordered released and sent home. Soon afterward Ligdan Khan of Chakhar raided them, and they fled to Khorchin for refuge.
16
In Tiancong 2 Neiji, Seben, and others successively brought their people over to the Qing. Taiji Kabahai killed Chakhar taiji Galtu and presented seven hundred captives, for which he was granted the title Wei Zheng. In the third year he received an imperial order establishing regulations for troops on campaign. For grazing beyond their allotted pastures Neiji, Seben, Mani, Guobirtu, Bayartu, and Daiqing voluntarily proposed fines of ten camels and one hundred horses each. The court showed leniency and fined each of them one horse. That winter they joined the campaign against Ming, entered through Longjing Pass, took Zunhua, and invested the Ming capital. Ming troops were encamped east of the city. The Mongol contingents attacked before the lines were properly formed and were beaten back, but Seben and Mani routed the enemy and were richly rewarded. In the spring of the fifth year an edict called for deliberation on the offenses of taiji Daiqing. Earlier the great prince Daišan had taken Daiqing's son Shandu prisoner in battle, after which Shandu fled to Khorchin. Two years later he returned, and an edict ordered that he be kept on for maintenance. Later, on campaign against Ming, Prince Manggūltai fought Ming troops east of the capital while Daiqing and Shandu slipped away. He also lodged a false charge that Prince Ajige had allowed his men to commit murder. On these grounds he was judged deserving of death, but the emperor specially pardoned him, stripped him of his dependent households, and divided them between Manggūltai and Ajige. In the sixth year Neiji, Seben, Mani, Kabahai, and others joined the campaign against Chakhar and were commended for their loyal service. Soon afterward they followed Prince Ajige in raiding the Ming frontier around Datong and Xuanfu. In the eighth year they advanced on Shuozhou through Dushikou. That winter a minister went to Shüngön Köl to demarcate frontier pastures, fixing Nuochuo Gartu Wulumu as the Jarud border. In Chongde 2 he marched against the Warka Jurchens from Korea. In the third year he joined the campaign against Khalkha Jasaktu Khan. In the spring of the fifth year he joined the campaign against the Solon. Taiji Sanguer, Ayushi, Hulai, Arsu Hu, Yueboguo, and others received python robes, sable furs, armor, and bows and arrows. That winter taiji Kenjehe was granted the title Darhan for his success in pursuing and capturing fugitives from Maoming'an.
17
歿
In Shunzhi 1 he followed the Qing army through Shanhaiguan and fought the rebel Li Zicheng. In the fifth year an edict registered the banner's zuolings. By then Neiji and Seben had died. Neiji's son Shangjiabu was placed at the head of the left wing and Seben's son Sangeer of the right wing, and each was appointed jasak beile. In Kangxi 14 the Chakhar rebel Bulunni rose in revolt and secretly incited other banners. Second-class taiji Genyishixibu, who had refused to join the rebellion, was ennobled as baron of the state. The title was later made non-hereditary. In the twenty-ninth year, on campaign against Galdan, second-class taiji Kekejin and fourth-class taiji Günchük Sergelen Erdene were killed in battle. Both were posthumously raised to first-class taiji and granted the title Darhan. In Yongzheng 1 the banner suffered crop failure, and an edict ordered relief from the treasury. In the eleventh year selected troops joined the campaign against Galdan Tseren under the command of Aohan taiji Luobuzang.
18
西 西
The banner comprised two wings: the left was headquartered north of Qiqi Linghua Tuoluo Hai Mountain and the right south of Tu'er Mountain. There were four noble ranks: one jasak duoluo beile, one jasak duoluo Darhan beile, one supplementary baron of the state, and one auxiliary state duke. The banner produced natural alkali, which at first was forbidden to be extracted. In Guangxu 21 Governor-General Song Shou, acting on the board's recommendation to permit extraction, memorialized regulations for tax payment, with each banner selecting upright Mongol officials to manage a trial operation. In the thirty-third year Governor-General Ting Jie memorialized that reclaimed land in this banner and Ar Khorchin should be organized as Kailu County, subordinate to Chifeng Zhili Prefecture. Each of the banner's left and right wings had sixteen zuolings. The Ar Khorchin banner lay beyond Gubeikou, 1,340 li from the capital. It measured 130 li from east to west and 420 li from north to south. Jarud lay to the east, Baarin to the west, Left Khalkha to the south, and Ujumqin to the north.
19
Tümeni Yahachi was thirteenth in descent from Khabutu Khasar, younger brother of Genghis Khan. He had three sons. The eldest, Kuimengke Tas Hala, grazed along the Nen River and styled his people Nen Khorchin; the second was Bagun Noyan; the third, Bulun Hai, grazed in Hulun Buir. Bagun Noyan had three sons. The eldest, Kudunlun Daqing, styled his people Ar Khorchin to distinguish them from Nen Khorchin. His son Dalai, known as Chuhu'er, succeeded as banner chief; the second was Habei, whose son Batur left no recorded posterity; the third, Noyan Tai, had four sons who formed the Fourth Tribe. Bulun Hai's line took the name Urad; their history is recounted in the separate tribal biographies.
20
Ar Khorchin, the Fourth Tribe, Urad, Minggan, Ongniud, Abaga, Abahanar, and the inner and outer Khalkha jasaks were collectively known as Ar Mongol, all initially subject to Chakhar. When Ligdan Khan proved tyrannical, in Tiancong 4 (1630) Dalai and his son Muzhang brought their people over to the Qing. The princes were ordered to welcome them five li from the city, and a banquet was held. In the eighth year ministers went to Shuo'engke'er to demarcate dependency pastures, setting Tarabulaq beyond the two White Banners and Xun Island as the banner's boundary. In Chongde 1 (1636) an envoy was dispatched to announce Qing policy to Korea, accompanied by Dehe Baidar'er of the banner. En route they met Ming forces from Pi Island, ambushed them, and routed them. On their return they were richly rewarded. Ar Khorchin had previously been divided into two banners, each led by Dalai and Muzhang. They were now merged into a single banner under Muzhang. He later joined campaigns in Korea, against the Warka and Solon, in Khalkha, and against Ming at Jinan, Jinzhou, Songshan, and Jizhou.
21
退 歿 調 沿 沿
In Shunzhi 1 (1644) he marched through Shanhaiguan with the Qing forces and fought Li Zicheng's rebel army. For his service he was appointed jasak and ennobled as gushan beizi. In Kangxi 27 Galdan invaded Khalkha, and the banner's troops were ordered to man the Sunid defensive posts. In the twenty-eighth year the banner suffered food shortages and was granted grain for relief. In the twenty-ninth year second-class taiji Dongniute joined the campaign against Galdan. Seeing how formidable the enemy was, he told his men: "We owe the emperor a deep debt of gratitude. If we give ground even a little, how can we face him again?" He led three hundred men into the charge; all were killed. In the thirtieth year he was posthumously raised to first-class taiji with a hereditary Darhan title. That winter the Lifan Yuan considered distributing grain to the banner's poor households. The emperor instructed: "Grain relief should be delivered by requisitioning Mongol camels and horses. In deep winter haulage is extremely arduous; recipients may be unable to move the grain, inviting illicit sale along the frontier. It would be better to measure the grain and pay silver in its place—silver is easy to carry, and the poor will receive real benefit." In Kangxi 35 the emperor led a personal campaign against Galdan. When scouts reported the enemy moving along the Kerulen toward Ejeitu Hubuqir, he ordered tighter border patrols.
22
In the forty-third year an official was sent to investigate a theft case and instructed the jasak to keep his banner in order and suppress robbery. In the forty-eighth year Batma, a gushan imperial son-in-law, petitioned through his wife the xianjun to surrender her households because her subordinates would not obey; the court allowed temporary official administration but ruled that this should not become precedent. In Yongzheng 5 silver was distributed to the banner's poor households. In the ninth year the banner joined the main force against Galdan Tsewang. In the thirteenth year officials were sent with silver for famine relief.
23
西 西
The banner pastured east of Huitu Mountain and belonged to the Zhaowuda League. Its chief held the rank of jasak duoluo beile, promoted by hereditary succession from gushan beizi. The banner also produced natural alkali. In Guangxu 31 regulations were set for Mongol officials to administer their own tax payments. The banner comprised a single division with fifty zuolings. The Ongniud banner lay beyond Gubeikou, 760 li from the capital. It measured 300 li from east to west and 160 li from north to south. Ar Khorchin lay to the east, Chengde Prefecture to the west, Kharchin and Aohan to the south, and Baarin and Hexigten to the north.
24
Öchüjin, Genghis Khan's younger brother, was styled Ujen Noyan. His line continued through Mönke Tsaghan Noyan. He had two sons. The elder, Bayandai Hongguor Noyan, styled his people Ongniud; the second, Btai Sechen Noyan, founded the separate Kharachilik banner. Both were known as Ar Mongol. Two generations after Bayandai Hongguor Noyan, Tülan styled himself Dulen Khan. He had seven sons: Sundulen, Abagatu Hui taiji, Dongdaiqing, Bandi Weizheng, Dalahai Nomuchi, Sayang Mer-gen, and Benba Chuhu'er Btai Sechen Noyan. Three generations later Nusui had two sons, Garmal and Nomitai Daqing. All were initially subject to Chakhar. When Ligdan Khan proved tyrannical, in Tiancong 6 Sundulen, Dongdaiqing, and Kharachilik taiji Garmal brought their people over to the Qing. That year the emperor led a personal campaign against Chakhar, and each chief sent picked troops. Ligdan Khan fled; They then followed Prince Ajige to Datong and Xuanfu to collect Chakhar people who had fled into Ming territory. When the army returned they were richly rewarded and sent home. Thereafter the banner was known as Ongniud, with Kharachilik incorporated, and the old Ar name was dropped.
25
In the spring of the seventh year Dongdaiqing and Garmal came to court, and Bandi Weizheng and others successively presented camels and horses. That winter Sundulen again led his people to court. In the eighth year ministers went to Shuo'engke'er to demarcate pastures, setting Hulahu and Huhubulidu as the Ongniud banner's boundary. That winter Bandi Weizheng and Dalahai Nomuchi were convicted of grazing beyond their bounds; a fine of one hundred camels and one thousand horses was proposed. The court showed leniency and reduced the penalty to one tenth. Camels and horses levied as fines from the Naiman banner were also ordered distributed to Sundulen and Dongdaiqing. In Chongde 1 zuolings were registered for the new banner; Sundulen was placed at the head of the right wing and ennobled as duoluo Dulen junwang; Dongdaiqing headed the left wing as duoluo Darhan Daqing; each was appointed jasak. In the third year Khalkha Jasaktu Khan mustered troops against Guihua City. The emperor marched in person; Dongdaiqing, Bandi Weizheng, Dalahai Nomuchi, and others joined the reconnaissance force. Jasaktu Khan fled and they withdrew. In the fourth year Dongdaiqing led zaisang Ubasi, Honichi, and others on the great campaign against Ming. In the sixth year they besieged Jinzhou and Songshan, laying ambushes on the Gaoqiao road and at Sang'erzhai fort. When they met deserters from Xingshan they pursued them and took many heads and captives. In the seventh year Dongdaiqing, Garmal, Honichi, and others received cloth rewards in varying measure for their service. A review of the Songshan trench work found that zaisang Ubasi, occupied with sutra recitation, had not personally overseen his men and had failed the evening watch. Though sentenced to death, he was pardoned by edict. Dalahai Nomuchi, Chokitu Bambu, and others again followed Prince Abatai against Ming. In the eighth year they presented captives at court and were feasted.
26
調
In Shunzhi 1 he marched through Shanhaiguan against Li Zicheng's rebels; the merits of his subordinate Gelema from the Ming campaign were reconsidered and he was granted the Darhan title. In Kangxi 15, during the campaign against the rebel Wu Sangui, selected troops were ordered to garrison Henan. In the sixteenth year they were transferred to Jingzhou. In the eighteenth year they were withdrawn. In the twenty-second year, with theft rampant in the banner, the court issued instructions on pacifying the people and suppressing banditry. In the twenty-sixth year the emperor reviewed troops at Lugou Bridge and invited the banner's visitors at court to watch. In the twenty-seventh year picked troops were posted to the Sunid line against Galdan. In the thirty-fourth year food shortages prompted an official relief mission. In Kangxi 35 the emperor campaigned against Galdan in person and requisitioned five hundred men to haul provisions and supplies for the central route army. In the thirty-sixth year, with the northern frontier pacified, the grain-transport troops were rewarded with silver. In the fifty-sixth year Ongniud and Hexigten jasaks asked that officials survey their boundaries and punish illegal cross-border logging; the request was granted. In Yongzheng 5 silver was distributed to relieve the banner's poor. In the ninth year they joined the main force against Galdan Tsewang. In Qianlong 20 they joined the campaign against Dawachi.
27
西 西 西
The banner was split into two divisions: the right wing pastured at Yingshi'erhaqite Hulang, the left west of Zhala Peak. Four noble ranks were held: jasak duoluo Dulen junwang, an attached gushan beizi, a defender-of-the-state duke, and jasak duoluo Darhan Daqing beile. In Guangxu 17, during the Jindao uprising, the bandit chief Li Guozhen and his followers raided the banner, burned the princely residence, and seized Wudan city—the former seat of Yuan Quanning Circuit and the strategic gateway to Rehe's northern route. Ye Zhichao sent Vice General Pan Wancai and others to retake the city first; the remaining strongholds then collapsed with little resistance. Both wings of the banner were heavily ravaged. After order was restored relief was granted. The left wing had twenty zuolings and the right thirty-eight. The Hexigten banner lay beyond Gubeikou, 810 li from the capital. It measured 334 li from east to west and 357 li from north to south. Ongniud and Baarin lay to the east, Haoqite and the Chakhar Plain Blue Banner pasture to the west, Ongniud to the south, and Ujumqin to the north.
28
Öchir Bolot, sixteenth-generation scion of Genghis Khan, was succeeded two generations later by Shalada, who styled himself Morgen Noyan and named his people Hexigten. His son Darma had three sons: Sonom, Baben, and Tülei. They were subject to Chakhar. In Tiancong 8 Sonom brought his people over to the Qing. In Chongde 6 taijis Shali, Boluohe, Yundun, and others were sent to scout Ming forces at Dongjia, Xifeng, and other passes and took many prisoners and heads. In Shunzhi 9 the banner's zuolings were registered with Sonom as jasak. In Kangxi 26 the emperor reviewed troops at Lugou Bridge and invited the banner's visitors at court to watch. In the twenty-seventh year Galdan invaded Khalkha and picked troops were posted to the Sunid line. In the twenty-ninth year fourth-class taiji Mulun Garbi was raised to first-class taiji for his scouting and fighting against Galdan. In Kangxi 35 the emperor led a personal campaign against Galdan. On their triumphant return the banner was assigned relay-station troops to keep the courier routes running smoothly, and silver and coin were granted in reward. In Yongzheng 5 silver was distributed to relieve the banner's poor.
29
The banner comprised a single division pastured at Jilabas Peak under the Zhaowuda League. Its chief held the rank of jasak first-class taiji. This banner was among the earliest to take up land reclamation. During the Jiaqing reign a Baicha sub-prefect was posted to administer the area. During the Tongzhi reign Muslim rebels fled east into Rehe, and troops were garrisoned there.
30
西 西
A market fair northeast of Zhili's Duolun Nuor office also drew merchants together and was known as a thriving trading center. In Guangxu 17, during the Jindao uprising, the banner sent troops to help suppress bandits at Wudan city and elsewhere and won a victory. It had ten zuolings. The Left Khalkha banner lay beyond Xifeng Pass, 1,210 li from the capital. It measured 125 li from east to west and 230 li from north to south. Khorchin lay to the east, Naiman to the west, Tumed to the south, and Jarud and Ongniud to the north.
31
西 西 西
Galsangja Jarai Hün Taiji, sixteenth-generation scion of Genghis Khan, lived on the Khangai Mountains and first took the name Khalkha. He had seven sons. As the tribe grew it was divided into eastern, western, and central branches, each governed by one of three khans. His eldest son was Ashihai Darhan Noyan. He had two sons. The elder, Bayan Dara, was ancestor of the Western Route Zasagtu Khan; the younger, Timen Dara Daqing, whose son was Shulei Ubashi Hun Taiji. He had three sons: Ombu Erdeni, Hangtu Tai, and Günb Ildeng, all Khalkha Western Route taijis under the Zasagtu Khan.
32
西 調
In Kangxi 3 Günb Ildeng's khan Wangshuk was killed by his clansman Lobzang Taiji Erincin. His people scattered and, left destitute, crossed the Gobi to submit to the Qing. Earlier Bentar, a taiji under the Khalkha Middle Route Tüshe Tu Khan, had brought his people over to the Qing and was enfeoffed as jasak prince, with pastures beyond Zhangjiakou. An edict then made Günb Ildeng jasak duoluo beile and granted him pastures at Chaghan Hushitu beyond Xifeng Pass. Their lands were divided into eastern and western sections, so Bentar was styled Right Khalkha and Günb Ildeng Left Khalkha. Since the dynasty's founding Khalkha groups had submitted in succession under three names: Old Khalkha, which came over earliest and was later enrolled in the Mongol Eight Banners; Inner Khalkha, the present Left and Right Khalkha banners under Inner Jasak; and Outer Khalkha, which submitted later—the present four banners of the Tüshe Tu Khan, Setsen Khan, Zasagtu Khan, and Sayin Noyan under Outer Jasak. In the twenty-ninth year Galdan of the Eleuths invaded the Khalkha Tüshe Tu Khan, Setsen Khan, and Zasagtu Khan, plundering their territories until all three successively sought Qing protection. Günb Ildeng was ordered to ready troops at strategic posts and scout against Galdan. In Kangxi 35 the emperor led a personal campaign from the Kerulen River and ordered the banner to send picked troops to Ulerhui awaiting dispatch. After Galdan was defeated and fled, the troops were withdrawn. In Yongzheng 1 a poor harvest prompted treasury relief for the banner's people. In the ninth year picked troops were posted to Guihua city when the main force moved against Galdan Tsewang. They were soon shifted to the Kerulen River to protect Outer Jasak grazing lands. In the early Qianlong reign the garrison was withdrawn.
33
西 西
The banner comprised a single division headquartered at Chaghan Hushitu. Its chief held the rank of jasak duoluo beile. It had one zuoling. This banner, together with Aohan, Naiman, Baarin, Ongniud, Jarud, Left Khalkha, and Ar Khorchin—seven tribes in eleven banners—was grouped under the Juu Uda League. At the end of the Daoguang reign its troops were called up for coastal defense, and during the Xianfeng reign they were requisitioned to suppress the Cantonese rebels. In the early Tongzhi reign, after Khorchin Prince Sengge Rinchen was killed in battle, the troops were withdrawn. Among Mongol nobles who resided in Beijing during the Qing, those from this league together with Jirem and Juu Uda predominated; most were descendants of imperial sons-in-law. Nobles from the Xilin Gol, Ulan Buud, and Ike Juu leagues were rarely seen at court. The Ujumqin banner lay beyond Gubeikou, 1,163 li from the capital. It measured 360 li from east to west and 425 li from north to south. Solon lay to the east, Haoqite to the west, Baarin to the south, and the Gobi to the north.
34
Tülu Bolot, sixteenth-generation scion of Genghis Khan, moved from the Khangai Mountains to graze south of the Gobi; he was succeeded by his son Boti Alak. He had three sons who split off to graze in separate territories. The eldest was Kuden Khan; see the Haoqite tribal biography. The second was Kukchi Morgen Taiji; see the Sunid tribal biography. The third, Ongon Doral, styled his people Ujumqin. He had five sons. The eldest, Choktu, was styled Batur Noyan; the second, Baya, was styled Sayin Bingtu Noyan; the third, Nayan Tai, was styled Ildeng Noyan; the fourth, Zhangjin, was styled Darhan Noyan. All four died young. The fifth, Dorji, styled Setsen Jiyang, belonged to the same clan as Chakhar and was subject to it. When Ligdan Khan proved tyrannical, Dorji and Choktu's son Seleng moved north of the Gobi to graze under Khalkha protection.
35
使
In Tiancong 9, after the Qing subdued Chakhar, Dorji joined Khalkha Setsen Khan Shulei, Haoqite Tsewang Ildeng Tüshe Tu, Sunid Suusai Batur Jiyang, Abaga Dusigar Zasagtu Batur Jiyang, and others in presenting tribute. In Chongde 1 Wei Zaisang and others who had earlier come over from Chakhar were sent with imperial edicts to proclaim the court's will, and they arrived together with his envoy Namkhunjin and others. Tribute thereafter continued without interruption. In the eighth month of the second year taijis Ishkab, Urakai Zengge, Ajin, Kentek, and others presented tribute and received caps and robes, armor, bows and arrows, and cloth and coin. In the eleventh month Dorji and Seleng each brought their people over from the Kerulen. In the third year the Khalkha Zasagtu Khan massed his forces against Guihua city and the emperor marched in person. Dorji and Seleng joined the scouting force; when the Zasagtu Khan fled, they withdrew. Bagan, the taiji who had presented horses in tribute, was granted caps and robes and a girdle. In the fifth year the visiting taijis Gumu, tabunang Ahatur, and others received python robes and colored coin. In the sixth year Dorji was appointed jasak hoshu Setsen prince. In Shunzhi 3 Seleng was appointed jasak duoluo Erdeni beile. Dorji was placed at the head of the left wing and Seleng at the head of the right. That year the main force suppressed Tenggis of the Sunid tribe and marched into Khalkha. Dorji's subordinate Darakhai guided them through the country and was granted the title Darhan.
36
調 西
In Kangxi 20, with the banner's pastures bordering Khalkha and camel and horse theft rife between them, the court ordered roughly one hundred troops garrisoned at each strategic border post with sentries posted by banner. Jasaks who kept their people in order and suppressed banditry would be rewarded; those who failed would be punished. In the twenty-seventh year Galdan invaded Khalkha and a minister was sent to Ujumqin to instruct the jasaks on border defense. In the thirtieth year Abaga taiji Bental led Ujumqin taiji Chegen and others in rebellion and joined Galdan; their statements implicated Jasak Prince Sudani's wife. A minister was sent to investigate and found that Chegen and others had secretly supplied Galdan with camels and horses and dispatched banner officers including Alta to communicate with him—crimes punishable by death. Sudani's wife had foreknowledge of the plot and should be stripped of her title and lose her subject households. Sudani was already dead and his rank should be abolished. When the memorial was submitted, the court ordered Chegen and others punished but exempted the confiscation of subject households. Because Sudani had not plotted the rebellion, his rank was preserved and succession continued as before. In the thirty-first year the wife of Sudani's younger brother, assistant taiji Udashi, petitioned for a reward because Udashi had testified to Chegen and others' rebellion. The Lifan Yuan recommended that Udashi, being deceased, be posthumously granted auxiliary state duke and that his son Günb inherit his scout duties; the recommendation was approved. The inheritance was later discontinued. In the thirty-fourth year Galdan again invaded Khalkha and the banner was ordered to post picked troops along the border. In the thirty-fifth year scouts reported Galdan at Ejeitu and Habjir marched to Ulerhui awaiting orders. That year, on the emperor's return from his personal campaign against Galdan, silver was granted to the relay-station officers and soldiers. In the fifty-fifth year picked troops joined the main force against Tsewang Rabtan. In Yongzheng 9, when a campaign against Galdan Tsewang was planned, three thousand troops from Ujumqin's western jasaks were requisitioned to garrison the Urad line and protect the forty-nine banners' pastures, and Ujumqin was separately ordered to post troops on the Kerulen River. In the tenth year the garrison was shifted to Daligangai. In the thirteenth year they were withdrawn. In Qianlong 12 both wing jasaks were commended. More than twenty thousand poor households were supported after disaster struck the banner; princes and beiles received half a year's stipend, and stipend-less taijis received coin in varying amounts.
37
西 西西 西 西 西
The banner comprised two divisions: the right wing at Bak Sir Khatai Mountain and the left at Kuisu Toronhai. Together with Haoqite, Sunid, Abaga, Abahanar, and others it formed the Xilin Gol League. Four noble ranks were held: jasak hoshu Setsen prince, an attached defender-of-the-state duke, an auxiliary state duke, and jasak duoluo Erdeni beile. The left banner's jasak beile Seleng was succeeded by Dakdan Dukyajab. In Xianfeng 10 he was granted junwang rank for supplying transport camels and horses for the army. The banner's left wing had Gurban Bo, a salt-producing lake. Salt was shipped inland via Baarin Bridge and Wudan city; west of the imperial hunting grounds it was sold throughout Chengde, Feng, and Luan; east of Jianping it reached the districts of Jianchang and Chaoyang; in the far northeast it reached as far as Tuquan in Fengtian, and to the southwest it was routed from Duolun to Fengzhen and Ningyuan in Shanxi. In Guangxu 32 Governor-General Ting Jie memorialized regulations for a trial operation of Mongol salt. In Xuantong 2 Board of Revenue Minister Zaize memorialized regulations for Shanxi Mongol salt, making Ujumqin salt primary on the eastern route with Sunid salt as a supplement. The left wing had twenty-one zuolings and the right nine. The Haoqite banner lay beyond Dushikou, 1,815 li from the capital. It measured 170 li from east to west and 375 li from north to south. Ujumqin lay to the east and north, Abaga to the west, and Hexigten to the south.
38
Tülu Bolot, sixteenth-generation scion of Genghis Khan, was succeeded two generations later by Kuden Khan, who styled his people Haoqite. Kuden Khan's grandson Degerlei took the style Erdeni Hwang Taiji. He had five sons: Chitai Jahan Dulen Tüshe Tu, the eldest; Basibung Tüshe Tu, second; Tsewang Ildeng Tüshe Tu, third; Chitai Gundulen Erdeni Setsen Choghor, fourth; and Mohai Morgen, fifth. They belonged to the same clan as Chakhar and were subject to it. When Ligdan Khan proved tyrannical, they moved north of the Gobi to graze under Khalkha protection.
39
使
In Tiancong 8 the banner's taiji Elinjen, tabunang Batma Bandi Tüluqi, zaisang Senge Buyenchisen Ubasi, and others submitted from Khalkha with their households, camels, and horses. The court sent envoys to welcome them with a feast and rewarded them with armor, carved saddles, python robes, and silver. Fifty-three households of Elinjen's people who had submitted earlier remained under his jurisdiction. In the ninth year, after the Qing subdued Chakhar, Tsewang Ildeng Tüshe Tu joined the chiefs of Ujumqin and other tribes in presenting tribute. In Chongde 1 Basibung Tüshe Tu and the Sunid banner came to court with tribute. In the second year Bolot, son of Chitai Gundulen Erdeni Setsen Choghor, led his people in submission. In Shunzhi 3 he was appointed jasak duoluo Erdeni beile and later promoted to junwang. In the eighth year Garmal Sewang, son of Chitai Jahan Dulen Tüshe Tu, arrived with his followers. In the tenth year both were appointed jasak duoluo junwang; Bolot headed the left wing and Garmal Sewang the right.
40
In Kangxi 27 grain from Baicha stores was issued to relieve the banner's poor, and silver was granted as well. In the thirty-fourth year Galdan invaded Khalkha and both wing jasaks were ordered to post picked troops on the border to scout and defend against him. In Kangxi 35 the emperor campaigned against Galdan in person, pasturing horses at Gohosutai, and ordered the Sunid and Abahanar chiefs jointly to oversee pasture duties. On the victorious return both wing jasaks led their taijis to welcome the emperor by the roadside. They were commended for properly provisioning fodder, and the pasture supervisors and the officers and soldiers who repaired roads and dug wells were richly rewarded. In the fifty-fourth year a poor harvest prompted relief from Tang Sanying stores, and officials were sent to teach the people fishing. In Yongzheng 9, during the campaign against Galdan Tsewang, picked troops were ordered posted along the Kerulen River. In the tenth year the garrison was shifted to Daligangai. In the thirteenth year they were withdrawn.
41
西 西
The banner comprised two divisions: the left wing at Tegürük Hodok Hoqin and the right at Umehkeri, both under the Xilin Gol League. Two noble ranks were held: jasak duoluo Erdeni junwang and jasak duoluo junwang. Each wing of the banner had five zuolings. The Sunid banner lay beyond Zhangjiakou, 960 li from the capital. It measured 406 li from east to west and 580 li from north to south. Abaga lay to the east, the Fourth Tribe to the west, the Chakhar Plain Blue Banner pasture to the south, and the Gobi to the north.
42
西
Tülu Bolot, sixteenth-generation scion of Genghis Khan, was succeeded two generations later by Kukchi Morgen Taiji, who styled his people Sunid. Kukchi Morgen Taiji had four sons. The eldest, Buyan Hwang Taiji, was succeeded by his son Chuo'er Gun on the Sunid western route; the second, Bulinhai Choghor, was succeeded by his son Tabakhai Darhan Hoshu Qi on the Sunid eastern route. Initially all were subject to Chakhar. When Ligdan Khan proved tyrannical, they moved north of the Gobi to graze under Khalkha protection.
43
使 使
In Tiancong 9 Suusai, son of Chuo'er Gun, joined Khalkha Setsen Khan Shulei in sending tribute envoys. In Chongde 2 Tenggis, Tengget, Mangudai, and Harhula, sons of Tabakhai Darhan Hoshu Qi, together with taijis, weizheng, and others, each sent envoys to court and received Korean tribute goods. In the third year taijis Usan Ildeng, Dorji Karabatur, Seleng, Darma, and others joined the campaign against Khalkha Jasaktu Khan; when he fled during reconnaissance they withdrew. In the spring of the fourth year taijis Chochahai, Gartu, Tangud, Jotba, Shidala, Mangusi, Orjai, Baturai, Esher, Senge, and others came to court and received caps and robes, armor, and bows and arrows. That winter Tenggis and Suusai each led their people in submission from Khalkha, had audience at court, and presented camels and horses. In the first month of the fifth year Suusai, Tenggis, Tengget, Mangudai, Harhula, and taijis Budashihibu, Ayushi, Garmal Seleng, Erke, Chenbao, Mohai, Ilebes, and others received armor and silver. In the tenth month taijis Ubendai, Donggo'er, Orji, Bohi, Shajin, and others presented horses at court and received caps, robes, and saddlery. In the sixth year Tenggis was appointed jasak duoluo junwang. In the seventh year Suusai was appointed jasak duoluo Dulen junwang. Tenggis was placed at the head of the left wing and Suusai at the head of the right.
44
In Shunzhi 3 Tenggis, incited to rebel by Setsen Khan Shulei, fled to Khalkha with his brother Tengget and taijis Ubendai, Dorjisika, and others. The court sent troops with outer-dependency forces in pursuit from the Kerulen to Etek Mountain and the Tula River. Tenggis and Tengget escaped, but their families were captured. Ubendai and Dorjisika were killed in battle by Fourth Tribe troops. On the army's return, Ubendai's nephew Tojifu, who had joined the rebellion but also took part in the suppression, was granted the captives. In the fifth year Tenggis and Tengget repented and surrendered; the court spared their lives and restored their inherited ranks. In Kangxi 10 a poor harvest prompted relief grain from Xuanhua Prefecture and Guihua City stores, and horses, cattle, and sheep were also granted in measured amounts. In the twentieth year officials were sent to assess and grant silver and grain to disaster-affected households in both wings.
45
調
In the twenty-seventh year Galdan invaded Khalkha and two thousand picked troops were ordered posted on border defense. In the twenty-ninth year Galdan attacked Khalkha Kundelen Boshoktu Gunbu, and nobles below the new-tribe princes who had previously served were ordered to join the army. When Galdan entered Ujumqin territory they were ordered back to garrison their banner's key posts. In Kangxi 35 the emperor campaigned against Galdan in person; picked troops were sent to Ulerhui awaiting orders, pasturing horses at Gohosutai while jointly overseeing pasture duties with the chiefs of Haoqite, Abaga, Abahanar, and others. On the victorious return they were commended for properly managing pasture, and the pasture supervisors and the officers and soldiers who repaired roads and dug wells were richly rewarded. The right-wing jasak's subordinate Wangshuk and the left-wing jasak's subordinate Borojab were granted the title Darhan for their service as guides. The court further ordered Prince Samja's third son Dorjisikab beile and Bomub's eldest son Sudai to join forces on the Tula River to apprehend Galdan. Right-wing troops were then sent to Jülehui Ker Ajirhan and left-wing troops to Ichajahan; finding no enemy trace, both forces withdrew. In the fifty-fourth year disaster prompted relief from Zhangjiakou stores and one hundred thousand taels from the treasury; more than 64,900 registered men from taiji downward were all supported.
46
調
In Yongzheng 1 the right-wing second-class taiji Jindak was killed pursuing rebels; he was posthumously promoted to first-class taiji and granted ducal funeral rites. He had three sons. The eldest, Garmal Sundob, was enfeoffed auxiliary state duke; the second, Garmal Tsebuteng; the third, Gongge Cuimubile. For their service in the pursuit each was promoted in taiji rank by varying degrees. Garmal Sundob's rank was later discontinued in succession. In the second year disaster struck the banner and silver was granted for relief. In the ninth year troops were posted on the Kerulen River against Galdan Tsewang. In the tenth year a memorial proposed moving the Shangdu Dabsonnor pasture to the Sunid line; the emperor rejected it and ordered each group to remain on its own pasture. In the twelfth year the banner's troops garrisoned Daligangai. In the thirteenth year they were withdrawn. In Qianlong 12 famine was reported after disaster and officials were sent to provide relief.
47
西 西西 西 西
The banner comprised two divisions: the left wing at Kherlen Tuchabtai Gang and the right at Samin Xile Mountain, both under the Xilin Gol League. Four noble ranks were held: one jasak duoluo junwang; one attached duoluo beile; one jasak duoluo Dulen junwang; one attached auxiliary state duke, inherited by descent from beile rank. By the fifty-sixth year successive droughts had afflicted the banner and special relief was granted again. In Daoguang 13 the right-wing junwang disputed boundaries with a Khalkha prince, and Chakhar governor-general Kai Yinbu was ordered to survey the border. The survey was soon deferred because of disaster in Khalkha. Its territory stood at the crossroads between Inner and Outer Mongolia; through the ages armies moving from the southern steppe into the northern desert mostly passed this way. Late in the Guangxu reign a telegraph office called Pangjiang was established seventy li northeast of the Sunid right-wing princely residence to connect with the line at Udetolin. The banner also produced salt, shipped southwest for sale in the Feng and Ning districts of Shanxi. The left wing had twenty zuolings and the right thirteen. The Abaga banner lay beyond Zhangjiakou, 1,000 li from the capital. It measured 200 li from east to west and 210 li from north to south. Abahanar lay to the east, Sunid to the west, the Chakhar Plain Blue Banner pasture to the south, and the Gobi to the north.
48
Buhe Bolot, younger brother of Genghis Khan, was succeeded seventeen generations later by Bayasihu Bolingut. He had two sons. The elder, Tarnikutong, styled his people Abaga. Tarnikutong had two sons. The elder, Susengk Weizheng, was succeeded by his son Erdeni Tumun, styled Jasagtu Noyan; the second, Yanggudai Joriktu, was succeeded by his son Dorji, styled Ekeg Noyan. Initially styled Aru Mongol, they were subject to Chakhar. When Ligdan Khan proved tyrannical, they moved north of the Gobi to the Kerulen borderlands under Khalkha Setsen Khan Shulei.
49
In Tiancong 2 they joined Kharchin, Tumed, and Ordos chiefs in defeating forty thousand Chakhar troops at Zhaocheng in Tumed, and also arranged with Khalkha and Kharchin to request troops and press Chakhar's crimes. In the sixth year taiji Chitai Choghor submitted with five hundred followers. In the ninth year, after the Qing subdued Chakhar, Dusigar and other descendants of Erdeni Tumun joined Setsen Khan Shulei in presenting tribute. In Chongde 4 Ekeg Noyan Dorji submitted from Khalkha. At the time another Dorji of the same name, styled Darhan Noyan, also arrived with his followers. In the sixth year Ekeg Noyan Dorji was appointed jasak duoluo Joriktu junwang. In Shunzhi 8 Dusigar submitted from Khalkha and was appointed jasak duoluo junwang. Dorji was placed at the head of the left wing and Dusigar at the head of the right, and officials were sent to demarcate pastures. In Kangxi 6 the Abahanar banner submitted, and Abaga pastures were granted to them. Officials were sent to survey fertile grazing lands beyond the Haoqite and Sunid borders and allotted them to Abaga for resettlement. In the twenty-ninth year, when Galdan invaded Khalkha, the court ordered princes and others who had served before to report to the army for duty. They were also told to supply provisions with Abahanar and guard against newly submitted Khalkha raiders preying on Inner Jasak herds. In the thirty-first year taijis Bandi Erdeni Daqing, Günden, Bayar, Namtar, Jamusu, and Qidaishi were all raised to second-class taiji for guiding the Uriankhai to submit. In the thirty-fifth year the emperor marched against Galdan in person. With horses pastured at Guohesu Tai, the chiefs of Haoqite, Sunid, Abahanar, and allied banners were ordered to supervise the herds together. On the victorious return they were praised for keeping the herds well supplied, and the officers and men who supervised grazing, built roads, and dug wells were richly rewarded. Dajisang'a of the banner was also granted the title Darhan for guiding the army. In the thirty-sixth year princes, beizi, and taijis came for the New Year audience offering horses for campaign service; the emperor thanked them and sent each back to his banner. Among them was second-class taiji Tubazhabu Sechen Chuhu'er, aged eighty-eight; the emperor praised his zeal to serve and rewarded him handsomely. In the fifty-fourth year crop failure brought on by disaster prompted relief grain from the Tang Sanying storehouses, and destitute taijis were again given herds. In Yongzheng 2 officials were sent with silver to aid needy households under the banner. In the ninth year troops were mobilized and posted at Daligangai for the campaign against Galdan Tseren. In the thirteenth year they were withdrawn. In Qianlong 11 drought struck and the court granted relief. In the fifty-fourth year Jasak Jöliktu Prince Latenashidi lost his jasak rank for misconduct, and his brother Baledan Sengge was appointed first-class taiji jasak in his place.
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西 西
The banner had two divisions: the left wing at Kebulin Saili and the right at Bayan Elun. There were five noble ranks: one jasak prince of the first rank; one jasak first-class taiji; one attached Jöliktu prince of the first rank; one banner Darhan beizi; and one auxiliary state Darhan duke, who had inherited after demotion from beizi rank. The right-wing jasak line passed from Baledan Sengge through three generations to Dugar Bumu. In Xianfeng 7 he was granted defender-duke rank for supplying the army. Each wing of the banner had eleven zuolings. The Abahanar banner lay beyond Zhangjiakou, some 1,050 li from the capital. It measured 180 li from east to west and 436 li from north to south. Haoqite lay to the east, Abaga to the west, the Chakhar Plain Blue Banner pasture reserve to the south, and the Gobi to the north.
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Bugibolegetu, younger brother of Genghis Khan, was succeeded eighteen generations later by Nomit Mögtu, who named his people Abahanar. Two generations later came Dorji Ildeng. He had two sons: the elder Seleng Morgen and the younger Dong Israb. At first they called themselves Arlu Mongols and lived under Khalkha Sechen Khan Shulei. They pastured on the Kerulen River frontier, north of the Gobi.
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In Chongde 7 Hosho Tai, a follower of Taiji Darawu Basancha, brought his family over to the Qing. Later Toktoy Dalga, Dalai, and others arrived and were all generously provisioned. In Kangxi 1 taijis Alana and Garmal, jasang Guyin, and others crossed south of the Gobi to graze at Chuonuo Toronhai near the inner border post. In the third year Seleng Morgen did likewise. Frontier officials reported the incursion. Knowing they had been pressed by Khalkha, the emperor pardoned them and sent them home. Khalkha was told to keep Ga'erbai and the Gobi as the grazing boundary; anyone crossing thereafter was to be detained. In the fourth year Khalkha again defied the order and sent Abahanar taijis to graze south of the Gobi. Dong Israb refused to comply. Soon he and taijis Alana, Garmal, and others brought their people over to the Qing, and he was appointed jasak banner beizi. Alana and Garmal, each leading more than seven hundred men, were both granted first-class taiji rank. In the fifth year Seleng Morgen also submitted. In the sixth year he was appointed jasak duoluo beile. Officials ordered Abaga to relocate its herds and ceded the former pastures to Abahanar. Seleng Morgen headed the left wing and Dong Israb the right. In the twenty-seventh year, when Galdan invaded Khalkha, the Jebzundamba Khutukhtu fled to the inner border. Bandi Daqing and Cheleng Daqing were ordered to escort him with two hundred men, while thirteen hundred troops were sent through the Gobi to scout for Galdan. When Seleng Morgen and Dong Israb had first submitted, some Abahanar taijis had stayed behind in Khalkha. Now they arrived with the Jebzundamba Khutukhtu and Erdeni Taiji Namjale — Günden Erke, Ahai Ubash, Ik Daqing, and Erke Ubash among them — bringing more than a thousand households, and the court ordered them received. In the twenty-ninth year, when Galdan again invaded Khalkha as far as the Uldza River, the banner sent four thousand troops to join the main army in repelling him. Sonom Iriltu of the banner was also granted the title Darhan for guiding the army. In the fifty-fourth year disaster and crop failure prompted relief grain from the Tang Sanying storehouses, and destitute taijis were again given herds. In Yongzheng 2 officials were sent with silver to aid needy households under the banner. In the ninth year troops were called up and posted at Daligangai for the campaign against Galdan Tseren. In the thirteenth year they were withdrawn.
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The banner had two divisions: the right wing at Changtu Mountain and the left at Ulehu Toronhai. There were two noble ranks: one jasak duoluo beile and one jasak banner beizi. The jasak beizi line passed from Dong Israb through ten generations to Donglin Dorji. In Xuantong 1 he was granted princely rank for supplying the army, with hereditary beile title. The left wing had nine zuolings and the right wing seven.
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Together with Ujumqin, Haoqite, Sunid, and Abaga — ten banners in all — it formed the Xilin Gol League. Of the four eastern Inner Jasak leagues it lay farthest from the capital; its people clung to old ways, and down to the end of the dynasty no land reclamation was ever undertaken. When the Chakhar banner general ordered the league to carry out the new policies, its reply was markedly defiant. During the Xianfeng era its troops were once called up for defense, but they proved useless and were soon withdrawn. During the Tongzhi era, when Hui rebels fled eastward, the league's camel corps was mobilized for service.
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