1
王凌毌丘儉諸葛誕鄧艾鍾會
Wang Ling, Guanqiu Jian, Zhuge Dan, Deng Ai, and Zhong Hui.
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王凌字彥雲,太原祁人也。 叔父允,為漢司徒,誅董卓。 卓將李傕、郭汜等為卓報仇,入長安,殺允,盡害其家。 凌及兄晨,時年皆少,逾城得脫,亡命歸鄉里。 凌舉孝廉,為發干長, 〈《魏略》曰:凌為長,遇事,髡刑五歲,當道掃除。 時太祖車過,問此何徒,左右以狀對。 太祖曰:「此子師兄子也,所坐亦公耳。」 於是主者選為驍騎主簿。〉 稍遷至中山太守,所在有治,太祖辟為丞相掾屬。
Wang Ling, styled Yan Yun, was a native of Qi in Taiyuan commandery. His uncle Wang Yun served the Han as Minister over the Masses and executed Dong Zhuo. Dong Zhuo's officers Li Jue and Guo Si, among others, avenged their master: they entered Chang'an, put Wang Yun to death, and slaughtered his whole family. Wang Ling and his older brother Wang Chen were still boys; they scaled the wall and escaped, then fled incognito to their home district. Wang Ling was nominated as filial and incorrupt and appointed magistrate of Fagan county, 〈The Brief Account of Wei relates that while he was county magistrate he ran afoul of the law and was sentenced to five years of shaved-head penal labor sweeping the streets. As Cao Cao's carriage passed, he asked who these laborers were, and his attendants explained what had happened. Cao Cao said, "This young man is my mentor's nephew; his offense was committed in the state's interest." The authorities thereupon appointed him secretary of the Swift Cavalry corps.〉 He rose in stages to governor of Zhongshan, earning a reputation for capable administration until Cao Cao recruited him as an aide in the Chancellor's office.
3
文帝踐阼,拜散騎常侍,出為兗州刺史,與張遼等至廣陵討孫權。 臨江,夜大風,吳將呂範等船漂至北岸。 凌與諸將逆擊,捕斬首虜,獲舟船,有功,封宜城亭侯,加建武將軍,轉在青州。 是時海濱乘喪亂之後,法度未整。 凌布政施教,賞善罰惡,甚有綱紀,百姓稱之,不容於口。 後從曹休征吳,與賊遇於夾石,休軍失利,凌力戰決圍,休得免難。 仍徙為揚、豫州刺史,咸得軍民之歡心。 始至豫州,旌先賢之後,求未顯之士,各有條教,意義甚美。 初,凌與司馬朗、賈逵友善,及臨兗、豫,繼其名跡。 正始初,為征東將軍,假節都督揚州諸軍事。 二年,吳大將全琮數万眾寇芍陂,凌率諸軍逆討,與賊爭塘,力戰連日,賊退走。 進封南鄉侯,邑千三百五十戶,遷車騎將軍、儀同三司。
After Emperor Wen took the throne, Wang Ling was named attendant at irregular cavalry, then posted out as inspector of Yan Province; he joined Zhang Liao and others at Guangling for the expedition against Sun Quan. When they reached the Yangzi, a gale blew up that night and drove the vessels of Wu officers including Lü Fan onto the northern shore. Wang Ling and the Wei commanders counterattacked: they took heads and prisoners, seized enemy craft, and Wang Ling was rewarded with the village marquisate of Yicheng, the title general who establishes martial prowess, and a transfer to Qing Province. The coastal regions had yet to recover their laws and institutions after the chaos of war. Wang Ling governed with clear rewards and punishments and firm standards of conduct; the people praised him ceaselessly. He later accompanied Cao Xiu against Wu; at Jiashi Cao Xiu's army was routed, but Wang Ling fought his way through the encirclement and saved Cao Xiu from disaster. He was then moved to successive postings as inspector of Yang and of Yu, winning the goodwill of soldiers and civilians in each. On first reaching Yu he singled out the heirs of noted men of old, sought obscure talent, and issued well-crafted directives—policy that was as admirable in spirit as in letter. Wang Ling had long been on good terms with Sima Lang and Jia Kui; once he governed Yan and Yu, he was seen as walking in their footsteps. Early in the Zhengshi period he was named general who conquers the east, invested with the jie staff as commander-in-chief of Yang Province. In the second year of the era, Quan Zong of Wu led tens of thousands against the Shaopi reservoir; Wang Ling took the field, contested the dikes day after day, and drove the enemy back. He was raised to marquis of Nanxiang with a fief of 1,350 households, then promoted to chariot-and-cavalry general with honors matching the three senior ministers.
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是時,凌外甥令狐愚以才能為兗州刺史,屯平阿。 舅甥並典兵,專淮南之重。 凌就遷為司空。 司馬宣王既誅曹爽,進凌為太尉,假節鉞。 凌、愚密協計,謂齊王不任天位,楚王彪長而才,欲迎立彪都許昌。 嘉平元年249年九月,愚遣將張式至白馬,與彪相問往來。 凌又遣舍人勞精詣洛陽,語子廣。 廣言:「廢立大事,勿為禍先。」 《漢晉春秋》曰:凌、愚謀,以帝幼制於強臣,不堪為主,楚王彪長而才,欲迎立之,以興曹氏。 凌使人告廣,廣曰:「凡舉大事,應本人情。 今曹爽以驕奢失民,何平叔虛而不治,丁、畢、桓、鄧雖並有宿望,皆專競於世。 加變易朝典,政令數改,所存雖高而事不下接,民習於舊,眾莫之從。 故雖勢傾四海,聲震天下,同日斬戮,名士減半,而百姓安之,莫或之哀,失民故也。 今懿情雖難量,事未有逆,而擢用賢能,廣樹勝己,修先朝之政令,副眾心之所求。 爽之所以為惡者,彼莫不必改,夙夜匪解,以恤民為先。 父子兄弟,並握兵要,未易亡也。」 凌不從。 臣松之以為如此言之類,皆前史所不載,而猶出習氏。 且制言法體不似於昔,疑悉鑿齒所自造者也。 其十一月,愚復遣式詣彪,未還,會愚病死。 《魏書》曰:愚字公治,本名浚,黃初中,為和戎護軍。 烏丸校尉田豫討胡有功,小違節度,愚以法繩之。 帝怒,械系愚,免官治罪,詔曰「浚何愚」! 遂以名之。 正始中,為曹爽長史,後出為兗州刺史。 《魏略》曰:愚聞楚王彪有智勇。 初東郡有訛言云:「白馬河出妖馬,夜過官牧邊鳴呼,眾馬皆應,明日見其跡,大如斛,行數里,還入河中。」 又有謠言:「白馬素羈西南馳,其誰乘者朱虎騎。」 楚王小字朱虎,故愚與王凌陰謀立楚王。 乃先使人通意於王,言「使君謝王,天下事不可知,原王自愛」! 彪亦陰知其意,答言「謝使君,知厚意也。」 二年,熒惑守南斗,凌謂:「斗中有星,當有暴貴者。」 《魏略》曰:凌聞東平民浩詳知星,呼問詳。 詳疑凌有所挾,欲悅其意,不言吳當有死喪,而言淮南楚分也,今吳、楚同佔,當有王者興。 故凌計遂定。 三年春,吳賊塞塗水。 凌欲因此發,大嚴諸軍,表求討賊; 詔報不聽。 凌陰謀滋甚,遣將軍楊弘以廢立事告兗州刺史黃華,華、弘連名以白太傅司馬宣王。 宣王將中軍乘水道討凌,先下赦赦凌罪,又將尚書廣東,使為書喻凌,大軍掩至百尺逼凌。 凌自知勢窮,乃乘船單出迎宣王,遣掾王彧謝罪,送印綬、節鉞。 軍到丘頭,凌面縛水次。 宣王承詔遣主簿解縛反服,見凌,慰勞之,還印綬、節鉞,遣步騎六百人送還京都。 凌至項,飲藥死。 《魏略》載凌與太傅書曰:「卒聞神軍密發,巳在百尺,雖知命窮盡,遲於相見,身首分離,不以為恨,前後遣使,有書未得還報,企踵西望,無物以譬。 昨遣書之後,便乘船來相迎宿丘頭,旦發於浦口,奉被露布赦書,又得二十三日況,累紙誨示,聞命驚愕,五內失守,不知何地可以自處? 僕久忝朝恩,歷試無效,統御戎馬,董齊東夏,事有闕廢,中心犯義,罪在三百,妻子同縣,無所禱矣。 不圖聖恩天覆地載,橫蒙視息,复睹日月。 亡甥令狐愚攜惑群小之言,僕即時呵抑,使不得竟其語。 既人已知,神明所鑑,夫非事無陰,卒至發露,知此梟夷之罪也。 生我者父母,活我者子也。」 又重曰:「身陷刑罪,謬蒙赦宥。 今遣掾送印綬,頃至,當如詔書自縛歸命。 雖足下私之,官法有分。」 及到,如書。 太傅使人解其縛。 凌既蒙赦,加怙舊好,不復自疑,徑乘小船自趣太傅。 太傅使人逆止之,住船淮中,相去十餘丈。 凌知見外,乃遙謂太傅曰:「卿直以折簡召我,我當敢不至邪? 而乃引軍來乎!」 太傅曰:「以卿非肯逐折簡者故也。」 凌曰:「卿負我!」 太傅曰:「我寧負卿,不負國家。」 遂使人送來西。 凌自知罪重,試索棺釘,以觀太傅意,太傅給之。 凌行到項,夜呼掾屬與決曰:「行年八十,身名並滅邪!」 遂自殺。 干寶《晉紀》曰:凌到項,見賈逵祠在水側,凌呼曰:「賈梁道,王凌固忠於魏之社稷者,唯爾有神,知之。」 其年八月,太傅有疾,夢凌、逵為癘,甚惡之,遂薨。
At this time Wang Ling's nephew Linghu Yu, valued for his talent, served as inspector of Yan Province from a base at Ping'a. Uncle and nephew both held military command and together controlled the Huainan front. Wang Ling was soon transferred to the post of Minister of Works. After Sima Yi, Prince of Xuan, executed Cao Shuang, he promoted Wang Ling to grand commandant and invested him with the jie staff and battle-axe. Wang Ling and Linghu Yu secretly plotted together, arguing that the Prince of Qi was unfit for the throne while Cao Biao, Prince of Chu, was grown and capable; they meant to enthrone Biao and move the capital to Xuchang. In the ninth month of the first year of Jiaping (249), Linghu Yu sent General Zhang Shi to Baima to exchange messages with Cao Biao. Wang Ling also sent his attendant Lao Jing to Luoyang to speak with his son Wang Guang. Wang Guang said, "Deposing and enthroning is a grave matter; do not invite disaster by acting first." The Spring and Autumn of Han and Jin says Wang Ling and Linghu Yu plotted that the emperor was still a boy dominated by powerful ministers and unfit to rule; Cao Biao, Prince of Chu, was grown and talented, and they wished to enthrone him to revive the House of Cao. Wang Ling sent someone to inform Wang Guang, and Guang replied, "Every great undertaking must follow what people will accept. Cao Shuang lost the people through arrogance and extravagance; He Yan was empty talk without real governance; and though Ding, Bi, Huan, and Deng all enjoyed old standing, they competed ruthlessly for power. They also kept changing court institutions and issuing new orders; their ideals were high but never reached the people below, who clung to old ways and would not follow them. So although their power shook the realm and their fame resounded across the world, when they were executed on the same day and half the leading men were killed, the common people were untroubled and no one mourned them—they had lost the people. Sima Yi's intentions may be hard to read and nothing rebellious has yet appeared, but he is promoting able men, surrounding himself with talent, restoring earlier court policies, and giving the people what they want. Whatever wrongs Cao Shuang did, they are changing them; they labor day and night and put the people's welfare first. Father, sons, and brothers together hold military power; they will not be easy to overthrow." Wang Ling would not listen. Pei Songzhi remarks that passages of this kind appear in no earlier history, yet they still come from the Xi clan's compilation. Moreover the phrasing and style do not resemble older works; I suspect Xi Zuochi invented them himself. In the eleventh month Linghu Yu again sent Zhang Shi to Cao Biao; before Shi returned, Yu died of illness. The Book of Wei says Linghu Yu, styled Gongzhi, was originally named Jun; in the Huangchu era he served as protector of the army who harmonizes with the Rong. Wuhuan colonel Tian Yu had merit fighting the Hu but slightly exceeded his orders; Linghu Yu punished him according to law. The emperor was furious, had Yu shackled and imprisoned, stripped him of office, and punished him, issuing an edict that said, 'How foolish Jun is!' He was therefore given that as his name. During Zhengshi he served as chief clerk to Cao Shuang, and later went out as inspector of Yan Province. The Brief Account of Wei says Linghu Yu heard that Cao Biao, Prince of Chu, was wise and brave. Earlier in Dong commandery a rumor spread: "A demon horse appeared on the White Horse River; at night it passed the government pasture and neighed, and all the horses answered; the next day tracks as large as a hu measure were seen for several li before they returned into the river." There was also a ballad: "A white horse with plain bridle gallops southwest—who rides it? Zhu Hu rides." The Prince of Chu's childhood name was Zhu Hu, so Linghu Yu and Wang Ling secretly plotted to enthrone him. They first sent someone to sound out the prince, saying, 'The envoy thanks Your Highness; affairs under heaven are uncertain—may Your Highness take care of yourself!' Cao Biao also understood their meaning in secret and answered, 'Thank the envoy; I understand the generous intent.' In the second year Mars lingered in the Southern Dipper; Wang Ling said, "There is a star in the Dipper—someone will rise suddenly to great honor." The Brief Account of Wei says Wang Ling heard that Hao Xiang of Dongping understood astronomy and summoned him for questioning. Hao Xiang suspected Wang Ling had an ulterior motive and wanted to please him; he said nothing about mourning deaths in Wu, but said Huainan lay in the Chu asterism and that Wu and Chu now shared the same station—a king would rise. Wang Ling's plan was thus settled. In the spring of the third year Wu forces blocked the Tushui. Wang Ling wished to use this as his opening, mustered his forces on a grand scale, and memorialized requesting permission to attack the enemy; The court replied and refused permission. Wang Ling's secret plot deepened further; he sent General Yang Hong to reveal the deposition plot to Huang Hua, inspector of Yan Province, and Hua and Hong jointly reported it to Grand Tutor Sima Yi, Prince of Xuan. Sima Yi, Prince of Xuan, led the central army by water against Wang Ling; he first issued a pardon absolving Ling's crimes, also brought Minister of the Masters of Writing Wang Guang east to write instructing him, and the main force suddenly reached Baichi and pressed Ling. Knowing himself beaten, Wang Ling took a boat out alone to meet Sima Yi, Prince of Xuan; he sent clerk Wang Yu to apologize and surrendered his seal, ribbon, jie staff, and battle-axe. When the army reached Qiutou, Wang Ling bound himself and waited at the water's edge. Acting on imperial command, Sima Yi, Prince of Xuan, sent his chief clerk to unbind him and restore his dress, received Wang Ling and comforted him, returned his seal, ribbon, jie staff, and battle-axe, and sent six hundred infantry and cavalry to escort him back to the capital. Wang Ling reached Xiang and took poison to die. The Brief Account of Wei records Wang Ling's letter to the Grand Tutor: "Suddenly I heard your divine army had secretly set out and was already at Baichi. Though I knew my fate was spent and our meeting delayed, with body and head separated, I took no offense. Envoys I sent before and after carried letters that received no reply; I stood on tiptoe looking west, with nothing to compare it to. After I sent my letter yesterday, I took a boat to meet you and lodged at Qiutou; at dawn I set out from Pukou, received the posted pardon edict, and also received your update of the twenty-third day, successive papers instructing me; hearing your command I was stunned, my inner self lost all bearing—I did not know where I could stand? I have long enjoyed court favor undeservedly and failed in repeated trials of office; I commanded troops and governed the eastern realm, affairs were neglected, my heart transgressed righteousness, and my crimes number in the three hundred statutes; wife and children share my fate, and there is nothing left to pray for. I never imagined such imperial favor, vast as heaven and earth; I unexpectedly received the gift of life and again beheld sun and moon. My late nephew Linghu Yu was swayed by the talk of petty men; I immediately rebuked and restrained him and would not let him finish. Since men already knew and the spirits witnessed it, no affair lacks concealment; when it was suddenly exposed, I knew this was the crime deserving execution and extermination of kin. Those who gave me birth were my parents; he who gives me life is you." He also added: "Caught in criminal punishment, I wrongly received pardon. Now I send a clerk with my seal and ribbon; when he shortly arrives, I shall as the edict commands bind myself and surrender. Though you may favor me privately, the law has its proper divisions." When he arrived, he did as the letter said. The Grand Tutor sent someone to unbind him. Having received pardon, Wang Ling trusted additionally in their old friendship, no longer doubted himself, and took a small boat straight toward the Grand Tutor. The Grand Tutor sent someone to meet and stop him; his boat remained in midstream on the Huai, more than ten zhang apart. Knowing he was treated as an outsider, Wang Ling called out from afar to the Grand Tutor: "You could simply have summoned me with a folded letter—how would I have dared not come? Yet you brought an army!" The Grand Tutor said, "Because you were not one who would heed a folded letter." Wang Ling said, "You have wronged me!" The Grand Tutor said, "I would rather wrong you than wrong the state." Thereupon he sent men to escort him west. Knowing his guilt was grave, Wang Ling tried asking for coffin nails to test the Grand Tutor's intention; the Grand Tutor gave them to him. When Wang Ling reached Xiang, he summoned his clerks at night to take leave, saying, "Eighty years of age—body and name both destroyed!" Thereupon he killed himself. Gan Bao's Annals of Jin says that when Wang Ling reached Xiang he saw Jia Kui's shrine beside the water and called out, "Jia Liangdao, Wang Ling was truly loyal to the altars of Wei—only you spirits know it." That same year in the eighth month the Grand Tutor fell ill; he dreamed Wang Ling and Jia Kui had become plague demons, found it deeply hateful, and then died.
5
令狐愚
Linghu Yu.
6
宣王遂至壽春。 張式等皆自首,乃窮治其事。 彪賜死,諸相連者悉夷三族。 〈《魏略》載:山陽單固,字恭夏,為人有器實。 正始中,兗州刺史令狐愚與固父伯龍善,辟固,欲以為別駕。 固不樂為州吏,辭以疾。 愚禮意愈厚,固不欲應。 固母夏侯氏謂固曰:「使君與汝父久善,故命汝不止,汝亦故當仕進,自可往耳。」 固不獲已,遂往,與兼治中從事楊康並為愚腹心。 後愚與王凌通謀,康、固皆知其計。 會愚病,康應司徒召詣洛陽,固亦以疾解祿。 康在京師露其事,太傅乃東取王凌。 到壽春,固見太傅,太傅問曰:「卿知其事為邪?」 固對不知。 太傅曰:「且置近事。 問卿,令狐反乎?」 固又曰無。 而楊康白,事事與固連。 遂收捕固及家屬,皆係廷尉,考實數十,固故云無有。 太傅錄楊康,與固對相詰。 固辭窮,乃罵康曰:「老庸既負使君,又滅我族,顧汝當活邪!」 辭定,事上,須報廷尉,以舊皆聽得與其母妻子相見。 固見其母,不仰視,其母知其慚也,字謂之曰:「恭夏,汝本自不欲應州郡也,我強故耳。 汝為人吏,自當爾耳。 此自門戶衰,我無恨也。 汝本意與我語。」 固終不仰,又不語,以至於死。 初,楊康自以白其事,冀得封拜,後以辭頗參錯,亦並斬。 臨刑,俱出獄,固又罵康曰:「老奴,汝死自分耳。 若令死者有知,汝何面目以行地下也。」〉 朝議咸以為春秋之義,齊崔杼、鄭歸生皆加追戮,陳屍斫棺,載在方策。 凌、愚罪宜如舊典。 乃發凌、愚塚,剖棺,暴屍於所近市三日,燒其印綬、朝服,親土埋之。 〈干寶《晉紀》曰:兗州武吏東平馬隆,託為愚家客,以私財更殯葬,行服三年,種植松柏。 一州之士愧之。〉 進弘、華爵為鄉侯。 廣有志尚學行,死時年四十餘。 〈《魏氏春秋》曰:廣字公淵。 弟飛梟、金虎,並才武過人。 太傅嘗從容問蔣濟,濟曰:「凌文武俱贍,當今無雙。 廣等志力,有美於父耳。」 退而悔之,告所親曰:「吾此言,滅人門宗矣。」 《魏末傳》曰:凌少子字明山,最知名,善書,多技藝,人得其書,皆以為法。 走向太原,追軍及之,時有飛鳥集桑樹,隨枝低卬,舉弓射之即倒,追人乃止不復進。 明山投親家食,親家告吏,乃就執之。〉
Sima Yi, Prince of Xuan, marched into Shouchun. Zhang Shi and others turned themselves in, and the entire conspiracy was investigated to the end. Cao Biao was compelled to take his own life, and everyone implicated was executed along with three generations of kin. 〈The Brief Account of Wei introduces Shan Gu of Shanyang, styled Gongxia, as a man of solid ability. During Zhengshi, Linghu Yu, inspector of Yan Province, was close to Gu's father Bolong; he recruited Shan Gu and meant to install him as provincial aide. Shan Gu had no wish to serve on the provincial staff and pleaded illness to refuse. Linghu Yu pressed him with ever greater courtesy, yet Shan Gu would not yield. His mother, of the Xiahou clan, told him: "The inspector and your father have been friends for years—that is why he keeps calling for you. You ought to take office in any case; go." Unable to refuse further, he went and, alongside Yang Kang of the provincial bureau staff, became one of Linghu Yu's inner circle. When Linghu Yu later conspired with Wang Ling, Yang Kang and Shan Gu were both privy to the plot. Linghu Yu then fell ill; Yang Kang obeyed the minister of education's summons to Luoyang, while Shan Gu resigned his post, again citing sickness. In the capital Yang Kang revealed what he knew, whereupon the grand tutor marched east against Wang Ling. At Shouchun, Shan Gu was brought before the grand tutor, who asked: "Were you aware that this plot was real?" Shan Gu said he had not known. The grand tutor said, "Set aside what just happened for now. Tell me—did Linghu Yu rebel?" Again Shan Gu denied it. Yang Kang then informed, linking Shan Gu to every detail. Shan Gu and his kin were taken into custody and handed to the minister of justice; though questioned repeatedly, he still insisted he knew nothing. The grand tutor had Yang Kang brought in to confront Shan Gu face to face. Cornered, Shan Gu turned on Yang Kang: "You worthless old fool—you betrayed your lord and wiped out my family—do you think you will survive?" Once his confession was recorded and sent up, they awaited the minister of justice's ruling; by old practice prisoners could still visit mother, wife, and children. When he faced his mother he could not lift his eyes; she knew his shame and called him by his style: "Gongxia, you never wanted that provincial appointment—I pushed you into it. You chose to serve as an official—what happened follows from that. If our house falls, I bear no grudge. You meant to speak with me before the end." Shan Gu never raised his eyes nor uttered another word—so he went to his death. Yang Kang had hoped his confession would win him honors; when his story proved inconsistent, he was executed alongside the others. On the way to execution both men were led from jail; Shan Gu cursed Yang Kang again: "Slave—you chose your own death. If the dead have any knowledge, what face would you have in the underworld?"〉" The court held that Spring and Autumn precedent justified posthumous punishment Cui Zhu of Qi and Guisheng of Zheng had suffered—exposing the corpse and splintering the coffin, as the classics record. Wang Ling and Linghu Yu deserved the same ancient penalties. Their graves were opened, the coffins broken open, and the bodies displayed three days in the nearest town; seals, court dress, and ribbons were burned, and what remained was covered with bare earth. 〈Gan Bao records that Ma Long, a Yan Province clerk from Dongping, passed himself off as Linghu Yu's retainer, paid for a second burial from his own purse, mourned three years, and planted pine and cypress at the grave. Men of learning across the province were put to shame by his integrity.〉 Wang Hong and Wang Hua were promoted to village marquises. Wang Guang was a man of ambition and learning; he was a little over forty when he died. 〈The Wei chronicle gives Wang Guang's style as Gong Yuan. His brothers Wang Feixiao and Wang Jinhu were both formidable fighters. The grand tutor once asked Jiang Ji for his opinion. Jiang said, "Wang Ling's abilities in civil and military affairs are unrivaled in our time; Wang Guang and his brothers almost equal their father in resolve." When he had stepped aside, he regretted what he had said and told his confidants, "That compliment could wipe out whole families." The Traditions of Late Wei adds that Wang Ling's youngest son, styled Mingshan, was the best known of the brothers: he wrote a fine hand and possessed many talents, and others copied his brushwork as a standard. He ran toward Taiyuan until the pursuit caught up; a bird settled in a mulberry and dipped with the branch—he shot it down at once, and the chase halted. Mingshan sought food with in-laws, who denounced him to the authorities, and he was taken.〉
7
毌丘儉字仲恭,河東聞喜人也。 父興,黃初中為武威太守,伐叛柔服,開通河右,名次金城太守蘇則。 討賊張進及討叛胡有功,封高陽鄉侯。 魏名臣奏載雍州刺史張既表曰:「河右遐遠,喪亂彌久,武威當諸郡路道喉轄之要,加民夷雜處,數有兵難。 領太守毌丘興到官,內撫吏民,外懷羌、胡,卒使柔附,為官效用。 黃華、張進初圖逆亂,扇動左右,興志氣忠烈,臨難不顧,為將校民夷陳說禍福,言則涕泣。 於時男女萬口,咸懷感激,形毀髮亂,誓心致命。 尋率精兵踧脅張掖,濟拔領太守杜通、西海太守張睦。 張掖番和、驪靬二縣吏民及郡雜胡棄惡詣興,興皆安卹,使盡力田。 興每所歷,盡竭心力,誠國之良吏。 殿下即位,留心萬機,苟有毫毛之善,必有賞錄,臣伏緣聖旨,指陳其事。」 入為將作大匠。 儉襲父爵,為平原侯文學。 明帝即位,為尚書郎,遷羽林監。 以東宮之舊,甚見親待。 出為洛陽典農。 時取農民以治宮室,儉上疏曰:「臣愚以為天下所急除者二賊,所急務者衣食。 誠使二賊不滅,士民飢凍,雖崇美宮室,猶無益也。」 遷荊州刺史。
Guanqiu Jian, styled Zhonggong, was a native of Wenxi in Hedong commandery. His father Guanqiu Xing, in early Huangchu served as administrator of Wuwei, subdued rebels, opened the lands west of the Yellow River, and ranked just below Su Ze of Jincheng. For merit against the bandit Zhang Jin and rebellious Hu tribes, he was enfeoffed as marquis of Gaoyang precinct. Memorials of Wei Worthies records Inspector Zhang Ji of Yong Province memorializing: "The lands west of the Yellow River are remote and long troubled; Wuwei sits at the throat of the routes among the commanderies, with Han and tribal peoples mixed together and frequent military unrest. When Acting Administrator Guanqiu Xing took office, he soothed officials and people within and won over the Qiang and Hu without, finally making them gentle and attached so they served the government. When Huang Hua and Zhang Jin first plotted rebellion, Xing's spirit was loyal and fierce; facing peril he did not flinch, and for officers and tribesmen alike he explained fortune and disaster until he wept as he spoke. At that time tens of thousands of men and women were stirred to gratitude; with bodies marred and hair disheveled they vowed their lives. Soon he led crack troops against Zhangye and rescued Acting Administrator Du Tong and Administrator Zhang Mu of Xihai. The officials and people of Fanhe and Liqian in Zhangye and the mixed Hu of the commandery abandoned evil and came to Xing; he comforted them all and had them farm. Wherever Xing served, he exhausted heart and strength—truly a fine officer of the state. Since Your Highness took the throne, you have given careful attention to the countless affairs of state. If there is even the slightest merit, it is always rewarded and recorded. Your servant, humbly following your sacred intent, points out this matter." He entered court as master of works. Jian inherited his father's rank and served as literary aide to the marquis of Pingyuan. When Emperor Ming took the throne, he became an attendant of the masters of writing and was transferred to colonel of the Feathered Forest. As an old companion of the eastern palace, he was greatly favored. He went out to serve as agricultural officer of Luoyang. At the time peasants were being taken to build palaces; Jian submitted a memorial saying: "Your servant considers that what the realm most urgently needs to eliminate are the two bandits, and what it most urgently needs to attend to are clothing and food. If the two bandits are not destroyed and officers and people hunger and freeze, even lofty palaces are of no benefit." He was transferred to inspector of Jing Province.
8
青龍中,帝圖討遼東,以儉有幹策,徙為幽州刺史,加度遼將軍,使持節,護烏丸校尉。 率幽州諸軍至襄平,屯遼隧。 右北平烏丸單于寇婁敦、遼西烏丸都督率眾王護留等,昔隨袁尚奔遼東者,率眾五千餘人降。 寇婁敦遣弟阿羅槃等詣闕朝貢,封其渠率二十餘人為侯、王,賜輿馬繒採各有差。 公孫淵逆與儉戰,不利,引還。 明年,帝遣太尉司馬宣王統中軍及儉等眾數万討淵,定遼東。 儉以功進封安邑侯,食邑三千九百戶。
During Qinglong the emperor prepared an expedition against Liaodong; trusting Guanqiu Jian's judgment, he transferred him to You Province as inspector, named him general who crosses the Liao with jie authority, and put him in charge of the Wuhuan colonelcy. He brought the You armies to Xiangping and camped at Liaosui. Kou Loudun, chanyu of the Youbeiping Wuhuan, and Huliu, the Liaoxi Wuhuan chief styled king who leads the host—men who had followed Yuan Shang into Liaodong—came in with more than five thousand followers. Kou Loudun sent his brother Aluo Pan and others to court with tribute; over twenty Wuhuan leaders received marquisates or royal titles, with graded gifts of vehicles, horses, and silk. Gongsun Yuan offered battle but lost and pulled back. The following year the emperor ordered Sima Yi, as grand commandant, to lead the central army and tens of thousands under Guanqiu Jian against Gongsun Yuan and secure Liaodong. For his part in the victory Guanqiu Jian was ennobled as marquis of Anyi with a fief of 3,900 households.
9
正始中,儉以高句驪數侵叛,督諸軍步騎萬人出玄菟,從諸道討之。 句驪王宮將步騎二萬人,進軍沸流水上,大戰梁口, 〈梁音渴。〉 宮連破走。 儉遂束馬縣車,以登丸都,屠句驪所都,斬獲首虜以千數。 句驪沛者名得來,數諫宮, 〈臣松之按東夷傳:沛者,句驪國之官名。〉 宮不從其言。 得來歎曰:「立見此地將生蓬蒿。」 遂不食而死,舉國賢之。 儉令諸軍不壞其墓,不伐其樹,得其妻子,皆放遣之。 宮單將妻子逃竄。 儉引軍還。 六年,复征之,宮遂奔買溝。 儉遣玄菟太守王頎追之, 〈《世語》曰:頎字孔碩,東萊人,晉永嘉中大賊王彌,頎之孫。〉 過沃沮千有餘里,至肅慎氏南界,刻石紀功,刊丸都之山,銘不耐之城。 諸所誅納八千餘口,論功受賞,侯者百餘人。 穿山溉灌,民賴其利。
During Zhengshi, Gaogouli having raided and rebelled repeatedly, Guanqiu Jian led ten thousand horse and foot out of Xuantu commandery along several routes. King Gong of Gaogouli brought twenty thousand men to the Feisui River and fought a major engagement at Liangkou. 〈The note reads liang with the same vowel as ke ("thirst").〉 Gong was routed again and again and fled. Guanqiu Jian then climbed the tortuous road to Wandu, sacked the Gaogouli capital, and took thousands of heads and prisoners. A Gaogouli official titled peizhe named Delai repeatedly urged King Gong to reconsider. 〈Pei Songzhi cites the Eastern Yi treatise: peizhe is a Gaogouli office title.〉 The king ignored him. Delai sighed, "Before long this soil will be overgrown with weeds." He starved himself to death, and the entire kingdom honored him as a worthy. Guanqiu Jian forbade his troops to disturb Delai's grave or fell his trees; anyone who seized his family let them go. King Gong fled with only his wife and children. Guanqiu Jian withdrew his army. In the sixth year another expedition drove Gong as far as Maigou. Guanqiu Jian sent Wang Qi, governor of Xuantu, in pursuit. 〈Shishuo yinyu records Wang Qi, styled Kongshuo, from Donglai—his grandson was the notorious bandit Wang Mi of Western Jin.〉 They marched over a thousand li past Woju to the southern edge of Sushen territory, carved victory stelae on Mount Wandu and at Naibu city. They killed or accepted the surrender of over eight thousand people; more than a hundred merited noble titles. They cut channels through hills for irrigation, to the people's lasting benefit.
10
遷左將軍,假節監豫州諸軍事,領豫州刺史,轉為鎮南將軍。 諸葛誕戰於東關,不利,乃令誕、儉對換。 誕為鎮南,都督豫州。 儉為鎮東,都督楊州。 吳太傅諸葛恪圍合肥新城,儉與文欽御之,太尉司馬孚督中軍東解圍,恪退還。
He became general of the left with jie authority over Yu forces, served as inspector of Yu, then rotated to general who guards the south. After Zhuge Dan's setback at Dong Pass, the court swapped his post with Guanqiu Jian's. Zhuge Dan became general who guards the south and commanded Yu Province. Guanqiu Jian took the post of general who guards the east over Yang Province. When Wu's grand tutor Zhuge Ke invested Hefei's new fortress, Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin held him off until Grand Commandant Sima Fu led the central army east to break the siege and Zhuge Ke withdrew.
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初,儉與夏侯玄、李豐等厚善。 揚州刺史前將軍文欽,曹爽之邑人也,驍果粗猛,數有戰功,好增虜獲,以徼寵賞,多不見許,怨恨日甚。 儉以計厚待欽,情好歡洽。 欽亦感戴,投心無貳。 正元二年正月,有彗星數十丈,西北竟天,起於吳、楚之分。 儉、欽喜,以為己祥。 遂矯太后詔,罪狀大將軍司馬景王,移諸郡國,舉兵反。 迫脅淮南將守諸別屯者,及吏民大小,皆入壽春城,為壇於城西,歃血稱兵為盟,分老弱守城,儉、欽自將五六萬眾渡淮,西至項。 儉堅守,欽在外為遊兵。 儉、欽等表曰:「故相國懿,匡輔魏室,歷事忠貞,故烈祖明皇帝授以寄託之任。 懿戮力盡節,以寧華夏。 又以齊王聰明,無有穢德,乃心勤盡忠以輔上,天下賴之。 懿欲討滅二虜以安宇內,始分軍糧,克時同舉,未成而薨。 齊王以懿有輔己大功,故遂使師承統懿業,委以大事。 而師以盛年在職,無疾託病,坐擁強兵,無有臣禮,朝臣非之,義士譏之,天下所聞,其罪一也。 懿造計取賊,多舂軍糧,剋期有日。 師為大臣,當除國難,又為人子,當卒父業。 哀聲未絕而便罷息,為臣不忠,為子不孝,其罪二也。 賊退過東關,坐自起眾,三征同進,喪眾敗績,歷年軍實,一旦而盡,致使賊來,天下騷動,死傷流離,其罪三也。 賊舉國悉眾,號五十萬,來向壽春,圖詣洛陽,會太尉孚與臣等建計,乃杜塞要險,不與爭鋒,還固新城。 淮南將士,衝鋒履刃,晝夜相守,勤瘁百日,死者塗地,自魏有軍已來,為難苦甚,莫過於此。 而師遂意自由,不論封賞,權勢自在,無所領錄,其罪四也。 故中書令李豐等,以師無人臣節,欲議退之。 師知而請豐,其夕拉殺,載屍埋棺。 豐等為大臣,帝王腹心,擅加酷暴,死無罪名,師有無君之心,其罪五也。 懿每嘆說齊王自堪人主,君臣之義定。 奉事以來十有五載,始欲歸政,按行武庫,詔問禁兵不得妄出。 師自知姦慝,人神所不祐,矯廢君主,加之以罪。 孚,師之叔父,性甚仁孝,追送齊王,悲不自勝。 群臣皆怒而師懷忍,不顧大義,其罪六也。 又故光祿大夫張緝,無罪而誅,夷其妻子,並及母后,逼恐至尊,強催督遣,臨時哀愕,莫不傷痛; 而師稱慶,反以歡喜,其罪七也。 陛下踐阼,聰明神武,事經聖心,欲崇省約,天下聞之,莫不歡慶; 而師不自改悔脩复臣禮,而方徵兵募士,毀壞宮內,列侯自衛。 陛下即阼,初不朝覲。 陛下欲臨幸師舍以省其疾,复拒不通,不奉法度,其罪八也。 近者領軍許允當為鎮北,以廚錢給賜,而師舉奏加辟,雖云流徙,道路餓殺,天下聞之,莫不哀傷,其罪九也。 三方之守,一朝闕廢,多選精兵,以自營衛,五營領兵,闕而不補,多載器杖,充聚本營,天下所聞,人懷憤怨,訛言盈路,以疑海內,其罪十也。 多休守兵,以佔高第,以空虛四表,欲擅強勢,以逞姦心,募取屯田,加其復賞,阻兵安忍,壞亂舊法。 合聚諸籓王公以著鄴,欲悉誅之,一旦舉事廢主。 天不長惡,使目腫不成,其罪十一也。 臣等先人皆隨從太祖武皇帝征討凶暴,獲成大功,與高祖文皇帝即受漢禪,開國承家,猶堯舜相傳也。 臣與安豐護軍鄭翼、廬江護軍呂宣、太守張休、淮南太守丁尊、督合肥護軍王休等議,各以累世受恩,千載風塵,思盡軀命,以完全社稷安主為效。 斯義苟立,雖焚妻子,吞炭漆身,死而不恨也。 按師之罪,宜加大辟,以彰姦慝。 春秋之義,一世為善,一世宥之。 懿有大功,海內所書,依古典議,廢師以侯就弟。 弟昭,忠肅寬明,樂善好士,有高世君子之度,忠誠為國,不與師同。 臣等碎首所保,可以代師輔導聖躬。 太尉孚,忠孝小心,所宜親寵,授以保傅。 護軍散騎常侍望,忠公親事,當官稱能,遠迎乘輿,有宿衛之功,可為中領軍。 春秋之義,大義滅親,故周公誅弟,石碏戮子,季友鴆兄,上為國計,下全宗族。 殛鯀用禹,聖人明典,古今所稱。 乞陛下下臣等所奏,朝堂博議。 臣言當道,使師遜位避賢者,罷兵去備,如三皇舊法,則天下協同。 若師負勢恃眾不自退者,臣等率將所領,晝夜兼行,惟命是授。 臣等今日所奏,惟欲使大魏永存,使陛下得行君意,遠絕亡之禍,百姓安全,六合一體,使忠臣義士,不愧於三皇五帝耳。 臣恐兵起,天下擾亂,臣輒上事,移三征及州郡國典農,各安慰所部吏民,不得妄動,謹具以狀聞。 惟陛下愛養精神,明慮危害,以寧海內。 師專權用勢,賞罰自由,聞臣等舉眾,必下詔禁絕關津,使驛書不通,擅复徵調,有所收捕。 此乃師詔,非陛下詔書,在所皆不得復承用。 臣等道遠,懼文書不得皆通,輒臨時賞罰,以便宜從事,須定表上也。」
At first Guanqiu Jian was on close terms with Xiahou Xuan, Li Feng, and others. Wen Qin, Inspector of Yang Province and Former General, was a townsman of Cao Shuang. Brave, decisive, coarse, and fierce, he had won battle merit several times, but liked to inflate enemy captures in order to seek favor and rewards. These were often not approved, and his resentment grew day by day. Guanqiu Jian deliberately treated Wen Qin generously, and their friendship grew warm. Wen Qin in turn was deeply grateful and gave him his loyalty without reservation. In the first month of the second year of Zhengyuan, a comet tens of zhang long stretched across the northwest sky, rising from the Wu-Chu quarter. Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin rejoiced, taking it as an omen in their favor. They then forged an edict of the empress dowager, indicted Grand General Sima Shi, Lord of Jing, sent notices to every commandery and kingdom, and rose in arms. They coerced Huainan garrison commanders at detached posts and officials and commoners alike into Shouchun, built an altar west of the city, drank blood, and proclaimed arms in alliance. The old and weak were left to hold the city while Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin personally led fifty or sixty thousand men across the Huai west to Xiang. Guanqiu Jian held the defense while Wen Qin operated outside as mobile troops. Guanqiu Jian, Wen Qin, and the others submitted a memorial: "The late Chief Minister Sima Yi supported the house of Wei and served with loyal fidelity; Resplendent Ancestor Emperor Ming therefore entrusted him with the charge of guardianship. Sima Yi exhausted his strength and fulfilled his duty to bring peace to the Central Realm. Because the Prince of Qi was intelligent and without foul conduct, he devoted himself in loyal service to the sovereign, and the realm relied on him. Sima Yi wished to campaign against the two barbarian states and settle the realm; he began dividing army grain and fixing a date for a joint advance, but died before it was accomplished. Because Sima Yi had rendered him great service, the Prince of Qi had Sima Shi inherit his father's enterprise and entrusted him with great affairs. Yet Sima Shi, in the prime of life and in office, feigned illness while sitting on strong troops and showing no deportment of a subject. Court ministers condemned him and men of principle mocked him—the whole realm heard of it. This is his first crime. Sima Yi devised plans against the enemy, pounded much army grain, and fixed a day for the campaign. As a great minister Sima Shi ought to remove the state's peril; as a son he ought to complete his father's work. Before the sounds of mourning had ceased he stopped the effort—unfaithful as a minister and unfilial as a son. This is his second crime. When the enemy retreated past Dong Pass he raised troops on his own; three campaigns advanced together, lost men, and were defeated. Years of military stores were exhausted in a day, the enemy returned, the realm was thrown into turmoil, and the dead and wounded were driven from their homes. This is his third crime. The enemy mobilized the whole state, claiming five hundred thousand men, and marched on Shouchun intending to reach Luoyang. Grand Commandant Sima Fu and we devised a plan to block the vital passes, refuse battle, and withdraw to hold Xincheng firm. Huainan officers and soldiers charged spearpoints and trod blades, guarding day and night through a hundred days of exhausting toil until the dead covered the ground. Since Wei first had armies, no hardship in warfare has surpassed this. Yet Sima Shi then followed his own will, made no account of rewards and honors, kept power in his own hands, and submitted to no oversight. This is his fourth crime. The late Director of the Secretariat Li Feng and others, because Sima Shi lacked the restraint of a subject, wished to deliberate on removing him. Sima Shi learned of it and summoned Li Feng; that evening he dragged him out and killed him, loaded the corpse into a coffin, and buried it. Li Feng and the others were great ministers and the sovereign's inner confidants; Sima Shi arbitrarily inflicted cruel violence, and they died without any charge against them. He harbored a heart without regard for the ruler. This is his fifth crime. Sima Yi often declared that the Prince of Qi was himself fit to be ruler and that the righteousness between ruler and minister was settled. For fifteen years he had served the throne; he first wished to return government to the sovereign, inspected the armory, and issued an edict forbidding the forbidden troops to go out without authorization. Knowing himself wicked and unblessed by men and spirits, Sima Shi forged the deposition of the sovereign and heaped charges upon him. Sima Fu, Sima Shi's uncle by the paternal line, was by nature deeply humane and filial; he followed to send off the Prince of Qi, grief beyond his power to bear. All the ministers were angry, yet Sima Shi harbored hardness and paid no regard to great righteousness. This is his sixth crime. Moreover the late Household Counsellor Zhang Ji was executed though guiltless; his wife and children were exterminated, and even the empress dowager was implicated. He intimidated the supreme sovereign and forcibly urged the dismissal—at the moment all were stricken with grief and shock; yet Sima Shi proclaimed celebration and rejoiced. This is his seventh crime. Your Majesty ascended the throne, intelligent, divine, and martial; affairs passed through the sacred heart; you wished to promote austerity and restraint, and all the realm rejoiced; yet Sima Shi did not repent and restore the deportment of a subject, but instead recruited troops, damaged the inner palace, and had ranked marquises guard themselves. From the time Your Majesty took the throne, at first he did not attend court audience. Your Majesty wished to visit Sima Shi's residence in person to inquire after his illness, yet he again refused and would not admit you, not observing the laws and standards. This is his eighth crime. Recently Colonel of the Garrison Xu Yun was to become general who guards the north and kitchen funds were given as bounty, yet Sima Shi memorialized and added capital punishment. Though it was said he was banished, on the road he starved to death; all the realm grieved. This is his ninth crime. The garrisons of the three directions were in one morning left vacant; he selected many elite troops to guard himself, left the five-camp commands unfilled, and packed weapons into his own headquarters. All the realm heard of it; men harbored anger and resentment, false reports filled the roads, and doubt spread throughout the realm. This is his tenth crime. He dismissed many frontier garrison troops to occupy high-grade posts, leaving the four borders empty, wishing to monopolize power and give free rein to his wicked heart. He recruited and seized military colonies, added to their exemptions and rewards, relied on troops, rested in cruelty, and wrecked the old laws. He gathered the feudal kings and princes at Ye, intending to execute them all, and then in a single stroke launch his coup and depose the ruler. Heaven does not long endure wickedness; it made his eye swell so that the deed could not be completed. This is his eleventh crime. Our forebears all followed Grand Ancestor Emperor Wu in campaigning against the violent and cruel and won great merit; with High Ancestor Emperor Wen they received the Han abdication, founded the state and inherited the house, like Yao and Shun passing the throne in succession. We deliberated with Protector of the Army of Anfeng Zheng Yi, Protector of the Army of Lujiang Lu Xuan, Administrator Zhang Xiu, Administrator of Huainan Ding Zun, and Protector of the Army supervising Hefei Wang Xiu, and others. Each, having received grace through successive generations amid a thousand years of turmoil, thought to exhaust body and life to secure the altars of state and the sovereign. If this righteousness is once established, though we burn wife and children or swallow charcoal and lacquer our bodies, we would die without regret. Weighing Sima Shi's crimes, he ought to receive capital punishment to make manifest his wickedness and corruption. The principle of the Spring and Autumn Annals is that one generation's goodness earns one generation's pardon. Sima Yi had great merit, recorded throughout the realm; according to ancient precedent, depose Sima Shi and let him go to his younger brother as a marquis. The younger brother Sima Zhao is loyal, solemn, broad-minded, and clear-sighted; he delights in goodness and loves scholars, has the measure of a lofty gentleman of the age, is loyal and devoted to the state, and does not share Sima Shi's ways. We would break our heads to vouch for him; he can replace Sima Shi in assisting and guiding the sacred person. Grand Commandant Sima Fu is loyal, filial, and careful; he ought to be favored in person and given the posts of guardian and tutor. Protector of the Army and Regular Attendant at the Secretariat Sima Wang is loyal and public-spirited in personal service, competent in office, welcomed the imperial carriage from afar, and has merit in night guard; he can serve as central colonel of the garrison. According to the principle of the Spring and Autumn Annals, great righteousness overrides kinship. Thus the Duke of Zhou executed his younger brother, Shi Que killed his son, and Ji You poisoned his elder brother: above, they acted for the state's interest; below, they preserved the whole clan. Executing Gun and employing Yu is the clear precedent of the sages, praised through ancient and modern times. We beg Your Majesty to issue down our memorial for broad deliberation in the court hall. If our words accord with the Way, let Sima Shi yield his position and make way for the worthy, dismiss troops and remove defenses as in the old ways of the Three Sovereigns, and the realm will be of one accord. If Sima Shi relies on his power and trusts in his masses and will not withdraw of himself, we will lead what we command, traveling day and night together, awaiting orders to give our lives. In what we memorialize today, our only wish is that Great Wei may endure forever, that Your Majesty may carry out a ruler's will, that the calamity of ruin may be kept far away, that the common people may be safe, that the six directions may be united as one, and that loyal ministers and righteous men need feel no shame before the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors. We fear that if troops are raised, the realm will fall into disorder. We therefore immediately submit this report and have sent notices to the Three Campaign Generals and to the agricultural officers of the provinces, commanderies, and kingdoms, ordering each of them to reassure the officials and people under their command and not to move rashly. We respectfully set forth the full circumstances for Your Majesty's information. May Your Majesty cherish and nurture your spirit, clearly weigh perils and harms, and thereby bring peace within the seas. Sima Shi monopolizes power and uses force; rewards and punishments are at his own will. Hearing that we have raised the masses, he is sure to issue an edict forbidding passage at passes and fords, cutting off relay dispatches, and on his own authority again levying troops and making arrests. These are Sima Shi's orders, not Your Majesty's edicts; wherever they arrive none may again receive and employ them. We are far away on the road and fear that written communications may not all get through. We therefore grant rewards and punishments as circumstances require and act according to what is expedient, awaiting a settled report to submit by memorial."
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大將軍統中外軍討之,別使諸葛誕督豫州諸軍從安風津擬壽春,征東將軍胡遵督青、徐諸軍出於譙、宋之間,絕其歸路。 大將軍屯汝陽,使監軍王基督前鋒諸軍據南頓以待之。 今諸軍皆堅壁勿與戰。 儉、欽進不得鬥,退恐壽春見襲,不得歸,計窮不知所為。 淮南將士,家皆在北,眾心沮散,降者相屬,惟淮南新附農民為之用。 大將軍遣兗州刺史鄧艾督泰山諸軍萬餘人至樂嘉,示弱以誘之,大將軍尋自洙至。 欽不知,果夜來欲襲艾等,會明,見大軍兵馬盛,乃引還。 〈《魏氏春秋》曰:欽中子俶,小名鴦。 年尚幼,勇力絕人,謂欽曰:「及其未定,擊之可破也。」 於是分為二隊,夜夾攻軍。 俶率壯士先至,大呼大將軍,軍中震擾。 欽後期不應。 會明,俶退,欽亦引還。 魏末傳曰:殿中人姓尹,字大目,小為曹氏家奴,常侍在帝側,大將軍將俱行。 大目知大將軍一目已突出,啟云:「文欽本是明公腹心,但為人所誤耳,又天子鄉里。 大目昔為文欽所信,乞得追解語之,令還與公复好。」 大將軍聽遣大目單身往,乘大馬,被鎧甲,追文欽,遙相與語。 大目心實欲曹氏安,謬言:「君侯何苦若不可復忍數日中也!」 欲使欽解其旨。 欽殊不悟,乃更厲聲罵大目:「汝先帝家人,不念報恩,而反與司馬師作逆; 不顧上天,天不祐汝!」 乃張弓傅矢欲射大目,大目涕泣曰:「世事敗矣,善自努力也。」〉 大將軍縱驍騎追擊,大破之,欽遁走。 是日,儉聞欽戰敗,恐懼夜走,眾潰。 比至慎縣,左右人兵稍棄儉去,儉獨與小弟秀及孫重藏水邊草中。 安風津都尉部民張屬就射殺儉,傳首京都。 屬封侯。 秀、重走入吳。 將士諸為儉、欽所迫脅者,悉歸降。 〈欽與郭淮書曰:「大將軍昭伯與太傅 (伯) 俱受顧命,登床把臂,託付天下,此遠近所知。 後以勢利,乃絕其祀,及其親黨,皆一時之俊,可為痛心,奈何奈何! 公侯恃與大司馬公恩親分著,義貫金石,當此之時,想益毒痛,有不可堪也。 王太尉嫌其專朝,潛欲舉兵,事竟不捷,复受誅夷,害及楚王,想甚追恨。 太傅既亡,然其子師繼承父業,肆其虐暴,日月滋甚,放主弒後,殘戮忠良,包藏禍心,遂至篡弒。 此可忍也,孰不可忍? 欽以名義大故,事君有節,忠憤內發,忘寢與食,無所吝顧也。 會毌丘子邦自與父書,騰說公侯,盡事主之義,欲奮白髮,同符太公,惟須東問,影響相應,聞問之日,能不慷慨! 是以不顧妻孥之痛,即與毌丘鎮東舉義兵三萬餘人,西趨京師,欲扶持王室,掃除奸逆,企踵西望,不得聲問,魯望高子,不足喻急。 夫當仁不讓,況救君之難,度道遠艱,故不果期要耳。 然同舟共濟,安危勢同,禍痛已連,非言飾所解,自公侯所明也。 共事曹氏,積信魏朝,行道之人,皆所知見。 然在朝之士,冒利偷生,烈士所恥,公侯所賤,賈豎所不忍為也,況當塗之士邪? 軍屯住項,小人以閏月十六日別進兵,就於樂嘉城討師,師之徒眾,尋時崩潰,其所斬截,不復訾原,但當長驅徑至京師,而流言先至,毌丘不復詳之,更謂小人為誤,諸軍便爾瓦解。 毌丘還走,追尋釋解,無所及。 小人還項,复遇王基等十二軍,追尋毌丘,進兵討之,即時克破,所向全勝,要那後無繼何? 孤軍梁昌,進退失所,還據壽春,壽春复走,狼狽躓閡,無復他計,惟當歸命大吳,借兵乞食,繼踵伍員耳。 不若僕隸,如何快心,复君之仇,永使曹氏少享血食,此亦大國之所祐念也。 想公侯不使程嬰、臼擅名於前代,而使大魏獨無鷹揚之士與? 今大吳敦崇大義,深見愍悼。 然僕於國大分連接,遠同一勢,日欲俱舉,瓜分中國,不原偏取以為己有。 公侯必欲共忍帥胸懷,宜廣大勢,恐秦川之卒不可孤舉。 今者之計,宜屈己伸人,託命歸漢,東西俱舉爾,乃可克定師黨耳。 深思鄙言,若愚計可從,宜使漢軍克制期要,使六合校考,與周、召同封,以託付兒孫。 此亦非小事也,大丈夫寧處其落落,是以遠呈忠心,時望嘉應。」 時郭淮已卒,欽未知,故有此書。 《世語》曰:毌丘儉之誅,黨與七百餘人,傳侍御史杜友治獄,惟舉首事十人,餘皆奏散。 友字季子,東郡人,仕晉冀州刺史、河南尹。 子默,字世玄,歷吏部郎,衛尉。〉
The grand general took command of all forces against the rebels: Zhuge Dan was to bring the Yu columns from Anfeng toward Shouchun, while Hu Zun, general who conquers the east, struck between Qiao and Song to sever their retreat. The grand general camped at Ruyang and ordered Wang Ji to hold Nandun with the van and wait. Every column was ordered to stand on the defensive and refuse battle. Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin could neither advance to battle nor fall back without risking an attack on Shouchun; cut off from home, they were at their wits' end. Huainan troops had kin north of the Huai; morale collapsed and men surrendered in chains—only recent settlers would still fight for them. The grand general sent Deng Ai with over ten thousand Taishan troops to Lejia as bait; Sima Shi himself followed hard behind from Zhu. Wen Qin took the bait and attacked by night, but at dawn he saw the main host's strength and pulled back. 〈The Wei chronicle names Wen Qin's second son Shu, nicknamed Wild Goose. Though still a boy, he was extraordinarily strong and told his father, "Strike before they form up—we can shatter them." They split into two wings for a night attack on both flanks. Shu led picked men in first, roaring for the grand general until the camp erupted in confusion. Wen Qin failed to arrive on time. At daybreak Shu broke off, and Wen Qin retreated as well. The Wei Final Traditions tells of Yin Damu, once a Cao household slave who attended the emperor; he now accompanied the grand general. Yin knew Sima Shi's eye had been injured; he urged, "Wen Qin was once your man—only others misled him—and he hails from your sovereign's home district. Qin once trusted me—let me ride after him, explain your mercy, and bring him back to your service." The grand general agreed: Yin Damu rode out alone in armor, overtook Wen Qin, and hailed him from a distance. Yin hoped still to save the Caos but spoke softly: "Sir, surely you can endure a few days longer!" He meant Wen Qin to read this as a hint of pardon. Wen Qin missed the point entirely and screamed at Yin: "You served the late emperor—how can you side with Sima Shi's treason? Heaven sees you—Heaven will not shield you!" He strung an arrow to shoot Yin, who wept, "All is lost—do what you can."〉 The grand general sent swift horse in pursuit, shattered Wen Qin's force, and Wen Qin bolted. That same day Guanqiu Jian heard of Wen Qin's defeat, fled in panic by night, and his army melted away. By Shen county his escort had melted away; Guanqiu Jian hid in riverside grass with his youngest brother Xiu and Sun Chong. Zhang Shu, a local under the Anfeng ford captain, shot Guanqiu Jian down and sent his head to Luoyang. Zhang Shu received a marquisate. Xiu and Sun Chong escaped into Wu. Every soldier Wen Qin and Guanqiu Jian had pressed into rebellion submitted. 〈In Wen Qin's letter to Guo Huai he wrote: "General-in-chief Zhabo and the grand tutor (text gloss 'Bo') together received the imperial testament: they mounted the couch, clasped arms, and were charged with the empire—the whole realm knows it. Later Sima Yi crushed him for ambition's sake and wiped out his kin—every one of them among the finest men of the hour; it breaks the heart. You who share Grand Marshal Cao Shuang's blood must feel the wound cut deeper than words can bear. Grand Commandant Wang Ling could not abide his monopoly at court and secretly plotted arms—the coup failed, his clan fell, and even Prince Chu died for it; one imagines your bitterness runs deep. After Sima Yi died, Sima Shi inherited his ambition and grew crueller by the day—deposing sovereigns, killing empresses, slaughtering loyal ministers, all prelude to usurpation. If we tolerate this, what outrage could we not swallow? Bound by duty to ruler and state, I burned with loyal rage—I forgot sleep and food and hesitated at nothing. When Guanqiu Dian's son Bang wrote urging all honors you owed your sovereign—like Lü Wang rallying in old age—calling for word from the east, how could loyal hearts not thrill? So I left wife and children behind and marched thirty thousand west beside Guanqiu Jian to rescue the throne—yet westward we heard nothing; Confucius longing for Gao Chai scarcely matches our desperation. Righteous men do not yield precedence—and saving one's sovereign matters more than punctuality; the distance defeated our timetable. We share one boat—your peril is mine; no rhetoric can mend it—you know this well. We both served the Caos and enjoyed Wei's trust—the whole road knows it. Courtiers cling to profit—heroes despise them, as do you; peddlers would blush—how much less men who hold power? Our host lay at Xiang: on the sixteenth of the intercalary month I struck toward Lejia to hit Sima Shi; his line broke at once, his dead beyond counting—you should have driven straight on Luoyang, but rumor arrived first, Guanqiu Jian took me for a liar, and the armies fell apart. Guanqiu Jian retreated before I could reach him to explain. Back at Xiang I collided with Wang Ji's twelve armies chasing Guanqiu Jian—we shattered him utterly—yet where were reserves when we needed them? Stranded at Liangchang with nowhere to turn, I fell back on Shouchun, lost it again, and had no choice but to cast myself on Wu for troops and rations—another Wu Zixu. We are lower than slaves—yet nothing would satisfy me like avenging our sovereign and denying the Simas even one offering—surely Great Wu wishes the same. Would you leave Cheng Ying and Gongsun Jiuyi the only names remembered while Wei has no champion left? Wu honors righteousness and has shown me deep compassion. Wu shares our frontier and could divide the realm with us—I ask no selfish carve-out. If you mean to join hearts with us, widen the front—I doubt Qinchuan can rise alone. Yield your pride, pledge allegiance to Shu Han, strike east and west together—only so can we crush Sima Shi's clique. Think it through: if my scheme wins you over, coordinate with Han's army, let the realm see you enfeoffed like the Dukes of Zhou and Shao, and hand that legacy to your heirs. This is no trifle—a gentleman may stand alone, yet I lay my loyalty before you and await your noble answer." By then Guo Huai was dead—Wen Qin did not know it, which explains this letter. Shishuo yinyu records that when Guanqiu Jian died over seven hundred associates were implicated; Du You as attendant censor handled the case and indicted only ten ringleaders while dismissing the rest. Du You, styled Jizi, from Dong commandery, later served Western Jin as inspector of Ji and governor of Henan. His son Du Mo, styled Shixuan, rose to director of the ministry of personnel and commandant of the guards.〉
13
儉子甸為治書侍御史,先時知儉謀將發,私出將家屬逃走新安靈山上。 別攻下之,夷儉三族。 〈《世語》曰:甸字子邦,有名京邑。 齊王之廢也,甸謂儉曰:「大人居方獄重任,國傾覆而晏然自守,將受四海之責。」 儉然之。 大將軍惡其為人也。 及儉起兵,問屈𩑺所在,云不來無能為也。 儉初起兵,遣子宗四人入吳。 太康中,吳平,宗兄弟皆還中國。 宗字子仁,有儉風,至零陵太守。 宗子奧,巴東監軍、益州刺史。 習鑿齒曰:毌丘儉感明帝之顧命,故為此役。 君子謂毌丘儉事雖不成,可謂忠臣矣。 夫竭節而赴義者我也,成之與敗者時也,我苟無時,成何可必乎? 忘我而不自必,乃所以為忠也。 古人有言:「死者復生,生者不愧。」 若毌丘儉可謂不愧也。〉
Guanqiu Dian held a palace secretary post; foreseeing his father's rising, he slipped away with his kin to Mount Ling in Xin'an. Another column stormed the mountain and extirpated Guanqiu Jian's three degrees of kin. 〈Shishuo yinyu gives Dian's style as Zibang and calls him celebrated in the capital. When the prince of Qi fell, Dian told his father, "You hold a frontier command while the state founders—history will blame you if you sit idle." Guanqiu Jian agreed. Sima Shi detested his character. When Jian raised troops, he asked where Qu was, and was told that nothing could be done if Qu did not come. At the outset Guanqiu Jian sent four sons named Zong to Wu. After Taikang, when Wu fell, the Zong brothers came back to the north. Zong, styled Ziren, resembled his father and rose to governor of Lingling. Zong's son Ao became East Ba area commander and inspector of Yi. Xi Zhaozhi writes that Guanqiu Jian rose to honor Emperor Ming's deathbed charge. Gentlemanly opinion calls him a loyal subject though he failed. One gives all for duty; fortune decides the outcome—without Heaven's hour, who can promise victory? To forget yourself without demanding success—that is loyalty. The ancients said: "Should the dead return to life, the living could face them without shame." By that measure Guanqiu Jian had nothing to regret.〉
14
欽亡入吳,吳以欽為都護、假節、鎮北大將軍、幽州牧、譙侯。 〈欽 〈降吳表〉 曰:「禀命不幸,常隸魏國,兩絕於天。 雖側伏隅都,自知無路。 司馬師滔天作逆,廢害二主,辛、癸、高、莽,惡不足喻。 欽累世受魏恩,烏鳥之情,竊懷憤踴,在三之義,期於弊僕。 前與毌丘儉、郭淮等俱舉義兵,當共討師,掃除凶孽,誠臣慺慺愚管所執。 智慮淺薄,微節不騁,進無所依,悲痛切心。 退惟不能扶翼本朝,抱愧俯仰,靡所自厝。 冒緣古義,固有所歸,庶假天威,得展萬一,僵仆之日,亦所不恨。 輒相率將,歸命聖化,慚偷苟生,非辭所陳。 謹上還所受魏使持節、前將軍、山桑侯印綬。 臨表惶惑,伏須罪誅。」 《魏書》曰:欽字仲若,譙郡人。 父稷,建安中為騎將,有勇力。 欽少以名將子,材武見稱。 魏諷反,欽坐與諷辭語相連,及下獄,掠笞數百,當死,太祖以稷故赦之。 太和中,為五營校督,出為牙門將。 欽性剛暴無禮,所在倨傲陵上,不奉官法,輒見奏遣,明帝抑之。 後復以為淮南牙門將,轉為廬江太守、鷹揚將軍。 王凌奏欽貪殘,不宜撫邊,求免官治罪,由是徵欽還。 曹爽以欽鄉里,厚養待之,不治欽事。 復遣還廬江,加冠軍將軍,貴寵逾前。 欽以故益驕,好自矜伐,以壯勇高人,頗得虛名於三軍。 曹爽誅後,進欽為前將軍以安其心,後代諸葛誕為揚州刺史。 自曹爽之誅,欽常內懼,與諸葛誕相惡,無所與謀。 會誕去兵,毌丘儉往,乃陰共結謀。 戰敗走,晝夜間行,追者不及,遂得入吳,孫峻厚待之。 欽雖在他國,不能屈節下人,自呂據、朱異等諸大將皆憎疾之,惟峻常左右之。〉
Wen Qin fled to Wu, which named him protector-general with jie authority, general who guards the north, governor of You, and marquis of Qiao. 〈Memorial of Wen) Qin— 〈Memorial of Surrender to Wu〉 It reads: "Ill fortune placed me under Wei and twice cut me off from Heaven's favor. Though I have skulked in a corner, I know there is no refuge. Sima Shi's treason overflows heaven—he cast down two sovereigns; Jie, Zhou, Wang Mang pale beside him. My house owes Wei generations of kindness—the filial urge of the nesting crow burns in me; bound thrice to ruler, father, and teacher, I mean to serve unto death. I marched with Guanqiu Jian and Guo Huai to destroy Sima Shi and scour his faction—that humble longing still grips me. My plans proved shallow, my moment never came, my advance had no foothold—grief cuts to the bone. I could not save my dynasty; shame bows me at every turn—I have nowhere to stand. I invoke ancient duty and seek your shelter; if Heaven lends me one chance in ten thousand, I will fall content. I lead my officers to your enlightened rule; ashamed I lived so long by stealth—words fail me. I return my Wei seals—credential insignia, former general, and marquis of Shansang. I lay this memorial in terror and await your judgment." The Wei shu gives Wen Qin, styled Zhongruo, from Qiao commandery. His father Wen Ji was a cavalry officer under the Jian'an reign, famed for courage. In youth he was known as a famous general's son of martial talent. When Wei Feng rebelled, Wen Qin was implicated by something he had said; he was jailed, beaten hundreds of strokes, and sentenced to death until Cao Cao spared him for Wen Ji's sake. Under Taihe he supervised the five camps, then became a camp general. Wen Qin was brutish and insolent—everywhere he bullied his superiors and flouted orders until impeachment drove him from post after post and Emperor Ming checked him. He was later restored as Huainan's camp general, then governor of Lujiang and general who soars like a hawk. Wang Ling impeached him for corruption and cruelty—unfit to guard the frontier—and demanded his dismissal, so the court recalled him. Because Wen Qin hailed from the same district as Cao Shuang, Shuang showered him with favors and looked the other way when he broke the rules. He returned to Lujiang as general of the vanguard and enjoyed greater favor than ever. Flush with favor, he swaggered, trumpeted his valor, and lorded it over his fellows—earning empty prestige in the ranks. After Shuang fell he was elevated to former general to buy his loyalty, then replaced Zhuge Dan as inspector of Yang. Ever since Shuang's death Wen Qin had lived in dread and feuded with Zhuge Dan—they never plotted together. Once Zhuge Dan stepped down and Guanqiu Jian took his place, the two secretly joined forces. He ran night and day until the chase slackened, found sanctuary in Wu, and Sun Jun welcomed him handsomely. Even in exile Wen Qin would not defer to anyone—Lü Ju, Zhu Yi, and other senior commanders loathed him; only Sun Jun stood by him.〉
15
諸葛誕
Zhuge Dan.
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諸葛誕字公休,琅邪陽都人,諸葛豐後也。 初以尚書郎為滎陽令, 〈《魏氏春秋》曰:誕為郎,與僕射杜畿試船陶河,遭風覆沒,誕亦俱溺。 虎賁浮河救誕,誕曰:「先救杜侯。」 誕飄於岸,絕而復蘇。〉 入為吏部郎。 人有所屬託,輒顯其言而承用之,後有當否,則公議其得失以為褒貶,自是群僚莫不慎其所舉。 累遷御史中丞尚書,與夏侯玄、鄧颺等相善,收名朝廷,京都翕然。 言事者以誕、颺等脩浮華,合虛譽,漸不可長。 明帝惡之,免誕官。 〈《世語》曰:是時,當世俊士散騎常侍夏侯玄、尚書諸葛誕、鄧颺之徒,共相題表,以玄、疇四人為四聰,誕、備八人為八達,中書監劉放子熙、孫資子密、吏部尚書衛臻子烈三人,咸不及比,以父居勢位,容之為三豫,凡十五人。 帝以構長浮華,皆免官廢錮。〉 會帝崩,正始初,玄等並在職。 復以誕為御史中丞尚書,出為揚州刺史,加昭武將軍。
Zhuge Dan, styled Gongxiu, came from Yangdu in Langya and traced his line to Zhuge Feng. His first appointment was as magistrate of Xingyang while attached to the palace secretariat, 〈The Wei chronicle tells how Dan and Deputy Director Du Ji capsized during a trial run on the Tao River. Imperial guards swam out to save him, but he cried, "Marquis Du first!" He was washed ashore, apparently drowned, yet revived.〉 He was recalled to serve as gentleman of the ministry of personnel. If anyone brought him a private plea, he aired it openly before acting, then let colleagues debate the outcome—so every nomination was weighed with care. Promoted to palace aide and secretary, he befriended Xiahou Xuan and Deng Yang, built a reputation at court, and became the toast of Luoyang. Memorialists accused Dan, Deng Yang, and company of empty glitter and mutual puffery—a fashion that had to be stopped. Emperor Ming drove Dan from office in disgust. 〈Shishuo yinyu lists the Zhengshi partisans: Xiahou Xuan and three others as the "Four Clever," Zhuge Dan and seven others as the "Eight Freethinkers," with three well-connected also-rans mocked as the "Three Hesitant"—fifteen names in all. The emperor blamed them for spreading hollow manners and cashiered the whole set.〉 By the start of Zhengshi, after Mingdi's death, Xuan and company held posts again. He returned as palace aide and secretary, then became inspector of Yang with the title general who displays martial illumination.
17
王凌之陰謀也,太傅司馬宣王潛軍東伐,以誕為鎮東將軍、假節都督揚州諸軍事,封山陽亭侯。 諸葛恪興東關,遣誕督諸軍討之,與戰,不利。 還,徙為鎮南將軍。
During Wang Ling's conspiracy Sima Yi gave Zhuge Dan command of the east with jie authority over Yang and the village marquisate of Shanyang. When Zhuge Ke struck Dong Pass, Zhuge Dan took the field and lost the engagement. Afterward he rotated to general who guards the south.
18
後毌丘儉、文欽反,遣使詣誕,招呼豫州士民。 誕斬其使,露布天下,令知儉、欽凶逆。 大將軍司馬景王東征,使誕督豫州諸軍,渡安風津向壽春。 儉、欽之破也,誕先至壽春。 壽春中十餘萬口,聞儉、欽敗,恐誅,悉破城門出,流迸山澤,或散走入吳。 以誕久在淮南,乃復以為鎮東大將軍、儀同三司、都督揚州。 吳大將孫峻、呂據、留贊等聞淮南亂,會文欽往,乃帥眾將欽徑至壽春; 時誕諸軍已至,城不可攻,乃走。 誕遣將軍蔣班追擊之,斬贊,傳首,收其印節。 進封高平侯,邑三千五百戶,轉為征東大將軍。
When Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin rose, they dispatched envoys to Zhuge Dan urging Yu Province to join them. Zhuge Dan beheaded the messengers and published an edict branding the rebels traitors. Sima Shi marched east and told Zhuge Dan to bring the Yu forces toward Shouchun via Anfeng Ford. Zhuge Dan arrived at Shouchun before Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin were routed. When news of the rebels' defeat reached Shouchun's hundred thousand souls, panic swept the city; people tore open the gates and fled into the wilds or east into Wu. Trusting his long experience in Huainan, the court restored him as grand general who guards the east with honors matching the three senior ministers over Yang. Sun Jun, Lü Ju, Liu Zan, and other Wu commanders, hearing of the revolt and Wen Qin's flight, marched him toward Shouchun— but Zhuge Dan's men were already there; finding the city untakable, they retired. Zhuge Dan ordered Jiang Ban to chase them down—Liu Zan fell, his head and insignia taken. He was raised to marquis of Gaoping with 3,500 households and promoted to grand general who conquers the east.
19
誕既與玄、颺等至親,又王凌、毌丘儉累見夷滅,懼不自安,傾帑藏振施以結眾心,厚養親附及揚州輕俠者數千人為死士。 《魏書》曰:誕賞賜過度。 有犯死者,虧制以活之。 甘露元年256年冬,吳賊欲向徐堨,計誕所督兵馬足以待之,而復請十萬眾守壽春,又求臨淮築城以備寇,內欲保有淮南。 朝廷微知誕有自疑心,以誕舊臣,欲入度之。 二年五月,徵為司空。 誕被詔書,愈恐,遂反。 召會諸將,自出攻揚州刺史樂綝,殺之。 《世語》曰:司馬文王既秉朝政,長史賈充以為宜遣參佐慰勞四征,於是遣充至壽春。 充還啟文王:「誕再在揚州,有威名,民望所歸。 今徵,必不來,禍小事淺; 不徵,事遲禍大。」 乃以為司空。 不遣使者,健步齎書,使以兵付樂綝,此必綝所為。 乃將左右數百人至揚州,揚州人欲閉門,誕叱曰:「卿非我故吏邪!」 徑入,綝逃上樓,就斬之。 魏末傳曰:賈充與誕相見,談說時事,因謂誕曰:「洛中諸賢,皆原禪代,君所知也。 君以為云何?」 誕厲色曰:「卿非賈豫州子? 世受魏恩,如何負國,欲以魏室輸人乎? 非吾所忍聞。 若洛中有難,吾當死之。」 充默然。 誕既被徵,請諸牙門置酒飲宴,呼牙門從兵,皆賜酒令醉,謂眾人曰:「前作千人鎧仗始成,欲以擊賊,今當還洛,不復得用,欲蹔出,將見人遊戲,須臾還耳; 諸君且止。」 乃嚴鼓將士七百人出。 樂綝聞之,閉州門。 誕歷南門宣言曰:「當還洛邑,蹔出遊戲,揚州何為閉門見備?」 前至東門,東門复閉,乃使兵緣城攻門,州人悉走,因風放火,焚其府庫,遂殺綝。 誕表曰:「臣受國重任,統兵在東。 揚州刺史樂綝專詐,說臣與吳交通,又言被詔當代臣位,無狀日久。 臣奉國命,以死自立,終無異端。 忿綝不忠,輒將步騎七百人,以今月六日討綝,即日斬首,函頭驛馬傳送。 若聖朝明臣,臣即魏臣; 不明臣,臣即吳臣。 不勝發憤有日,謹拜表陳愚,悲感泣血,哽咽斷絕,不知所如,乞朝廷察臣至誠。」 臣松之以為魏末傳所言,率皆鄙陋。 疑誕表言曲,不至於此也。 斂淮南及淮北郡縣屯田口十餘萬官兵,揚州新附勝兵者四五萬人,聚谷足一年食,閉城自守。 遣長史吳綱將小子靚至吳請救。 《世語》曰:黃初末,吳人髮長沙王吳芮塚,以其塼於臨湘為孫堅立廟。 芮容貌如生,衣服不朽。 後豫發者見吳綱曰:「君何類長沙王吳芮,但微短耳。」 綱瞿然曰; 「是先祖也,君何由見之?」 見者言所由,綱曰:「更葬否?」 答曰:「即更葬矣。」 自芮之卒年至塚發,四百餘年,綱,芮之十六世孫矣。 吳人大喜,遣將全懌、全端、唐咨、王祚等,率三萬眾,密與文欽俱來應誕。 以誕為左都護、假節、大司徒、驃騎將軍、青州牧、壽春侯。 是時鎮南將軍王基始至,督諸軍圍壽春,未合。 咨、欽等從城東北,因山乘險,得將其眾突入城。
Zhuge Dan was very close to Xiahou Xuan, Deng Yang, and their circle; Wang Ling and Guanqiu Jian had already been destroyed one after another, and fearing for his own safety he emptied the treasury and spent lavishly to win loyalty, richly maintaining his clients and several thousand Yang Province bravos as devoted diehards. The Book of Wei says that Zhuge Dan's rewards and gifts were excessive. When someone deserved death for an offense, he bent the law to spare them. In the winter of the first year of Ganlu (256), Wu forces planned to strike Xu embankment; though the troops under Zhuge Dan were enough to meet them, he again asked for one hundred thousand men to hold Shouchun and to build a fortress at Linhuai against invasion—secretly intending to keep control of Huainan. The court had some inkling of Zhuge Dan's unease; as an old servant of the dynasty, they meant to summon him in and take his measure. In the fifth month of the second year of Ganlu, he was summoned to the post of Minister of Works. When Zhuge Dan received the edict, his fear deepened and he rebelled. He assembled his generals, marched out himself against Yang Province inspector Yue Lin, and killed him. The Sayings of the Age relates that once Sima Zhao held court power, chief clerk Jia Chong argued that staff should be sent to console the four frontier commanders, and Chong was dispatched to Shouchun. Chong returned and reported to Sima Zhao: "Zhuge Dan has twice held Yang Province; he has a formidable reputation and the people look to him. Summon him now and he will surely refuse—the harm will be small; wait, and the trouble will grow far worse." The court thereupon appointed him Minister of Works. No envoy came—only a runner with orders to hand the troops to Yue Lin; this must be Lin's doing. He then took several hundred personal followers to the provincial seat; when the locals tried to shut the gates, Dan shouted: "Are you not my old subordinates!" He went straight in; Yue Lin fled upstairs and was beheaded where he stood. The Traditions of Late Wei says that when Jia Chong met Zhuge Dan and discussed current affairs, he said to him: "The worthies of Luoyang all accept the transfer of the mandate—you know this. What is your view?" Zhuge Dan flushed with anger and said: "Are you not the son of Inspector Jia of Yu Province? Your house has enjoyed Wei's favor for generations—how can you betray the state and hand the Wei throne to others? That is more than I can bear to hear. If Luoyang is in danger, I will die for it." Jia Chong said nothing. After the summons arrived, Zhuge Dan invited the gate commanders to a feast, called up their followers, plied them with wine until they were drunk, and told the assembly: "The thousand suits of armor we finished were meant for fighting bandits; now that we must return to Luoyang they are useless, so I mean to go out briefly and let the men drill for sport—I will be right back; All of you wait here." Then he beat the drums and marched out with seven hundred officers and men. When Yue Lin heard of it, he shut the provincial gates. Zhuge Dan passed the south gate proclaiming: "We are returning to the capital and only going out for sport—why does Yang Province shut its gates against us?" At the east gate the doors were shut again, so he had his men climb the walls to force them; the townspeople fled; he set fire to the government storehouses with the wind at his back and killed Yue Lin. Zhuge Dan submitted a memorial: "Your servant bears a weighty charge from the state, commanding troops in the east. Yang Province inspector Yue Lin is wholly treacherous: he claims I am in contact with Wu and says an edict has named him to replace me—his outrages have gone on for some time. I serve the state's command and stand ready to die for it—I will never waver in loyalty. Outraged at Yue Lin's treachery, I led seven hundred foot and horse on the sixth of this month to punish him; that same day I beheaded him, boxed the head, and sent it by relay post. If the court understands me, I am Wei's minister; if it does not, I am Wu's minister. Long unable to contain my grief, I respectfully submit this memorial; weeping blood with sorrow, choked and overcome, I know not what to do, and beg the court to see my utmost sincerity." Pei Songzhi holds that what the Traditions of Late Wei reports is on the whole crude and vulgar. He suspects the wording of Zhuge Dan's memorial was distorted and would not have gone this far. He mustered more than one hundred thousand officials and soldiers from military-agriculture households across Huainan and Huaibei, plus forty or fifty thousand fit troops newly attached in Yang Province; stockpiled grain for a year; and shut the city to hold it. He sent chief clerk Wu Gang with his young son Jing to Wu to ask for aid. The Sayings of the Age relates that near the end of Huangchu, Wu men opened the tomb of King Wu Rui of Changsha and used its bricks at Linxiang to build a temple to Sun Jian. Wu Rui looked as if alive, and his clothes had not rotted. Later, those preparing to open the tomb saw Wu Gang and said: "Sir, how you resemble King Wu Rui of Changsha—only a little shorter." Wu Gang started and said; "That is my ancestor—how did you see him?" The witness told how; Wu Gang asked: "Was he reburied?" The reply was: "He was reburied immediately." From Wu Rui's death to the opening of the tomb was more than four hundred years; Wu Gang was his sixteenth-generation descendant. The Wu court was delighted and sent generals Quan Yi, Quan Duan, Tang Zi, Wang Zuo, and others with thirty thousand men, who secretly joined Wen Qin in coming to Zhuge Dan's aid. They named Zhuge Dan left protector-general, with provisional authority, grand minister of education, general of agile cavalry, governor of Qing Province, and marquis of Shouchun. At that time General Who Guards the South Wang Ji had just arrived and was directing the armies besieging Shouchun, though the lines were not yet closed. Tang Zi, Wen Qin, and the others entered from the northeast, using the mountains and difficult terrain to rush their forces into the city.
20
六月,車駕東征,至項。 大將軍司馬文王督中外諸軍二十六萬眾,臨淮討之。 大將軍屯丘頭。 使基及安東將軍陳騫等四面合圍,表裡再重,塹壘甚峻。 又使監軍石苞、兗州刺史州泰等,簡銳卒為遊軍,備外寇。 欽等數出犯圍,逆擊走之。 吳將朱異再以大眾來迎誕等,渡黎漿水,泰等逆與戰,每摧其鋒。 孫綝以異戰不進,怒而殺之。 城中食轉少,外救不至,眾無所恃。 將軍蔣班、焦彝,皆誕爪牙計事者也,棄誕,逾城自歸大將軍。 〈《漢晉春秋》曰:蔣班、焦彝言於諸葛誕曰:「朱異等以大眾來而不能進,孫綝殺異而歸江東,外以發兵為名,而內實坐須成敗,其歸可見矣。 今宜及眾心尚固,士卒思用,並力決死,攻其一面,雖不能盡克,猶可有全者。」 文欽曰:「江東乘戰勝之威久矣,未有難北方者也。 況公今舉十餘萬之眾內附,而欽與全端等皆同居死地,父子兄弟盡在江表,就孫綝不欲,主上及其親戚豈肯聽乎? 且中國無歲無事,軍民並疲,今守我一年,勢力已因,異圖生心,變故將起,以往準今,可計日而望也。」 班、彝固勸之,欽怒,而誕欲殺班。 二人懼,且知誕之必敗也,十一月,乃相攜而降。〉 大將軍乃使反間,以奇變說全懌等,懌等率眾數千人開門來出。 城中震懼,不知所為。
In the sixth month the emperor's host reached Xiang. Sima Zhao led 260,000 men of the inner and outer armies to the Huai to besiege the rebels. The grand general pitched camp at Qiutou. Wang Ji and Chen Qian ringed the city in two belts of trench and palisade. Shi Bao, Zhou Tai of Yan, and others led picked mobile troops to ward off relief forces. Wen Qin sortied again and again and was driven in each time. Zhu Yi of Wu twice tried to relieve the siege at Lijiang; Zhou Tai and company turned him aside. Sun Chen killed Zhu Yi for failing to press the attack. Provisions ran low, no help came, and the defenders lost heart. Jiang Ban and Jiao Yi, Zhuge Dan's chief counselors, slipped over the wall to Sima Zhao. 〈The Han-Jin Spring and Autumn relates that Jiang Ban and Jiao Yi said to Zhuge Dan: "Zhu Yi and the others came with a great army but could not advance, and Sun Chen killed Zhu Yi and returned east. Outwardly they use dispatching troops as their pretext, but in reality they sit and wait to see success or failure. Their withdrawal is plain. Strike now while morale holds—throw everything at one sector; even total victory may not come, yet some might escape alive." Wen Qin replied: "The south has swaggered on victory too long to fear us. Besides, your hundred thousand newcomers are trapped like Qin and Quan Duan—every family still lies east of the Yangzi—would Sun Chen or their kinsmen truly march to save us? The heartland never rests—another year's siege would exhaust everyone; history shows relief follows soon." Ban and Yi pressed their case until Wen Qin flared and Dan nearly executed Ban. Fearing Dan's doom, they defected together in the eleventh month. Sima Zhao spread distrust among Quan Yi and company until Yi opened the gates with thousands of followers. Panic seized the garrison.
21
三年正月,誕、欽、咨等大為攻具,晝夜五六日攻南圍,欲決圍而出。 〈《漢晉春秋》曰:文欽曰:「蔣班、焦彝謂我不能出而走,全端、全懌又率眾逆降,此敵無備之時也,可以戰矣。」 誕及唐咨等皆以為然,遂共悉眾出攻。〉 圍上諸軍,臨高以發石車火箭逆燒破其攻具,弩矢及石雨下,死傷者蔽地,血流盈塹。 復還入城,城內食轉竭,降出者數万口。 欽欲盡出北方人,省食,與吳人堅守,誕不聽,由是爭恨。 欽素與誕有隙,徒以計合,事急愈相疑。 欽見誕計事,誕遂殺欽。 欽子鴦及虎將兵在小城中,聞欽死,勒兵馳赴之,眾不為用。 鴦、虎單走,逾城出,自歸大將軍。 軍吏請誅之,大將軍令曰:「欽之罪不容誅,其子固應當戮,然鴦、虎以窮歸命,且城未拔,殺之是堅其心也。」 乃赦鴦、虎,使將兵數百騎馳巡城,呼語城內云:「文欽之子猶不見殺,其餘何懼?」 表鴦、虎為將軍,各賜爵關內侯。 城內喜且擾,又日飢困,誕、咨等智力窮。 大將軍乃自臨圍,四面進兵,同時鼓譟登城,城內無敢動者。 誕窘急,單乘馬,將其麾下突小城門出。 大將軍司馬胡奮部兵逆擊,斬誕,傳首,夷三族。 誕麾下數百人,坐不降見斬,皆曰:「為諸葛公死,不恨。」 其得人心如此。 〈干寶《晉紀》曰:數百人拱手為列,每斬一人,輒降之,竟不變,至盡,時人比之田橫。 吳將於詮曰:「大丈夫受命其主,以兵救人,既不能克,又束手於敵,吾弗取也。」 乃免冑冒陳而死。〉 唐咨、王祚及諸裨將皆面縛降,吳兵萬眾,器仗軍實山積。
First month, year three: Dan, Qin, and Tang Zi hurled engines against the south wall for days, trying to break out. 〈The Han-Jin Spring and Autumn records Wen Qin saying: "Jiang Ban and Jiao Yi said that we could not break out and fled; Quan Duan and Quan Yi have also led their men over in surrender. This is the moment when the enemy is unprepared; we can fight." Zhuge Dan and Tang Zi agreed and threw every man into the assault. Defenders on the earthworks smashed the rams with traction trebuchets and rockets; missiles fell like rain until corpses choked the trenches. They withdrew; starvation drove tens of thousands to yield. Wen Qin wanted to drive out northern troops to stretch rations while Wu soldiers held the walls—Dan refused, and they turned on each other. Old enemies forced into alliance, they trusted each other less as danger mounted. When Wen Qin came to council, Zhuge Dan slew him. Yang and Hu held the inner ward; hearing of their father's murder they galloped to revenge but their troops refused orders. The brothers scaled the wall alone and defected to Sima Zhao. The staff officers asked to execute them, but the Grand General ordered: "Qin's guilt is beyond pardon, and his sons indeed ought to be put to death. Yet Yang and Hu have come over in surrender at the end of their resources, and the city has not yet fallen. To kill them would only harden the defenders' hearts." He freed them and sent them riding the circuit crying that Wen Qin's heirs lived—so why fear?" He named them generals with noble rank within the passes. The garrison wavered between hope and panic as hunger gnawed and Dan's counsel failed. Sima Zhao rode to the siege line; assault parties escaladed on four fronts while garrison troops froze. Zhuge Dan bolted through a postern with his household guard. Hu Fen cut him down; his head went to Luoyang and his clan perished. Several hundred of Dan's followers who refused surrender were executed in ranks; each said, "We die for Lord Zhuge without regret." Such was his hold on loyalty. 〈Gan Bao describes hundreds standing like Tian Heng's retainers, undaunted to the blade. The Wu general Yu Quan said: "A true man receives his lord's command and leads troops to rescue others. If, having failed to prevail, he then folds his hands before the enemy, I will have none of it." He threw away his helm and died charging the Wei lines. Tang Zi, Wang Zuo, and staff tied themselves and came out; ten thousand Wu troops stacked arms in heaps.
22
初圍壽春,議者多欲急攻之,大將軍以為:「城固而眾多,攻之必力屈,若有外寇,表裡受敵,此危道也。 今三叛相聚於孤城之中,天其或者將使同就戮,吾當以全策縻之,可坐而制也。」 誕以二年五月反,三年二月破滅。 六軍按甲,深溝高壘,而誕自困,竟不煩攻而克。 〈干寶《晉紀》曰:初,壽春每歲雨潦,淮水溢,常淹城邑。 故文王之築圍也,誕笑之曰:「是固不攻而自敗也。」 及大軍之攻,亢旱逾年。 城既陷,是日大雨,圍壘皆毀。 誕子靚,字仲思,吳平還晉。 靚子恢,字道明,位至尚書令,追贈左光祿大夫開府。〉 及破壽春,議者又以為淮南仍為叛逆,吳兵室家在江南,不可縱,宜悉坑之。 大將軍以為古之用兵,全國為上,戮其元惡而已。 吳兵就得亡還,適可以示中國之弘耳。 一無所殺,分佈三河近郡以安處之。
When the siege of Shouchun began, many advisers wanted to attack it quickly, but the Grand General judged: "The city is strong and its people are many. If we attack it, our strength will surely be exhausted; if an outside enemy then comes, we will face foes within and without. This is a dangerous course. Now the three rebels are gathered together in a single isolated city. Perhaps Heaven means to have them go to execution together. I will hold them fast with a complete strategy, and can subdue them while sitting still." Dan rose second year fifth month and fell third year second month. Wei troops stood idle behind fortifications until Dan collapsed without a major assault. 〈Gan Bao notes chronic floods around Shouchun when the Huai spilled. Thus when Wenwang built the siege lines Dan laughed: "This fort needs no attack—it will defeat itself." Yet during the siege a year-long drought struck. The day it fell a cloudburst swept the earthworks away. His son Zhuge Jing, styled Zhongsi, came back under Jin after Wu surrendered. Jing's son Hui, styled Daoming, reached secretary-in-chief and received posthumous honors. Some urged slaughtering captured Wu troops lest Huainan rebel again. Sima Zhao cited the maxim: spare the state when possible—punish ringleaders alone. Letting survivors return advertises the north's mercy. None were executed; they were settled among commanderies near the three He rivers.
23
唐咨本利城人。 黃初中,利城郡反,殺太守徐箕,推咨為主。 文帝遣諸軍討破之,咨走入海,遂亡至吳,官至左將軍,封侯、持節。 誕、欽屠戮,咨亦生禽,三叛皆獲,天下快焉。 〈《傅子》曰:宋建椎牛禱賽,終自焚滅。 文欽日祠祭事天,斬於人手。 諸葛誕夫婦聚會神巫,淫祀求福,伏尸淮南,舉族誅夷。 此天下所共見,足為明鑑也。〉 拜咨安遠將軍,其餘裨將咸假號位,吳眾悅服。 江東感之,皆不誅其家。 其淮南將吏士民諸為誕所脅略者,惟誅其首逆,餘皆赦之。 聽鴦、虎收斂欽喪,給其車牛,致葬舊墓。 〈習鑿齒曰:自是天下畏威懷德矣。 君子謂司馬大將軍於是役也,可謂能以德攻矣。 夫建業者異矣,各有所尚,而不能兼併也。 故窮武之雄斃於不仁,存義之國喪於懦退,今一征而禽三叛,大虜吳眾,席捲淮浦,俘馘十萬,可謂壯矣。 而未及安坐,喪王基之功,種惠吳人,結異類之情,寵鴦葬欽,忘疇昔之隙,不咎誕眾,使揚士懷愧,功高而人樂其成,業廣而敵懷其德,武昭既敷,文算又洽,推此道也,天下其孰能當之哉? 喪王基,語在《基傳》。 ◎鴦一名俶。 《晉諸公贊》曰,俶後為將軍,破涼州虜,名聞天下。 太康中為東夷校尉、假節。 當之職,入辭武帝,帝見而惡之,託以他事免俶官。 東安公繇,諸葛誕外孫,欲殺俶,因誅楊駿,誣俶謀逆,遂夷三族。〉
Tang Zi came from Licheng. During Huangchu Licheng rose, killed prefect Xu Ji, and made Tang Zi chief. Emperor Wen crushed the revolt; Tang Zi fled overseas to Wu and climbed to general of the left with a marquisate. Dan and Qin died; Tang Zi was captured—the three rebels gone at last. 〈Fu Xuan compares Song Jian's vain sacrifices to doom. Wen Qin's daily prayers did not spare him from the sword. Zhuge Dan and his wife fed shamans—corpses filled Huainan and extirpation followed. The realm saw—clear warning for posterity. Tang Zi became general who pacifies the far regions; subordinates received brevet ranks and Wu surrendered willingly. Wu so respected Wei mercy that no captive kin suffered reprisal. Huainan folk pressed into rebellion faced punishment only for ringleaders; the rest went free. Wen Yang and Wen Hu buried their father with imperial carts and oxen at his old grave. 〈Xi Zhaozhi writes that the empire thereafter feared Wei arms yet treasured its grace. Moralists called Sima Zhao's campaign a conquest won by clemency. Founders differ in what they prize—no one path holds every virtue. Brute force without humanity fails; soft virtue without steel fails. One campaign netted three traitors, broke Wu's army on the Huai, and took a hundred thousand heads—magnificent. Sima Zhao lost Wang Ji yet won Wu hearts, forgave enemies, left Yang gentry abashed, and balanced force with policy—none could have stood against such a course. Wang Ji's death is related in his own chapter. Wen Yang was also known as Shu. The Jin Praise records Shu as general who crushed Liangzhou barbarians and became famous. Under Taikang he was eastern Yi colonel with jie authority. Taking leave of Emperor Wu before his posting, he earned the emperor's disgust and lost his post on a trumped-up excuse. Sima You, Zhuge Dan's grandson, framed Shu during Yang Jun's purge and wiped out his clan.〉
24
鄧艾字士載,義陽棘陽人也。 少孤,太祖破荊州,徙汝南,為農民養犢。 年十二,隨母至潁川,讀故太丘長陳寔碑文,言「文為世範,行為士則」,艾遂自名範,字士則。 後宗族有與同者,故改焉。 為都尉學士,以口吃,不得作幹佐。 為稻田守叢草吏。 同郡吏父憐其家貧,資給甚厚,艾初不稱謝。 每見高山大澤,輒規度指畫軍營處所,時人多笑焉。 後為典農綱紀,上計吏,因使見太尉司馬宣王。 宣王奇之,辟之為掾, 〈《世語》曰:鄧艾少為襄城典農部民,與石苞皆年十二三。 謁者陽翟郭玄信,武帝監軍郭誕元奕之子。 建安中,少府吉本起兵許都,玄信坐被刑在家,從典農司馬求人禦,以艾、苞與禦,行十餘里,與語,悅之,謂二人皆當遠至為佐相。 艾後為典農功曹,奉使詣宣王,由此見知,遂被拔擢。〉 遷尚書郎。
Deng Ai, styled Shizai, came from Jiyang in Yiyang commandery. Orphaned young, after Cao Cao conquered Jingzhou his family was relocated to Runan, where he herd calves for peasants. At twelve, reading Chen Shi's epitaph in Yingchuan—"his prose modeled the age, his deeds modeled gentlemen"—he took the names Fan and Shize. A clansman later claimed the same courtesy names, so he changed them. Named to the commandant's school, his stammer barred him from staff work. He served as keeper of the irrigation ditches. A colleague's father subsidized the poor boy generously; Deng Ai offered no thanks. He traced imaginary camps on every ridge and marsh—others mocked the dreaming cowherd. Promoted through agribusiness posts to clerk, he eventually audience with Sima Yi. Sima Yi was impressed and recruited him as an aide, 〈Shishuo yinyu tells how Deng Ai and Shi Bao, tweens in Xiangcheng agribusiness, met usher Guo Xuanxin of Yangdi—son of military inspector Guo Dan. Ji Ben's coup left Guo Xuanxin under sentence at home; borrowing Deng Ai and Shi Bao as drivers for ten li, he predicted ministerial careers for both. Deng Ai rose to merit evaluator, impressed Sima Yi on embassy, and climbed the ladder. He transferred to gentleman of the palace secretariat.
25
時欲廣田畜谷,為滅賊資,使艾行陳、項已東至壽春。 艾以為「田良水少,不足以盡地利,宜開河渠,可以引水澆溉,大積軍糧,又通運漕之道。」 乃著濟河論以喻其指。 又以為「昔破黃巾,因為屯田,積穀於許都以制四方。 今三隅已定,事在淮南,每大軍征舉,運兵過半,功費巨億,以為大役。 陳、蔡之間,土下田良,可省許昌左右諸稻田,並水東下。 令淮北屯二萬人,淮南三萬人,十二分休,常有四萬人,且田且守。 水豐常收三倍於西,計除眾費,歲完五百萬斛以為軍資。 六七年間,可積三千萬斛於淮上,此則十萬之眾五年食也。 以此乘吳,無往而不克矣。」 宣王善之,事皆施行。 正始二年,乃開廣漕渠,每東南有事,大軍興眾,汎舟而下,達於江、淮,資食有儲而無水害,艾所建也。
The court meant to farm Huainan for the Wu campaign and sent Deng Ai to survey from Chen-Xiang east to Shouchun. Ai judged that "the fields are good but water is scarce, so the full advantage of the land cannot be used. We should open rivers and canals, draw in water for irrigation, accumulate large stores of military grain, and also open a route for transport by water." He drafted the Discourse on the Ji River to spell it out. He also judged that "when the Yellow Scarves were crushed we instituted garrison farms and stored grain at Xuchang to bind the four quarters. Huainan alone remained costly—every campaign wasted half its strength on transport. Chen-Cai land is prime—divert water east from Xuchang farms. Order twenty thousand garrison farmers north of the Huai and thirty thousand south of it, rotating them in twelve divisions, so that forty thousand are always both farming and guarding. Well-watered fields yield triple interior harvests—five million hu yearly after costs. Six or seven years yields thirty million hu on the Huai—five years' food for a hundred thousand. With this to strike Wu there is nowhere you would not conquer." Sima Yi endorsed every proposal. In Zhengshi 2 they dug the Broad Canal so fleets could supply Jiang-Huai campaigns—Deng Ai's legacy.
26
出參征西軍事,遷南安太守。 嘉平元年,與征西將軍郭淮拒蜀偏將軍姜維。 維退,淮因西擊羌。 艾曰:「賊去未遠,或能復還,宜分諸軍以備不虞。」 於是留艾屯白水北。 三日,維遣廖化自白水南向艾結營。 艾謂諸將曰:「維今卒還,吾軍人少,法當來渡而不作橋。 此維使化持吾,令不得還。 維必自東襲取洮城。」 洮城在水北,去艾屯六十里。 艾即夜潛軍徑到,維果來渡,而艾先至據城,得以不敗。 賜爵關內侯,加討寇將軍,後遷城陽太守。
He joined the western headquarters as aide and became governor of Nan'an. Jiaping 1: he fought Jiang Wei beside Guo Huai. When Jiang Wei retired, Guo Huai turned west against Qiang tribes. Ai said: "The enemy has not gone far—they may return; divide the armies against surprises." He stayed north of the Bailong River. Three days later Liao Hua appeared south of the Bailong facing Deng Ai. Ai told the generals: "Wei returned abruptly—we are few—by rule they should ford yet build no bridge. Liao Hua pins us while Jiang Wei strikes elsewhere. Wei must himself raid Taocheng from the east." Taocheng sits sixty li north across the water. Deng Ai marched overnight, seized Taocheng before Jiang Wei, and averted disaster. Rewarded with noble rank within the passes and general who smashes bandits, then governor of Chengyang.
27
是時并州右賢王劉豹並為一部,艾上言曰:
When Bingzhou's Liu Bao unified his tribe, Deng Ai submitted:
28
戎狄獸心,不以義親,強則侵暴,弱則內附,故周宣有玁狁之寇,漢祖有平城之圍。 每匈奴一盛,為前代重患。 自單于在外,莫能牽制長卑。 誘而致之,使來入侍。 由是羌夷失統,合散無主。 以單于在內,萬里順軌。 今單于之尊日疏,外土之威浸重,則胡虜不可不深備也。 聞劉豹部有叛胡,可因叛割為二國,以分其勢。 去卑功顯前朝,而子不繼業,宜加其子顯號,使居雁門。 離國弱寇,追錄舊勳,此禦邊長計也。
Nomads are faithless—strong they raid, weak they submit—like Zhou against Xianyun or Han at Pingcheng. Every Xiongnu revival imperiled China. With the Chanyu beyond reach court control grew slack. The court baited him into attendance. Frontier tribes lost unified leadership. While the Chanyu stayed at court the steppes obeyed. Today the Chanyu fades while border bands rise—prepare for nomads. Split Liu Bao's rebel Hu into two polities. Honor Qubei's heir at Yanmen for past service. Divide and weaken—sound border policy.
29
又陳:“羌胡與民同處者,宜以漸出之,使居民表崇廉恥之教,塞姦宄之路。” 大將軍司馬景王新輔政,多納用焉。 遷汝南太守,至則尋求昔所厚己吏父,久已死,遣吏祭之,重遺其母,舉其子與計吏。 艾所在,荒野開闢,軍民並豐。
He urged relocating mixed barbarian settlements to teach Chinese propriety. Sima Shi newly in power adopted many proposals. As Runan governor he honored his poor patron's memory—sacrificed at his grave, enriched his widow, promoted his son. His postings turned wasteland fertile for army and people.
30
諸葛恪圍合肥新城,不克,退歸。 艾言景王曰:「孫權已沒,大臣未附,吳名宗大族,皆有部曲,阻兵仗勢,足以建命。 恪新秉國政,而內無其主,不念撫恤上下以立根基,競於外事,虐用其民,悉國之眾,頓於堅城,死者萬數,載禍而歸,此恪獲罪之日也。 昔子胥、吳起、商鞅、樂毅皆見任時君,主沒而敗。 況恪才非四賢,而不慮大患,其亡可待也。」 恪歸,果見誅。 遷兗州刺史,加振威將軍。 上言曰:「國之所急,惟農與戰,國富則兵強,兵強則戰勝。 然農者,勝之本也。 孔子曰『足食足兵』,食在兵前也。 上無設爵之勸,則下無財畜之功。 今使考績之賞,在於積粟富民,則交遊之路絕,浮華之原塞矣。」
Zhuge Ke failed at Hefei new town and retreated. Ai told Jingwang: "Sun Quan is gone; great ministers are not yet loyal; Wu's powerful clans each command private troops and could dictate orders. Zhuge Ke seized power without consolidating within—he battered his army on Hefei's walls and marched ruin home. Wu Zi, Wu Qi, Shang Yang, and Yue Yi fell once their patrons died. Moreover Ke's talent falls short of those four sages yet he ignores great peril—his ruin awaits." Zhuge Ke died on his return. He became inspector of Yan with general who shakes might. He memorialized: "What the state urgently needs is farming and war—wealth makes armies strong; strong armies win. Farming underpins victory. Confucius listed food before arms. Without incentives none hoard grain. Reward harvests in performance reviews—cut patronage and glitter."
31
高貴鄉公即尊位,進封方城亭侯。 毌丘儉作亂,遣健步齎書,欲疑惑大眾,艾斬之,兼道進軍,先趣樂嘉城,作浮橋。 司馬景王至,遂據之。 文欽以後大軍破敗於城下,艾追之至丘頭。 欽奔吳。 吳大將軍孫峻等號十萬眾,將渡江,鎮東將軍諸葛誕遣艾據肥陽,艾以與賊勢相遠,非要害之地,輒移屯附亭,遣泰山太守諸葛緒等於黎漿拒戰,遂走之。 其年徵拜長水校尉。 以破欽等功,進封方城鄉侯,行安西將軍。 解雍州刺史王經圍於狄道,姜維退駐鍾提,乃以艾為安西將軍,假節、領護東羌校尉。 議者多以為維力已竭,未能更出。 艾曰:
Gaoguixiang's accession brought village marquis of Fangcheng. Guanqiu Jian's propaganda runners died on Deng Ai's sword; he raced to Lecia and threw pontoon bridges. Sima Shi arrived and held Lecia. After Wen Qin's rout Deng Ai chased him to Qiutou. Wen Qin escaped to Wu. Sun Jun threatened to cross with 100,000 men; Zhuge Dan posted Deng Ai at Feiyang—Ai relocated to Futing and routed Wu at Lijiang via Zhuge Xu. He was recalled as colonel of the everlasting troops. Breaking Wen Qin earned township marquis of Fangcheng and acting general who pacifies the west. After lifting Wang Jing at Didao he became general who pacifies the west with jie authority over eastern Qiang. Court opinion wrote Jiang Wei off as exhausted. Deng Ai said:
32
洮西之敗,非小失也; 破軍殺將,倉廩空虛,百姓流離,幾於危亡。 今以策言之,彼有乘勝之勢,我有虛弱之實,一也。 彼上下相習,五兵犀利,我將易兵新,器杖未復,二也。 彼以船行,吾以陸軍,勞逸不同,三也。 狄道、隴西、南安、祁山,各當有守,彼專為一,我分為四,四也。 從南安、隴西,因食羌谷,若趣祁山,熟麥千頃,為之縣餌,五也。 賊有黠數,其來必矣。
The Tao river rout was no minor setback; armies shattered, stores bare, people fled—the realm tottered. They ride victory; we show weakness—that is one. Their troops drill together with sharp arms; our officers rotate and gear unready—two. They sail while we march—third. We guard four sectors; they concentrate—four. They can live off Qiang grain toward Qishan—ripe wheat lures them—five. A clever foe in force will come.
33
頃之,維果向祁山,聞艾已有備,乃回從董亭趣南安,艾據武城山以相持。 維與艾爭險,不克,其夜,渡渭東行,緣山趣上邽,艾與戰於段谷,大破之。 甘露元年詔曰:「逆賊姜維連年狡黠,民夷騷動,西土不寧。 艾籌畫有方,忠勇奮發,斬將十數,馘首千計; 國威震於巴、蜀,武聲揚於江、岷。 今以艾為鎮西將軍、都督隴右諸軍事,進封鄧侯。 分五百戶封子忠為亭侯。」 二年,拒姜維於長城,維退還。 遷征西將軍,前後增邑凡六千六百戶。
Jiang Wei headed for Qishan but veered toward Nan'an from Dong Pavilion when he found Deng Ai ready; they grappled for Wucheng Mountain. That night Jiang Wei forded the Wei eastward; Deng Ai shattered him at Duangu. Ganlu first year edict stated: "The rebel Jiang Wei for years has been crafty—folk and barbarians stirred—the west unquiet. Deng Ai slew dozens of officers and thousands of soldiers. Wei prestige shook Shu and his fame echoed along the Yangzi. He became general who guards the west, commander of Longyou, and marquis of Deng. Son Deng Zhong received a village marquisate of 500 households." Next year he blocked Jiang Wei at Changcheng and Jiang Wei retreated. As general who conquers the west his fief grew to 6,600 households.
34
景元三年,又破維於侯和,維卻保沓中。 四年秋,詔諸軍征蜀,大將軍司馬文王皆指授節度,使艾與維相綴連; 雍州刺史諸葛緒要維,令不得歸。 艾遣天水太守王頎等直攻維營,隴西太守牽弘等邀其前,金城太守楊欣等詣甘松。 維聞鍾會諸軍已入漢中,引退還。 欣等追躡於強川口,大戰,維敗走。 聞雍州已塞道屯橋頭,從孔函谷入北道,欲出雍州後。 諸葛緒聞之,卻還三十里。 維入北道三十餘里,聞緒軍卻,尋還,從橋頭過,緒趣截維,較一日不及。 維遂東引,還守劍閣。 鍾會攻維未能克。 艾上言:「今賊摧折,宜遂乘之,從陰平由邪徑經漢德陽亭趣涪,出劍閣西百里,去成都三百餘里,奇兵衝其腹心。 劍閣之守必還赴涪,則會方軌而進; 劍閣之軍不還,則應涪之兵寡矣。 軍誌有之曰:『攻其無備,出其不意。』 今掩其空虛,破之必矣。」
Jingyuan 3: broken again at Hehou, Jiang Wei withdrew to Tazhong. Autumn Jingyuan 4: Sima Zhao orchestrated the Shu invasion—Deng Ai was to fix Jiang Wei. Zhuge Xu was to cut Jiang Wei's retreat. Deng Ai attacked Jiang Wei's camp from three directions via Wang Qi, Qian Hong, and Yang Xin. Learning Zhong Hui had penetrated Hanzhong, Jiang Wei pulled back. Yang Xin overtook him at Qiangchuankou and broke him. Finding Bridgehead blocked, he slipped through Konghan Valley to flank Yongzhou. Zhuge Xu fell back thirty li. Jiang Wei doubled back for Bridgehead but Zhuge Xu missed him by a day. He raced east to hold Jiange. Zhong Hui stalled against Jiang Wei. Ai memorialized: "Now the enemy has been broken, and we should take advantage of this. From Yinping, by a hidden path, we can pass Han's Deyang Pavilion and hurry toward Fu, emerge one hundred li west of Jiange and a little over three hundred li from Chengdu, and send a surprise force against their heartland. Jiange's garrison would rush to Fu—freeing Zhong Hui to advance. If not, Fu falls lightly guarded. Sunzi: strike where unwary. Hit the hollow—a sure win."
35
冬十月,艾自陰平道行無人之地七百餘里,鑿山通道,造作橋閣。 山高谷深,至為艱險,又糧運將匱,頻於危殆。 艾以氈自裹,推轉而下。 將士皆攀木緣崖,魚貫而進。 先登至江由,蜀守將馬邈降。 蜀衛將軍諸葛瞻自涪還綿竹,列陳待艾。 艾遣子惠唐亭侯忠等出其右,司馬師纂等出其左。 忠、纂戰不利,並退還,曰:「賊未可擊。」 艾怒曰:「存亡之分,在此一舉,何不可之有?」 乃叱忠、纂等,將斬之。 忠、纂馳還更戰,大破之,斬瞻及尚書張遵等首,進軍到雒。 劉禪遣使奉皇帝璽綬,為箋詣艾請降。
In winter Deng Ai carved seven hundred li through Yinping. Supplies failed on deadly cliffs. He rolled down slopes wrapped in felt. Men scaled cliffs in single file. Ma Miao surrendered Jiangyou. Zhuge Zhan barred Mianzhu. Deng Zhong and Shi Zuan attacked both flanks. Zhong and Zuan fought poorly and withdrew saying "the bandits cannot be struck." Ai raged: "Survival hangs on this stroke—how can it be impossible?" He nearly beheaded his son and Shi Zuan. They rallied, smashed Zhuge Zhan, took heads to Luo. Liu Shan sent seals and surrender plea.
36
艾至成都,禪率太子諸王及群臣六十餘人面縛輿櫬詣軍門,艾執節解縛焚櫬,受而宥之。 檢禦將士,無所虜略,綏納降附,使復舊業,蜀人稱焉。 輒依鄧禹故事,承制拜禪行驃騎將軍,太子奉車、諸王駙馬都尉。 蜀群司各隨高下拜為王官,或領艾官屬。 以師纂領益州刺史,隴西太守牽弘等領蜀中諸郡。 使於綿竹築臺以為京觀,用彰戰功。 士卒死事者,皆與蜀兵同共埋藏。 艾深自矜伐,謂蜀士大夫曰:「諸君賴遭某,故得有今日耳。 若遇吳漢之徒,已殄滅矣。」 又曰:「姜維自一時雄兒也,與某相值,故窮耳。」 有識者笑之。
At Chengdu Liu Shan came bound with a bier; Deng Ai freed him per ritual. No looting—people restored—Shu praised him. Like Deng Yu he breveted Liu Shan and sons. Shu bureaucracy folded into Wei appointments. Shi Zuan governed Yi; Hong held counties. He raised a victory mound at Mianzhu. Wei and Shu dead were buried together. Ai deeply boasted to Shu gentry: "You gentlemen owe your survival today to me. Wu Han would have exterminated you." He also said: "Jiang Wei was a mere champion of an hour—matched against me—thus ruined." Knowledged Shu smiled.
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十二月,詔曰:「艾曜威奮武,深入虜庭,斬將搴旗,梟其鯨鯢,使僭號之主,稽首系頸,歷世逋誅,一朝而平。 兵不逾時,戰不終日,雲徹席捲,盪定巴蜀。 雖白起破強楚,韓信克勁趙,吳漢禽子陽,亞夫滅七國,計功論美,不足比勳也。 其以艾為太尉,增邑二萬戶,封子二人亭侯,各食邑千戶。」 〈袁子曰:諸葛亮,重人也,而驟用蜀兵,此知小國弱民難以久存也。 今國家一舉而滅蜀,自征伐之功,未有如此之速者也。 方鄧艾以萬人入江由之危險,鍾會以二十萬眾留劍閣而不得進,三軍之士已飢,艾雖戰勝克將,使劉禪數日不降,則二將之軍難以反矣。 故功業如此之難也。 國家前有壽春之役,後有滅蜀之勞,百姓貧而倉禀虛,故小國之慮,在於時立功以自存,大國之慮,在於既勝而力竭,成功之後,戒懼之時也。〉 艾言司馬文王曰:
Twelfth month edict: "Ai displayed might—deep struck barbarian court—beheaded generals tore banners—beheaded leviathans—made pretender ruler bind throat bow—generations evaded execution—leveled in one morn. Swift victory cleared Shu. His feat rivaled Bai Qi, Han Xin, Wu Han, Zhou Yafu. Grand commandant, +20,000 households, two sons ennobled." 〈Yuan Zhun notes Zhuge Liang drafted Shu relentlessly. No campaign matched its speed. At that moment Deng Ai had led ten thousand men through the peril of Jiangyou, while Zhong Hui's two hundred thousand were stalled at Jiange and could not advance; the soldiers of the three armies were already hungry. Though Deng Ai had won battles and overcome generals, if Liu Shan had delayed surrender for several days, the armies of both commanders could scarcely have returned. Victory hung by a thread. Small states must seize moments; great states guard against exhaustion after triumph. Deng Ai wrote Sima Zhao:
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兵有先聲而後實者,今因平蜀之勢以乘吳,吳人震恐,席捲之時也。 然大舉之後,將士疲勞,不可便用,且徐緩之; 留隴右兵二萬人,蜀兵二萬人,煮鹽興冶,為軍農要用,並作舟船,豫順流之事,然後發使告以利害,吳必歸化,可不征而定也。 今宜厚劉禪以致孫休,安士民以來遠人,若便送禪於京都,吳以為流徙,則於向化之心不勸。 宜權停留,須來年秋冬,比爾吳亦足平。 以為可封禪為扶風王,錫其資財,供其左右。 郡有董卓塢,為之宮舍。 爵其子為公侯,食郡內縣,以顯歸命之寵。 開廣陵、城陽以待吳人,則畏威懷德,望風而從矣。
Strike Wu while fear spreads. Rest the army first. Garrison 40,000, build industry and fleet, then diplomatic surrender. Keep Liu Shan local to entice Wu. Wait until next cool season. Ennoble Liu Shan as king of Fufeng with subsidy. House him in Dong Zhuo's old fort. His sons get noble ranks in Fufeng. Prepare coastal havens for Wu defectors.
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文王使監軍衛瓘喻艾:「事當須報,不宜輒行。」 艾重言曰:「銜命征行,奉指授之策,元惡既服; 至於承制拜假,以安初附,謂合權宜。 今蜀舉眾歸命,地盡南海,東接吳會,宜早鎮定若待國命,往復道途,延引日月。 春秋之義,大夫出疆,有可以安社稷,利國家,專之可也。 今吳未賓; 勢與蜀連,不可拘常以失事機。 兵法,進不求名,退不避罪,艾雖無古人之節,終不自嫌以損於國也。」 鍾會、胡烈、師纂等皆白艾所作悖逆,變釁以結。 詔書檻車徵艾。 〈《魏氏春秋》曰:艾仰天歎曰:「艾忠臣也,一至此乎! 白起之酷,復見於今日矣。」〉
Wenwang ordered army supervisor Wei Guan instruct Ai: "Affairs must be reported—ought not act rashly." Ai emphasized: "Bearing orders on campaign following commander-in-chief's plan—chief evil already submitted; Brevet appointments stabilized Shu. Luoyang round-trip wastes time. Classics allow initiative abroad. Wu still independent. Cannot miss timing. Art of War: duty over fame—Deng Ai claims loyalty." Zhong Hui accused Deng Ai of rebellion. Imperial order arrested Deng Ai. 〈Annals of Wei relates Ai sighed skyward: "Ai is loyal minister—reached this! Like Bai Qi's fate."〉"
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艾父子既囚,鍾會至成都,先送艾,然後作亂。 會已死,艾本營將士追出艾檻車,迎還。 瓘遣田續等討艾,遇於綿竹西,斬之。 子忠與艾俱死,餘子在洛陽者悉誅,徙艾妻子及孫於西域。 〈《漢晉春秋》曰:初艾之下江由也,以續不進,欲斬,既而捨之。 及瓘遣續,謂曰:「可以報江由之辱矣。」 杜預言於眾曰:「伯玉其不免乎! 身為名士,位望已高,既無德音,又不御下以正,是小人而乘君子之器,將何以堪其責乎?」 瓘聞之,不俟駕而謝。 《世語》曰:師纂亦與艾俱死。 纂性急少恩,死之日體無完皮。〉
Zhong Hui shipped Deng Ai off then mutinied. Deng Ai's troops freed him. Wei Guan's Tian Xu killed Deng Ai west of Mianzhu. Zhong died with father; rest executed; family exiled west. 〈Deng Ai had spared Tian Xu at Jiangyou. When Guan dispatched Xu, he said: "I can repay the insult at Jiangyou." Du Yu declared to crowd: "Boyu surely cannot escape! Du Yu criticized Wei Guan's character." Wei Guan rushed to apologize. Shi Zuan died with Deng Ai. Shi Zuan's corpse was mutilated.
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初,艾當伐蜀,夢坐山上而有流水,以問殄虜護軍爰邵。 邵曰:「按易卦,山上有水曰蹇。 蹇繇曰:『蹇利西南,不利東北。』 孔子曰:『蹇利西南,往有功也; 不利東北,其道窮也。』 往必克蜀,殆不還乎!」 艾憮然不樂。 〈荀綽《冀州記》曰:邵起自幹吏,位至衛尉。 長子翰,河東太守。 中子敞,大司農。 少子倩,字君幼,寬厚有器局,勤於當世,歷位冀州刺史、太子右衛率。 翰子俞,字世都,清貞貴素,辯於論議,採公孫龍之辭以談微理。 少有能名,辟太尉府,稍歷顯位,至侍中中書令,遷為監。 臣松之按:蹇彖辭云「蹇利西南,往得中也」,不云「有功」; 下云「利見大人,往有功也」。〉
Before Shu campaign Deng Ai dreamed mountain stream—asked Yuan Shao. Shao said: "According to Changes hexagram water atop mountain is Obstruction. Judgment favors southwest. Commentary: southwest wins merit. Northeast path ends. Victory in Shu—no return home." Deng Ai grew gloomy. 〈Yuan Shao rose clerk to commandant. Son Han governed Hedong. Son Chang became minister of agriculture. Youngest son Qian, styled Junyou, served as inspector of Ji and right guard of the crown prince. Han's son Yu, styled Shidu, was a debater in the Gongsun Long manner. He rose from the commandant's office to palace secretary and director. Pei Songzhi: the Tuan line reads 'attains center' not 'merit'. The next line adds 'merit' with the great man.〉
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泰始元年265年,晉室踐阼,詔曰:「昔太尉王凌謀廢齊王,而王竟不足以守位。 征西將軍鄧艾,矜功失節,實應大辟。 然被書之日,罷遣人眾,束手受罪,比於求生遂為惡者,誠復不同。 今大赦得還,若無子孫者聽使立後,令祭祀不絕。」 三年,議郎段灼上疏理艾曰:艾心懷至忠而荷反逆之名,平定巴蜀而受夷滅之誅,臣竊悼之。 惜哉,言艾之反也! 艾性剛急,輕犯雅俗,不能協同朋類,故莫肯理之。 臣敢言艾不反之狀。 昔姜維有斷隴右之志,艾脩治備守,積穀強兵。 值歲凶旱,艾為區種,身被烏衣,手執耒耜,以率將士。 上下相感,莫不盡力。 艾持節守邊,所統萬數,而不難僕虜之勞,士民之役,非執節忠勤,孰能若此? 故落門、段谷之戰,以少擊多,摧破強賊。 先帝知其可任,委艾廟勝,授以長策。 艾受命忘身,束馬縣車,自投死地,勇氣陵雲士眾乘勢,使劉禪君臣面縛,叉手屈膝。 艾功名以成,當書之竹帛,傳祚萬世。 七十老公,反欲何求! 艾誠恃養育之恩,心不自疑,矯命承制,權安社稷; 雖違常科,有合古義,原心定罪,本在可論。 鍾會忌艾威名,構成其事。 忠而受誅,信而見疑,頭縣馬巿,諸子並斬,見之者垂泣,聞之者嘆息。 陛下龍興,闡弘大度,釋諸嫌忌,受誅之家,不拘敘用。 昔秦民憐白起之無罪,吳人傷子胥之冤酷,皆為立祠。 今天下民人為艾悼心痛恨,亦猶是也。 臣以為艾身首分離,捐棄草土,宜收屍喪,還其田宅。 以平蜀之功,紹封其孫,使闔棺定諡,死無餘恨。 赦冤魂於黃泉,收信義於後世,葬一人而天下慕其行,埋一魂而天下歸其義,所為者寡而悅者眾矣。
In the first year of Taishi (265), when the Jin house ascended the throne, an edict said: "Formerly Grand Commandant Wang Ling plotted to depose the Prince of Qi, yet the prince was truly unfit to hold the throne. General who campaigns west Deng Ai, through boasting of his achievements and losing proper restraint, truly deserved the death penalty. Yet on the day he received the letter, he dismissed his followers and accepted punishment with his hands bound. Compared with those who seek survival and therefore persist in evil, he was truly different. Now, under the great amnesty he may return; if he has no descendants, he may establish an heir so that sacrifices do not cease." In the third year, the Proposal Gentleman Duan Zhuo submitted a memorial vindicating Ai, saying: Ai held the deepest loyalty in his heart, yet bore the name of a rebel; he pacified Ba and Shu, yet suffered the punishment of extermination. Your servant privately grieves for him. The claim of rebellion is false! His blunt pride left him few defenders. I prove he never rebelled. He fortified Longyou against Jiang Wei. In drought he led by doing pit farming in black laborer's coat. Officers and men gave their all. A commander who labored like a private showed rare devotion. He routed superior forces at Luomen and Duangu. The emperor trusted him with strategic command. He took Yinping at mortal risk and forced Liu Shan's surrender. His deeds deserved chronicle for ages. What could a septuagenarian gain by rebellion? He stretched authority to stabilize Shu out of duty. Intent matters—his acts were defensible. Zhong Hui framed him. A tragedy that moved the realm. Your reign welcomes even sons of the condemned. Qin mourned Bai Qi; Wu mourned Wu Zixu. The people grieve Deng Ai the same way. Recover his body and lands. Posthumous honors for his heir would right the wrong. One burial could win the world's heart.
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九年,詔曰:「艾有功勳,受罪不逃刑,而子孫為民隸,朕常愍之。 其以嫡孫朗為郎中。」
Ninth year edict stated: "Ai had merit—received punishment did not flee punishment—yet descendants became common bondsmen—I constantly pity them. Grandson Lang became gentleman consultant."
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艾在西時,修治障塞,築起城塢。 泰始中,羌虜大叛,頻殺刺史,涼州道斷。 吏民安全者,皆保艾所築塢焉。 〈《世語》曰:咸寧中,積射將軍樊震為西戎牙門,得見辭,武帝問震所由進,震自陳曾為鄧艾伐蜀時帳下將,帝遂尋問艾,震具申艾之忠,言之流涕。 先是以艾孫朗為丹水令,由此遷為定陵令。 次孫千秋有時望,光祿大夫王戎辟為掾。 永嘉中,朗為新都太守,未之官,在襄陽失火,朗及母妻子舉室燒死,惟子韜子行得免。 千秋先卒,二子亦燒死。〉
Deng Ai built western fortifications. Taishi: Liangzhou fell to Qiang raids. Survivors sheltered in Deng Ai's forts. 〈Fan Zhen told Emperor Wu of Deng Ai's loyalty in tears. Lang rose from Danshui to Dingling. Grandson Qianqiu served Wang Rong. Yongjia fire killed Lang's household except two sons. Qianqiu and his sons perished in the same fire.
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艾州里時輩南陽州泰,亦好立功業,善用兵,官至征虜將軍、假節都督江南諸軍事。 景元二年薨,追贈衛將軍,諡曰壯侯。 《世語》曰:初,荊州刺史裴潛以泰為從事,司馬宣王鎮宛,潛數遣詣宣王,由此為宣王所知。 及征孟達,泰又導軍,遂辟泰。 泰頻喪考、妣、祖,九年居喪,宣王留缺待之,至三十六日,擢為新城太守。 宣王為泰會,使尚書鍾繇調泰:「君釋褐登宰府,三十六日擁麾蓋,守兵馬郡; 乞兒乘小車,一何駛乎?」 泰曰:「誠有此。 君,名公之子,少有文采,故守吏職; 獼猴騎土牛,又何遲也!」 眾賓咸悅。 後歷兗、豫州刺史,所在有籌算績效。
Deng Ai's contemporary from the same district, Zhou Tai of Nanyang, likewise loved to achieve merit and was skilled in using troops; he reached the post of general who subdues barbarians, with provisional staff superintending military affairs south of the Yangtze. In the second year of Jingyuan he died; posthumously he was made general of the guards with the posthumous title Marquis Zhuang. The Sayings of the Age says: At first Inspector Pei Qian of Jing Province employed Zhou Tai as an aide; Sima Yi, Prince of Xuan, was stationed at Wan; Qian repeatedly sent Tai to see him, and thereby Tai became known to him. When campaigning against Meng Da, Tai again guided the army, and thereupon he was recruited. Tai repeatedly mourned father, mother, and grandfather, observing mourning for nine years; the Prince of Xuan left the post vacant awaiting him, and on the thirty-sixth day promoted him to administrator of Xincheng. The Prince of Xuan held a gathering for Tai and had the Master of Writing Zhong You tease him: "Sir, you shed your commoner's clothes and entered the chief minister's office; within thirty-six days you held the commander's banners and canopies and guarded a commandery of troops and horses; a beggar boy riding a small cart—how very swift!" Tai said: "Truly it is so. You, sir, are the son of a famous house, with literary talent from youth, therefore you keep to clerical office; a monkey riding an earth ox—how very slow!" All the guests were pleased. Later he served successively as inspector of Yan and Yu provinces; wherever he was posted he had plans and calculations with effective results.
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鍾會字士季,潁川長社人,太傅繇小子也。 少敏惠夙成。 〈會為其母傳曰:「夫人張氏,字昌蒲,太原茲氏人,太傅定陵成侯之命婦也。 世長吏二千石。 夫人少喪父母,充成侯家,修身正行,非禮不動,為上下所稱述。 貴妾孫氏,攝嫡專家,心害其賢,數讒毀無所不至。 孫氏辨博有智巧,言足以飾非成過,然竟不能傷也。 及妊娠,愈更嫉妒,乃置藥食中,夫人中食,覺而吐之,瞑眩者數日。 或曰:『何不向公言之?』 答曰:『嫡庶相害,破家危國,古今以為鑑誡。 假如公信我,眾誰能明其事? 彼以心度我,謂我必言,固將先我; 事由彼發,顧不快耶!』 遂稱疾不見。 孫氏果謂成侯曰:『妾欲其得男,故飲以得男之藥,反謂毒之!』 成侯曰:『得男藥佳事,闇於食中與人,非人情也。』 遂訊侍者俱服,孫氏由是得罪出。 成侯問夫人何能不言,夫人言其故,成侯大驚,益以此賢之。 黃初六年,生會,恩寵愈隆。 成侯既出孫氏,更納正嫡賈氏。」 臣松之按:鍾繇於時老矣,而方納正室。 蓋禮所云「宗子雖七十,無無主婦」之義也。 《魏氏春秋》曰:會母見寵於繇,繇為之出其夫人。 卞太后以為言,文帝詔繇復之。 繇恚憤,將引鴆,弗獲,餐椒致噤,帝乃止。〉 中護軍蔣濟著論,謂「觀其眸子,足以知人。」 會年五歲,繇遣見濟,濟甚異之,曰:「非常人也。」 及壯,有才數技藝,而博學精練名理,以夜續晝,由是獲聲譽。
Zhong Hui, styled Shiji, from Changshe—Zhong You's youngest son. A precocious child. 〈Hui wrote his mother's biography stating: "Lady Zhang, courtesy name Changpu, native of Zishi in Taiyuan—wife by ritual of Grand Tutor Order-to-Dingling accomplished marquis. Her line held 2,000-picul posts. Orphaned, she married Zhong Yao with perfect deportment. Concubine Sun schemed against her. Sun's wit failed to displace Lady Zhang. Sun poisoned her food during pregnancy. Asked why she stayed silent. She cited the peril of concubine rivalries. Who would believe her over Sun? Sun would preempt her complaint. Let Sun expose herself. She feigned illness. Sun claimed boy-sexing medicine was poison. Zhong Yao saw through Sun. Servants confessed; Sun was expelled. Zhong Yao admired her restraint. She bore Zhong Hui in Huangchu 6. After accomplished marquis expelled Lady Sun—again took proper wife Lady Jia." Pei doubts Zhong Yao marrying a new principal wife so late. Probably ritual saying 'Heir son though seventy—cannot lack mistress of house' meaning. Alternative: Lady Zhang displaced the principal wife. Bian spoke; Emperor Wen ordered restoration. Zhong Yao tried suicide and went mute until Wen relented. Central protector Jiang Ji wrote a treatise stating, "Observing their pupils is enough to know persons." When Hui was five, Zhong You sent him to see Jiang Ji; Ji greatly marveled and said, "An extraordinary person." Adult Zhong Hui was polymath scholar.
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正始中,以為秘書郎,遷尚書中書侍郎。 〈《世語》曰:司馬景王命中書令虞松作表,再呈輒不可意,命松更定。 以經時,松思竭不能改,心苦之,形於顏色。 會察其有憂,問松,松以實答。 會取視,為定五字。 松悅服,以呈景王,王曰:「不當爾邪,誰所定也?」 松曰:「鍾會。 向亦欲啟之,會公見問,不敢饕其能。」 王曰:「如此,可大用,可令來。」 會問松王所能,松曰:「博學明識,無所不貫。」 會乃絕賓客,精思十日,平旦入見,至鼓二乃出。 出後,王獨拊手嘆息曰:「此真王佐材也!」 松字叔茂,陳留人,九江太守邊讓外孫。 松弱冠有才,從司馬宣王征遼東,宣王命作檄,及破賊,作露布。 松從還,宣王辟為掾,時年二十四,遷中書郎,遂至太守。 松子濬,字顯弘,晉廷尉。 臣松之以為鍾會名公之子,聲譽夙著,弱冠登朝,已歷顯位,景王為相,何容不悉,而方於定虞松表然後乃蒙接引乎? 設使先不相識,但見五字而便知可大用,雖聖人其猶病諸,而況景王哉?〉 高貴鄉公即尊位,賜爵關內侯。
Zhengshi: secretary then masters of writing attendant. 〈Yu Song could not please Sima Shi. Yu Song despaired. Zhong Hui noticed and learned why. He rewrote five characters. Song was convinced and presented it to Jingwang; the king said, "Should it not be thus—who fixed it?" Song said, "Zhong Hui. I too wished to report it, but when the lord asked, I dared not claim his merit for myself." The king said, "Thus he can be greatly employed—have him come." Hui asked Song about the king's abilities; Song said, "Broad learning and clear knowledge—nothing he does not master." Zhong Hui studied ten days then impressed Sima Shi. After Hui left, the king alone clapped his hands and sighed, saying, "This is truly talent to assist a king!" Yu Song was Bian Rang's descendant. Yu Song wrote Xi campaign prose. Yu Song rose to prefect. Yu Song's son Jun became minister of justice. Pei Songzhi doubts the anecdote—Hui was already famous. Pei finds five-character miracle implausible. Gaoguixiang's accession brought noble rank.
48
毌丘儉作亂,大將軍司馬景王東征,會從,典知密事,衛將軍司馬文王為大軍後繼。 景王薨於許昌,文王總統六軍,會謀謨帷幄。 時中詔敕尚書傅嘏,以東南新定,權留衛將軍屯許昌為內外之援,令嘏率諸軍還。 會與嘏謀,使嘏表上,輒與衛將軍俱發,還到雒水南屯住。 於是朝廷拜文王為大將軍、輔政,會遷黃門侍郎,封東武亭侯,邑三百戶。 甘露二年257年,徵諸葛誕為司空,時會喪寧在家,策誕必不從命,馳白文王。 文王以事已施行,不復追改。 會時遭所生母喪。 其母傳曰:「夫人性矜嚴,明於教訓,會雖童稚,勤見規誨。 年四歲授《孝經》,七歲誦《論語》,八歲誦《詩》,十歲誦《尚書》,十一誦《易》,十二誦《春秋左氏傳》、《國語》,十三誦《周禮》、《禮記》,十四誦《成侯易記》,十五使入太學問四方奇文異訓。 謂會曰:『學猥則倦,倦則意怠; 吾懼汝之意怠,故以漸訓汝,今可以獨學矣。』 雅好書籍,涉曆書,特好易、老子,每讀易孔子說鳴鶴在陰、勞謙君子、籍用白茅、不出戶庭之義,每使會反覆讀之,曰:『易三百餘爻,仲尼特說此者,以謙恭慎密,樞機之發,行己至要,榮身所由故也,順斯術已往,足為君子矣。』 正始八年,會為尚書郎,夫人執會手而誨之曰:『汝弱冠見敘,人情不能不自足,則損在其中矣,勉思其戒!』 是時大將軍曹爽專朝政,日縱酒沉醉,會兄侍中毓宴還,言其事。 夫人曰:『樂則樂矣,然難久也。 居不驕,制節謹度,然後乃無危溢之患。 今奢僭若此,非長守富貴之道。』 嘉平元年249年,車駕朝高平陵,會為中書郎,從行。 相國宣文侯始舉兵,眾人恐懼,而夫人自若。 中書令劉放、侍郎衛瓘、夏侯和等家皆怪問:『夫人一子在危難之中,何能無憂?』 答曰:『大將軍奢僭無度,吾常疑其不安。 太傅義不危國,必為大將軍舉耳。 吾兒在帝側何憂? 聞且出兵無他重器,其勢必不久戰。』 果如其言,一時稱明。 會歷機密十餘年,頗豫政謀。 夫人謂曰:『昔范氏少子為趙簡子設伐邾之計,事從民悅,可謂功矣。 然其母以為乘偽作詐,末業鄙事,必不能久。 其識本深遠,非近人所言,吾常樂其為人。 汝居心正,吾知免矣。 但當脩所志以輔益時化,不忝先人耳。 常言人誰能皆體自然,但力行不倦,抑亦其次。 雖接鄙賤,必以言信。 取與之間,分畫分明。』 或:『此無乃小乎?』 答曰:『君子之行,皆積小以致高大,若以小善為無益而弗為,此乃小人之事耳。 希通慕大者,吾所不好。』 會自幼少,衣不過青紺,親營家事,自知恭儉。 然見得思義,臨財必讓。 會前後賜錢帛數百萬計,悉送供公家之用,一無所取。 年五十有九,甘露二年257年二月暴疾薨。 比葬,天子有手詔,命大將軍高都侯厚加賵贈,喪事無鉅細,一皆供給。 議者以為公侯有夫人,有世婦,有妻,有妾,所謂外命婦也。 依春秋成風、定姒之義,宜崇典禮,不得總稱妾名,於是稱成侯命婦。 殯葬之事,有取於古制,禮也。」 及誕反,車駕住項,文王至壽春,會復從行。
When Guanqiu Jian rebelled, Grand General Sima Shi, Lord of Jing, campaigned east; Zhong Hui followed and managed confidential affairs; Guardian General Sima Zhao, Prince of Wen, served as rear support for the main army. Sima Shi died at Xuchang; Sima Zhao took overall command of the six armies; Zhong Hui planned strategy within the command tent. At that time an interim edict instructed Director of the Secretariat Fu Gu that, because the southeast had just been pacified, Sima Zhao was provisionally to remain at Xuchang as inner and outer support, and ordered Fu Gu to lead the armies back. Zhong Hui plotted with Fu Gu, had Fu Gu submit a memorial, and then set out together with Sima Zhao; returning, they encamped south of the Luo River. Thereupon the court appointed Sima Zhao grand general and regent; Zhong Hui was transferred to gentleman attendant at the Yellow Gates and enfeoffed as Marquis of Dongwu Village with a fief of three hundred households. In the second year of Ganlu (257), Zhuge Dan was summoned as excellency of works; Zhong Hui was then at home during mourning observance, judged that Zhuge Dan would surely refuse the order, and galloped to inform Sima Zhao. Sima Zhao said the matter had already been carried out and would not be changed retroactively. Zhong Hui was then in mourning for his birth mother. His mother's biography says: "The lady by nature was stern and dignified and skilled in instruction; though Zhong Hui was still a child, she often admonished and taught him. When he was four, she taught him the Classic of Filial Piety; at seven he recited the Analects; at eight, the Odes; at ten, the Documents; at eleven, the Changes; at twelve, the Zuo Commentary to the Spring and Autumn Annals and the Discourses of the States; at thirteen, the Rites of Zhou and the Record of Rites; at fourteen, the Accomplished Marquis's Commentary on the Changes; and at fifteen he was sent to the Imperial Academy to study remarkable texts and variant readings from every region. She said to Zhong Hui: 'Learning piled up leads to weariness; weariness leads to slackness of mind; I feared your mind would slacken, therefore I taught you gradually; now you may study on your own.' She loved books by nature and read widely, especially the Changes and Laozi; whenever she read Confucius's explanations of the crane crying in the shade, the noble person who toils yet is humble, white rushes for spreading, and not going beyond the courtyard gate, she had Zhong Hui read them over and again, saying: 'The Changes has more than three hundred lines, yet Confucius especially explained these because humility, reverence, and caution are the pivot of conduct, the utmost essentials in deportment, and the means by which one honors oneself; follow this way henceforth, and you will suffice as a noble person.' In the eighth year of Zhengshi, Zhong Hui became a gentleman of the Masters of Writing; the lady took his hand and admonished him: 'You have been advanced at your weak-crown years; people naturally become self-satisfied—and harm lies within that; strive to ponder this warning!' At that time Grand General Cao Shuang monopolized court government and daily abandoned himself to drunkenness; Zhong Hui's elder brother Yu, attendant within, returned from a banquet and spoke of the matter. The lady said: 'Joy is joy, yet it cannot last long. Dwelling without arrogance, restraining oneself and observing limits—only then is there no peril of excess and overflow. Now extravagance and presumption such as this are not the way to long keep wealth and rank.' In the first year of Jiaping (249), the imperial carriage attended at Gaoping Tomb; Zhong Hui was a gentleman of the Secretariat and accompanied the journey. Chancellor Sima Yi, Lord of Xuanwen, first raised troops; everyone was afraid, but the lady was composed as ever. Director of the Secretariat Liu Fang, Attendant Wei Guan, Xiahou He, and their households were all astonished and asked: 'The lady has an only son in danger. How can she be free of worry?' She answered: 'Grand General Cao Shuang is extravagant and presumptuous beyond measure; I have long suspected he would not remain secure. The Grand Tutor, on grounds of righteousness, would not endanger the state; he is sure to act against the Grand General. My son is at the emperor's side—what worry is there? I hear the troops about to go out have no other heavy weapons; their force cannot fight for long.' It turned out as she said, and for a time she was praised as perceptive. Zhong Hui served in confidential affairs for more than ten years and took part considerably in policy deliberations. The lady said to him: 'Formerly, the younger son of the Fan clan devised a plan for Zhao Jianzi to attack Zhu. The affair succeeded and the people were pleased; it could be called an achievement. Yet his mother regarded it as relying on fraud and artifice, a base and vulgar pursuit, and that it could not last. Her insight was in origin deep and far-reaching—not what ordinary people say; I have always delighted in her character. Your heart is upright; I know you will escape harm. Only cultivate your aims to assist and improve the age's transformation, and not disgrace your forebears. She often said that who among men can fully embody the natural way; merely to act vigorously without tiring is also next best. Though dealing with the lowly and base, she was sure to keep her word. In taking and giving, her divisions were clear and distinct.' Someone said: 'Is this not perhaps too petty?' She answered: 'The conduct of a noble person is to accumulate small things in order to reach what is lofty and great. If one thinks a small good deed has no benefit and therefore does not do it, that is simply the way of petty men. To hope for far-reaching mastery and admire what is grand—that is what I do not like.' From childhood Zhong Hui wore only blue and dark blue; he personally managed household affairs and knew himself to be respectful and frugal. Yet when he saw gain he considered righteousness; facing wealth he always yielded. The money and silk Zhong Hui was granted before and after amounted to millions; he sent it all to supply public use and took not a single item. At age fifty-nine, in the second month of the second year of Ganlu (257), she suddenly fell ill and died. By the time of the burial, the Son of Heaven had issued a handwritten edict ordering the Grand General, the Marquis of Gaodu, to provide generous funeral gifts; every matter connected with the mourning, large or small, was supplied. Deliberators held that lords and marquises have a lady, a mistress of the house, a wife, and concubines—the so-called outer titled ladies. Following the precedent of Cheng Feng and Ding Si in the Spring and Autumn Annals, it was proper to honor ritual norms and not simply refer to her by the designation of concubine. She was therefore styled the Accomplished Marquis's appointed lady. That the funeral and burial took from ancient institutions was ritual propriety." When Zhuge Dan rebelled, the imperial carriage halted at Xiang; Sima Zhao reached Shouchun, and Zhong Hui again accompanied the campaign.
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初,吳大將全琮,孫權之婚親重臣也,琮子懌、孫靜、從子端、翩、緝等,皆將兵來救誕。 懌兄子輝、儀留建業,與其家內爭訟,攜其母,將部曲數十家渡江,自歸文王。 會建策,密為輝、儀作書,使輝、儀所親信齎入城告懌等,說吳中怒懌等不能拔壽春,欲盡誅諸將家,故逃來歸命。 懌等恐懼,遂將所領開東城門出降,皆蒙封寵,城中由是乖離。 壽春之破,會謀居多,親待日隆,時人謂之子房。 軍還,遷為太僕,固辭不就。 以中郎在大將軍府管記室事,為腹心之任。 以討諸葛誕功,進爵陳侯,屢讓不受。 詔曰:「會典綜軍事,參同計策,料敵制勝,有謀謨之勳,而推寵固讓,辭指款實,前後累重,志不可奪。 夫成功不處,古人所重,其聽會所執,以成其美。」 遷司隸校尉。 雖在外司,時政損益,當世與奪,無不綜典。 嵇康等見誅,皆會謀也。
Quan clan rescued Zhuge Dan. Quan Hui and Yi defected to Sima Zhao. Zhong Hui forged letters about Wu executing families. Quan Yi surrendered from fear. His Shouchun stratagem earned comparisons to Zhang Liang. He refused grand coach. He ran Sima Zhao's secretariat. He refused the Chen marquisate. The edict stated: "Hui has overseen military affairs, joined in planning strategy, assessed the enemy, and mastered victory. He has merit in counsel and planning, yet he has firmly yielded favor and declined reward; his words are sincere and substantial, and though the matter has been pressed repeatedly, his resolve cannot be changed. Court respected his refusal." He became metropolitan commandant. He dominated policy despite nominal role. He engineered Ji Kang's death.
50
文王以蜀大將姜維屢擾邊陲,料蜀國小民疲,資力單竭,欲大舉圖蜀。 惟會亦以為蜀可取,豫共籌度地形,考論事勢。 景元三年冬,以會為鎮西將軍、假節都督關中諸軍事。 文王敕青、徐、兗、豫、荊、揚諸州,並使作船,又令唐咨作浮海大船,外為將伐吳者。 四年秋,乃下詔使鄧艾、諸葛緒各統諸軍三萬餘人,艾趣甘松、沓中連綴維,緒趣武街、橋頭絕維歸路。 會統十餘萬眾,分從斜谷、駱谷入。 先命牙門將許儀在前治道,會在後行,而橋穿,馬足陷,於是斬儀。 儀者,許褚之子,有功王室,猶不原貸。 諸軍聞之,莫不震竦。 蜀令諸圍皆不得戰,退還漢、樂二城守。 魏興太守劉欽趣子午谷,諸軍數道平行,至漢中。 蜀監軍王含守樂城,護軍蔣斌守漢城,兵各五千。 會使護軍荀愷、前將軍李輔各統萬人,愷圍漢城,輔圍樂城。 會徑過,西出陽安口,遣人祭諸葛亮之墓。 使護軍胡烈等行前,攻破關城,得庫藏積穀。 姜維自沓中還,至陰平,合集士眾,欲赴關城。 未到,聞其已破,退趣白水,與蜀將張翼、廖化等合守劍閣拒會。 會移檄蜀將吏士民曰:
Sima Zhao planned Shu because of Jiang Wei. Zhong Hui agreed and mapped the campaign. In winter Jingyuan 3 Zhong Hui became general who guards the west with authority over the Guanzhong armies. Sima Zhao mobilized shipbuilding across the eastern provinces and had Tang Zi build sea transports as cover for a Wu campaign. Autumn Jingyuan 4: Deng Ai struck Gansong-Tazhong while Zhuge Xu sealed Bridgehead. Zhong Hui took more than 100,000 men through Xie and Luo passes. He executed Xu Yi when the pioneer bridge collapsed. Even Xu Chu's son earned no mercy. The hosts trembled at such severity. Shu pulled back to Han and Le fortresses. Columns converged on Hanzhong via Ziwu. Wang Han and Jiang Bin held 5,000 each at Le and Han. Xun Kai and Li Fu invested the twin fortresses. Zhong Hui offered sacrifice at Zhuge Liang's grave. Hu Lie took Guancheng and its granaries. Jiang Wei raced from Tazhong toward Guancheng. Too late he fell back to Jiange with Zhang Yi and Liao Hua. Zhong Hui's open letter to Shu began:
51
往者漢祚衰微,率土分崩,生民之命,幾於泯滅。 太祖武皇帝神武聖哲,撥亂反正,拯其將墜,造我區夏。 高祖文皇帝應天順民,受命踐阼。 烈祖明皇帝奕世重光,恢拓洪業。 然江山之外,異政殊俗,率土齊民未蒙王化,此三祖所以顧懷遺恨也。 今主上聖德欽明,紹隆前緒,宰輔忠肅明允,劬勞王室,布政垂惠而萬邦協和,施德百蠻而肅慎致貢。 悼彼巴蜀,獨為匪民,愍此百姓,勞役未已。 是以命授六師,龔行天罰,征西、雍州、鎮西諸軍,五道並進。 古之行軍,以仁為本,以義治之; 王者之師,有征無戰; 故虞舜舞干戚而服有苗,周武有散財、發廩、表閭之義。 今鎮西奉辭銜命,攝統戎重,庶弘文告之訓,以濟元元之命,非欲窮武極戰,以快一朝之政,故略陳安危之要,其敬聽話言。
When Han fell the land shattered and lives hung by a thread. Cao Cao restored order from chaos. Emperor Wen took the Wei throne. Emperor Ming extended Wei power. Beyond the Yangzi and Bashu lay peoples Wei had not yet transformed. Under Sima Zhao governance reaches everywhere—even distant Sushen pays tribute. Shu still levied its people without end. Wei struck Shu on five axes. Classical warfare rests on humanity and duty. A kingly host goes forth on campaign, and the foe yields without a fight. Shun and Wu Wang won without slaughter. Zhong Hui promised humane conquest.
52
益州先主以命世英才,興兵朔野,困躓冀、徐之郊,制命紹、布之手,太祖拯而濟之,與隆大好。 中更背違,棄同即異,諸葛孔明仍規秦川,姜伯約屢出隴右,勞動我邊境,侵擾我氐、羌,方國家多故,未遑修九伐之征也。 今邊境乂清,方內無事,畜力待時,并兵一向,而巴蜀一州之眾,分張守備,難以御天下之師。 段谷、侯和沮傷之氣,難以敵堂堂之陳。 比年以來,曾無寧歲,征夫勤瘁,難以當子來之民。 此皆諸賢所親見也。 蜀相壯見禽於秦,公孫述授首於漢,九州之險,是非一姓。 此皆諸賢所備聞也。 明者見危於無形,智者規禍於未萌,是以微子去商,長為周賓,陳平背項,立功於漢。 豈晏安酖毒,懷祿而不變哉?
Liu Bei failed against Yuan Shao and Lü Bu until Cao Cao aided him. Later Shu betrayed Wei—Zhuge Liang and Jiang Wei raided Longyou—Wei had too many crises to strike back. Peace on northern borders lets Wei concentrate—Shu's scattered garrisons cannot hold. Morale still weak from Duangu and Hehou. Shu's levies exhaust the people. You have seen this yourselves. History shows Bashu falls—Shu Long was taken; Gongsun Shu died. You know the precedents. Wise men flee doomed regimes like Weizi and Chen Ping. Will you cling to salary till doom?
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今國朝隆天覆之恩,宰輔弘寬恕之德,先惠後誅,好生惡殺。 往者吳將孫壹舉眾內附,位為上司,寵秩殊異。 文欽、唐咨為國大害,叛主仇賊,還為戎首。 咨困逼禽獲,欽二子還降,皆將軍、封侯; 咨與聞國事。 壹等窮踧歸命,猶加盛寵,況巴蜀賢知見機而作者哉! 誠能深鑑成敗,邈然高蹈,投跡微子之踪,錯身陳平之軌,則福同古人,慶流來裔,百姓士民,安堵舊業,農不易畝,巿不回肆,去累卵之危,就永安之福,豈不美與! 若偷安旦夕,迷而不反,大兵一發,玉石皆碎,雖欲悔之,亦無及已。 其詳擇利害,自求多福,各具宣布,咸使聞知。
Wei offers mercy before the sword. Sun Yi defected to wealth and rank. Even rebels Wen Qin and Tang Zi became leaders. Tang Zi captured—Wen Qin's sons surrendered—as generals and marquises. Tang Zi joined court councils. Cornered defectors flourished—how much more worthies who yield now! Defect now for fortune like Weizi or Chen Ping. Delay until Wei armies crush all. Choose wisely—spread this word everywhere.
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鄧艾追姜維到陰平,簡選精銳,欲從漢德陽入江由、左儋道詣綿竹,趣成都,與諸葛緒共行。 緒以本受節度邀姜維,西行非本詔,遂進軍前向白水,與會合。 會遣將軍田章等從劍閣西,徑出江由。 未至百里,章先破蜀伏兵三校,艾使章先登。 遂長驅而前。 會與緒軍向劍閣,會欲專軍勢,密白緒畏懦不進,檻車徵還。 軍悉屬會, 〈按《百官名》:緒入晉為太常崇禮衛尉。 子衝,廷尉。 荀綽《兗州記》曰:衝子詮,字德林,玫字仁林,並知名顯達。 詮,兗州刺史。 玫,侍中御史中丞。〉 進攻劍閣,不克,引退,蜀軍保險拒守。 艾遂至綿竹,大戰,斬諸葛瞻。 維等聞瞻巳破,率其眾東入於巴。 會乃進軍至涪,遣胡烈、田續、龐會等追維。 艾進軍向成都,劉禪詣艾降,遣使敕維等令降於會。 維至廣漢郪縣,令兵悉放器仗,送節傳於胡烈,便從東道詣會降。 會上言曰:
Deng Ai aimed through Deyang toward Jiangyou and Chengdu with Zhuge Xu. Zhuge Xu advanced to Bailong to link with Hui—ignoring the flanking order. Zhong Hui sent Tian Zhang west of Jiange toward Jiangyou. Tian Zhang cleared Shu ambush a hundred li out. They drove deep. Zhong Hui framed Zhuge Xu as coward and recalled him. All troops fell to Zhong Hui. 〈Directory notes Zhuge Xu's Jin offices. Son Chong became minister of justice. Chong's sons Quan and Mei were notable. Quan governed Yanzhou. Mei reached attendant and censor chief. Jiange held against Zhong Hui. Deng Ai crushed Zhuge Zhan at Mianzhu. Jiang Wei fled east into Ba commandery. Zhong Hui pushed to Fu and chased Jiang Wei. Liu Shan surrendered to Deng Ai while ordering Jiang Wei to yield to Zhong Hui. Jiang Wei disarmed at Quxian and surrendered to Zhong Hui. Zhong Hui reported:
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賊姜維、張翼、廖化、董厥等逃死遁走,欲趣成都。 臣輒遣司馬夏侯咸、護軍胡烈等,經從劍閣,出新都、大渡截其前,參軍爰𩇕、將軍句安等躡其後,參軍皇甫闓、將軍王買等從涪南出衝其腹,臣據涪縣為東西勢援。 維等所統步騎四五萬人,擐甲厲兵,塞川填谷,數百里中首尾相繼,憑恃其眾,方軌而西。 臣敕咸、闓等令分兵據勢,廣張羅罔,南杜走吳之道,西塞成都之路,北絕越逸之徑,四面雲集,首尾並進,蹊路斷絕,走伏無地。 臣又手書申喻,開示生路,群寇困逼,知命窮數盡,解甲投戈,面縛委質,印綬萬數,資器山積。 昔舜舞干戚,有苗自服; 牧野之師,商旅倒戈:有征無戰,帝王之盛業。 全國為上,破國次之; 全軍為上,破軍次之:用兵之令典。 陛下聖德,侔踪前代,翼輔忠明,齊軌公旦,仁育羣生,義征不譓,殊俗向化,無思不服,師不逾時,兵不血刃,萬里同風,九州共貫。 臣輒奉宣詔命,導揚恩化,復其社稷,安其閭伍,捨其賦調,弛其徵役,訓之德禮以移其風,示之軌儀以易其俗,百姓欣欣,人懷逸豫,後來其蘇,義無以過。
Jiang Wei and officers raced toward Chengdu. Zhong Hui claimed he had sent Xiahou Xian and Hu Lie through Jiange and out toward Xindu and Dadu to bar the way ahead, while Yuan Pang and Gou An closed from behind, Huangfu Kai and Wang Mai hit from south of Fu, and he himself anchored Fu to tie the wings together. Jiang Wei's army marched west in force. Zhong Hui described trapping Jiang Wei on every road. Shu stacked surrendered seals before him. Like Shun winning without fighting. Like Zhou's bloodless victory. Sunzi: preserve the whole state first. Preserve armies when possible. Edict praised Sima Zhao like Duke of Zhou. Zhong Hui claimed benevolent occupation of Shu.
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會於是禁檢士眾不得鈔略,虛己誘納,以接蜀之群司,與維情好歡甚。 〈《世語》曰:夏侯霸奔蜀,蜀朝問「司馬公如何德」? 霸曰:「自當作家門。」 「京師俊士」? 曰:「有鍾士季,其人管朝政,吳、蜀之憂也。」 《漢晉春秋》曰:初,夏侯霸降蜀,姜維問之曰:「司馬懿既得彼政,當復有征伐之志不?」 霸曰:「彼方營立家門,未遑外事。 有鍾士季者,其人雖少,終為吳、蜀之憂,然非非常之人亦不能用也。」 後十五年而會果滅蜀。 按習鑿齒此言,非出他書,故採用《世語》而附益也。〉 十二月詔曰:「會所向摧弊,前無強敵,緘制眾城,罔羅迸逸。 蜀之豪帥,面縛歸命,謀無遺策,舉無廢功。 凡所降誅,動以萬計,全勝獨克,有征無戰。 拓平西夏,方隅清晏。 其以會為司徒,進封縣侯,增邑萬戶。 封子二人亭侯,邑各千戶。」
Zhong Hui banned looting and courted Shu officials—charmed Jiang Wei. 〈Sayings of Age states that when Xiahou Ba fled to Shu, the Shu court asked, "What sort of virtue does Lord Sima have?" Ba said 'Certainly will establish household.' In this context, "the capital elite" are likely what is meant by "Capital Elite." He said, "There is Zhong Shiji—that man will manage court politics; he is Wu and Shu's worry." Han-Jin Spring and Autumn states initially when Xiahou Ba surrendered Shu Jiang Wei asked 'Sima Yi having seized government—will again have campaign ambition?' Ba said 'That side establishing household gate—not leisure foreign affairs. Yet Ba warned Zhong Hui would threaten Wu-Shu." Fifteen years later Zhong Hui destroyed Shu. Pei Songzhi merged Xi Chao with Shishuo.〉 Twelfth month edict stated 'Hui wherever directed smashed decline—before no strong enemy—silenced mass cities—netted fleeing fugitives. Shu commanders surrendered. Bloodless surrender of masses. West pacified. Zhong Hui became minister of education with vast fief. His sons received village marquises."
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會內有異志,因鄧艾承制專事,密白艾有反狀, 〈《世語》曰:會善效人書,於劍閣要艾章表白事,皆易其言,令辭指悖傲,多自矜伐。 又毀文王報書,手作以疑之也。〉 於是詔書檻車徵艾。 司馬文王懼艾或不從命,敕會並進軍成都,監軍衛瓘在會前行,以文王手筆令宣喻艾軍,艾軍皆釋仗,遂收艾入檻車。 會所憚惟艾,艾既禽而會尋至,獨統大眾,威震西土。 自謂功名蓋世,不可復為人下,加猛將銳卒皆在己手,遂謀反。 欲使姜維等皆將蜀兵出斜谷,會自將大眾隨其後。 既至長安,令騎士從陸道,步兵從水道順流浮渭入河,以為五日可到孟津,與騎會洛陽,一旦天下可定也。 會得文王書云:「恐鄧艾或不就徵,今遣中護軍賈充將步騎萬人徑入斜谷,屯樂城,吾自將十萬屯長安,相見在近。」 會得書,驚呼所親語之曰:「但取鄧艾,相國知我能獨辦之; 今來大重,必覺我異矣,便當速發。 事成,可得天下; 不成,退保蜀漢,不失作劉備也。 我自淮南以來,畫無遣策,四海所共知也。 我欲持此安歸乎!」 會以五年正月十五日至,其明日,悉請護軍、郡守、牙門騎督以上及蜀之故官,為太后發喪於蜀朝堂。 矯太后遺詔,使會起兵廢文王,皆班示坐上人,使下議訖,書版署置,更使所親信代領諸軍。 所請群官,悉閉著益州諸曹屋中,城門宮門皆閉,嚴兵圍守。 會帳下督丘建本屬胡烈,烈薦之文王,會請以自隨,任愛之。 建愍烈獨坐,啟會,使聽內一親兵出取飲食,諸牙門隨例各內一人。 烈紿語親兵及疏與其子曰:「丘建密說消息,會已作大坑,白棓 〈棓與棒同。〉 數千,欲悉呼外兵入,人賜白㡊 〈苦洽反。〉, 拜為散將,以次棓殺坑中。」 諸牙門親兵亦咸說此語,一夜傳相告,皆遍。 或謂會:「可盡殺牙門騎督以上。」 會猶豫未決。
Zhong Hui coveted power and framed Deng Ai. 〈Zhong Hui forged Deng Ai's memorials. He forged Sima Zhao's replies too. Court ordered Deng Ai arrested. Sima Zhao feared Deng Ai might disobey, so he ordered Zhong Hui to advance on Chengdu as well. Army Supervisor Wei Guan went ahead of Hui, used Sima Zhao's handwritten order to proclaim instructions to Deng Ai's army, and when Ai's troops all laid down their weapons, he seized Ai and put him in a cage cart. With Deng Ai gone Zhong Hui commanded alone. Zhong Hui deemed himself peerless and plotted revolt. He planned to send Jiang Wei and company leading Shu forces through Xie Valley while he followed with the main army. From Chang'an, cavalry would go overland and infantry downstream on the Wei into the river; he figured five days to Mengjin, a rendezvous with the horse at Luoyang, and the realm settled at a stroke. Word came from Sima Zhao: if Deng Ai might refuse the summons, Jia Chong would take ten thousand into Xie Valley to Lecheng while Zhao himself camped at Chang'an with a hundred thousand—“we shall meet shortly.” Reading it, he told his confidants in alarm: “If it were only Deng Ai, the Chancellor knows I could handle that myself; this massive deployment means he has seen through me—I must move immediately. If I succeed, I take the realm; if not, I pull back and hold Hanzhong and Shu—no worse than Liu Bei. Since Huainan I have never dropped a plan—the whole world knows it. Am I supposed to walk away with this and go home in peace!” On the fifteenth of the first month in the fifth year he arrived; the next day he called every Protector of the Army, governor, gate commandant and cavalry inspector upward, plus former Shu officials, and staged mourning for the empress dowager in the Shu court hall. He forged her testament ordering himself to revolt and depose Sima Zhao, showed it to the assembly, made them debate and sign wooden slips of appointment, then put his own men in command of the armies. Every summoned official was locked in the Yizhou bureau buildings; city and palace gates were shut and soldiers sealed the compound. Qiu Jian, Zhong Hui's camp supervisor, had served under Hu Lie, whom Lie had recommended to Sima Zhao; Hui had asked to keep him and favored him. Jian pitied Lie isolated inside and persuaded Hui to let each camp send one orderly out for food; by custom each gate commandant was allowed one man in. Lie lied to his orderly and slipped a note to his son: “Jian’s secret word—Hui has dug pits and prepared white clubs 〈Commentary gloss: same word as "club."〉 They number in the thousands; he plans to bring every outer unit inside and give each man a white kerchief 〈Phonetic gloss: fanqie spelling supplied in the commentary.〉, promote them to miscellaneous officers, then club them into the pits in order.” The gate guards’ orderlies repeated it too; within one night everyone knew. Someone urged Hui: “Kill every gate commandant and cavalry inspector and above.” Hui wavered and did not act.
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十八日日中,烈軍兵與烈兒雷鼓出門,諸軍兵不期皆鼓譟出,曾無督促之者,而爭先赴城。 時方給與姜維鎧杖,白外有匈匈聲,似失火,有頃,白兵走向城。 會驚,謂維曰:「兵來似欲作惡,當云何?」 維曰:「但當擊之耳。」 會遣兵悉殺所閉諸牙門郡守,內人共舉機以柱門,兵斫門,不能破。 斯須,門外倚梯登城,或燒城屋,蟻附亂進,矢下如雨,牙門、郡守各緣屋出,與其卒兵相得。 姜維率會左右戰,手殺五六人,眾既格斬維,爭赴殺會。 會時年四十,將士死者數百人。 〈《晉諸公贊》曰:胡烈兒名淵,字世元,遵之孫也。 遵,安定人,以才兼文武,累居籓鎮,至車騎將軍。 子奮,字玄威,亦歷方任。 女為晉武帝貴人,有寵。 太康中,以奮為尚書僕射,加鎮軍大將軍、開府。 弟廣,字宣祖,少府。 次烈,字玄武,秦州刺史。 次岐,宇玄嶷,并州刺史。 廣子喜,涼州刺史。 淵小字鷂鴟,時年十八,既殺會救父,名震遠近。 後趙王倫篡位,三王興義,倫使淵與張泓將兵禦齊王,屢破齊軍。 會成都戰克,淵乃歸降伏法。〉
At noon on the eighteenth, Lie’s troops and his son beat drums and burst from the gates; every camp roared out though no one had ordered it, all rushing for the city. They were still handing Jiang Wei armor and arms when word came of a din outside like a fire; soon reports said soldiers were heading for the walls. Hui started and asked Jiang Wei: “The men sound ready to turn on us—what now?” Jiang Wei said: “We strike them.” Hui sent men to slaughter the penned gate commandants and governors; those inside jammed looms against the doors so the attackers could not break in. Moments later ladders rose outside; buildings burned; men swarmed the walls like ants; arrows fell like rain; commandants and governors climbed from the roofs to their men. Jiang Wei fought beside Hui’s guards and killed five or six himself; when he fell the mob turned on Zhong Hui. Zhong Hui was forty; hundreds of soldiers died. 〈The Jin Zhugong Zan says Hu Lie’s son Yuan (courtesy Shiyuan) was grandson of Zun. Zun of Anding combined civil and military talent, served repeatedly on the frontier, and rose to General of Chariots and Cavalry. His son Fen (courtesy Xuanwei) also held regional posts. His daughter was a favored honored consort of Emperor Wu of Jin. Under Taikang, Fen became Supervisor of the Masters of Writing with supernumerary General Who Guards the Army and an independent command. Younger brother Guang (courtesy Xuanzu) was Minister of the Lesser Treasury. Next, Lie (courtesy Xuanwu) was Inspector of Qinzhou. Next, Qi (courtesy Xuanyi) was Inspector of Bingzhou. Guang’s son Xi was Inspector of Liangzhou. Yuan’s boyhood name was Yaochi; at eighteen he killed Zhong Hui to free his father and his name rang far and wide. Later, when Prince Zhao Lun seized the throne and the Three Princes rose against him, Lun sent Yuan with Zhang Hong against the Prince of Qi and they repeatedly broke Qi’s forces. When Chengdu fell, Yuan surrendered and accepted judgment.
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初,艾為太尉,會為司徒,皆持節、都督諸軍如故,咸未受命而斃。 會兄毓,以四年冬薨,會竟未知問。 會兄子邕,隨會與俱死,會所養兄子毅及峻、辿敕連反。 等下獄,當伏誅。 司馬文王表天子下詔曰:「峻等祖父繇,三祖之世,極位臺司,佐命立勳,饗食廟庭。 父毓,歷職內外,幹事有績。 昔楚思子文之治,不滅斗氏之祀; 晉錄成宣之忠,用存趙氏之後。 以會、邕之罪,而絕繇、毓之類,吾有愍然! 峻、辿兄弟特原,有官爵者如故。 惟毅及邕息伏法。」 或曰,毓曾密啟司馬文王,言會挾術難保,不可專任,故宥峻等云。 《漢晉春秋》曰:文王嘉其忠亮,笑答毓曰:「若如卿言,必不以及宗矣。」
At first Deng Ai was grand commandant and Zhong Hui minister of education; both held the jie staff and superintended the armies as before, yet all died before receiving appointment. Zhong Hui's elder brother Yu died in the winter of the fourth year; Hui to the end did not know the news. Zhong Hui's elder brother's son Yong died together with Hui; Hui's adopted elder brother's son Yi and Jun and Chan were ordered to rebel in succession. They were imprisoned and were to suffer execution. Sima Zhao, Prince Wen, memorialized the Son of Heaven, who issued an edict saying: "Jun and the others' grandfather You, in the age of the three founding emperors, rose to the highest offices among the ministers, aided the mandate and established merit, and was honored with offerings in the ancestral temple. Their father Yu served in inner and outer posts and managed affairs with achievement. Formerly Chu, remembering Ziwen's governance, did not extinguish the sacrifices of the Dou clan; Jin recorded Cheng Xuan's loyalty and thereby preserved the descendants of the Zhao clan. Because of the crimes of Hui and Yong to cut off the line of You and Yu—I am moved to pity! The brothers Jun and Chan are specially pardoned; those with offices and ranks remain as before. Only Yi and Yong's son shall suffer the law." Some say Yu once secretly reported to Sima Zhao that Hui relied on arts and was hard to keep secure, and could not be entrusted alone—therefore Jun and the others were pardoned. The Annals of Han and Jin says: Sima Zhao praised his loyalty and candor and smiling answered Yu: "If it were as you say, it would surely not extend to the clan."
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初,文王欲遣會伐蜀,西曹屬邵悌求見曰:「今遣鍾會率十餘萬眾伐蜀,愚謂會單身無重任,不若使餘人行。」 文王笑曰:
Earlier, when Sima Zhao meant to send Zhong Hui against Shu, Western Bureau clerk Shao Ti sought audience: “You give Hui more than a hundred thousand men—yet he bears no grave office alone; better send someone else.” Sima Zhao smiled:
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我寧當復不知此耶? 蜀為天下作患,使民不得安息,我今伐之如指掌耳,而眾人皆言蜀不可伐。 夫人心豫怯則智勇並竭,智勇並竭而強使之,適為敵禽耳。 惟鍾會與人意同,今遣會伐蜀,必可滅蜀。 滅蜀之後,就如卿所慮,當何所能一辦耶? 凡敗軍之將不可以語勇,亡國之大夫不可與圖存,心膽以破故也。 若蜀以破,遺民震恐,不足與圖事; 中國將士各自思歸,不肯與同也。 若作惡,祗自滅族耳。 卿不須憂此,慎莫使人聞也。
Do you think I do not know that? Shu harms the empire and denies the people peace; I will crush it like turning my hand—yet everyone says Shu cannot be taken. When hearts start afraid, wit and daring fail together; force such troops and you only feed the enemy. Only Zhong Hui agrees with me—send him and Shu will fall. After Shu falls, even if your fears come true—what could anyone do in one stroke? You do not talk bravery with a beaten general or survival with ministers of a fallen state—their nerve is gone. Once Shu is crushed, the remnant population will be too terrified to plot; Central Plain troops will each think of home and refuse to follow him. If he rebels, he only wipes out his own kin. You need not fret—just keep this between us.
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及會白鄧艾不軌,文王將西,悌復曰:「鍾會所統,五六倍於鄧艾,但可敕會取艾,不足自行。」 文王曰:「卿忘前時所言邪,而更雲可不須行乎? 雖爾,此言不可宣也。 我要自當以信義待人,但人不負我,我豈可先人生心哉! 近日賈護軍問我,言:『頗疑鍾會不?』 我答言:『如今遣卿行,寧可復疑卿邪?』 賈亦無以易我語也。 我到長安,則自了矣。」 軍至長安,會果已死,咸如所策。 按咸熙元年 〈百官名〉: 邵悌字元伯,陽平人。 《漢晉春秋》曰:文王聞鍾會功曹向雄之收葬會也,召而責之曰:「往者王經之死,卿哭於東市而我不問,今鍾會躬為叛逆而又輒收葬,若復相容,其如王法何!」 雄曰:「昔先王掩骼埋胔,仁流朽骨,當時豈先卜其功罪而後收葬哉? 今王誅既加,於法已備,雄感義收葬,教亦無闕。 法立於上,教弘於下,以此訓物,雄曰可矣! 何必使雄背死違生,以立於時。 殿下讎對枯骨,捐之中野,百歲之後,為臧獲所笑,豈仁賢所掩哉?」 王悅,與宴談而遣之。 習鑿齒曰:向伯茂可謂勇於蹈義也,哭王經而哀感市人,葬鍾會而義動明主,彼皆忠烈奮勁,知死而往,非存生也。 況使經、會處世,或身在急難,而有不赴者乎? 故尋其奉死之心,可以見事生之情,覽其忠貞之節,足以愧背義之士矣。 王加禮而遣,可謂明達。
When Zhong Hui reported Deng Ai's misconduct and Sima Zhao was about to go west, Shao Ti again said: "The forces Zhong Hui commands are five or six times those of Deng Ai; you need only order Hui to seize Ai—there is no need to go yourself." Sima Zhao said: "Have you forgotten what you said before, yet now again say there is no need to go? Even so, this remark must not be spread abroad. I myself must treat people with trust and righteousness; if others do not betray me, how can I first harbor suspicion in my heart! Recently Protector of the Army Jia asked me, saying: "Do you rather suspect Zhong Hui?" I answered: "Now that I am sending you on this mission, how could I again suspect you?" Jia too had nothing with which to change my words. When I reach Chang'an, the matter will settle itself." When the army reached Chang'an, Hui had indeed already died—everything was as planned. According to the first year of Xianxi 〈Names of the Hundred Offices〉 : Shao Ti, styled Yuanbo, was a native of Yangping. The Annals of Han and Jin says: When Sima Zhao heard that Zhong Hui's merit officer Xiang Xiong had gathered and buried Hui, he summoned and reproached him, saying: "Formerly when Wang Jing died, you wept at the eastern market and I did not question you; now Zhong Hui personally became a rebel and yet you again gather and bury him—if I again tolerate this, what of the king's law!" Xiong said: "Formerly the ancient kings covered exposed skeletons and buried rotting remains; their benevolence extended even to decayed bones. Did they first inquire into merit and crime before collecting and burying them? Now the king's punishment has already been applied and the law is complete; Xiong, moved by righteousness, gathered and buried—instruction too is not lacking. Law is established above and instruction is spread below; to train the multitude thus—Xiong says it is acceptable! Why must Xiong turn his back on the dead and violate life to stand in the age? If Your Highness treats dry bones as an enemy and casts them into the open fields, then a hundred years from now even slaves will laugh at you. Could this be something benevolent and worthy men would conceal?" The prince was pleased, feasted and talked with him, and sent him away. Xi Zuochi says: Xiang Bamao may be called brave in walking the path of righteousness. By weeping for Wang Jing, he moved the people of the marketplace to grief; by burying Zhong Hui, he stirred a wise ruler with righteousness. They were all loyal, ardent, and resolute, going forward though they knew death awaited them, not seeking to preserve their lives. How much more if Jing and Hui were in the world—or if one were in urgent peril—would there be any who would not go? Therefore, by tracing the hearts with which they served the dead, one can see the feeling with which they served the living; by observing their loyal and steadfast integrity, one can shame those who turn their backs on righteousness. The prince added courtesy in sending him away—this may be called enlightened judgment.
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會嘗論易無互體、才性同異。 及會死後,於會家得書二十篇,名曰《道論》,而實刑名家也,其文似會。
Zhong Hui once debated “no overlapping trigrams” in the Changes and whether talent and nature were the same or different. After his death twenty chapters titled Daolun were found at his house—Legalist in substance, in Hui’s voice.
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初,會弱冠與山陽王弼竝知名。 弼好論儒道,辭才逸辯,注《易》及《老子》,為尚書郎,年二十餘卒。 〈弼字輔嗣。 何劭為其傳曰:弼幼而察慧,年十餘,好老氏,通辯能言。 父業,為尚書郎。 時裴徽為吏部郎,弼未弱冠,往造焉。 徽一見而異之,問弼曰:「夫無者誠萬物之所資也,然聖人莫肯致言,而老子申之無已者何?」 弼曰:「聖人體無,無又不可以訓,故不說也。 老子是有者也,故恆言無所不足。」 尋亦為傅嘏所知。 於時何晏為吏部尚書,甚奇弼,嘆之曰:「仲尼稱後生可畏,若斯人者,可與言天人之際乎!」 正始中,黃門侍郎累缺。 晏既用賈充、裴秀、朱整,又議用弼。 時丁謐與晏爭衡,致高邑王黎於曹爽,爽用黎。 於是以弼補臺郎。 初除,覲爽,請間,爽為屏左右,而弼與論道,移時無所他及,爽以此嗤之。 時爽專朝政,黨與共相進用,弼通俊不治名高。 尋黎無幾時病亡,爽用王沈代黎,弼遂不得在門下,晏為之嘆恨。 弼在臺既淺,事功亦雅非所長,益不留意焉。 淮南人劉陶善論縱橫,為當時所推。 每與弼語,常屈弼。 弼天才卓出,當其所得,莫能奪也。 性和理,樂遊宴,解音律,善投壺。 其論道傅會文辭,不如何晏,自然有所拔得,多晏也,頗以所長笑人,故時為士君子所疾。 弼與鍾會善,會論議以校練為家,然每服弼之高致。 何晏以為聖人無喜怒哀樂,其論甚精,鍾會等述之。 弼與不同,以為聖人茂於人者神明也,同於人者五情也,神明茂故能體沖和以通無,五情同故不能無哀樂以應物,然則聖人之情,應物而無累於物者也。 今以其無累,便謂不復應物,失之多矣。 弼注易,潁川人荀融難弼大衍義。 弼答其意,白書以戲之曰:「夫明足以尋極幽微,而不能去自然之性。 顏子之量,孔父之所預在,然遇之不能無樂,喪之不能無哀。 又常狹斯人,以為未能以情從理者也,而今乃知自然之不可革。 足下之量,雖已定乎胸懷之內,然而隔逾旬朔,何其相思之多乎? 故知尼父之於顏子,可以無大過矣。」 弼注《老子》,為之指略,致有理統。 著道略論,注《易》,往往有高麗言。 太原王濟好談,病老、莊,常云:「見弼《易》注,所悟者多。」 然弼為人淺而不識物情,初與王黎、荀融善,黎奪其黃門郎,於是恨黎,與融亦不終。 正始十年,曹爽廢,以公事免。 其秋遇癘疾亡,時年二十四,無子絕嗣。 弼之卒也,晉景王聞之,嗟嘆者累日,其為高識所惜如此。 孫盛曰:易之為書,窮神知化,非天下之至精,其孰能與於此? 世之註解,殆皆妄也。 況弼以傅會之辨而欲籠統玄旨者乎? 故其敘浮義則麗辭溢目,造陰陽則妙頤無聞,至於六爻變化,群象所效,日時歲月,五氣相推,弼皆擯落,多所不關。 雖有可觀者焉,恐將泥夫大道。 《博物記》曰:初,王粲與族兄凱俱避地荊州,劉表欲以女妻粲,而嫌其形陋而用率,以凱有風貌,乃以妻凱。 凱生業,業即劉表外孫也。 蔡邕有書近萬卷,末年載數車與粲,粲亡後,相國掾魏諷謀反,粲子與焉,既被誅,邕所與書悉入業。 業字長緒,位至謁者僕射。 子宏字正宗,司隸校尉。 宏,弼之兄也。 《魏氏春秋》曰:文帝既誅粲二子,以業嗣粲。〉
In his youth he was already celebrated alongside Wang Bi of Shanyang. Wang Bi loved debating Ru and Dao, wrote with brilliance, annotated the Changes and Laozi, became Gentleman of the Masters of Writing, and died in his twenties. 〈His courtesy name was Fusi.) He Shao’s biography says Wang Bi was keen from boyhood; past ten he studied Laozi and argued fluently. His father Ye was Gentleman of the Masters of Writing. Pei Hui headed the Bureau of Appointments; Bi, still uncapped, called on him. Hui was struck on first meeting and asked: “Non-being grounds all things—yet the sage never names it while Laozi never stops—why?” Bi answered: “The sage embodies non-being; it cannot be put into doctrine, so he is silent. Laozi speaks from being, so he always shows where non-being is not enough.” Fu Gu soon noticed him too. He Yan was Minister of Appointments and marveled: “Confucius called youth formidable—this man may speak of Heaven and man!” In the Zhengshi years Palace Attendant seats stood empty again and again. Yan had placed Jia Chong, Pei Xiu, and Zhu Zheng and now moved to add Wang Bi. Ding Mi rivaled Yan and pushed Wang Li of Gaoyi on Cao Shuang; Shuang took Li. So Wang Bi became a clerk at the Masters of Writing. On first taking office he asked Cao Shuang for a private audience; Shuang cleared the room, but Bi talked only abstruse doctrine for hours—Shuang laughed at him. Shuang ran the court; his clique promoted each other; Bi had breadth of talent and chased no fame. Li soon died; Shuang replaced him with Wang Shen, so Bi never reached the inner offices—He Yan rued it. His time there was brief; administration was not his gift and he cared little. Liu Tao of Huainan mastered coalition rhetoric and was admired. In debate he usually got the better of Wang Bi. Yet Bi’s genius was unmatched—what he saw, no one could wrest away. He was even-tempered, loved feasts and outings, knew music, and excelled at pitch-pot. His philosophy pinned words together—not He Yan’s polish—but he often saw deeper and laughed at others’ weakness, which grated on contemporaries. He was close to Zhong Hui, whose style was tight logic—yet Hui bowed to Wang Bi’s heights. He Yan argued sages had no emotions—the thesis was subtle; Zhong Hui echoed it. Wang Bi disagreed: the sage exceeds common men in luminous spirit but shares the five emotions; that luminosity lets him embody emptiness and touch non-being, yet the shared emotions mean joy and sorrow still answer the world—only his responses leave no entanglement. Because he is untangled you imagine he does not respond—you err deeply. Wang Bi annotated the Changes; Xun Rong of Yingchuan attacked his Great Expansion gloss. Bi replied playfully: “Vision enough to sound the depths cannot erase innate nature. Yan Hui’s measure lay within Confucius’s ken—yet Confucius could not meet him without joy or lose him without grief. I once faulted such men for failing to let feeling follow principle—I see now nature cannot be revised. Your mind may be settled—yet ten days apart, why such longing? So Confucius toward Yan Hui was nearly blameless." He annotated the Laozi with a pointed outline, coherent in structure. He wrote Daolüelun and glossed the Changes in often sublime language. Wang Ji of Taiyuan loved debate and criticized Laozi and Zhuangzi, yet said: “Wang Bi’s Changes commentary opens many doors.” Yet Bi misread people: he befriended Wang Li and Xun Rong until Li took his Palace Attendant post—he hated Li and fell out with Rong. In Zhengshi 10 Cao Shuang fell and Bi lost office on public grounds. That autumn plague took him at twenty-four, childless—his line ended. When he died, Sima Shi grieved for days—such high minds prized him. Sun Sheng said: the Changes plumbs spirit and transformation—who but the finest mind can join it? Nearly every commentary of the age misses the mark. How much less Wang Bi, spinning clever dialectic to bottle the subtle teaching? His airy glosses overflow with ornament; his yin-yang moves are too clever by half; yet the hexagram lines’ turns, the images they mirror, the calendar and the five phases—he tosses them aside and barely touches them. Parts shine, yet the whole risks clogging the great Way. Bowuzhi records that Wang Can and cousin Kai fled to Jingzhou; Liu Biao meant to marry his daughter to Can but found him homely and blunt, while Kai looked the part—so the daughter went to Kai. Kai fathered Ye, Liu Biao’s grandson through his daughter. Cai Yong’s library—nearly ten thousand scrolls—went by wagon to Wang Can; after Can’s death his son died in Wei Feng’s coup, and the entire legacy landed with Ye. Ye (courtesy Changxu) reached Supervisor of the Imperial Household. His son Hong (courtesy Zhengzong) served as Colonel Director of Retainers. Hong was Wang Bi’s elder brother. The Wei shi Chunqiu adds that after Wen executed Can’s sons, he made Ye heir to Can.〉
65
【評】
Appraisal
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評曰:王凌風節格尚,毌丘儉才識拔幹,諸葛誕嚴毅威重,鍾會精練策數,咸以顯名,致茲榮任,而皆心大志迂,不慮禍難,變如發機,宗族塗地,豈不謬惑邪! 鄧艾矯然強壯,立功立事,然闇於防患,咎敗旋至,豈遠知乎諸葛恪而不能近自見,此蓋古人所謂目論者也。 〈《史記》曰:越王無疆與中國爭強,當楚威王時,越北伐齊,齊威王使人說越王,越王不納。 齊使者曰:「幸也,越之不亡也。 吾不貴其用智之如目,目見毫毛而不自見其睫也。 今王知晉之失計,不自知越之過,是目論也。」〉
The historian judges: Wang Ling’s bearing was high; Guanqiu Jian’s talent sharp; Zhuge Dan stern and weighty; Zhong Hui a master of schemes—all rose to glory, yet grand schemes blinded them to ruin; revolt snapped like a bow—clans extinguished—a madness. Deng Ai was tough and accomplished much yet saw no danger coming—disgrace followed fast; he could read Zhuge Ke from a distance but not his own feet—what ancients mocked as “eye-only” judgment. 〈The Records tells how King Wujiang of Yue rivaled the central states; under King Wei of Chu, Yue struck north at Qi; Qi’s king sent an envoy to dissuade Yue, who refused. The Qi envoy answered: “Fortunate indeed—Yue still stands. I do not prize wit that works like eyes—eyes see every eyelash yet never their own lashes. Today the king sees Jin’s misstep but not Yue’s—that is the blindness of eye-only judgment.”〉”