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先主甘皇后
Lady Gan, consort of Liu Bei (styled the First Lord)
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先主甘皇后，沛人也。 先主臨豫州，住小沛，納以為妾。 先主數喪嫡室，常攝內事。 隨先主於荊州，產後主。 值曹公軍至，追及先主於當陽長阪，於時困偪，棄後及後主，賴趙雲保護，得免於難。 後卒，葬於南郡。 章武二年，追諡皇思夫人，遷葬於蜀，未至而先主殂隕。 丞相亮上言：
Lady Gan came from Pei. While Liu Bei held Yuzhou and made his base at Xiaopei, he took her as a concubine. He had buried several chief wives in succession, so she habitually ran the inner quarters. In Jingzhou she gave birth to the future emperor Liu Shan. When Cao Cao’s host caught Liu Bei at Changban in Dangyang, the retreat was so desperate that he abandoned Lady Gan and the boy; only Zhao Yun’s shielding brought them through alive. She died later and was interred in Nan commandery. In Zhangwu 2 she received the posthumous title Lady of Imperial Remembrance and her coffin was ordered west into Shu, but Liu Bei died before the cortège arrived. Zhuge Liang memorialized as follows:
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皇思夫人履行脩仁，淑慎其身。 大行皇帝昔在上將，嬪妃作合，載育聖躬，大命不融。 大行皇帝存時，篤義垂恩，念皇思夫人神柩在遠飄颻，特遣使者奉迎。 會大行皇帝崩，今皇思夫人神柩以到，又梓宮在道，園陵將成，安厝有期。 臣輒與太常臣賴恭等議：《禮記》曰：『立愛自親始，教民孝也； 立敬自長始，教民順也。』 不忘其親，所由生也。 春秋之義，母以子貴。 昔高皇帝追尊太上昭靈夫人為昭靈皇后，孝和皇帝改葬其母梁貴人，尊號曰恭懷皇后，孝愍皇帝亦改葬其母王夫人，尊號曰靈懷皇后。 今皇思夫人宜有尊號，以慰寒泉之思，輒與恭等案諡法，宜曰昭烈皇后。 詩曰：『谷則異室，死則同穴。』 〈《禮》云：上古無合葬，中古後因時方有。〉 故昭烈皇后宜與大行皇帝合葬，臣請太尉告宗廟，布露天下，具禮儀別奏。
The late Lady of Imperial Remembrance lived with integrity and kindness, modest and guarded in deportment. When our late sovereign was still a field commander, she joined him in wedlock and bore his heir, though heaven cut that union short. In his lifetime he never forgot her: learning her coffin still wandered far from the capital, he sent envoys to escort it home. He has since died, yet her catafalque has now reached us while his own bier is still en route and the imperial tombs near completion, so both burials may soon be ordered. I have consulted Minister Lai Gong and others. The Book of Rites teaches, 'Teach love by starting with one’s parents—thus the people learn filial piety; teach respect by starting with one’s elders—thus the people learn deference.' To forget not those who gave you life is the root of all moral feeling. The Spring and Autumn canon holds that a mother’s rank rises with her son’s. Gaozu of Han raised his mother to Empress Zhaoling; He-di reinterred Lady Liang as Empress Gonghuai; Min-di did the same for Lady Wang as Empress Linghuai. She therefore deserves a throne name that may comfort the living. We have weighed the statutes of posthumous honor and propose Empress Zhaolie. The Classic of Poetry says, ‘We dwelt apart in life; we lie together in death.’ Commentary: The Rites note that joint burial was unknown in earliest ages and became practice only in later ages.〉 We therefore ask that she be laid beside the late emperor, that the grand commandant report this to the shrines of state, that an edict proclaim it to the realm, and that the detailed rites be submitted in a further memorial.
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制曰可。
The sovereign’s reply read: Granted.
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先主穆皇后，陳留人也。 兄吳壹，少孤，壹父素與劉焉有舊，是以舉家隨焉入蜀。 焉有異志，而聞善相者相后當大貴。 焉時將子瑁自隨，遂為瑁納后。 瑁死，后寡居。 先主既定益州，而孫夫人還吳，《漢晉春秋》云：先主入益州，吳遣迎孫夫人。 夫人欲將太子歸吳，諸葛亮使趙雲勒兵斷江留太子，乃得止。 群下勸先主聘后，先主疑與瑁同族，法正進曰：「論其親疏，何與晉文之於子圉乎？」 於是納后為夫人。 習鑿齒曰：夫婚姻，人倫之始，王化之本，匹夫猶不可以無禮，而況人君乎？ 晉文廢禮行權，以濟其業，故子犯曰，有求於人，必先從之，將奪其國，何有於妻，非無故而違禮教者也。 今先主無權事之偪，而引前失以為譬，非導其君以堯、舜之道者。 先主從之，過矣。 建安二十四年，立為漢中王后。 章武元年夏五月，策曰：「朕承天命，奉至尊，臨萬國。 今以后為皇后，遣使持節丞相亮授璽綬，承宗廟，母天下，皇后其敬之哉！」 建興元年223年五月，後主即位，尊后為皇太后，稱長樂宮。 壹官至車騎將軍，封縣侯。 延熙八年，后薨，合葬惠陵。 孫盛《蜀世譜》曰：壹孫喬，沒李雄中三十年，不為雄屈也。
Lady Mu, empress of Liu Bei, came from Chenliu. Her brother Wu Yi was orphaned young. Their father had been close to Liu Yan, so the whole family followed Yan into Shu. Liu Yan nurtured separate ambitions, and word came that a physiognomist had foretold the girl would rise to great rank. Liu Yan then had his son Mao marry her. When Mao died she remained a widow. Once Liu Bei held Yizhou, Lady Sun went back to Wu. The Spring and Autumn of Han and Jin says Wu sent to fetch her when Liu Bei entered Yizhou. She meant to take the crown prince with her, but Zhuge Liang had Zhao Yun seal the river and keep the boy—only then was she stopped. His court urged Liu Bei to wed her, but he worried she was kin to Mao. Fa Zheng argued: "By closeness of kin, how does this resemble Duke Wen of Jin and Zi Yu?" He then took her as consort. Xi Zaochi wrote: Marriage begins human order and grounds royal civilizing rule; even commoners must observe ritual—how much more a sovereign? Duke Wen of Jin set ritual aside and used expedient power to save his cause; hence Zi Fan said that when one needs others one must first yield, and when one is about to seize a state what care is there for a wife?—that was not capricious breach of ritual. Liu Bei faced no such coercion, yet Fa Zheng cited an old lapse as precedent—this was not guiding a ruler along the path of Yao and Shun. Liu Bei took the advice—a mistake, in Xi Zaochi's view. In Jian'an 24 she was made queen of Hanzhong. In the fifth month of Zhangwu 1 an edict ran: "I receive Heaven's mandate, hold supreme dignity, and rule the myriad states. I now make the empress queen, send envoys with the imperial baton for Chancellor Zhuge Liang to confer her seals and cords, that she may receive the ancestral shrines and mother the realm—revere this charge, O empress!" In the fifth month of Jianxing 1 (223 CE) Liu Shan succeeded and raised her to empress dowager of Changle Palace. Wu Yi rose to general of chariots and cavalry and received a district marquisate. In Yanxi 8 she died and was interred with Liu Bei at Huiling. Sun Sheng's Shu genealogy notes that Wu Yi's grandson Qiao, held among Li Xiong's forces for thirty years, never bowed to Xiong.
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後主敬哀皇后，車騎將軍張飛長女也。 章武元年，納為太子妃。 建興元年，立為皇后。 十五年薨，葬南陵。
Liu Shan’s Empress Jing’ai was the eldest daughter of Zhang Fei, general of chariots and cavalry. In Zhangwu 1 she entered the palace as crown princess. Jianxing 1 saw her enthroned as empress. She died in the fifteenth Jianxing year and was buried at Nanling.
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後主張皇后，前后敬哀之妹也。 建興十五年237年，入為貴人。 延熙元年238年春正月，策曰：「朕統承大業，君臨天下，奉郊廟社稷。 今以貴人為皇后，使行丞相事左將軍向朗持節授璽綬。 勉脩中饋，恪肅禋祀，皇后其敬之哉！」 咸熙元年，隨後主遷於洛陽。 《漢晉春秋》曰：魏以蜀宮人賜諸將之無妻者，李昭儀曰：「我不能二三屈辱。」 乃自殺。 劉永字公壽，先主子，後主庶弟也。 章武元年六月，使司徒靖立永為魯王，策曰：「小子永，受茲青土。 朕承天序，繼統大業，遵脩稽古，建爾國家，封於東土，奄有龜蒙，世為籓輔。 嗚呼，恭朕之詔！ 惟彼魯邦，一變適道，風化存焉。 人之好德，世茲懿美。 王其秉心率禮，綏爾士民，是饗是宜，其戒之哉！」 建興八年230年，改封為甘陵王。 初，永憎宦人黃皓，皓既信任用事，譖構永於後主，後主稍疏外永，至不得朝見者十餘年。 咸熙元年，永東遷洛陽，拜奉車都尉，封為鄉侯。
Liu Shan's Empress Zhang was the younger sister of Empress Jing'ai. In Jianxing 15 (237 CE) she entered the palace as an honored lady. In the first month of Yanxi 1 (238 CE) an edict ran: "I inherit the great enterprise, rule the realm, and serve the suburban altars and state shrines. I now make the honored lady empress and dispatch Xiang Lang, left general acting as chancellor, with the imperial baton to present her seals and cords. Cultivate the inner household and reverently keep the state sacrifices—revere this charge, O empress!" In Xianxi 1 she followed Liu Shan to Luoyang. The Spring and Autumn of Han and Jin says Wei gave Shu palace women to generals without wives. Lady Li, an imperial lady of splendid deportment, said, "I cannot endure repeated humiliation." She then took her own life. Liu Yong, styled Gongshou, was Liu Bei's son and Liu Shan's younger half-brother. In the sixth month of Zhangwu 1 Liu Bei ordered Xu Jing, minister of education, to enfeoff Liu Yong as prince of Lu. The edict ran: "Young Liu Yong, receive this azure soil. I carry on Heaven's line, continue the great enterprise, observe antiquity, establish your state, enfeoff you in the east, embrace Gui and Meng, and make you a feudal shield for generations. Revere this charge of mine! Lu, once transformed, was fit for the Way; civilizing rule endures there. Its people's love of virtue is a lasting excellence. Hold your heart to ritual, pacify your officers and people, receive what is fitting—revere this charge, my prince!" In Jianxing 8 (230 CE) his title was changed to prince of Ganling. Liu Yong hated the eunuch Huang Hao. Once Huang Hao gained power he slandered Liu Yong to Liu Shan, who gradually kept him at arm's length until for more than ten years he could not attend court. In Xianxi 1 Liu Yong went east to Luoyang, became commandant of the imperial carriage, and received a village marquisate.
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劉理字奉孝，亦後主庶弟也，與永異母。 章武元年六月，使司徒靖立理為梁王，策曰：「小子理，朕統承漢序，祗順天命，遵脩典秩，建爾於東，為漢籓輔。 惟彼梁土，畿甸之邦，民狎教化，易導以禮。 往悉乃心，懷保黎庶，以永爾國，王其敬之哉！」 建興八年，改封理為安平王。 延熙七年卒，諡曰悼王。 子哀王胤嗣，十九年卒。 子殤王承嗣，二十年卒。 景耀四年詔曰：「安平王，先帝所命。 三世早夭，國嗣頹絕，朕用傷悼。 其以武邑侯輯襲王位。」 輯，理子也，咸熙元年，東遷洛陽，拜奉車都尉，封鄉侯。
Liu Li, styled Fengxiao, was another younger half-brother of Liu Shan, not born to the same mother as Liu Yong. In the sixth month of Zhangwu 1 Liu Bei ordered Xu Jing, minister of education, to enfeoff Liu Li as prince of Liang. The edict ran: “Young Liu Li, I carry on Han’s line, bow to heaven’s charge, and uphold the statutes; I therefore enfeoff you in the east as a feudal shield of the house of Han. Liang lies within the royal domain; its people are used to civilizing rule and readily led by ritual. Go with a whole heart, shelter the common folk, and so long preserve your state—revere this charge, my prince!” In Jianxing 8 his title was changed to prince of Anping. He died in Yanxi 7 and received the posthumous epithet Prince Dao (Lamented). His son Yin, prince Ai, succeeded and died in the nineteenth year. Cheng, prince Shang, followed and died in the twentieth year. Jingyao 4 brought an edict: “The prince of Anping was enfeoffed by the late sovereign. Three heirs in a row have perished young, leaving the fief without an heir, and We mourn that break. We therefore order Ji, marquis of Wuyi, to inherit the princedom.” Ji was Liu Li’s son. In Xianxi 1 he went east to Luoyang, became commandant of the imperial carriage, and received a village marquisate.
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後主太子璿
Liu Xuan, crown prince of Liu Shan
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後主太子璿，字文衡。 母王貴人，本敬哀張皇后侍人也。 延熙元年正月策曰：「在昔帝王，繼體立嗣，副貳國統，古今常道。 今以璿為皇太子，昭顯祖宗之威，命使行丞相事左將軍朗持節授印緩。 其勉脩茂質，祗恪道義，諮詢典禮，敬友師傅，斟酌眾善，翼成爾德，可不務脩以自勗哉！」 時年十五。 景耀六年冬，蜀亡。 咸熙元年正月，鍾會作亂於成都，璿為亂兵所害。 〈孫盛《蜀世譜》曰：璿弟，瑤、琮、瓚、諶、恂、璩六人。 蜀敗，諶自殺，餘皆內徙。 值永嘉大亂，子孫絕滅。 唯永孫玄奔蜀，李雄偽署安樂公以嗣禪後。 永和三年討李勢，盛參戎行，見玄於成都也。〉
Liu Xuan, styled Wenheng, was Liu Shan’s heir apparent. His mother was Lady Wang, once a maid to Empress Jing’ai of the Zhang clan. Yanxi 1 opened with an edict: “Since antiquity sovereigns have named heirs to carry on the flesh and serve as second to the throne— We therefore invest Liu Xuan as crown prince so the ancestors’ awe may shine abroad, and We dispatch Lang, left general acting as chancellor, with the imperial baton to present his seals and cords. Cultivate excellence in yourself, hold fast to duty and the moral law, study the rites, honor your teachers, sift good counsel from many voices, and so grow into virtue—how could you not strive to improve and press yourself forward?” He was fifteen sui at the time. In the winter of Jingyao 6 the state of Shu was extinguished. In the first month of Xianxi 1 Zhong Hui mutinied at Chengdu, and Liu Xuan was cut down by the riotous soldiery. 〈Sun Sheng’s Shu genealogy lists six younger brothers: Yao, Cong, Zan, Chen, Xun, and Qu. When Shu collapsed Chen took his own life; the others were deported to the interior. The Yongjia upheavals wiped out their posterity. Only Liu Yong’s grandson Liu Xuan escaped back into Shu, where Li Xiong named him duke of Anle in mock succession to Liu Shan. In Yonghe 3, during the expedition against Li Shi, Sun Sheng himself saw Liu Xuan in Chengdu.〉
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【評】
Commentary
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評曰：易稱有夫婦然後有父子，夫人倫之始，恩紀之隆，莫尚於此矣。 是故紀錄，以究一國之體焉。
The historian remarks: The Book of Changes places husband and wife before father and son; no bond in the human order runs deeper or begins earlier. They are set down in this chapter so the reader may grasp how one kingdom ordered its inner house.