1
黃權，字公衡，巴西閬中人也。 少為郡吏，州牧劉璋召為主簿。 時別駕張鬆建議，宜迎先主，使伐張魯。 權諫曰：「左將軍有驍名，今請到，欲以部曲遇之，則不滿其心，欲以賓客禮待，則一國不容二君。 若容有泰山之安，則主有累卵之危。 可但閉境，以待河清。」 璋不聽，竟遣使迎先生，出權為廣漢長，及先主襲取益州，將帥分下郡縣。 郡縣風景附，權閉城堅守，須劉璋稽服，乃詣降先主。 先主假權偏將軍。 〈徐眾評曰：權既忠諫於主，又閉城拒守，得事君之禮。 武王下車，封比干之墓，表商容之閭，所以大顯忠賢之士，而明示所貴之旨。 先主假權將軍，善矣，然猶薄少，未足彰忠義之高節，而大勸為善者之心。〉 及曹公破張魯，魯走入巴中，權進曰：「若失漢中，則三巴不振，此為割蜀之股臂也。」 於是先主以權為護軍，率諸將迎魯，魯已還南鄭，北降曹公。 然卒破杜濩、樸胡，殺夏候淵，據漢中，皆權本謀也。
Huang Quan, styled Gongheng, came from Langzhong in Ba-Xi Commandery. He began as a county clerk until Yi Province Governor Liu Zhang named him chief clerk. Zhang Song, Liu Zhang’s vice administrator, urged inviting Liu Bei west to attack Zhang Lu. Huang Quan objected: “The Left General is famous as a fighter. Treat him like a subordinate and he will resent it; treat him as an honored guest and two masters cannot share one realm. Your guest would stand firm as Taishan while you teeter like a stack of eggs. Better seal the passes and wait until the world settles.” Liu Zhang refused, sent envoys to welcome Liu Bei anyway, and sidelined Huang Quan as chief of Guanghan. When Liu Bei struck, generals spread through the province. County after county yielded; Huang Quan held his walls until Liu Zhang capitulated, then opened his gates to Liu Bei. Liu Bei named him acting lieutenant general. 〈Xu Zhong remarks that Huang Quan both warned his lord faithfully and held his city—proper conduct for a minister. King Wu honored Bi Gan’s tomb and Shang Rong’s lane to proclaim loyalty—the standard Liu Bei should emulate. Promoting him to general was decent but too modest to honor such steadfast loyalty or inspire others.〉 When Cao Cao drove Zhang Lu into Bazhong, Huang Quan urged: “Lose Hanzhong and the Three Ba collapse—you would sever Shu’s limbs.” Liu Bei made Huang Quan protector of the army and marched to intercept Zhang Lu, but Zhang Lu had already doubled back to Nan Zheng and surrendered to Cao Cao. Yet the victories over Du Hu and Pu Hu, the death of Xiahou Yuan, and the seizure of Hanzhong all stemmed from Huang Quan’s original plan.
2
先主為漢中王，猶領益州牧，以權為治中從事，及稱尊號，將東伐吳，權諫曰：「吳人悍戰，又水軍順流，進易退難，臣請為先驅以當寇，陛下宜為後鎮。」 先主不從，以權為鎮北將軍，督江北軍以防魏師。 先主自在江南。 及吳將軍陸議乘流斷圍，南軍敗績，先主引退。 而道隔絕，權不得還，故率將所領降於魏。 有司執法，白收權妻子。 先主曰：「孤負黃權，權不負孤也。」 待之如初。 臣松之以為漢武用虛罔之言，滅李陵之家，劉主拒憲司所執，宥黃權之室，二主得失縣邈遠矣。 詩云「樂只君子，保艾爾後」，其劉主之謂也。 魏文帝謂權曰：「君捨逆效順，欲追從陳、韓邪？」 權對曰：「臣過受劉主殊遇，降吳不可。 還蜀無路，是以歸命。 且敗軍之將，免死為幸，何古人之可慕也！」 文帝善之，拜為鎮南將軍，封育陽候，加侍中，使之陪乘。 蜀降人或云誅權妻子，權知其虛言，未便發喪，《漢魏春秋》曰：文帝詔令發喪，權答曰：「臣與劉、葛推誠相信，明臣本志。 疑惑未實，請須後問。」 後得審問，果如所言。 及先主薨問至，魏群臣咸賀而權獨否。 文帝察權有局量，欲試驚之，遣左右詔權，末至之間，累催相屬，馬使奔馳，交錯於道，官屬侍從莫不辟魄，而權舉止顏色自若。
When Liu Bei became king of Hanzhong while still governing Yi Province, he named Huang Quan director of the headquarters staff. As he prepared to march east against Wu after taking the imperial title, Huang Quan urged, "Wu fighters are fierce and the fleet has the current at its back—advance is easy, retreat hard. Let me lead the vanguard while Your Majesty holds the rear." Liu Bei refused and made him general who guards the north, commanding troops north of the Yangzi against Wei. Liu Bei himself remained south of the Yangzi. When Wu general Lu Yi used the current to sever the encirclement, the southern army was routed and Liu Bei pulled back. Cut off from retreat, Huang Quan led his command and surrendered to Wei. Officials invoked the law and urged seizing Huang Quan's family. Liu Bei said, "I failed Huang Quan; Huang Quan did not fail me." His family was treated as before. Pei Songzhi remarks that Han Wudi believed slander and destroyed Li Ling's family, while Liu Bei rejected the prosecutors and spared Huang Quan's household—a vast gulf between the two rulers. The Odes say, "Happy is the noble lord who shelters your heirs"—that fits Liu Bei. Emperor Wen of Wei asked Huang Quan, "You abandoned rebellion for loyalty—do you mean to rival Chen Ping and Han Xin?" Huang Quan answered, "I owed Liu Bei extraordinary favor and could not submit to Wu. With no road back to Shu, I turned to Wei. A beaten general is lucky to live—what ancient hero should I emulate?" Cao Pi was pleased, named him general who guards the south, enfeoffed him as marquis of Yuyang, made him palace attendant, and had him ride in the imperial escort. Shu defectors claimed Huang Quan's family had been executed; he knew it was rumor and would not mourn. The Han-Wei chunqiu records that Cao Pi ordered mourning proclaimed. Huang Quan replied, "Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang know my heart and trust me. Until the facts are clear, I beg to wait for confirmation." Later inquiry proved the report false. When word of Liu Bei's death arrived, Wei ministers congratulated Cao Pi, but Huang Quan alone did not. Cao Pi saw Huang Quan's composure and tested him with repeated urgent summons, messengers galloping past one another until attendants trembled—yet Huang Quan's bearing never changed.
3
後領益州刺史，徙佔河南。 大將軍司馬宣王深器之，問權曰：「蜀中有卿輩幾人？」 權笑而答曰：「不圖明公見顧之重也！」 宣王與諸葛亮書曰：「黃公衡，快士也，每坐起歎述足下，不去口實。」 景初三年，蜀延熙二年，權遷車騎將軍、儀同三司。 〈《蜀記》曰：魏明帝問權：「天下鼎立，當以何地為正？」 權對曰：「當以天文為正。 往者熒惑守心而文皇帝崩，吳、蜀二主平安，此其徵也。」〉 明年卒，謚曰景侯。 子邕嗣、邕無子，絕。 權留蜀子祟，為尚書郎，隨衛將軍諸葛瞻拒鄧艾。 到涪縣，瞻盤桓未近，祟屢勸瞻宜速行據險，無令敵得入平地。 瞻猶與未納，祟至於流涕。 會艾長驅而前，瞻卻戰綿竹，祟帥厲軍士，期於必死，臨陣見殺。
He later held titular rank as Yi inspector after submitting to Wei and living south of the Yellow River. Grand General Sima Yi thought highly of him and asked, “How many men like you remain in Shu?” Huang Quan smiled and said, “I hardly expected such attention from you.” Sima Yi wrote Zhuge Liang: “Huang Gongheng is a blunt-spoken man who speaks of you whenever he rises or sits.” In 239 Wei’s third year of Jingchu and Shu’s second year of Yanxi he became general of chariots and cavalry with Three Excellencies protocol. 〈The Shu ji records Emperor Ming asking him which regime heaven favored among the three rivals.” Huang Quan answered: “Heaven’s omens decide legitimacy. When Mars stalled in the Heart lodger and Wei’s Emperor Wen died, the rulers of Wu and Shu were untouched—that is the proof.”〉” He died the following year with the posthumous title Marquis Jing. His son Huang Yong inherited but died without heirs, so the marquisate lapsed. Huang Quan’s son Huang Chong stayed in Shu as a masters-of-writing gentleman and followed Guardian General Zhuge Zhan against Deng Ai. At Fuxian Zhuge Zhan hesitated; Huang Chong urged him repeatedly to seize the passes before Deng Ai reached the plain. Zhuge Zhan still delayed until Huang Chong wept with frustration. Deng Ai swept forward; Zhuge Zhan fell back to Mianzhu. Huang Chong rallied the troops for a fight to the death and died in the front rank.
4
李恢字德昂，建寧俞元人也，仕郡督郵，姑夫爨習為建伶令，有違犯之事，恢坐習免官。 太守董和以習方土大姓，寢而不許。 《華陽國志》曰：習後官至領軍。 後貢恢於州，涉道末至，聞先主自葭萌還攻劉璋。 恢知璋之必敗，先主必成也，乃託名郡使，北詣先主，遇於綿竹。 先主嘉之，從至洛城，遣恢至漢中交好馬超，超遂從命。 成都既定，先主領益州牧，以恢為功曹書佐、主簿。 後為亡虜所誣，引恢謀反，有司執送。 先主明其不然，更遷恢為別駕從事。 章武元年，庲降都督鄧方卒，先主問恢：「誰可代者？」 恢對曰：「人之才能，各有長短，故孔子曰『其使人也器之』。 且夫明主在上，則臣下盡情，是以先零之役，趙充國曰『莫若老臣』。 臣竊不自量，惟陛下察之。」 先主笑曰：「孤之本意，亦已在卿矣！」 遂以恢為庲降都督，使持節領交州刺史，住平夷縣。 臣松之訊之蜀人，云庲降地名，去蜀二千餘里，時未有寧州，號為南中，立此職以總攝之。 晉泰始中，始分為寧州。
Li Hui, styled De'ang, came from Yuyuan in Jianning Commandery. He served as the commandery postal inspector. His uncle by marriage Cuan Xi was magistrate of Jianling; when Xi committed offenses, Hui was dismissed from office on account of Xi. Administrator Dong He, considering Xi a leading local clan, set the matter aside and refused to approve it. The Huayang guo zhi notes that Xi later rose to leader of the army. The commandery later recommended Hui to the provincial government. While still on the road he learned that Liu Bei had marched back from Jiameng to attack Liu Zhang. Seeing that Liu Zhang was doomed and Liu Bei would prevail, Hui posed as a commandery envoy, went north to meet Liu Bei, and encountered him at Mianzhu. Liu Bei was pleased and took him along to Luocheng, then sent him to Hanzhong to win over Ma Chao, who thereupon submitted. After Chengdu fell Liu Bei became governor of Yi Province and named Hui recorder-clerk and chief registrar. Later defeated enemies accused him of plotting rebellion; officials arrested him and sent him up for trial. Liu Bei knew the charge was false and reassigned him as vice administrator attendant. In Zhangwu 1, Laixiang area commander Deng Fang died. Liu Bei asked Li Hui, "Who should succeed him?" Li Hui answered, "Every man has his strengths and limits, as Confucius said: 'He employs men according to their capacities.'" When the ruler is wise, ministers serve wholeheartedly—at the Xianling campaign Zhao Chongguo said, "None is better than this old minister." I hardly dare measure myself against the task; may Your Majesty judge." Liu Bei laughed and said, "You were already in my mind!" He then made Li Hui area commander at Laixiang with credential insignia and concurrent rank as inspector of Jiao Province, stationed at Pingyi County. Pei Songzhi asked Shu natives and learned that Laixiang was a place name more than two thousand li from Shu; Ning Province did not yet exist—the region was called the Southern Center—and this post was created to govern it. Under Jin’s Taishi reign it was first carved out as Ning Province.
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先主薨，高定恣睢於越巂，雍闓跋扈於建寧，朱褒反叛於牂牁。 丞相亮南征，先由越俊，而恢案道向建寧。 諸縣大相糾合，圍恢軍於昆明。 時恢眾少敵倍，又未得亮聲息，繪謂南人曰：「官軍糧盡，欲規退還，吾中間久斥鄉里，乃今得旋，不能復北，欲還與汝等同計謀，故以誠相告。」 南人信之，故圍守怠緩。 於是恢出擊，大破之，追奔逐北，南至槃江，東接牂牁，與亮聲勢相連。
After Liu Bei’s death Gao Ding rampaged in Yuexi, Yong Kai bullied Jianning, and Zhu Bao rose in Zangke. Zhuge Liang marched south through Yuexi while Li Hui drove toward Jianning. County forces united and trapped Li Hui’s army at Kunming. Outnumbered and out of contact with Zhuge Liang, Li Hui lied to the rebels that Shu’s supplies were gone and he meant to defect south rather than march north again.” They believed him and loosened the siege. Li Hui broke out, routed them, drove the fugitives south to the Pan River and east toward Zangke, and linked up with Zhuge Liang.
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南土平定，恢軍功居多。 封漢興亭侯，加安漢將軍。 後軍還，南夷復叛，殺害守將。 恢身往撲討，鋤盡惡類，徙其豪帥於成都，賦出叟、濮耕牛戰馬金銀犀革，充繼軍資，於時費用不乏。 建興七年，以交州屬吳，解恢刺史。 更領建寧太守，以還居本郡。 徙居漢中，九年卒。 子遺嗣，恢弟子球，羽林右部督，隨諸葛瞻拒鄧艾，臨陣授命，死於綿竹。
When the south was pacified, Li Hui’s deeds ranked first. He was made village marquis of Hanxing and promoted general who pacifies Han. After the army withdrew the tribes rebelled again and slew the garrison commanders. Li Hui led the punitive expedition himself, uprooted the ringleaders, deported chieftains to Chengdu, and levied cattle, horses, precious metals, and hides from the Sou and Pu until the treasury stayed full. In 229, after Shu ceded Jiao Province to Wu, Li Hui was stripped of his inspector’s commission. He was reassigned as Jianning administrator and returned to his home commandery. He moved to Hanzhong and died in 231. His son Li Yi inherited the title; his cousin Li Qiu, colonel of the right wing of the imperial guard, followed Zhuge Zhan against Deng Ai and died fighting at Mianzhu.
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呂凱字季平，永昌不韋人也，孫盛《蜀世譜》曰：初，秦徙呂不韋子弟宗族於蜀漢。 漢武帝時，開西南夷，置郡縣，徙呂氏以充之，因曰不韋縣。 仕郡五官掾、功曹。 時雍闓等聞先主薨於永安，驕黠滋甚。 都護李嚴與闓書六紙，解喻利害，闓但答一紙曰：「蓋聞天無二日，土無二王，今天下鼎立，正朔有三，是以遠人惶惑，不知所歸也。」 其桀慢如此。 闓又降於吳，吳遙署凱為永昌太守。 永昌既在益州郡之西，道路壅塞，與蜀隔絕，而郡太守改易。 凱與府丞蜀郡王伉帥厲吏民，閉境拒闓。 闓數移檄永昌，稱說云云。
Lü Kai, styled Jiping, came from Buwei in Yongchang Commandery. Sun Sheng's Shu shifu records that Qin first relocated Lü Buwei's kin to Shu-Han. Under Emperor Wu of Han, when the southwest was opened and counties were established, the Lü clan was settled there and the county took the name Buwei. He served as the commandery's five-offices clerk and merit clerk. When Yong Kai and his allies learned that Liu Bei had died at Yong'an, they grew bolder and more insolent. Chief Controller Li Yan sent Yong Kai six letters explaining the stakes; Kai answered with one: "Heaven has but one sun and earth but one king. With three rival calendars abroad, frontier folk are lost and do not know whom to follow." Such was his arrogance. Yong Kai then submitted to Wu, which at a distance named Lü Kai administrator of Yongchang. Yongchang lay west of Yi Province; roads were blocked and Shu was cut off, while the commandery magistrate had been replaced. Lü Kai and assistant administrator Wang Kang of Shu Commandery rallied officials and people, sealed the borders, and refused Yong Kai. Yong Kai sent manifesto after manifesto to Yongchang full of grand claims.
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凱答檄曰：天降喪亂，奸雄乘釁，天下切齒，萬國悲悼，臣妾大小，莫不思竭筋力，肝腦塗地，以除國難。 伏惟將軍世受漢思，以為當躬聚黨眾，率先啟行，上以報國家，下不負先人，書功竹帛，遺名千載。 何期臣僕吳越，背本就末乎？ 昔舜勤民事，隕於蒼梧，書籍嘉之，流聲無窮。 崩於江浦，何足可悲！ 文、武受命，成王乃平。 先帝龍興，海內望風，宰臣聰睿，自天降康。 而將軍不睹盛衰之紀，成敗之符。 譬如野火在原，蹈覆河冰，火滅水泮，將何所依附？ 囊者將軍先君雍候，造怨而封，竇融知興，歸志世祖，皆流名後葉，世歌其美。 今諸葛丞相英才挺出，深睹未萌，受遺託孤，翊贊季興，與眾無忌，錄功忘瑕。 將軍若能翻然改圖，易跡更步，古人不難追，鄙土何足宰哉！ 蓋聞楚國不恭，齊桓是責，夫差僭號，晉人不長。 況臣與非主，誰肯歸之邪？ 竊惟古義，臣無越境之交，是以前後有來無往。 重承告示，發憤忘食，故略陳所懷，惟將軍察焉。
Lü Kai answered the manifesto: "Heaven has sent calamity; usurpers exploit every crack; all under heaven grit their teeth in grief. Every subject longs to spend sinew and blood to lift the nation's woes." Your house has fed on Han favor for generations—you should rally loyal hosts, march in the van, repay the dynasty above and honor your ancestors below, and win a place in the histories. Who imagined you would kneel to Wu and Yue and forsake the trunk for the twig? Shun died on campaign at Cangwu serving the people—the classics praise him still. What shame is there if he fell by the river? Wen and Wu took heaven’s mandate before King Cheng finished the work. Our late emperor rose like a dragon; the realm turned to him; wise ministers brought heaven’s blessing. Yet you ignore how fortunes rise and fall. You stride cracked river ice while wildfire races the plain—when both melt away, where will you stand? Your father the Yong marquis kept his fief despite old grudges; Dou Rong read the signs and joined Guangwu—posterity still sings their wisdom. Chancellor Zhuge’s genius reads trouble before it blooms; he accepted the late emperor’s orphan and aids our restoration; he weighs merit above old slights. Turn your coat now, change course—you may yet rival the ancients; this frontier cannot hold you back! When Chu slighted ritual, Duke Huan of Qi chastised them; when King Fuchai seized the kingly title, Jin did not survive. Who follows a pretender willingly? Classical propriety forbids ministers from dealing across borders—hence your letters arrived unanswered. Your renewed summons stirred me past meals; I sketch my thoughts here for your judgment.
9
凱威恩內著，為郡中所信，故能全其節。
Lü Kai’s authority won the commandery’s trust, so he kept his honor intact.
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及丞相亮南征討闓，既發在道，而闓已為高定部曲所殺。 亮至南，上表曰：「永昌郡吏呂凱、府丞王伉等，執忠絕域，十有餘年，雍闓、高定逼其東北，而凱等守義不與交通。 臣不意永昌風俗敦直乃爾！」 以凱為雲南太守，封陽遷亭侯，會為叛夷所害，子祥嗣。 而王伉亦封亭侯，為永昌太守。 〈《蜀世譜》曰：呂祥後為晉南夷校尉，祥子及孫世為永昌太守。 李雄破寧州，諸呂不肯附，舉郡固守。 王伉等亦守正節。〉
Zhuge Liang had already marched south against Yong Kai when Gao Ding’s men killed Yong Kai first. At his arrival Zhuge Liang memorialized: “Clerk Lü Kai and assistant Wang Kang of Yongchang held loyalty in a besieged corner for ten years while Yong Kai and Gao Ding pressed them from the northeast. I never dreamed Yongchang’s people were so staunch!” Lü Kai became Yunnan administrator and village marquis of Yangqian but soon fell to rebel tribes; his son Lü Xiang inherited the title. Wang Kang too was made a village marquis and Yongchang administrator. 〈The Shu shifu notes that Lü Xiang later served Jin as colonel of the southern tribes and that his descendants held Yongchang for generations. When Li Xiong took Ningzhou the Lü clan refused him and held Yongchang for the Jin court. Wang Kang and his peers kept the same steadfast loyalty.〉
11
馬忠字德信，巴西閬中人也。 少養外家，姓狐，名篤，後乃復姓，改名忠。 為郡吏，建安末舉孝廉，除漢昌長。 先主東征，敗績猇亭，巴西太守閻芝發諸縣兵五千人以補遣闕，遣忠送往。 先主已還永安，見忠與語，謂尚書令劉巴曰：「雖亡黃權，復得狐篤，此為世不乏賢也。」 建興元年223年，丞相亮開府，以忠為下督。 三年，亮入南，拜忠牂牁太守。 郡丞朱褒反。 叛亂之後，忠撫育卹理，甚有威惠。 八年，召為丞相參軍，副長史蔣琬署留府事。 又領州治中從事。 明年，亮出祁山，忠詣亮所，經營戌事。 軍還，督將軍張嶷等討汶山郡叛羌。 十一年，南夷豪帥劉冑反，擾亂諸郡。 徵庲降都督張冀還，以忠代冀。 忠遂斬冑，平南土。 加忠監軍、奮威將軍，封博陽亭侯。 初，建寧郡殺太守正昂，縛太守張裔於吳，故都督常駐平夷縣。 至忠，乃移治味縣，處民夷之間。 又越嶲郡亦久失土地，忠率將太守張嶷開复舊郡，由此就加安南將軍，進封彭鄉亭侯。 延熙五年還朝，因至漢中，見大司馬蔣琬，宣傳詔旨，加拜鎮南大將軍。 七年春，大將軍費韋北禦魏敵，留忠成都，平尚書事。 禕還，忠乃歸南。 十二年卒，子脩嗣。 脩弟恢。 恢子義，晉建寧太守。 忠為人寬濟有度量，但恢啁大笑，忿怒不形於色。 然處事能斷，威思並立，是以蠻夷畏而愛之。 及卒，莫不自致喪庭，流涕盡哀，為之立廟祀，迄今猶在。 張表，時名士，清望逾忠。 閻宇宿有功幹，於事精勤。 繼踵在忠後，其威風稱績，皆不及忠。 《益部耆舊傳》曰：張表，肅子也。 《華陽國志》云：表，張松子，未詳。 閻宇字文平，南郡人也。
Ma Zhong, styled Dexin, came from Langzhong in Ba-Xi Commandery. Raised in his mother's Hu clan under the name Du, he later resumed the surname Ma and took the name Zhong. He served as a commandery clerk and, at the end of Jian'an, was recommended as filial and incorrupt and made chief of Hanchang. After Liu Bei's defeat at Xiaoting, Ba-Xi administrator Yan Zhi raised five thousand county troops to fill the army's losses and sent Ma Zhong with them. Liu Bei had already returned to Yong'an. After meeting Ma Zhong he told Masters-of-Writing Director Liu Ba, "Though I lost Huang Quan, I have gained Hu Du—the world never lacks talent." In Jianxing 1 Zhuge Liang opened his chancellor's bureau and named Ma Zhong lower supervisor. In Jianxing 3, when Zhuge Liang marched south, he made Ma Zhong administrator of Zangke. Assistant administrator Zhu Bao rebelled. After the rebellion Ma Zhong nursed the people back to order with both sternness and kindness. In Jianxing 8 he was recalled as the chancellor's army adviser, assisting chief clerk Jiang Wan in running the rear headquarters. He also served concurrently as director of the provincial headquarters staff. The next year, when Zhuge Liang marched to Qishan, Ma Zhong joined his headquarters to manage garrison affairs. After the campaign he directed Zhang Ni and others against rebel Qiang in Wenshan Commandery. In Jianxing 11 the southern chieftain Liu Zhou rebelled and threw several commanderies into turmoil. Laixiang area commander Zhang Ji was recalled and Ma Zhong replaced him. Ma Zhong beheaded Liu Zhou and pacified the south. He was promoted to army supervisor and general who displays might and enfeoffed as village marquis of Boyang. Earlier Jianning had killed Administrator Zheng Ang and sent Administrator Zhang Yi bound to Wu, so area commanders had long been stationed at Pingyi County. Under Ma Zhong the seat moved to Wei County, among Han and tribal settlements. He also led Zhang Ni to recover long-lost Yuexi territory and was promoted to general who pacifies the south and advanced to village marquis of Pengxiang. In Yanxi 5 he returned to court, stopped at Hanzhong to see Grand Marshal Jiang Wan, delivered the imperial edict, and was promoted to grand general who guards the south. In the spring of Yanxi 7 Grand General Fei Yi marched north against Wei and left Ma Zhong at Chengdu to balance masters-of-writing affairs. When Fei Yi returned, Ma Zhong went back south. He died in Jianxing 12; his son Ma Xiu inherited the title. Ma Xiu's younger brother was Hui. Hui's son Yi served Jin as administrator of Jianning. Ma Zhong was generous and broad-minded, laughed loudly when pleased, and never let anger show. Yet he decided firmly, pairing authority with kindness, so the tribes both feared and loved him. At his death tribesmen came in person to mourn, weeping fully, and built shrines to him that still stand. Zhang Biao was a celebrated gentleman whose repute outshone Ma Zhong's. Yan Yu had long shown ability and handled affairs with care. Successors who followed Ma Zhong never matched his authority or record. The Yibu tradition says Zhang Biao was Su's son. The Huayang guo zhi calls him Zhang Songzi, which is uncertain. Yan Yu, styled Wenping, came from Nan Commandery.
12
王平字子均，巴西宕渠人也。 本養外家何氏。 後復姓王。 隨杜濩、樸胡詣洛陽，假校尉，從曹公征漢中，因降先主，拜牙門將、裨將軍。 建興六年，屬參軍馬謖先鋒。 謖捨水上山，舉措煩擾，平連規諫謖，謖不能用，大敗於街亭。 眾盡星散，惟平所領千人鳴鼓自持，魏將張郃疑其伏兵，不往逼也。 於是平徐徐收合諸營遺迸，率將士而還。 丞相亮既誅馬謖及將軍張休、李盛，奪將軍黃襲等兵。 平特見崇顯，加拜參軍，統五部兼當營事，進位討寇將軍，封亭侯。 九年，亮圍祁山，平別守南圍。 魏大將軍司馬宣王攻亮，張郃攻平，平堅守不動，郃不能克。
Wang Ping, styled Zijun, came from Dangqu in Ba-Xi. He had been raised under the He surname on his mother’s side. He later resumed the surname Wang. He went to Luoyang with Du Hu and Pu Hu as acting colonel, followed Cao Cao into Hanzhong, then defected to Liu Bei and became colonel of the standard and supporting general. In 228 he served under army adviser Ma Su as vanguard. Ma Su forsook the river for the heights and bungled deployment; Wang Ping argued repeatedly but was ignored, and they were routed at Jieting. The army fled in panic while Wang Ping’s thousand men beat drums and held line until Zhang He feared an ambush and halted. Wang Ping slowly regrouped the broken camps and marched the survivors home. Zhuge Liang executed Ma Su, Zhang Xiu, and Li Sheng and cashiered Huang Xi’s command. Wang Ping alone was rewarded with army adviser rank, command of five tribal divisions, camp duties, promotion to general who punishes rebels, and a village marquisate. In 231, during the Qishan siege, Wang Ping held the southern perimeter. While Sima Yi struck Zhuge Liang, Zhang He assaulted Wang Ping’s sector but could not break his defense.
13
十二年，亮卒於武功，軍退還，魏延作亂，一戰而敗，平之功也。 遷後典軍、安漢將軍，副車騎將軍吳壹住漢中，又領軍漢中太守。 十五年，進封安漢侯，代壹督漢中。 延熙元年，大將軍蔣琬住沔陽，平更為前護軍，署琬府事。 六年，琬還住涪，拜平前監軍、鎮北大將軍，統漢中。
When Zhuge Liang died at Wugong in 234 and Wei Yan mutinied on the retreat, Wang Ping crushed the revolt in a single clash. He rose to rear army supervisor and general who pacifies Han, second to Wu Yi’s chariots and cavalry command in Hanzhong, and served concurrently as Hanzhong administrator. In 237 he became marquis who pacifies Han and succeeded Wu Yi as Hanzhong commander. In 238, while Grand General Jiang Wan camped at Mianyang, Wang Ping became forward protector of the army and ran Jiang Wan’s headquarters. In 243, after Jiang Wan moved to Fu, Wang Ping became forward inspector and grand general who guards the north with overall authority in Hanzhong.
14
七年春，魏大將軍曹爽率步騎十餘萬向漢川，前鋒已在駱谷。 時漢中守兵不滿三萬，諸將大驚。 或曰：「今力不足以拒敵，聽當固守漢、樂二城，遇賊令入，比爾間，涪軍足得救關。」 平曰：「不然。 漢中去涪垂千里。 賊若得關，便為禍也。 今宜先遣劉護軍、杜參軍據興勢，平為後拒。 若賊分向黃金，平率千人下自臨之，比爾間，涪軍行至，此計之上也。」 惟護軍劉敏與平意同，即便施行。 涪諸軍及費禕自成都相繼而至，魏軍退還，如平本策。 是時，鄧芝在東，馬忠在南，平在北境，咸著名跡。
In the spring of 244 Cao Shuang marched well over a hundred thousand troops toward Hanzhong with his van already through Lu Valley. Fewer than thirty thousand men held Hanzhong, and the generals panicked. Some urged abandoning the field for Han and Le cities—let Wei through while reinforcements from Fu march up to rescue the passes.” Wang Ping disagreed: “No. Hanzhong lies almost a thousand li from Fu. If they seize the passes disaster follows. Send Protector Liu Min and adviser Du Qi to hold Xingshi while I cover the rear. If they probe Huangjin I will take a thousand men downhill to pin them until the Fu relief arrives—the best plan.” Only Protector Liu Min agreed; they acted at once. Fu’s columns and Fei Yi from Chengdu arrived in succession and Wei withdrew exactly as Wang Ping predicted. Deng Zhi held the east, Ma Zhong the south, Wang Ping the north—each a name to reckon with.
15
平生長戎旅，手不能書，其所識不過十字，而口授作書，皆有意理。 使人讀《史》、《漢》諸紀傳，聽之，備知其大義，往往論說不失其指。 遵履法度，言不戲諺，從朝至夕，端坐徹日，懷無武將之體。 然性狹侵疑，為人自輕，以此為損焉。 十一年卒，子訓嗣。
Raised in camp, barely literate, he nonetheless dictated lucid correspondence. He listened to readers of the Shiji and Hanshu until he grasped their themes and argued them soundly. He kept regulations, avoided idle talk, and sat bolt upright from dawn to dusk—more clerk than bluff soldier. Petty, jealous, and self-deprecating, he diminished his own stature. He died in 248; his son Wang Xun inherited the title.
16
初，平同郡漢昌句 〈句古候反〉 忠勇寬厚，數有戰功，功名爵位亞平，官至左將軍，封宕渠侯。 〈《華陽國志》曰：後張翼、廖化並為大將軍，時人語曰：「前有王、句，後有張、廖。」〉
Wang Ping had a fellow townsman from Hanchang surnamed Gou— 〈Here the surname Gou is read like English "go" (the fanqie gloss gives an ancient hou reading), not like "jyu."〉 —named Gou Fu—who was loyal, brave, generous, and substantial, repeatedly won battle merit, stood second only to Wang Ping in achievement, fame, rank, and title, rose to Left General, and was enfeoffed Marquis of Dangqu. 〈Chang Qu notes that when Zhang Yi and Liao Hua became grand generals, folk rhymed: “Wang and Gou led the way; Zhang and Liao followed.”〉
17
張嶷字伯岐，巴郡南充國人也。 〈《益部耆舊傳》曰：嶷出自孤微，而少有通壯之節。〉 弱冠為縣功曹。 先主定蜀之際，山寇攻縣，縣長捐家逃亡，嶷冒白刃，攜負夫人，夫人得免。 由是顯名，州召為從事。 時郡內士人龔祿、姚冑位二千石，當世有聲名，皆與嶷友善。 建興五年，丞相亮北住漢中，廣漢綿竹山賊張慕等鈔盜軍資，劫略吏民，嶷以都尉將兵討之。 嶷度其鳥散，難以戰禽。 乃詐與和親，剋期置酒。 酒酣，嶷身率左右，因斬慕等五十餘級，渠帥悉珍。 尋其餘類，旬日清泰。 後得疾病困篤，家素貧匱。 廣漢太守蜀郡何祗，名為通厚，嶷宿與疏闊，乃自輿詣祗，託以治疾。 祗傾托醫療，數年除愈。 其黨道信義皆此類也。 拜為牙門將，屬馬忠，北討汶山叛羌，南平四郡蠻夷，輒有籌畫戰克之功。 〈《益部耆舊傳》曰：嶷受兵馬三百人，隨馬忠討叛羌。 嶷別督數營在先，至他裡。 邑所在高峻，嶷隨山立上四五里。 羌於要厄作石門，於門上施床，積石於其上，過者下石槌擊之，無不糜爛。 嶷度不可得攻，乃使譯告曉之曰：「汝汶山諸種反叛，傷害良善，天子命將討滅惡類。 汝等若稽顙過軍，資給糧費，福祿永隆，其報百倍。 若終不從，大兵致誅，雷擊電下，雖追悔之，亦無益也。」 耆帥得命，即出詣嶷，給糧過軍。 軍前討餘種，餘種聞他裡已下，悉恐怖失所，或迎軍出降，或奔竄山谷，放兵攻擊，軍以克捷。 後南夷劉冑又反，以馬忠為督庲降討冑，嶷复屬焉，戰鬥常冠軍首，遂斬冑。 平南事訖，牂牁興古獠種復反，忠令嶷領諸營往討，嶷內招降得二千人，悉傳詣漢中。〉
Zhang Ni, styled Boqi, came from Nanchong in Ba Commandery. 〈The Yibu tradition says he rose from poverty yet showed heroic fiber young.〉 At twenty he served as county merit officer. During Liu Bei's takeover bandits stormed the county; the magistrate fled, but Zhang Ni carried his wife through sword strokes to safety. His fame spread and the province named him attendant clerk. Local notables Gong Lu and Yao Zhou, senior officials of repute, befriended him. In 227 bandits led by Zhang Mu pillaged Mianzhu; Zhang Ni led out troops as commandant to suppress them. He judged they would melt away like a flock of birds if pursued piecemeal. So he feigned friendship and invited them to feast. When they were drunk he cut down Zhang Mu and fifty followers and destroyed their chiefs. Within ten days he had cleared the hills of the rest. A serious illness struck while his family remained destitute. He turned to Guanghan governor He Zhi—little known to him—for medical care. He Zhi nursed him back to health over several years. Such was his circle’s fidelity. As colonel under Ma Zhong he crushed Qiang rebels in Wenshan and tribal risings in four southern commanderies with repeated tactical successes. 〈The tradition adds he led three hundred men under Ma Zhong against rebel Qiang. He pushed several camps ahead to Tali. The stockade stood on sheer heights four or five li up the slope. They barred the defiles with stone gates and dropped rocks from overhead galleries. Seeing no assault path, he sent interpreters: "Your Wenshan tribes rebelled and harmed innocents; the court sends armies to destroy villains. Bow now, feed our troops, and heaven's rewards will multiply. Refuse and armies will strike like lightning—too late for regrets." The headmen accepted terms, brought provisions, and let the army through. Other bands collapsed when they heard Tali had fallen—some surrendered, others fled—and Ma Zhong's force swept through. When Liu Zhou rose again Ma Zhong led Jiangzhou troops with Zhang Ni in the van and took Liu Zhou's head. Afterward Lao rebels in Zangke and Xinggu challenged Ma Zhong; Zhang Ni enlisted two thousand surrendered warriors and sent them to Hanzhong.〉
18
十四年，武都氐王苻健請降，遣將軍張尉往迎，過期不到，大將軍蔣琬深以為念。 嶷平之曰：「苻健求附款至，必無他變。 素聞健弟狡黠，又夷狄不能同功，將有乖離，是以稽留耳。」 數日，問至，健弟果將四百戶就魏，獨健來從。 初，越巂郡自丞相亮討高定之後，叟夷數反，殺太守龔祿、焦璜，是後太守不敢之郡，只住安定縣，去郡八百餘里，其郡徒有名而已。 時論欲復舊郡，除嶷為越巂太守，嶷將所領往之郡，誘以恩情，蠻夷皆服，頗來降附。 北徼捉馬最驍勁，不承節度，嶷乃往討，生縛其帥魏狼。 又解縱告喻，使招懷餘類。 表拜狼為邑侯，種落三千餘戶皆安土供職。 諸種聞之，多漸降服。 嶷以功賜爵關內侯。
In 246 Di chieftain Fu Jian offered submission; Zhang Wei failed to fetch him on time, alarming Jiang Wan. Zhang Ni calmed him: "Fu Jian's pledge rings true—nothing else is afoot. His crafty younger brother and tribal jealousy explain the delay." Days later word came: most kin defected to Wei while Fu Jian alone crossed over. After Zhuge Liang's southern sweep Yuexi churned with revolt; successive governors died until administration shrank to Anding, eight hundred li from the seat. Court debate restored Yuexi's capital under Zhang Ni; kindness brought tribes back to allegiance. The Zhuoma tribe northward refused orders until Zhang Ni seized chief Wei Lang alive. He freed Wei Lang to rally the rest peacefully. Wei Lang became village marquis; three thousand households farmed and paid tribute. Word spread and other bands yielded. Zhang Ni earned marquis-within-the-passes rank.
19
蘇祁邑君冬逢、逢弟魄渠等，已降復反。 嶷誅逢。 逢妻，旄牛王女，嶷以計原之。 而渠逃入西徼。 渠剛猛捷悍，為諸種深所畏憚，遣所親二人詐降嶷，實取消息。 嶷覺之，許以重賞，使為反間，二人遂合謀殺渠。 渠死，諸種皆安。 又斯都耆帥李求承昔手殺龔祿，嶷求募捕得，數其宿惡而誅之。 始嶷以郡郛宇頹壞，更築小塢。 在官三年，徙還故郡，繕治城郭，夷種男女莫不致力。
Suqi headmen Dong Feng and Po Qu rebelled after submitting. Zhang Ni executed Dong Feng. He spared Feng's wife, a Maoniu princess, by design. Po Qu fled westward into the frontier. Po Qu terrified every tribe; two agents feigned defection to spy on Zhang Ni. Zhang Ni bought them as double agents who murdered Po Qu. His death restored calm. He hunted down Sidu chief Li Qiucheng for Gong Lu's murder and executed him after listing crimes. Finding the county walls ruinous he first threw up a small fortress. Three years later he returned to the old capital and rebuilt it with tribal labor.
20
定莋、台登、卑水三縣去郡三百餘里，舊出鹽鐵及漆，而夷徼久自固食。 嶷率所領奪取，署長吏焉。 嶷之到定莋，定莋率豪狼岑，盤木王舅，甚為蠻夷所信任，忿嶷自侵，不自來詣。 嶷使壯士數十直往收致，撻而殺之，持屍還種，厚加賞賜。 喻以狼岑之惡，且曰：「無得妄動，動即殄矣！」 種類咸面縛謝過。 嶷殺午饗宴，重申恩信。 遂獲鹽鐵，器用周贍。
Dingzuo, Taideng, and Beishui—salt, iron, and lacquer heartlands three hundred li out—had been hoarded by frontier tribes. Zhang Ni seized the districts and installed magistrates. Chief Lang Cen, kin to the Panmu king, snubbed Zhang Ni's arrival. Zhang Ni arrested Lang Cen, executed him publicly, returned the body with gifts, and cowed the clan. He lectured them on Lang Cen's crimes: "Stay still or face extinction!" They came bound hand and foot to apologize. He hosted a midday feast to rebuild trust. Salt and iron flowed again and gear grew plentiful.
21
漢嘉郡界旄牛夷種類四千餘戶，其率狼路，欲為姑婿冬逢報怨。 遣叔父離將，逢眾相度形勢。 嶷逆遣親近繼牛酒勞賜，又令離姊逆逢妻宣暢意旨。 離既受賜，並見其姊，姊弟歡悅，悉率所領將詣嶷，嶷厚加賞待，遣還。 旄牛由是輒不為患。
Four thousand Maoniu households under Lang Lu meant to avenge Dong Feng. Lang Lu sent Uncle Li with Dong Feng's men to scout. Zhang Ni preempted him with cattle, wine, and Dong Feng's widow bearing terms. Li and his sister accepted; they brought their warriors to Zhang Ni, who feasted them and sent them home reconciled. Maoniu gave little trouble thereafter.
22
郡有舊道，經旄牛中至成都，既平且近。 自旄牛絕道，已百餘年，更由安上，既險且遠。 疑遣左右資貨幣賜路，重令路姑喻意，路乃率兄弟妻子悉詣疑，疑與盟誓，開通舊道，千里肅清，復古亭繹。 奏封路為旋牛毗王，遣使將路朝貢。 後主於是加疑撫戎將軍，領郡如故。 嶷初見費禕為大將軍，恣性泛愛，待信新附不過，嶷書戒之曰：「昔岑彭率師，來歙杖節，咸見害於刺客，今明將軍位尊權重，宜鑒前事，少以為警。」 後禕果為魏降人郭脩所害。
An ancient highway through Maoniu to Chengdu was straight and easy. A century of closure forced travelers onto the long Anshang detour. Zhang Ni sent gifts and kinswomen to Lang Lu until the chief brought his whole household to swear alliance; the old road reopened with stations restored. He memorialized Lang Lu as Maoniu king with the Pi title and brought him to Chengdu to present tribute. Liu Shan then named Zhang Ni general who pacifies the Rong while he kept Yuexi. Seeing Fei Yi court danger by trusting every newcomer, Zhang Ni cited Cen Peng and Lai Xi: "Great power invites blades—stay wary." Fei Yi was later killed by the Wei defector Guo Xiu.
23
吳太傅諸葛恪以初破魏軍，大興兵眾以圖攻取。 侍中諸葛瞻，丞相亮之子，恪從弟也。 嶷與書曰：
After beating Wei, Wu's Zhuge Ke mobilized massively for new conquests. Palace attendant Zhuge Zhan—Zhuge Liang's son—was Zhuge Ke's cousin. Zhang Ni wrote Zhuge Zhan:
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東主初崩，帝實幼弱，太傅受寄託之重，亦何容易！ 親以周公之才，猶有管、蔡流言之變，霍光受任，亦有燕、蓋、上官逆亂之謀，賴成、昭之明，以免斯難耳。 昔每聞東主殺生賞罰，不任下人，又今以垂沒之命，卒召太傅，屬以後事，誠實可慮。 加吳、楚剽急，乃昔所記，而太傅離少主，履敵庭，恐非良計長算之術也。 雖云東家綱紀肅然，上下輯睦，百有一失，非明者之慮邪？ 取古則今，今則古也，自非郎君進忠言於太傅，誰復有盡言者也！ 旋軍廣農，務行德惠，數年之中，東西並舉，實為不晚，願深採察。
Sun Liang is a boy and Zhuge Ke shoulders regency—no light burden. The Duke of Zhou faced Guan-Cai slander; Huo Guang survived Yan and Shangguan plots—only sage young rulers saved them. Sun Quan micromanaged justice to the end; handing regency from a deathbed is doubly tense. Wu temper is famously rash; leaving the boy emperor for Wei battlefields seems unsound. Even orderly Wu can err once in a hundred tries—should not the wise hedge? History mirrors the present—only you can speak plainly to your cousin. Disband hosts, farm, build virtue—strike later when odds improve.
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恪竟以此夷族。 嶷識見多如是類。
Zhuge Ke ignored him and died with his whole lineage. Zhang Ni read men and moments often thus.
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在郡十五年，邦域安穆。 屢乞求還，乃徵詣成都。 夷民戀慕，扶轂泣涕，過旄牛邑，邑君襁負來迎，及追尋至蜀郡界，其督相率隨嶷朝貢者百餘人。 嶷至，拜蕩寇將軍，慷慨壯烈，士人咸多貴之。 然放蕩少禮，人亦以此譏焉， 〈《益部耆舊傳》曰：時車騎將軍夏侯霸謂嶷曰：「雖與足下疏闊，然託心如舊，宜明此意。」 嶷答曰：「僕未知子，子未知我，大道在彼，何云託心乎！ 原三年之後徐陳斯言。」 有識之士以為美談。〉 是歲延熙十七年也。 魏狄道長李簡密書請降，衛將軍姜維率嶷等因簡之資以出隴西。 〈《益部耆舊傳》曰：嶷風濕固疾，至都浸篤，扶杖然後能起。 李簡請降，眾議狐疑，而嶷曰必然。 姜維之出，時論以嶷初還，股疾不能在行中，由是嶷自乞肆力中原，致身敵庭。 臨發，辭後主曰：「臣當值聖明，受恩過量，加以疾病在身，常恐一朝隕沒，辜負榮遇。 天不違原，得豫戎事。 若涼州克定，臣為籓表守將； 若有未捷，殺身以報。」 後主慨然為之流涕。〉 既到狄道，簡悉率城中吏民出迎軍。 軍前與魏將徐質交鋒，嶷臨陣隕身，然其所殺傷亦過倍。 既亡，封長子瑛西鄉侯，次子護雄襲爵。 南土越崔巂民夷聞嶷死，無不悲泣，為嶷立廟，四時水旱輒祀之。 〈《益部耆舊傳》曰：余觀張嶷儀貌辭令，不能駭人，而其策略足以入算，果烈足以立威，為臣有忠誠之節，處類有亮直之風，而動必顧典，後主深崇之。 雖古之英士，何以遠逾哉！ 《蜀世譜》曰：嶷孫奕，晉梁州刺史。〉
Fifteen quiet years in Yuexi. He begged recall until Chengdu summoned him. Tribes clung to his wheels, infants met him at Maoniu, and a hundred chiefs escorted him toward Chengdu. Chengdu named him general who sweeps away bandits; literati admired his fire. His blunt manners drew ridicule. 〈The Traditions of Former Worthies of Yibu states: At that time General of Chariots and Cavalry Xiahou Ba said to Zhang Ni, "Although you and I have had little contact, I entrust my heart to you as if we were old friends. You should understand this intention clearly." Zhang Ni answered coldly: "We hardly know each other—talk of hearts is premature. Let three years pass before such intimacy." Thoughtful men praised the exchange.〉 It was 254. Didao magistrate Li Jian plotted defection; Jiang Wei exploited it to march into Longxi with Zhang Ni. 〈Chronic rheumatism crippled him in Chengdu. Court skeptics doubted Li Jian; Zhang Ni insisted it was genuine. Though ill from travel he volunteered for Jiang Wei's western thrust anyway. Before marching he told Liu Shan: “I have enjoyed imperial favor beyond merit and bear a sickly frame—I dread dying overnight and failing your trust. Heaven granted my wish to join the campaign. If we secure Liangzhou I will hold the frontier for you; if not, I give my life in repayment.” Liu Shan wept at his words.〉 At Didao, Li Jian brought the whole town out to greet Jiang Wei’s host. He fought Xu Zhi at the front and died in action after inflicting more than twice his own losses. Posthumously his eldest son Zhang Ying became marquis of Xixiang and his second son Zhang Huguo inherited the title. Southern Han and Yi of Yuexi wept at Zhang Ni’s death, built him shrines, and prayed there whenever drought or flood struck. 〈The Yibu tradition says Zhang Ni looked unremarkable yet planned brilliantly, fought fiercely, served with steadfast loyalty, stood candid among colleagues, and weighed every act against precedent—so Liu Shan revered him deeply. Ancient heroes would scarcely surpass him! The Shu shifu adds that Zhang Ni’s grandson Zhang Yi became Jin’s inspector of Liangzhou.〉
27
【評價】
【Closing appraisal】
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評曰：黃權弘雅思量，李恢公亮志業，呂凱守節不回，馬忠擾而能毅， 〈《尚書》曰：擾而毅。 鄭玄注曰：擾，馴也。 致果曰毅。〉 王平忠勇而嚴整，張嶷識斷明果，咸以所長，顯名發跡，遇其時也。
Chen Shou judged Huang Quan broad-minded, Li Hui steadfastly honest, Lü Kai incorruptible, Ma Zhong supple yet firm, 〈The Shangshu line runs “pliant yet resolute.” Zheng Xuan glosses rao as “trainable” or “pliant.” Decisive valor is what yi names.〉 Wang Ping paired loyalty with discipline; Zhang Ni paired insight with bold action—each rose because the age demanded his gifts.