1
孫權,字仲謀。 兄策既定諸郡,時權年十五,以為陽羨長。 〈江表传曰:坚为下邳丞时,权生,方颐大口,目有精光,坚异之,以为有贵象。 及坚亡,策起事江东,权常随从。 性度弘朗,仁而多断,好侠养士,始有知名,侔於父兄矣。 每参同计谋,策甚奇之,自以为不及也。 每请会宾客,常顾权曰:「此诸君,汝之将也。」〉 郡察孝廉,州舉茂才,行奉義校尉。 漢以策遠修職貢,遣使者劉琬加錫命。 琬語人曰:"吾觀孫氏兄弟雖各才秀明達,然皆祿祚不終。 惟中弟孝廉,形貌奇偉,骨體不恆,有大貴之表,年又最壽。 爾試識之。"
This is Sun Quan, whose courtesy name was Zhongmou. After his elder brother Sun Ce had brought the commanderies to heel, Sun Quan was only fifteen; he was named magistrate of Yangxian. 〈According to the Jiang Biao Zhuan, while Sun Jian served as assistant magistrate of Xiapi, Quan was born with a broad jaw and a wide mouth and eyes that shone with unusual fire; Jian was struck by the omen and took it as a sign of noble destiny. When Sun Jian died, Sun Ce began his enterprise in the lands east of the Yangzi, and Quan was always at his side. He was generous in temper and clear in judgment, kind-hearted but resolute when it mattered; he delighted in bold companions and in gathering talented men about him, and people first took note of him as a figure who could stand beside his father and brothers. Whenever he took part in counsel, Sun Ce was astonished by his insight and privately conceded that he could not match him. At feasts with his guests he would turn to Quan and say, "These men, my lord, are the generals you will one day lead."〉 The commandery put him forward as "Filially Pious and Incorrupt," the province nominated him as a "Flourishing Talent," and he held the acting post of Colonel Establishing Righteousness. The Han court, acknowledging that Sun Ce had long discharged his tribute and duties from a distance, sent the envoy Liu Wan to invest him with rank and honors. Liu Wan told people privately, "I have watched the Sun brothers: each is clever and capable, yet none of them, I think, is destined to die in his full measure of years and luck." Only the middle son, the one recommended as Filially Pious and Incorrupt, has a strange, imposing presence and bones not like other men; he carries the look of the greatest fortune and will outlive them all. Mark my words about him.
2
建安四年,從策征廬江太守劉勳。 勳破,進討黃祖於沙羨。 五年。 策薨,以事授權,權哭未及息。 策長史張昭謂權曰:"孝廉,此寧哭時邪?且周公立法而伯禽不師,非欲違父,時不得行也。 〈臣松之按《礼记》曾子问子夏曰:「三年之丧,金革之事无避也者,礼与? 初有司与?」 孔子曰:「吾闻诸老摐曰,昔者鲁公伯禽有为为之也。」 郑玄注曰:「周人卒哭而致事。 时有徐戎作难,伯禽卒哭而征之,急王事也。」 昭所云「伯禽不师」,盖谓此也。〉 況今奸宄競逐,豺狼滿道,乃欲哀親戚,顧禮制,是猶開門而揖盜,未可以為仁也。 "乃改易權服,扶令上馬,使出巡軍。 是時,惟有會稽、吳郡、丹楊、豫章、廬陵,然深險之地猶未盡從,而天下英豪布在州郡,賓旅寄寓之士以安危去就為意,未有君臣之固。 張昭、周瑜等謂權可與共成大業,故委心而服事焉。 曹公表權為討虜將軍,領會稽太守,屯吳,使丞之郡行文書事。 待張昭以師傅之禮,而周瑜、程普、呂範等為將率。 招延俊秀,聘求名士,魯肅、諸葛瑾等始為賓客。 分部諸將,鎮撫山越,討不從命。 〈江表传曰:初策表用李术为庐江太守,策亡之后,术不肯事权,而多纳其亡叛。 权移书求索,术报曰:「有德见归,无德见叛,不应复还。」 权大怒,乃以状白曹公曰:「严刺史昔为公所用,又是州举将,而李术凶恶,轻犯汉制,残害州司,肆其无道,宜速诛灭,以惩丑类。 今欲讨之,进为国朝扫除鲸鲵,退为举将报塞怨仇,此天下达义,夙夜所甘心。 术必惧诛,复诡说求救。 明公所居,阿衡之任,海内所瞻,原敕执事,勿复听受。」 是岁举兵攻术於皖城。 术闭门自守,求救於曹公。 曹公不救。 粮食乏尽,妇女或丸泥而吞之。 遂屠其城,枭术首,徙其部曲三万餘人。〉
In Jian'an 4 (199 CE) he campaigned with Sun Ce against Liu Xun, governor of Lujiang. After Liu Xun fell, they advanced against Huang Zu at Shaxian. The fifth year (200 CE). When Sun Ce died, rule passed to Sun Quan, who wept without catching his breath. Chief clerk Zhang Zhao said, "You are Filially Incorrupt—can this be a time for tears alone? The Duke of Zhou set the model and Bo Qin could not follow it in every detail—not to spite his father, but necessity forbade it." 〈Pei Songzhi cites the Record of Rites—Zengzi asked Zixia: "Three years' mourning—affairs of metal and leather none avoid—is this ritual? Originally did officials grant it?" Confucius said: "I heard from Lao Peng—in old days Duke Bo Qin of Lu had cause and did it." Zheng Xuan annotates: "Zhou people after ending weeping returned to duties. At that time Xu Rong raised trouble—Bo Qin after ending weeping campaigned against them—urgent kingly business." Zhang Zhao's remark that Bo Qin "did not imitate" refers to this.〉 Traitors and wolves swarm the roads; to cling to family grief and ceremony now is to open your gates and bow to robbers—that is not humanity. They changed his clothes, set him on horseback, and sent him out to review the army. He controlled only the coastal commands; rugged districts still held out, heroes waited in every province, and wanderers weighed survival—nothing yet felt like a settled throne. Zhang Zhao and Zhou Yu believed Sun Quan could accomplish greatness and gave him their full loyalty. Cao Cao memorialized him as general who smashes rebels and governor of Kuaiji, based at Wu, with an aide managing commandery documents. He treated Zhang Zhao as tutor and minister; Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, and Lü Fan commanded the troops. He recruited talent—Lu Su and Zhuge Jin were among the first retainers. He deployed generals to pacify the Shanyue and punish those who refused orders. 〈The Jiang Biao Zhuan says Sun Ce had appointed Li Shu over Lujiang; after Ce died Li Shu rejected Sun Quan and sheltered rebels. Sun Quan demanded his submission; Li Shu replied that the worthy attract followers and the unworthy lose them—he would not return." Quan greatly angry—thereupon with situation reported Lord Cao saying: "Inspector Yan once was used by Duke—and also province's recommended general—yet Li Shu vicious, lightly violated Han regulations, cruelly injured provincial officers, indulged his lawlessness—should speedily exterminate, thereby punish ugly types. Attacking him would purge the realm for the court and avenge the promoted general—a righteous cause Sun Quan embraced night and day. Li Shu would panic and plead falsely for Wei rescue. Illustrious Duke's station—Yi Yin responsibility—within seas looks up—please order officials—do not again listen accept." That year Sun Quan attacked Li Shu at Wancheng. Li Shu barred his gates and begged Cao Cao for aid. Cao Cao did not send relief. When grain ran out some women swallowed pellets of clay. Sun Quan sacked the city, exposed Li Shu's head, and resettled thirty thousand of his troops.〉
3
七年,權母吳氏薨。
In the seventh year of Jian'an, Sun Quan's mother, Lady Wu, passed away.
4
八年,權西伐黃祖,破其舟軍,惟城未克,而山寇復動。 還過豫章,使呂範平鄱陽, (會稽) 程普討樂安。 太史慈領海昏,韓當、周泰、呂蒙等為劇縣令長。
In the eighth year he marched west against Huang Zu, shattered Huang's river flotilla, and would have taken the city had not fresh uprisings among the hill bandits forced him to turn back. On the march home he came through Yuzhang and detached Lü Fan to bring order to Poyang, The same disposition extended to Kuaiji. Cheng Pu reduced Le'an. Taishi Ci took charge of Haichun, while Han Dang, Zhou Tai, Lü Meng, and others were posted as magistrates to the most troublesome counties.
5
九年,權弟丹楊太守翊為左右所害,以從兄瑜代翊。 〈吴录曰:是时权大会官寮,沈友有所是非,令人扶出,谓曰:「人言卿欲反。」 友知不得脱,乃曰:「主上在许,有无君之心者,可谓非反乎?」 遂杀之。 友字子正,吴郡人。 年十一,华歆行风俗,见而异之,因呼曰:「沈郎,可登车语乎?」 友逡巡卻曰:「君子讲好,会宴以礼,今仁义陵迟,圣道渐坏,先生衔命,将以裨补先王之教,整齐风俗,而轻脱威仪,犹负薪救火,无乃更崇其炽乎!」 歆惭曰:「自桓、灵以来,虽多英彦,未有幼童若此者。」 弱冠博学,多所贯综,善属文辞。 兼好武事,注孙子兵法。 又辩於口,每所至,众人皆默然,莫与为对,咸言其笔之妙,舌之妙,刀之妙,三者皆过绝於人。 权以礼聘,既至,论王霸之略,当时之务,权敛容敬焉。 陈荆州宜并之计,纳之。 正色立朝,清议峻厉,为庸臣所谮,诬以谋反。 权亦以终不为己用,故害之,时年二十九。〉
In the ninth year Sun Yi, Quan's younger brother and the Administrator of Danyang, was murdered by his own attendants; Quan gave the post to his cousin Sun Yu. 〈The Wu lu records that while Sun Quan was hosting a full gathering of officials, Shen You pronounced on what was right and wrong; Sun Quan had him seized and dragged out, saying, "Word is that you mean to rebel." Shen You, seeing there was no mercy, retorted, "The Son of Heaven sits at Xu, yet there are those who acknowledge no lord above them—is that not the true face of rebellion?" They put him to death on the spot. Shen You, courtesy Zizheng, came from Wu commandery. At eleven, when Hua Xin toured the commandery to observe customs, he noticed the boy, was startled by him, and called, "Master Shen, will you step into my carriage and talk?" Shen You drew back and answered, "A gentleman keeps friendship within the bounds of propriety; a banquet ought to observe the rites. Now humanity and duty lie in ruins and the Way of the sages is wearing thin; you carry a mandate to restore the teaching of the ancient kings and to bring the people back to good customs, yet you cast off dignity as if it were nothing. That is like piling fuel on a fire—will it not only make the flames leap higher?" Hua Xin, abashed, said, "From the days of Emperors Huan and Ling to now, for all the worthy men we have seen, never a boy like this one." By his twenties he had read widely, tied many disciplines together, and wrote with uncommon skill. He took an equal interest in war and annotated the Art of War. He was a formidable debater: wherever he appeared, listeners fell silent because no one could match him; people said the excellence of his pen, his tongue, and his sword each outshone ordinary men. Sun Quan welcomed him with full courtesy. Once he arrived, they spoke of true kingship versus mere hegemony and the pressing business of the day, and Quan straightened his robe and listened with deep respect. He urged a design for absorbing Jingzhou, and Quan took his advice. He held himself upright at court and his moral judgments cut hard; petty officials envied him and fabricated a charge of treason. Quan decided he would never be a reliable instrument and had him executed; he was twenty-nine.〉
6
十年,權使賀齊討上饒,分為建平縣。
In the tenth year Sun Quan sent He Qi against Shangrao and carved out part of the region as the new county of Jianping.
7
十二年,西征黃祖。 虜其人民而還。
In the twelfth year he marched west again against Huang Zu. He carried off the population and withdrew.
8
十三年春,權復徵黃祖,祖先遣舟兵拒軍,都尉呂蒙破其前鋒。 而淩統、董襲等盡銳攻之,遂屠其城。 祖挺身亡走,騎士馮則追梟其首,虜其男女數萬口。 是歲,使賀齊討黟縣、歙, 〈黟音伊。 歙音摄。〉 分歙為始新、新定、 〈吴录曰:晋改新定为遂安。〉 犁陽、休陽縣, 〈吴录曰:晋改休阳为海宁。〉 以六縣為新都郡。 荊州牧劉表死,魯肅乞奉命吊表二子,且以觀變。 肅未到,而曹公已臨其境,表子琮舉眾以降。 劉備欲南濟江,肅與相見,因傳權旨,為陳成敗。 備進住夏口,使諸葛亮詣權,權遣周瑜、程普等行。 是時曹公新得表眾,形勢甚盛。 諸議者皆望風畏懼,多勸權迎之。 〈江表传载曹公与权书曰:「近者奉辞伐罪,旄麾南指,刘琮束手。 今治水军八十万众,方与将军会猎於吴。」 权得书以示群臣,莫不乡震失色。〉 惟瑜、肅執拒之儀,意與權同。 瑜、普為左右督,各領萬人,與備俱进,遇於赤壁,大破曹公軍。 公燒其餘船引退,士卒饑疫,死者大半。 備、瑜等復追至南郡。 曹公遂北還,留曹仁、徐晃於江陵,使樂進守襄陽。 時甘寧在夷陵,為仁黨所圍,用呂蒙計,留淩統以拒仁,以其半救寧,軍以勝反。 權自率眾圍合肥,使張昭攻九江之當塗。 昭兵不利,權攻城逾月不能下。 曹公自荊州還,遣張喜將騎赴合肥。 未至,權退。
Early in the thirteenth year Sun Quan struck Huang Zu once more; Huang sent river troops to bar his path, but Lü Meng, as commandant of the van, shattered the enemy spearhead. Ling Tong, Dong Xi, and the rest threw in their crack units, stormed the walls, and put the defenders to the sword. Huang Zu broke and ran on foot; the trooper Feng Ze ran him down, took his head for the camp trophy, and the Wu forces seized tens of thousands of civilians and soldiers. The same year he ordered He Qi to pacify Yi and She, Yi: pronounced yi. The county name She is pronounced like the English word "she," corresponding to Mandarin shè.〉 He split off from She the counties Shixin and Xinding, 〈The Wu lu adds that under the Jin the name Xinding was changed to Sui'an.〉 The new units also included the counties of Liyang and Xiuyang. 〈The Wu lu notes that the Jin later renamed Xiuyang to Haining.〉 Those six counties were grouped into the new Xindu commandery. When Liu Biao, Governor of Jingzhou, died, Lu Su asked leave to mourn his sons and to feel out the political ground. Lu Su had not yet arrived when Cao Cao's army closed on the province; Liu Cong yielded the entire force without a fight. Liu Bei meant to slip south across the Yangzi; Lu Su met him, relayed Sun Quan's wishes, and spelled out what victory or ruin would mean. Liu Bei fell back to Xiakou and sent Zhuge Liang to Sun Quan, who in turn ordered Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, and others to take the field. Cao Cao had just absorbed Liu Biao's armies and his strength looked overwhelming. At council after council, most advisers lost heart at the rumor of his approach and pressed Sun Quan to submit. 〈The Jiang Biao Zhuan preserves Cao Cao's letter to Sun Quan: "I have lately received the imperial command to chastise wrongdoing; my standards face south; Liu Cong has already surrendered. I am now training eight hundred thousand men of the water forces and mean to join you, General, for a hunt in the land of Wu." When Sun Quan read it aloud to his court, every face went white with dread.〉 Only Zhou Yu and Lu Su argued for defiance; their view matched Quan's own. Zhou Yu and Cheng Pu were named commanders of the left and right wings, each at the head of ten thousand; with Liu Bei they moved upstream, met Cao Cao at Chibi, and broke his host decisively. Cao Cao fired his surviving ships and retreated north; hunger and plague wasted his ranks until more than half were gone. Liu Bei, Zhou Yu, and the allies pressed the pursuit as far as Nan commandery. Cao Cao then rode north, leaving Cao Ren and Xu Huang to hold Jiangling and Yue Jin to guard Xiangyang. Meanwhile Gan Ning was bottled up at Yiling by Cao Ren's detachments; following Lü Meng's plan, Sun Quan left Ling Tong to pin Cao Ren while half the army slipped away to relieve Gan Ning, and the column marched home in triumph. Sun Quan himself invested Hefei while Zhang Zhao struck at Dangtu in Jiujiang. Zhang Zhao's offensive stalled, and though Sun Quan hammered Hefei for more than a month, the walls held. Cao Cao, marching back from Jingzhou, ordered Zhang Xi to hurry cavalry to the relief of Hefei. Sun Quan broke camp and left before Zhang Xi could arrive.
9
十四年,瑜、仁相守歲余,所殺傷甚眾。 仁委城走。 權以瑜為南郡太守。 劉備表權行車騎將軍,領徐州牧。 備領荊州牧,屯公安。
Through the fourteenth year Zhou Yu and Cao Ren glared at each other across the lines for over a year, and the butcher's bill on both sides was enormous. At last Cao Ren abandoned Jiangling and fled. Sun Quan named Zhou Yu Administrator of Nan commandery. Liu Bei submitted a memorial recommending that Sun Quan be given acting rank as General of Chariots and Cavalry and Governor of Xu Province. Liu Bei took the title of Governor of Jingzhou for himself and camped at Gong'an.
10
十五年,分豫章為鄱陽郡; 分長沙為漢昌郡。 以魯肅為太守,屯陸口。
In the fifteenth year the western part of Yuzhang was split off as Poyang commandery; the eastern fringe of Changsha became Hanchang commandery. Lu Su was appointed to the new command and took station at Lukou.
11
十六年,權徙治秣陵。 明年,城石頭,改秣陵為建業。 聞曹公將來侵,作濡須塢。
In the sixteenth year Sun Quan transferred his capital to Moling. The following year he ringed Shitou with walls and renamed Moling Jianye. Learning that Cao Cao planned a new invasion, he threw up the Ruxu dock fortifications.
12
十八年正月,曹公攻濡須,權與相拒月餘。 曹公望權軍,歎其齊肅,乃退。 〈吴历曰:曹公出濡须,作油船,夜渡洲上。 权以水军围取,得三千餘人,其没溺者亦数千人。 权数挑战,公坚守不出。 权乃自来,乘轻船,从灞须口入公军。 诸将皆以为是挑战者,欲击之。 公曰:「此必孙权欲身见吾军部伍也。」 敕军中皆精严,弓弩不得妄发。 权行五六里,回还作鼓吹。 公见舟船器仗军伍整肃,喟然叹曰:「生子当如孙仲谋,刘景升兒子若豚犬耳!」 权为笺与曹公,说:「春水方生,公宜速去。」 别纸言:「足下不死,孤不得安。」 曹公语诸将曰:「孙权不欺孤。」 乃彻军还。 魏略曰:权乘大船来观军,公使弓弩乱发,箭著其船,船偏重将覆,权因回船,复以一面受箭,箭均船平,乃还。〉 初,曹公恐江濱郡縣為權所略,征令內移。 民轉相驚,自廬江、九江、蘄春、廣陵戶十餘萬皆東渡江。 江西遂虛,合肥以南惟有皖城。
In the first month of the eighteenth year Cao Cao struck at Ruxu; Sun Quan held him there for over a month. Cao Cao studied Sun Quan's lines—every rank in place, every banner true—and withdrew with a sigh of admiration. 〈The Wu li says Cao Cao advanced from Ruxu, built tar-daubed assault boats, and tried a night landing on the mid-river sandbank. Sun Quan's navy boxed them in and took over three thousand prisoners; thousands more drowned in the dark. Sun Quan taunted him day after day, but Cao Cao stayed behind his walls. Then Sun Quan himself took a light skiff and slipped into Cao Cao's camp from the mouth of the Ruxu channel. His officers assumed it was a daredevil challenger and begged leave to open fire. Cao Cao said, "That can only be Sun Quan come to survey my dispositions in person." He ordered the ranks to stand fast and forbade the archers to loose a single bolt without word. Sun Quan cruised five or six li through the enemy water camp, swung his boat about, and had his musicians strike up a fanfare as he withdrew. Watching the trim of hulls, gear, and soldiery, Cao Cao murmured, "The man worth fathering is a son like Sun Zhongmou; Liu Biao's boys are only piglets and pups by comparison." Sun Quan sent him a brush note: "The spring freshets are climbing; you had best march while your road is dry." On another sheet he added, "While you live, I shall never sleep soundly." Cao Cao showed the notes to his commanders and said, "Sun Quan speaks plain truth; I will not call him a liar." He struck his tents and marched north that same day. The Wei lüe adds another tale: Sun Quan came out in a great tower ship to reconnoitre; Cao Cao ordered a blind volley of bolts until one flank of the hull was so thick with shafts that the vessel listed and nearly rolled; Sun Quan had the helm put about, presented the untouched side to the archers until the weight balanced, and then sailed calmly away.〉 Earlier, fearing that Sun Quan would strip the Yangzi shore, Cao Cao had ordered the river counties evacuated inland. Panic spread from village to village, and well over a hundred thousand households from Lujiang, Jiujiang, Qichun, and Guangling fled east across the Yangzi to Sun Quan's protection. The left bank was left a wasteland; south of Hefei only Wan still held a garrison.
13
十九年五月,權征皖城。 閏月,克之。 獲廬江太守朱光及參軍董和,男女數萬口。 是歲劉備定蜀。 權以備已得益州,令諸葛瑾從求荊州諸郡。 備不許,曰:"吾方圖涼州,涼州定,乃盡以荊州與吳耳。 "權曰:"此假而不反,而欲以虛辭引歲。 "遂置南三郡長吏,關羽盡逐之。 權大怒,乃遣呂蒙督鮮于丹、徐忠、孫規等兵二萬取長沙、零陵、桂陽三郡; 使魯肅以萬人屯巴丘 〈巴丘今曰巴陵。〉 以御關羽。 權住陸口,為諸軍節度。 蒙到,二郡皆服,惟零陵太守郝普未下。 會備到公安,使關羽將三萬兵至益陽,權乃召蒙等使還助肅。 蒙使人誘普,普降,盡得三郡將守。 因引軍還,與孫皎、潘璋並魯肅兵並進,拒羽於益陽。 未戰,會曹公入漢中,備懼失益州,使使求和。 權令諸葛瑾報,更尋盟好。 遂分荊州、長沙、江夏、桂陽以東屬權,南郡、零陵、武陵以西屬備。 備歸,而曹公已還。 權反自陸口,遂征合肥。 合肥未下,徹軍還。 兵皆就路,權與淩統、甘寧等在津北為魏將張遼所襲,統等以死扞權。 權乘駿馬越津橋得去。 〈《献帝春秋》曰:张辽问吴降人:「向有紫髯将军,长上短下,便马善射,是谁?」 降人答曰:「是孙会稽。」 辽及乐进相遇,言不早知之,急追自得,举军叹恨。 江表传曰:权乘骏马上津桥,桥南已见彻,丈餘无版。 谷利在马后,使权持鞍缓控,利於后著鞭,以助马势,遂得超度。 权既得免,即拜利都亭侯。 谷利者,本左右给使也,以谨直为亲近监,性忠果亮烈,言不苟且,权爱信之。〉
In the fifth month of the nineteenth year Sun Quan led an expedition against Wan. He stormed it in the intercalary month. He captured Zhu Guang, the Lujiang administrator, Dong He the army adviser, and tens of thousands of noncombatants. The same year Liu Bei brought the Shu basin under his control. Now that Liu Bei held Yizhou, Sun Quan sent Zhuge Jin to press him for the return of the Jingzhou commanderies promised long before. Liu Bei refused. "I am still planning the conquest of Liangzhou," he said; "once Liangzhou is mine, you may have the whole of Jingzhou." Sun Quan replied, "That is a loan no one intends to repay—only empty talk to stall for time." He therefore appointed magistrates to the three southern Jingzhou districts; Guan Yu expelled every one of them. Furious, Sun Quan ordered Lü Meng, at the head of twenty thousand men under Xianyu Dan, Xu Zhong, Sun Gui, and others, to occupy Changsha, Lingling, and Guiyang. He told Lu Su to bring ten thousand troops to Baqiu 〈The place called Baqiu in old texts is modern Baling.〉 He stationed them there to block Guan Yu's advance. Sun Quan took post at Lukou and coordinated the whole operation. Lü Meng swept in: two commanderies capitulated at once, but Hao Pu, the defender of Lingling, still held out. Then Liu Bei arrived at Gong'an and threw thirty thousand men under Guan Yu toward Yiyang; Sun Quan recalled Lü Meng and his column to reinforce Lu Su. Lü Meng talked Hao Pu into opening his gates; with the three districts secure, every opposing officer had submitted or fled. The Wu host then marched back, joined Sun Jiao and Pan Zhang to Lu Su's corps, and formed a battle line against Guan Yu at Yiyang. Before a blow was struck, Cao Cao drove into Hanzhong; Liu Bei, afraid of losing his new base in the west, sued for peace. Sun Quan had Zhuge Jin carry his reply and negotiate a fresh covenant. They partitioned the province: everything east of the line through Changsha, Jiangxia, and Guiyang went to Wu; Nan commandery, Lingling, and Wuling westward remained with Shu. Liu Bei pulled back, and by then Cao Cao had already quit Hanzhong. Sun Quan doubled back from Lukou and opened a new offensive against Hefei. The walls of Hefei did not fall, and he lifted the siege. As the army filed onto the roads, Sun Quan—still north of the crossing with Ling Tong, Gan Ning, and a small escort—was jumped by Zhang Liao; the bodyguard threw themselves into the fight to shield their lord. Sun Quan spurred a fleet horse across the pontoon and broke clear. 〈The Xian Di Chun Qiu states: Zhang Liao questioned Wu surrenderers: "Just now there was a general with a purple beard, long in the torso and short in the leg, handy on horseback and skilled at archery—who was he?" The surrenderers answered, "That was Sun the Intendant of Kuaiji." When Zhang Liao and Yue Jin compared notes, both cursed their luck at missing him; they gave chase too late, and the Wei army went home cursing the lost chance. The Jiang Biao Zhuan adds that Sun Quan cantered onto the bridge only to find the far span torn away—over a yard of open air and churning water. His groom Gu Li dropped behind the saddle, told him to sit tight and ease the bit, then lashed the horse from the rear; the beast gathered itself and cleared the gap. Once safe, Sun Quan raised Gu Li to village marquis of Duting on the spot. Gu Li had risen from a palace runner; his honesty won him a place at Sun Quan's elbow as overseer of the household. He was blunt, brave, and loyal, never trimming his words, and the ruler prized him for it.〉
14
二十一年冬,曹公次於居巢,遂攻濡須。
That winter Cao Cao camped at Ju Chao and struck toward the Ruxu defenses.
15
二十二年春,權令都尉徐詳詣曹公請降,公報使修好,誓重結婚。
The next spring Sun Quan sent Commandant Xu Xiang to sue for terms; Cao Cao answered with his own envoys, patched up the truce, and renewed the marriage bond between the two houses.
16
二十三年十月,權將如吳,親乘馬射虎於庱亭。 〈庱音摅陵反。〉 馬為虎所傷,權投以雙戟,虎卻廢。 常從張世擊以戈,獲之。
In the tenth month of the twenty-third year of Jian'an he set out for Wu and, still in the saddle, hunted a tiger at the Chengtang lodge. 〈The commentary spells the syllable cheng by the fanqie pair shu-ling, the standard way to indicate its pronunciation.〉 The beast mauled his mount; Sun Quan flung a pair of halberds and drove the wounded tiger back on its haunches. His bodyguard Zhang Shi finished it with a dagger-axe and dragged the carcass in.
17
二十四年,關羽圍曹仁於襄陽,曹公遣左將軍于禁救之。 會漢水暴起,羽以舟兵盡生虜禁等步騎三萬送江陵,惟城未拔。 權內憚羽,外欲以為己功,箋與曹公,乞以討羽自效。 曹公且欲使羽與權相持以斗之,驛傳權書,使曹仁以弩射示羽。 羽猶豫不能去。 閏月,權征羽,先遣呂蒙襲公安,獲將軍士仁。 蒙到南郡,南郡太守糜芳以城降,蒙據江陵,撫其老弱,釋于禁之囚。 陸遜別取宜都,獲秭歸、枝江、夷道,還屯夷陵,守峽口以備蜀。 關羽還當陽,西保麥城。 權使誘之。 羽偽降,立幡旗為像人於城上,因遁走,兵皆解散,尚十餘騎。 權先使朱然、潘璋斷其徑路。 十二月,璋司馬馬忠獲羽及其子平、都督趙累等於章鄉,遂定荊州。 是歲大疫,盡除荊州民租稅。 曹公表權為驃騎將軍,假節領荊州牧,封南昌侯。 權遣校尉梁寓奉貢於漢。 及令王惇市馬,又遣朱光等歸。 〈《魏略》曰:梁寓字孔儒,吴人也。 权遣寓观望曹公,曹公因以为掾,寻遣还南。〉
In the twenty-fourth year Guan Yu pinned Cao Ren inside Xiangyang; Cao Cao ordered the Left General Yu Jin to march to the rescue. Then the Han swelled into a torrent; Guan Yu's boats rounded up Yu Jin's thirty thousand foot and horse whole and shipped them down to Jiangling, while Xiangyang town itself still held out. Sun Quan dreaded Guan Yu in his gut yet saw a chance to steal the glory; he wrote Cao Cao offering to destroy Guan Yu as proof of fealty. Cao Cao wanted Shu and Wu to bleed each other; he forwarded Sun Quan's letter by relay rider and told Cao Ren to loft it into the siege camp on a crossbow bolt for Guan Yu to read. Guan Yu wavered, unable to march away or stay. In the intercalary month Sun Quan moved against Guan Yu, first despatching Lü Meng to seize Gong'an and bag the general Shi Ren. At Nan commandery Mi Fang handed over the walls; Lü Meng took Jiangling, calmed the civilians, and cut Yu Jin loose from prison. Lu Xun peeled off westward, snapped up Yidu along with Zigui, Zhijiang, and Yidao, then swung back to Yiling to cork the Yangzi gorges against a Shu counterstroke. Guan Yu fell back to Dangyang and holed up in Mai fortress west of the river. Sun Quan sent agents to lure him out. Guan Yu staged a sham capitulation—dummy figures in armor along the parapet—then bolted with a handful of horsemen while his army melted away. Sun Quan had already posted Zhu Ran and Pan Zhang to seal the trails. In the twelfth month Pan Zhang's major Ma Zhong ran Guan Yu, his son Guan Ping, staff officer Zhao Lei, and the last companions to ground at Zhangxiang; with that, Jingzhou belonged to Wu. A plague swept the land that year, and Sun Quan wiped the year's land tax for every household in the conquered province. Cao Cao tabled the court to name Sun Quan General of Agile Cavalry, Governor of Jingzhou with full ceremonial credentials, and Marquis of Nanchang. He sent Commandant Liang Yu west with gifts for the shadow Han court. He told Wang Dun to purchase mounts abroad and returned Cao's captive officers such as Zhu Guang. 〈The Wei Lüe identifies Liang Yu, style Kongru, as a native of Wu. Sun Quan used him as eyes on the northern court; Cao Cao briefly kept him on staff, then sent him home to the south.〉
18
二十五年春正月,曹公薨。 太子丕代為丞相魏王,改年為延康。 秋,魏將梅敷使張儉求見撫納。 南陽陰、酇築陽、 〈筑音逐。〉 山都、中廬五縣民五千家來附。 冬,魏嗣王稱尊號,改元為黃初。
In the twenty-fifth year (220 CE), first month, Cao Cao died. Heir Cao Pi succeeded as King of Wei and chancellor; the era became Yankang. That autumn Wei's Mei Fu sent Zhang Jian to seek audience and negotiate surrender. From Nanyang's Yin and Zou's Zhuyang— 〈Note: zhu here is read like zhu "walk."〉 —with Shandu and Zhonglu—five thousand households submitted. That winter Cao Pi assumed the imperial title and proclaimed the era Huangchu.
19
二年四月,劉備稱帝於蜀。 〈《魏略》曰:权闻魏文帝受禅而刘备称帝,乃呼问知星者,己分野中星气何如,遂有僭意。 而以位次尚少,无以威众,又欲先卑而后踞之,为卑则可以假宠,后踞则必致讨,致讨然后可以怒众,众怒然后可以自大,故深绝蜀而专事魏。〉 權自公安都鄂,改名武昌,以武昌、下雉、尋陽、陽新、柴桑、沙羨六縣為武昌郡。 五月,建業言甘露降。 八月,城武昌,下令諸將曰:"夫存不忘亡,安必慮危,古之善教。 昔雋不疑漢之名臣,於安平之世刀劍不離於身,蓋君子之於武備,不可以已。 況今處身疆畔,豺狼交接,而可輕忽不思變難哉?頃聞諸將出入,各尚謙約,不從人兵,甚非備慮愛身之謂。 夫保己遺名,以安君親,孰與危辱?宜深警戒,務祟其大,副孤意焉。 "自魏文帝踐阼,權使命稱藩,及遣于禁等還。 十一月,策命權曰:"蓋聖王之法,以德設爵,以功制祿; 勞大者祿厚,德盛者禮豐。 故叔旦有夾輔之勳,太公有鷹揚之功,並啟土宇,並受備物,所以表章元功,殊異賢哲也。 近漢高祖受命之初,分裂膏腴以王八姓。 斯則前世之懿事,後王之元龜也。 朕以不德,承運革命,君臨萬國,秉統天機。 思齊先代,坐而待旦。 惟君天資忠亮,命世作佐,深睹歷數,達見廢興。 遠遣行人,浮於潛漢。 〈禹贡曰:沱、潜既道,注曰:「水自江出为沱,汉为潜。」〉 望風影附,抗疏稱藩,兼納纖絺南方之貢,普遣諸將來還本朝。 忠肅內發,款誠外昭,信著金石,義蓋山河。 朕甚嘉焉。 今封君為吳王,使使持節太常高平侯貞,授君璽綬策書、金虎符第一至第五、左竹使符第一至第十,以大將軍使持節督交州,領荊州牧事,錫君青土,苴以白茅,對揚朕命,以尹東夏。 其上故驃騎將軍南昌侯印綬符策。 今又加君九錫,其敬聽後命。 以君綏安東南,綱紀江外,民夷安業,無或攜貳。 是用錫尹大輅、戎輅各一,玄牡二駟。 君務財勸農,倉庫盈積,是用錫君袞冕之服,赤舄副焉。 君化民以德,禮教興行,是用錫君軒縣之樂。 君宣導休風,懷柔百越,是用錫君朱戶以居。 君運其才謀,官方任賢,是用錫君納陛以登。 君忠勇並奮,清除奸慝,是用錫君虎賁之士百人。 君振威陵邁,宣力荊南,梟滅凶丑,罪人斯得。 是用錫君鈇鉞各一,君文和於內,武信於外,是用錫君彤弓一、彤矢百、玈弓十、玈矢千。 君以忠肅為基,恭儉為德,是用錫君秬鬯一卣,圭瓚副焉。 欽哉!敬敷訓典,以服朕命,以勖相我國家,永終爾顯烈。" 〈江表传曰:权群臣议,以为宜称上将军九州伯,不应受魏封。 权曰:「九州伯,於古未闻也。 昔沛公亦受项羽拜为汉王,此盖时宜耳,复何损邪?」 遂受之。 孙盛曰:「昔伯夷、叔齐不屈有周,鲁仲连不为秦民。 夫以匹夫之志,犹义不辱,况列国之君三分天下,而可二三其节,或臣或否乎? 余观吴、蜀,咸称奉汉,至於汉代,莫能固秉臣节,君子是以知其不能克昌厥后,卒见吞於大国也。 向使权从群臣之议,终身称汉将,岂不义悲六合,仁感百世哉!」〉
In the fourth month of Huangwu 2 (223) Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Shu. 〈The Wei Lüe says that when Sun Quan learned Cao Pi had taken the throne and Liu Bei had followed suit, he called in star-readers to ask whether his own asterism favored a higher title—his first serious thought of kingship on his own account. His formal rank was still too slight to overawe his generals, so he chose a calculated path: abase himself first to win Wei patronage, then provoke a northern strike that would unite Wu in anger and justify his own climb. Hence he slammed the door on Shu and courted Wei with redoubled zeal.〉 He shifted the capital from Gong'an to E, renamed the city Wuchang, and grouped Wuchang, Xiazhi, Xunyang, Yangxin, Chaisang, and Shaxian into a new Wuchang commandery. In the fifth month Jianye reported an omen of sweet dew. In the eighth month he ringed Wuchang with new walls and lectured his commanders: "The sages taught that life is safest when ruin is never forgotten, and peace endures only when danger is always in mind." Remember Jun Buyi of Han, who wore steel even in quiet times; a true gentleman never lays aside preparation for war. We live on a border thick with enemies; slackness invites disaster. Lately I hear you ride abroad with a handful of attendants and no bodyguard—that is no way to protect yourselves or give your ruler peace of mind. Better a living name and a calm court than a hero's corpse and a mother's tears. Take this order to heart, arm yourselves as befits your rank, and do not disappoint me again. From the day Cao Pi took the Wei throne, Sun Quan has dispatched missions acknowledging himself as a tributary ruler and has sent home prisoners such as Yu Jin. In the eleventh month the edict of appointment began: "The way of the true king has always been to match titles to moral weight and pay to service rendered." He who toils most earns the richest stipend; he whose de is brightest is honored with the fullest ritual. Thus the Duke of Zhou won his fief for steadying the boy king from the side, and the Grand Duke Lü Wang for his martial nod to Heaven; each received land and the full set of insignia—tokens meant to mark supreme achievement and single out the sage among ministers. In our own Han, when Gaozu first took the mandate, he carved the fertile heartland into kingdoms for eight allies. Their precedent is the polished lesson of antiquity and the tortoise oracle for every throne that follows. We, unworthy as we are, have received Heaven's shift of mandate, face the myriad realms, and grasp the threads of cosmic order. We sit wakeful till dawn, measuring ourselves against those kings of old. You alone unite native loyalty with the clarity of a man Heaven sent to counsel the age; you read the turnings of fate as plainly as lines on a palm. From the distant south you sent boats up the Qian flow where it slips from the greater Han. 〈The Tribute of Yu records the Tuo and Qian channels; the gloss explains that an arm leaving the Yangzi is called Tuo and one leaving the Han is called Qian—your messengers rode that water-road north."〉 You clung to us like a shadow to wind: memorials of submission, bales of southern gauze, and every general We asked for marched north to Our court. Loyal resolve burned inward while good faith shone outward; your trust rings in bronze and stone, your rightness spreads wider than mountain and river. We are deeply pleased. Therefore We create you King of Wu, send Grand Master Zhen with the jade seal, silk-bound patent, gold tiger tallies one to five, and bamboo tallies one to ten, and name you Grand General with authority over Jiao and supervisory charge of Jingzhou; We hand you the clod of blue earth bound in white rushes—receive it and rule the eastern quarter as Our arm. You shall return the old insignia of General of Agile Cavalry and Marquis of Nanchang. We further heap upon you the Nine Distinctions; listen to what follows. First: you have brought peace to the south-east, set the pattern beyond the Yangzi, and given both settler and tribesman honest work so that none wavers in allegiance; therefore We grant you the great ritual chariot and the war chariot, one of each, and two teams of four black bulls. Second: you have urged trade and farming until the granaries groan—take the nine-tasselled court robe and crimson slippers. Third: you have taught the people through moral example until rites flourish—take the half-set of bells and chimes hung as for a feudal lord. Fourth: your kindness has folded the Yue peoples into the realm—take vermilion lacquer for your gates. Fifth: you match post to man with keen judgment—take the inner dais by which ministers mount to audience. Sixth: loyal blades have scourged wickedness from your ranks—take one hundred picked tiger guards. Seventh: your armies have thundered down the Jing corridor, struck off the heads of rebels, and dragged the guilty to justice. Therefore We award you paired execution axes; and because within your court there is pattern and beyond your borders there is awe, We add a crimson bow, a hundred crimson arrows, ten sable bows, and a thousand sable arrows. Finally, since loyalty is your root and frugality your ornament, We grant the dark sacrificial ale in its earthen jar and the jade ladle for pouring libations. Revere this charge. Teach the lessons We have set before you, obey Our word, strengthen Our house, and may your bright deeds never fade. 〈The Jiang Biao Zhuan says his court urged him to proclaim himself "Senior General over the Nine Provinces" instead of taking a title from Wei. Sun Quan answered, "The old books never mention a 'Lord of the Nine Provinces. Even Liu Bang once knelt for a seal from Xiang Yu when the moment demanded it; a temporary bow does not break the back." He took the patent. Sun Sheng objected: "Boyi and Shuqi chose starvation rather than serve the Zhou usurpers; Lu Zhonglian would not call himself a man of conquering Qin. If commoners may cling to honor rather than bow, what excuse has a warlord who holds a third of the realm to blow now hot, now cold—first feigning vassalage, then grasping for the throne? Look at Wu and Shu: both swore they upheld the Han, yet neither could keep honest fealty for a single reign; wise men foresaw from this that their lines would not endure and would be swallowed by the great northern power. Had Sun Quan kept the title of Han general to his dying day, his honor might have filled the cosmos and his mercy echoed down the ages."〉"
20
是歲,劉備師軍來伐,至巫山、秭歸,使使誘導武陵蠻夷,假與印傳,許之封賞。 於是諸縣及五谿民皆反為蜀。 權以陸遜為督,督朱然、潘璋等以拒之。 遣都尉趙咨使魏。 魏帝問曰:"吳王何等主也?"咨對曰:"聰明仁智,雄略之主也。 "帝問其狀,咨曰:"納魯肅於凡品,是其聰也; 拔呂蒙於行陳,是其明也; 獲于禁而不害,是其仁也; 取荊州而兵不血刃,是其智也; 據三州虎視於天下,是其雄也; 屈身於陛下,是其略也。" 〈吴书曰:咨字德度,南阳人,博闻多识,应对辩捷,权为吴王,擢中大夫,使魏。 魏文帝善之,嘲咨曰:「吴王颇知学乎?」 答曰:「吴王浮江万艘,带甲百万,任贤使能,志存经略,虽有餘间,博览书传历史,藉采奇异,不效诸生寻章摘句而已。」 帝曰:「吴可征不?」 咨对曰:「大国有征伐之兵,小国有备御之固。」 又曰:「吴难魏不?」 咨曰:「带甲百万,江、汉为池,何难之有?」 又曰:「吴如大夫者几人?」 咨曰:「聪明特达者八九十人,如臣之比,车载斗量,不可胜数。」 咨频载使北,人敬异。 权闻而嘉之,拜骑都尉。 咨言曰:「观北方终不能守盟,今日之计,朝廷承汉四百之际,应东南之运,宜改年号,正服色,以应天顺民。」 权纳之。〉 帝欲封權子登,權以登年幼,上書辭封,重遣西曹掾沈珩陳謝,並獻方物。 〈吴书曰:珩字仲山,吴郡人,少综经艺,尤善春秋内、外传。 权以珩有智谋,能专对,乃使至魏。 魏文帝问曰:「吴嫌魏东向乎?」 珩曰:「不嫌。」 曰:「何以?」 曰:「信恃旧盟,言归于好,是以不嫌。 若魏渝盟,自有豫备。」 又问:「闻太子当来,宁然乎?」 珩曰:「臣在东朝,朝不坐,宴不与,若此之议,无所闻也。」 文帝善之,乃引珩自近,谈语终日。 珩随事响应,无所屈服。 珩还言曰:「臣密参侍中刘晔,数为贼设奸计,终不久悫。 臣闻兵家旧论,不恃敌之不我犯,恃我之不可犯,今为朝廷虑之。 且当省息他役,惟务农桑以广军资; 脩缮舟车,增作战具,令皆兼盈; 抚养兵民,使各得其所; 揽延英俊,奖励将士,则天下可图矣。」 以奉使有称,封永安乡侯,官至少府。〉 立登為王太子。 〈江表传曰:是岁魏文帝遣使求雀头香、大贝、明珠、象牙、犀角、玳瑁、孔雀、翡翠、斗鸭、长鸣鸡。 群臣奏曰:「荆、扬二州,贡有常典,魏所求珍玩之物非礼也,宜勿与。」 权曰:「昔惠施尊齐为王,客难之曰:『公之学去尊,今王齐,何其倒也?』 惠子曰:『有人於此,欲击其爱子之头,而石可以代之,子头所重而石所轻也,以轻代重,何为不可乎?』 方有事於西北,江表元元,恃主为命,非我爱子邪? 彼所求者,於我瓦石耳,孤何惜焉? 彼在谅闇之中,而所求若此,宁可与言礼哉!」 皆具以与之。〉
The same year Liu Bei marched east as far as Wushan and Zigui, sent runners to the Wuling tribes with forged seals, and promised titles and gold if they would turn on Wu. County after county along the Five Streams rose for Shu. Sun Quan named Lu Xun commander-in-chief and put Zhu Ran, Pan Zhang, and the rest under his orders to meet Liu Bei's host. He dispatched Commandant Zhao Zi on embassy to Wei. Cao Pi asked what manner of king Sun Quan was. Zhao Zi answered, "One who combines sharp intelligence, humanity, sagacity, and bold design." Pressed for proof, Zhao Zi said, "His eye for men: he raised Lu Su out of obscurity—that shows his clarity of mind;" he pulled Lü Meng straight from the ranks—that shows his discernment; he took Yu Jin alive yet never maltreated him—that is his humanity; he swallowed Jingzhou without a general slaughter—that is his cunning; he straddles three provinces and eyes the realm like a crouching tiger—that is his martial pride; and he bends the knee to Your Majesty when policy demands—that is his long view. 〈The Wu shu identifies Zhao Zi, style Dedun, as a Nanyang scholar of wide reading and ready tongue whom Sun Quan raised to palace counselor once he took the kingship and then sent north. Cao Pi took a liking to him and needled him: "I suppose your king still finds time to study?" Zhao Zi shot back, "His Majesty keeps ten thousand ships on the river and a million soldiers under arms; he appoints talent to office and thinks only of statecraft. When leisure allows he reads widely in the histories—not to ape bookworms who memorize lines." Cao Pi asked whether Wu could be invaded." Great powers wield punitive hosts," Zhao Zi said; "lesser realms keep walls that do not yield." The emperor pressed: "Then Wu can withstand Wei?" A million troops and the Yangzi and Han for ditches—what is there to fear?" How many envoys of your stamp does Wu breed?" The truly brilliant—eighty or ninety at a guess; men of my middling sort come by the cartload and the peck—too many to count." Zhao Zi shuttled north so often that northerners spoke of him with respect. Sun Quan, hearing the tales, commended him and named him Cavalry Commandant. Zhao Zi urged him: "The north will break faith sooner or later. Our dynasty stands where Han left a four-hundred-year mandate; we should answer Heaven's favor on the southeast by proclaiming a new reign title and fixing the court's colors and dress." Sun Quan took his advice.〉 Cao Pi offered a noble title to Sun Deng; Sun Quan pleaded the boy's youth, memorialized a polite refusal, sent Shen Heng west with further apologies, and forwarded tribute goods. 〈The Wu shu describes Shen Heng, style Zhongshan, as a Wu commandery scholar who in youth mastered the classics and knew the Gongyang and Guliang traditions of the Spring and Autumn inside out. Sun Quan, trusting his wit and his tongue for solo diplomacy, sent him to Luoyang. Cao Pi opened with, "Does your court resent our armies looking east?" Not in the least," said Shen Heng." Why not?" He said, "We trust in the old alliance and have returned to good relations—therefore no resentment. Should Wei tear the pledge, we already keep countermeasures in hand." He pressed again: "Rumor says your heir is coming north—is it so?" I am too low in rank to sit at dawn levees or join palace banquets," Shen Heng said; "I have heard no such plan." Pleased, Cao Pi kept him at his side and talked the day away. Shen Heng parried every question without bending a knee. On his return Shen Heng warned, "I watched Liu Ye, the palace attendant: again and again he whispers stratagems for Wei against us; he will not stay true long. The old maxim says never trust the foe to spare you—trust only in making yourself unbreakable; I urge that thought on our court. Cut corvée elsewhere and pour every spare hand into the fields and mulberry groves to swell the granaries and arsenals; refit ships and wagons, stack spare weapons until every depot overflows; feed soldiers and farmers alike so none wander hungry; summon able men and pay the troops their due—then we may speak of the wider world." For his success on embassy he received the village marquisate of Yong'an and rose to the Junior Minister's office.〉 Sun Quan named Sun Deng crown prince of Wu. 〈The Jiang Biao Zhuan notes that in the same year Cao Pi's envoys asked for sparrowhead incense, giant clams, pearls, ivory, rhino horn, tortoiseshell, peacocks, kingfisher plumes, fighting ducks, and long-crowing roosters. His officials protested: "Jing and Yang already send their statutory tribute; these gewgaws lie outside the rites—we should refuse." Quan said, "Formerly Hu Shi honored Qi as king; a guest challenged him, saying, 'Your doctrine does away with exalting rulers; now you make Qi king—how contrary! Hu Shi replied that if a blow must fall, better a light stone than a child's skull—sometimes the lesser thing must shield the greater." We face war in the northwest; the people along the Yangzi hang their lives on their ruler—are they not my children? What the northerners ask costs us no more than a heap of pebbles—why hoard it? They still wear mourning for their own lord yet send a shopping list like this—this is no time to lecture them on propriety!" He ordered every item sent.〉
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黃武元年春正月,陸遜部將軍宋謙等攻蜀五屯,皆破之,斬其將。 三月,鄱陽言黃龍見。 蜀軍分據險地,前後五十餘營。 遜隨輕重以兵應拒,自正月至閏月,大破之。 臨陳所斬及投兵降首數萬人。 劉備奔走,僅以身免。 〈吴历曰:权以使聘魏,具上破备获印绶及首级、所得土地,并表将吏功勤宜加爵赏之意。 文帝报使,致鼲子裘、明光铠、騑马,又以素书所作《典论》及诗赋与权。 《魏书》载诏答曰:「老虏边窟,越险深入,旷日持久,内迫罢弊,外困智力,故见身於鸡头,分兵拟西陵,其计不过谓可转足前迹以摇动江东。 根未著地,摧折其支,虽未刳备五脏,使身首分离,其所降诛,亦足使虏部众凶惧。 昔吴汉先烧荆门,后发夷陵,而子阳无所逃其死; 来歙始袭略阳,文叔喜之,而知隗嚣无所施其巧。 今讨此虏,正似其事,将军勉建方略,务全独克。」〉
In Huangwu 1 (222 CE), Song Qian under Lu Xun attacked five Shu camps, overran them all, and slew their commanders. In the third month Poyang reported a yellow dragon. The Shu army held strong positions in more than fifty camps. Lu Xun adjusted his forces from the first month through the leap month and crushed Liu Bei. Tens of thousands were killed, captured, or surrendered on the field. Liu Bei fled alone with his life. 〈The Wu Li says Sun Quan sent envoys to Wei with a full tally of Liu Bei's defeat—seals, heads, land—and recommended honors for his officers. Emperor Wen replied with a badger robe, bright armor, paired horses, and his own Dian Lun with poems. Wei Shu carries edict reply saying: "Old bandit border den—cross peril deep enter—long days endure—inside pressed weary ruin—outside exhausted stratagem—therefore showed body at Jitou—divided troops planning Xiling—their plan merely thought could shift foot former tracks to shake Jiangdong. Even without tearing Liu Bei limb from limb, the slaughter and surrenders would terrify his army. Wu Han burned Jingmen before storming Yiling—Gongsun Shu could not escape; Lai Xi's strike on Lüeyang delighted Guangwu and showed Wei Xiao had no tricks left. Strike Liu Bei as Han struck Shu—General, plan for total victory."〉"
22
初權外托事魏,而誠心不款。 魏欲遣待中辛毗、尚書辛毗往與盟誓,並征任子,權辭讓不受。 秋九月,魏乃命曹休、張遼、臧霸出洞口,曹仁出濡須,曹真、夏侯尚、張郃、徐晃圍南郡。 權遣呂範等督五軍,以舟軍拒休等,諸葛瑾、潘璋、楊粲救南郡,朱桓以濡須督拒仁。 時揚、越蠻夷多未平集,內難未弭,故權卑辭上書,求自改厲,“若罪在難除,必不見置,當奉還土地民人。 乞寄命交州,以終餘年。”
Outwardly Sun Quan played the vassal of Wei; inwardly he never opened his heart. Wei proposed sending Xin Pi in his court roles to take the blood oath and to insist on a hostage prince; Sun Quan found excuses and refused. That autumn, in the ninth month, Wei struck on three lines: Cao Xiu, Zhang Liao, and Zang Ba from Dongkou, Cao Ren toward Ruxu, while Cao Zhen, Xiahou Shang, Zhang He, and Xu Huang closed on Nan commandery. Sun Quan gave Lü Fan five armies and river squadrons to meet Cao Xiu, sent Zhuge Jin, Pan Zhang, and Yang Can to the relief of Nan commandery, and left Zhu Huan as Ruxu chief to block Cao Ren. Because hill tribes in Yang and Yue still smoldered and rebels stirred at home, Sun Quan wrote in the humblest terms, promising to mend his ways and adding, If my sins cannot be forgiven, I will hand back every field and subject I hold, and ask only to live out my days as a private man in Jiao Province.
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文帝報曰:“君生於擾攘之際,本有從橫之志,降身奉國,以享茲祚。 自君策名已來,貢獻盈路。 討備之功,國朝仰成。 埋而掘之,古人之所恥。 〈《国语曰:狸埋之,狸掘之,是以无成功。〉 朕之與君,大義已定,豈樂勞師遠臨江漢? 廊廟之議,王者所不得專; 三公上君過失,皆有本末、朕以不明。 雖有曾母投杼之疑,猶冀言者不信,以為國福。 故先遣使者犒勞,又遣尚書、侍中踐修前言,以定任子。 君遂設辭,不欲使進,議者怪之。 〈魏略载魏三公奏曰:「臣闻枝大者披心,尾大者不掉,有国有家之所慎也。 昔汉承秦弊,天下新定,大国之王,臣节未尽,以萧、张之谋不备录之,至使六王前后反叛,已而伐之,戎车不辍。 又文、景守成,忘战戢役,骄纵吴、楚,养虺成蛇,既为社稷大忧,盖前事之不忘,后事之师也。 吴王孙权,幼竖小子,无尺寸之功,遭遇兵乱,因父兄之绪,少蒙翼卵昫伏之恩,长含鸱枭反逆之性,背弃天施,罪恶积大。 复与关羽更相觇伺,逐利见便,挟为卑辞。 先帝知权奸以求用,时以于禁败於水灾,等当讨羽,因以委权。 先帝委裘下席,权不尽心,诚在恻怛,欲因大丧,寡弱王室,希讬董桃传先帝令,乘未得报许,擅取襄阳,及见驱逐,乃更折节。 邪辟之态,巧言如流,虽重驿累使,发遣禁等,内包隗嚣顾望之奸,外欲缓诛,支仰蜀贼。 圣朝含弘,既加不忍,优而赦之,与之更始,猥乃割地王之,使南面称孤,兼官累位,礼备九命,名马百驷,以成其势,光宠显赫,古今无二。 权为犬羊之姿,横被虎豹之文,不思靖力致死之节,以报无量不世之恩。 臣每见所下权前后章表,又以愚意采察权旨,自以阻带江湖,负固不服,狃忄犬累世,诈伪成功,上有尉佗、英布之计,下诵伍被屈强之辞,终非不侵不叛之臣。 以为晁错不发削弱王侯之谋,则七国同衡,祸久而大; 蒯通不决袭历下之策,则田横自虑,罪深变重。 臣谨考之周礼九伐之法,平权凶恶,逆节萌生,见罪十五。 昔九黎乱德,黄帝加诛; 项羽罪十,汉祖不舍。 权所犯罪衅明白,非仁恩所养,宇宙所容。 臣请免权官,鸿胪削爵土,捕治罪。 敢有不从,移兵进讨,以明国典好恶之常,以静三州元元之苦。」 其十五条,文多不载。〉 又前都尉浩周勸君遣子,乃實朝臣交謀,以此卜君,君果有辭,外引隗囂遣子不終,內喻竇融守忠而已。 世殊時異,人各有心。 浩周之還,口陳指麾,益令議者發明眾嫌,終始之本,無所據杖,故遂俛仰從群臣議。 今省上事,款誠深至,心用慨然,淒愴動容。 即日下詔,敕諸軍但深溝高壘,不得妄進。 若君必效忠節,以解疑議,登身朝到,夕召兵還。 此言之誠,有如大江!” 〈《魏略》曰:浩周字孔异,上党人。 建安中仕为萧令,至徐州刺史。 后领护于禁军,军没,为关羽所得。 权袭羽,并得周,甚礼之。 及文帝即王位,权乃遣周,为笺魏王曰:「昔讨关羽,获于将军,即白先王,当发遣之。 此乃奉款之心,不言而发。 先王未深留意,而谓权中间复有异图,愚情慺慺,用未果决。 遂值先王委离国祚,殿下承统,下情始通。 公私契阔,未获备举,是令本誓未即昭显。 梁寓传命,委曲周至,深知殿下以为意望。 权之赤心,不敢有他,原垂明恕,保权所执。 谨遣浩周、东里衮,至情至实,皆周等所具。」 又曰:「权本性空薄,文武不昭,昔承父兄成军之绪,得为先王所见奖饰,遂因国恩,抚绥东土。 而中间寡虑,庶事不明,畏威忘德,以取重戾。 先王恩仁,不忍遐弃,既释其宿罪,且开明信。 虽致命虏廷,枭获关羽,功效浅薄,未报万一。 事业未究,先王即世。 殿下践阼,威仁流迈,私惧情原未蒙昭察。 梁寓来到,具知殿下不遂疏远,必欲抚录,追本先绪。 权之得此,欣然踊跃,心开目明,不胜其庆。 权世受宠遇,分义深笃,今日之事,永执一心,惟察慺慺,重垂含覆。」 又曰:「先王以权推诚已验,军当引还,故除合肥之守,著南北之信,令权长驱不复后顾。 近得守将周泰、全琮等白事,过月六日,有马步七百,径到横江,又督将马和复将四百人进到居巢,琮等闻有兵马渡江,视之,为兵马所击,临时交锋,大相杀伤。 卒得此问,情用恐惧。 权实在远,不豫闻知,约敕无素,敢谢其罪。 又闻张征东、硃横海今复还合肥,先王盟要,由来未久,且权自度未获罪衅,不审今者何以发起,牵军远次? 事业未讫,甫当为国讨除贼备,重闻斯问,深使失图。 凡远人所恃,在於明信,原殿下克卒前分,开示坦然,使权誓命,得卒本规。 凡所原言,周等所当传也。」 初东里衮为于禁军司马,前与周俱没,又俱还到,有诏皆见之。 帝问周等,周以为权必臣服,而东里衮谓其不可必服。 帝悦周言,以为有以知之。 是岁冬,魏王受汉禅,遣使以权为吴王,诏使周与使者俱往。 周既致诏命,时与权私宴,谓权曰:「陛下未信王遣子入侍也,周以阖门百口明之。」 权因字谓周曰:「浩孔异,卿乃以举家百口保我,我当何言邪?」 遂流涕沾襟。 及与周别,又指天为誓。 周还之后,权不遣子而设辞,帝乃久留其使。 到八月,权上书谢,又与周书曰:「自道路开通,不忘脩意。 既新奉国命,加知起居,假归河北,故使情问不获果至。 望想之劳,曷云其已。 孤以空闇,分信不昭,中间招罪,以取弃绝,幸蒙国恩,复见赦宥,喜乎与君克卒本图。 传不云乎,虽不能始,善终可也。」 又曰:「昔君之来,欲令遣子入侍,于时倾心欢以承命,徒以登年幼,欲假年岁之间耳。 而赤情未蒙昭信,遂见讨责,常用惭怖。 自顷国恩,复加开导,忘其前愆,取其后效,喜得因此寻竟本誓。 前已有表具说遣子之意,想君假还,已知之也。」 又曰:「今子当入侍,而未有妃耦,昔君念之,以为可上连缀宗室若夏侯氏,虽中间自弃,常奉戢在心。 当垂宿念,为之先后,使获攀龙附骥,永自固定。 其为分惠,岂有量哉! 如是欲遣孙长绪与小兒俱入,奉行礼聘,成之在君。」 又曰:「小兒年弱,加教训不足,念当与别,为之缅然,父子恩情,岂有已邪! 又欲遣张子布追辅护之。 孤性无餘,凡所欲为,今尽宣露。 惟恐赤心不先暢达,是以具为君说之,宜明所以。」 於是诏曰:「权前对浩周,自陈不敢自远,乐委质长为外臣,又前后辞旨,头尾击地,此鼠子自知不能保尔许地也。 又今与周书,请以十二月遣子,复欲遣孙长绪、张子布随子俱来,彼二人皆权股肱心腹也。 又欲为子於京师求妇,此权无异心之明效也。」 帝既信权甘言,且谓周为得其真,而权但华伪,竟无遣子意。 自是之后,帝既彰权罪,周亦见疏远,终身不用。〉
Cao Pi answered: You were bred in chaos and once dreamed of carving your own fate; you bent the knee to serve the empire and so won the fortune you hold. From the day you pledged allegiance, your gifts have choked the highways north. The strike that broke Liu Bei was finished only with your help. To dig up what you yourself buried is the shame the classics warn against. 〈The Guoyu says the fox who buried the meat is the fox who digs it up—such work comes to nothing. Between your house and mine the great understanding is fixed; why would I delight in driving hosts to the Han and Yangzi? Policy debated under the palace eaves is not mine alone to fix; the Three Excellencies laid out your misdeeds point by point, and I was slow to see the truth. Even when rumor painted you faithless as Zeng Shen's flight, I prayed the whisper was a lie—for the empire's sake. So I first sent messengers with gifts, then ministers to repeat our bargain and fix the hostage question. You raised new objections and barred their entry—my advisers were baffled. 〈The Wei lüe preserves the Three Excellencies' indictment: "When limbs grow too large they tear the trunk; when the tail grows fat the beast cannot wag it—every dynasty has feared that lesson. Han rose on Qin's ruin while great feudatories still sneered at the throne; Xiao He and Zhang Liang failed to clip their wings early, so six kings rebelled in turn and chariots rolled without cease. Emperors Wen and Jing hoarded peace, forgot the sword, and pampered Wu and Chu until a worm became a dragon—almost costing the dynasty; the past, not forgotten, must school the present. Sun Quan is a green boy who never won an inch of ground by himself; he clings to his father's and brother's mantle, yet repays the egg's warmth with kite cruelty and heaps offense on Heaven's favor. He traded glances with Guan Yu, each chasing advantage, while mouthing submission. Our late emperor saw his cunning but, when Yu Jin drowned and Guan Yu had to be struck, handed him the chore. He shrugged off the late emperor's trust, tried to turn Cao Cao's death into a chance to cripple Luoyang, leaned on Dong Zhao's forged story of edict, seized Xiangyang before Luoyang answered, then played the penitent once he was driven off. His crooked tongue ran on; though he returned Yu Jin under flag of truce, within he played Wei Xiao's double game and without he courted Shu to buy time. This court bore with him, pardoned him, gave him a fresh start—then foolishly crowned him king, let him style himself ruler, heaped titles, finished the Nine Honors, sent a hundred teams of steeds, and made him blaze brighter than any vassal before or since. A cur in tiger's stripes, he forgets he should die in harness to repay kindness without measure. We read his smug memorials: he trusts the river moat, sneers at fealty handed down for generations, apes Zhao Tuo's separatism and Ying Bu's plots, mutters Wu Bei's rebellious slogans—he will never be the sort who keeps peace at the border. Had Chao Cuo not cut the princes down to size while he could, the Seven Kingdoms would have faced the throne as a single bloc and the bloodletting would have lasted longer and run deeper. Had Kuai Tong not pressed Han Xin to storm the Li line, Tian Heng would have nursed his own treason until the crime and the mutiny both swelled beyond remedy. We weigh his case by the Nine Punishments of the Rites of Zhou: fifteen counts of treason and violence stand proved. The Nine Li once defiled the moral order and Huang Di cut them down; Xiang Yu's sins were tenfold, yet Gaozu showed him no mercy. Sun Quan's guilt is plain—not to be nursed by mercy or borne by Heaven. We ask to cashier him, strip fief and title through the Minister of Guests, and clap him in bonds. Should he refuse, march and strike to show how the law loves the loyal and hates the traitor, and to give peace to the people of the three southern provinces." The fifteen-count bill ran too long for the excerpt to carry every line.〉 Recall how Hao Zhou begged you for a hostage—that was our court's probe; you wriggled free, citing Wei Xiao's failed hostage and comparing yourself to Dou Rong the loyalist. Times change; men read the same events with different hearts. When Hao Zhou came home his breathless tale convinced every sceptic; with no sure proof of your good faith left, I bowed to the hawks in council. Reading your latest letter, I feel its anguish in my bones. Today I order every host to dig in and forbid a rash advance. Prove your faith: let Sun Deng reach my capital at dawn and I will sound the recall at dusk. On that pledge I stake as much as the Yangzi holds water! 〈The Wei lüe names Hao Zhou, style Kongyi, a native of Shangdang. Under the Jian'an reign he governed Xiao county and rose to Inspector of Xu. He next commanded the escort for Yu Jin's column; when that army drowned he fell into Guan Yu's hands. Sun Quan's raid on Guan Yu delivered Hao Zhou as well, and Wu treated him as an honored guest. When Cao Pi became King of Wei, Sun Quan sent Hao Zhou north with a letter: "When we destroyed Guan Yu and took Yu Jin, I told your late father at once that the prisoner should be returned. That was sincerity needing no speech—it showed in the deed itself. Your father read ill will into it and never quite trusted me; I burned with honest worry, so the thing dragged on unresolved. Then your father died and you mounted the throne; only then could a son of Wu speak his heart to the north. Public duty and private grief kept us apart, so the old pledge could not yet be spelled out in full. When Liang Yu brought your word, every nuance reached me; I knew then what you expected of me. My loyalty admits no second thought; I beg your clear pardon and ask you to respect what Wu still holds. I send Hao Zhou and Dongli Gun to speak the plain truth Zhou has already laid before you." Another sheet added: "I am shallow stuff, no shining talent; I took the army my father and brother left, won your father's praise, and leaned on Han favor to rule the east. Midway I misjudged things, feared your power, and forgot my debt of honor—that earned me your heavy anger. Yet your father was kind: he forgave old faults and opened a road of good faith. Even when I risked my neck in your camp and brought you Guan Yu's head, the service was trifling—nothing like repaying what I owed. Before the work was done, your father was gone. You took the throne in a flood of grace; I feared my honest word had not yet reached your ears. Liang Yu's visit showed you did not mean to cast me off but would comfort me and trace our old tie. I danced with relief—suddenly I could see again. Your house has favored mine for years; the bond runs deep; I swear one heart for this day—only read my plea and fold me in your mercy again." Another passage said: "Your father saw my good faith proved and meant to pull his troops back—he cleared the Hefei garrison to seal north–south trust and let me march deep without watching my rear. Lately Zhou Tai and Quan Zong wrote that after the sixth a column of seven hundred foot and horse hit Hengjiang, then Ma He pushed four hundred more to Ju Chao; hearing of crossings, they rode to look and stumbled into a fight—both sides took heavy losses. That news struck terror into me. I was far downriver and knew nothing; discipline on the line failed— I own the fault. Now rumor says Zhang Liao and Zhu Huan are back at Hefei. Your father's oath is still warm; I know of no new crime on my side—why stir a host to our frontier? I was about to march for you against Liu Bei; this rumor wrecks every plan. Distance needs clear faith; finish what your father began, speak plainly, and let me swear my life to the old bargain. Let Zhou carry every word." Dongli Gun had served Yu Jin as army major, shared Zhou's captivity, and marched home with him—both were summoned to court. Cao Pi asked their view: Hao Zhou swore Sun Quan would submit; Dongli Gun said you could not bank on it. Cao Pi liked Zhou's answer and thought he had the true measure of Wu. That winter Cao Pi took the throne and sent the patent naming Sun Quan King of Wu, telling Hao Zhou to escort the envoys south. At a private feast Hao Zhou whispered, "The Son of Heaven doubts you will send a hostage; I stake my hundred kin on your word." Sun Quan took his hand: "Hao Kongyi, you bet your clan on me—what answer can I give but yes?" Tears soaked his robe. When they said farewell he pointed at the sky and swore an oath. Hao Zhou went north; Sun Quan sent no prince, only excuses—so Cao Pi kept the Wei envoy hanging. In the eighth month Sun Quan wrote thanks and told Zhou, "Since messengers ride free again, I have not forgotten courtesy. I meant to visit Hebei myself once the new duties were clear—so my greetings could not come in person. You know how wearisome longing is. I am a dull man; my good faith did not show and I earned blame—yet you pardoned me; I rejoice that with you I can still finish our bargain. The classic says one may botch the start yet finish honorably—that is my prayer." He also said, "Formerly when you, sir, came, you wished to make me send a son to attend court; at the time I inclined my heart gladly to receive the command, only because Deng was young, I wished to borrow the space of some years. My red heart went unread; your court blamed me—I lived in shame and dread. Your latest kindness wiped the old slate and asked only for future proof—now I can keep the oath after all. I tabled the hostage plan already; you must have seen it on your way north." He also said, "Now the son ought to enter attendance but has not yet a spouse; formerly you, sir, thought of it and held that one could above connect to a lineage house like the Xiahou clan; though midway he himself broke off, I always held it respectfully in mind. Please keep that match in mind and order the rites so he may "cling to the dragon's scales" and stand secure. What gratitude I owe for such favor words cannot measure. I will send Sun Shao with the lad to complete the betrothal—success rests with you." He also said, "The young child is weak in years, moreover instruction is insufficient; thinking I must part from him, for him I am moved deeply—father-son feeling—how can it have an end! Zhang Zhao will go with him as tutor and shield. I hide nothing: every thought is laid bare here. I spell this out lest my heart not shine clear—read it and tell me your mind." Cao Pi's edict sneered: "Sun Quan swore to Zhou he would be a vassal forever; his letters grovel head to foot—a rat knows how much cheese it can guard. Now he promises a prince by the twelfth month plus Sun Shao and Zhang Zhao—his own right arm and heart. He wants a Luoyang bride for the boy—clear proof, he says, that he means no treachery." Cao Pi swallowed the honey and Zhou's earnest tale, yet Sun Quan's words were lacquer—no hostage ever left. When Sun Quan's deceit showed plain, Hao Zhou fell from favor and never served again.〉
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權遂改年,臨江拒守。 冬十一月,大風。 呂範等兵溺死者數千,余軍還江南。 曹休使臧霸以輕船五百、敢死萬人襲攻徐陵,燒攻城車,殺略數千人。 將軍全琮、徐盛追斬魏將尹盧。 殺獲數百。 十二月,權使太中大夫鄭泉聘劉備於白帝,始復通也。 〈江表传曰:权云:「近得玄德书,已深引咎,求复旧好。 前所以名西为蜀者,以汉帝尚存故耳,今汉已废,自可名为汉中王也。」 吴书曰:郑泉字文渊,陈郡人。 博学有奇志,而性嗜酒,其间居每曰:「原得美酒满五百斛船,以四时甘脆置两头,反覆没饮之,惫即住而啖肴膳。 酒有斗升减,随即益之,不亦快乎!」 权以为郎中。 尝与之言:「卿好於众中面谏,或失礼敬,宁畏龙鳞乎?」 对曰:「臣闻君明臣直,今值朝廷上下无讳,实恃洪恩,不畏龙鳞。」 后侍宴,权乃怖之,使提出付有司促治罪。 泉临出屡顾,权呼还,笑曰:「卿言不畏龙鳞,何以临出而顾乎?」 对曰:「实侍恩覆,知无死忧,至当出閤,感惟威灵,不能不顾耳。」 使蜀,刘备问曰:「吴王何以不答吾书,得无以吾正名不宜乎?」 泉曰:「曹操父子陵轹汉室,终夺其位。 殿下既为宗室,有维城之责,不荷戈执殳为海内率先,而於是自名,未合天下之议,是以寡君未复书耳。」 备甚惭恧。 泉临卒,谓同类曰:「必葬我陶家之侧,庶百岁之后化而成土,幸见取为酒壶,实获我心矣。」〉 然猶與魏文帝相往來,至後年乃絕。 是歲,改夷陵為西陵。
Sun Quan changed his reign title and drew his line on the Yangzi. A great wind struck in the eleventh winter month. Lü Fan's fleet lost thousands to the waves; the rest limped back south of the Yangzi. Cao Xiu sent Zang Ba with five hundred fast boats and ten thousand volunteers to raid Xuling, torched the siege train, and killed or captured thousands. Quan Zong and Xu Sheng ran down the Wei officer Yin Lu and took his head. Some hundreds more were killed or seized. In the twelfth month he sent Zheng Quan to Liu Bei at Baidi—the first embassy since the war. 〈The Jiang Biao Zhuan states: Quan said, "Recently I received Xuande's letter; he has deeply taken blame on himself and seeks to restore the old good relations. I called his realm "Shu" while the Han emperor lived; now that Han is gone, he may style himself king of Hanzhong." Zheng Quan, style Wenyuan, came from Chen commandery. Broadly learned with a strange ambition, yet his nature loved wine; in idle residence he often said, "I wish to obtain five hundred hu of fine wine filling a boat, place seasonal sweet crisp at both ends, and repeatedly dive to drink it; when weary then stop and eat delicacies. As each dip lowered the level, servants would pour more—what bliss!" Sun Quan named him gentleman consultant. Sun Quan once asked, "You scold me in open court and forget courtesy—are you not afraid of the emperor's wrath?" Zheng Quan said, "When the sovereign is wise, ministers speak straight; this court forbids nothing—I trust your tolerance, not your temper." Later at a feast Sun Quan feigned rage, had him seized and hauled toward the judge. As guards marched Zheng Quan out he kept twisting his head; Sun Quan called him back laughing: "You said you feared no dragon scales—why the backward looks?" Zheng Quan said, "I knew your favor would spare my neck; at the palace gate your majesty's aura still shook me—that is why I looked." Sent to Shu, Liu Bei asked, "Why did the King of Wu not answer my letter—can it be that he thinks my taking the proper title was improper?" Quan said, "Cao Cao and his son rode roughshod over the Han house and in the end seized its throne. Liu Bei, as imperial kin, should have led the vanguard against Wei; instead he crowned himself—opinion under Heaven frowned—so my lord held his brush." Liu Bei flushed with shame. When Quan was near death, he said to those of his kind, "You must bury me beside the potter's field so that after a hundred years, transformed into earth, I may fortunately be taken to make a wine jug—truly obtaining my heart's wish."〉 Envoys still passed between him and Cao Pi for a time; the break came later. That year Yiling was renamed Xiling.
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二年春正月,曹真分軍據江陵中州。 是月,城江夏山。 改四分,用乾象歷。 〈江表传曰:权推五德之运,以为土行用未祖辰腊。 志林曰:土行以辰腊,得其数矣。 土盛於戌,而以未祖,其义非也。 土生於未,故未为坤初。 是以月令:建未之月,祀黄精於郊,祖用其盛。 今祖用其始,岂应运乎?〉 三月,曹仁遣將軍常彫等,以兵五千,乘油船,晨渡濡須中州。 仁子泰因引軍急攻朱桓,桓兵拒之。 遣將軍嚴圭等擊破彫等。 是月,魏軍皆退。 夏四月,權群臣勸即尊號,權不許。 〈江表传曰:权辞让曰:「汉家堙替,不能存救,亦何心而竞乎?」 群臣称天命符瑞,固重以请。 权未之许,而谓将相曰:「往年孤以玄德方向西鄙,故先命陆逊选众以待之。 闻北部分,欲以助孤,孤内嫌其有挟,若不受其拜,是相折辱而趣其速发,便当与西俱至,二处受敌,於孤为剧,故自抑按,就其封王。 低屈之趣,诸君似未之尽,今故以此相解耳。」〉 劉備薨於白帝。 〈吴书曰:权遣立信都尉冯熙聘于蜀,吊备丧也。 熙字子柔,颍川人,冯异之后也。 权之为车骑,熙历东曹掾,使蜀还,为中大夫。 后使于魏,文帝问曰:「吴王若欲脩宿好,宜当厉兵江关,县旍巴蜀,而闻复遣脩好,必有变故。」 熙曰:「臣闻西使直报问,且以观衅,非有谋也。」 又曰:「闻吴国比年灾旱,人物彫损,以大夫之明,观之何如?」 熙对曰:「吴王体量聪明,善於任使,赋政施役,每事必咨,教养宾旅,亲贤爱士,赏不择怨仇,而罚必加有罪,臣下皆感恩怀德,惟忠与义。 带甲百万,谷帛如山,稻田沃野,民无饥岁,所谓金城汤池,强富之国也。 以臣观之,轻重之分,未可量也。」 帝不悦,以陈群与熙同郡,使群诱之,啗以重利。 熙不为回。 送至摩陂,欲困苦之。 后又召还,未至,熙惧见迫不从,必危身辱命,乃引刀自刺。 御者觉之,不得死。 权闻之,垂涕曰:「此与苏武何异?」 竟死於魏。〉 五月,曲阿言甘露降。 先是戲口守將晉宗殺將王直,以眾叛如魏,魏以為蘄春太守,數犯邊境。 六月,權令將軍賀齊、糜芳、劉邵等襲蘄春,邵等生虜宗。 冬十一月,蜀使中郎將鄧芝來聘。 〈吴历曰:蜀致马二百匹,锦千端,及方物。 自是之后,聘使往来以为常。 吴亦致方土所出,以答其厚意焉。〉
In the second year (223 CE), first month, Cao Zhen seized the Jiangling midstream islet. The same month they fortified Jiangxia Mountain. Wu adopted the quarter-reckoning system and the Qianxiang calendar. 〈The Jiang Biao Zhuan says Sun Quan claimed earth virtue with wei-month sacrifices to the ancestor and chen New Year's rites. Zhi Lin thinks the chen sacrifice correctly tracks earth's reckoning. Earth peaks in xu—yet honoring wei as ancestor misstates the theory. Earth rises from wei—wei opens the Kun trigram. The monthly ordinance sacrifices yellow essence in the wei month when earth is strongest. Using the "birth" month for ancestral rites hardly fits the cycle.〉 In the third month Cao Ren sent Chang Diao with five thousand men in oil boats across the Ruxu sandbar at dawn. Cao Tai pressed Zhu Huan, whose men held firm. Sun Quan sent Yan Gui and others to defeat Chang Diao. Wei armies withdrew that month. In summer, fourth month, Sun Quan's ministers urged him to take the imperial title; he refused. 〈The Jiang Biao Zhuan quotes Sun Quan declining: "Han lies beyond saving—why should I rush to rival it? His ministers cited omens and pressed again. Sun Quan had not agreed, but told his commanders: "When Xuande threatened the west I first had Lu Xun gather troops against him. The north split and offered help; I feared strings attached—rejecting their king-making would insult Wei and hasten attack on both fronts, so I swallowed pride and accepted their kingly patent. You may not fully grasp why I bent low—I explain it now."〉" Liu Bei died at Baidi. 〈The Wu Shu says Sun Quan sent Feng Xi of Xindu to Shu to mourn Liu Bei. Feng Xi, courtesy Zirou, was from Yingchuan and a descendant of Feng Yi. When Sun Quan was general of chariots and cavalry, Feng Xi served as eastern bureau clerk; after his mission to Shu he became grand counselor. Later, on embassy to Wei, Emperor Wen asked: "If the Wu king wants old friendship renewed he should mass troops at the river passes and plant banners in Ba–Shu—yet he sends envoys again—something has changed." Feng Xi said: "The western envoy brings routine courtesy—watching for openings, not plotting." He added: "Wu has suffered drought for years—what do you make of it?" Feng Xi replied: "The Wu king is clever and knows how to use men—he taxes and drafts only after counsel—cherishes guests and scholars—rewards without ignoring enemies yet punishes only the guilty—his officers honor him with loyalty. A million under arms, grain and silk like hills, fertile paddies—people face no famine—a kingdom of bronze walls and boiling moats. Your servant cannot weigh who holds the advantage." Emperor Wen frowned and ordered Chen Qun, from the same commandery, to tempt Feng Xi with rich bribes. Feng Xi refused to turn. They sent him to Mopi wishing to break him. When summoned back before he arrived he feared coercion—death or dishonor—and stabbed himself. His driver stopped him before he died. Sun Quan wept: "How is this unlike Su Wu?" He died in Wei in the end.〉 In the fifth month Qu'e reported sweet dew. Earlier Jin Zong at Xikou slew Wang Zhi and defected with his troops; Wei named him Qichun governor and he raided the border often. In the sixth month Sun Quan sent He Qi, Mi Fang, and Liu Shao against Qichun; Liu Shao captured Jin Zong alive. In winter, eleventh month, Shu sent Deng Zhi on a goodwill mission. 〈The Wu Li says Shu sent two hundred horses, a thousand bolts of brocade, and local tribute. After that embassies traveled regularly. Wu answered with its own regional goods.〉
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三年夏,遣輔義中郎將張溫聘於蜀。 秋八月,赦死罪。 九月,魏文帝出廣陵,望大江,曰"彼有人焉,未可圖也",乃還。 〈干宝《晋纪》曰:魏文帝之在广陵,吴人大骇,乃临江为疑城,自石头至于江乘,车以木桢,衣以苇席,加采饰焉,一夕而成。 魏人自江西望,甚惮之,遂退军。 权令赵达算之,曰:「曹丕走矣,虽然,吴衰庚子岁。」 权曰:「几何?」 达屈指而计之,曰:「五十八年。」 权曰:「今日之忧,不暇及远,此子孙事也。」 吴录曰:是岁蜀主又遣邓芝来聘,重结盟好。 权谓芝曰:「山民作乱,江边守兵多彻,虑曹丕乘空弄态,而反求和。 议者以为内有不暇,幸来求和,於我有利,宜当与通,以自辨定。 恐西州不能明孤赤心,用致嫌疑。 孤土地边外,间隙万端,而长江巨海,皆当防守。 丕观衅而动,惟不见便,宁得忘此,复有他图。」〉
In the third year of Huangwu he sent Zhang Wen west on embassy. In the eighth month he declared a general amnesty for capital crimes. Cao Pi rode to Guangling in the ninth month, stared at the Yangzi, muttered, "They have men on that bank," and marched home. 〈Gan Bao records that Wu threw up phantom walls from Shitou to Jiangcheng overnight—wooden frames draped in rush matting and paint. From the north bank the Wei host thought them real and retreated. Sun Quan had Zhao Da cast the yarrow: "Cao Pi withdraws—but Wu will wane in a gengzi year." How many years off?" asked the king. Zhao Da counted on his fingers: "Fifty-eight." Sun Quan laughed: "Today's troubles will not last fifty-eight years—that is a worry for my grandchildren." The Wu lu adds that Liu Shan sent Deng Zhi the same year to renew the treaty. Quan said to Zhi, "The mountain people make rebellion; many river guards have been withdrawn; I feared Cao Pi would exploit the emptiness with tricks, yet he instead seeks peace. His advisers said trouble at home made Wu lucky to get an offer—accept and steady the realm. He feared Shu would still doubt his good faith. Wu straddles frontier and sea—every mile wants a garrison. Cao Pi waits for an opening; finding none, he talks peace while plotting war."〉"
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四年夏五月,丞相孫邵卒。 〈吴录曰:邵字长绪,北海人,长八尺。 为孔融功曹,融称曰「廊庙才也」。 从刘繇於江东。 及权统事,数陈便宜,以为应纳贡聘,权即从之。 拜庐江太守,迁车骑长史。 黄武初为丞相,威远将军,封阳羡侯。 张温、暨艳奏其事,邵辞位请罪,权释令复职,年六十三卒。 志林曰:吴之创基,邵为首相,史无其传,窃常怪之。 尝问刘声叔。 声叔,博物君子也,云:「推其名位,自应立传。 项竣、 (吴孚) 〔丁孚〕时已有注记,此云与张惠恕不能。 后韦氏作史,盖惠恕之党,故不见书。」〉 六月,以太常顧雍為丞相。 〈吴书曰:以尚书令陈化为太常。 化字元耀,汝南人,博览众书,气幹刚毅,长七尺九寸,雅有威容。 为郎中令使魏,魏文帝因酒酣,嘲问曰:「吴、魏峙立,谁将平一海内者乎?」 化对曰:「易称帝出乎震,加闻先哲知命,旧说紫盖黄旗,运在东南。」 帝曰:「昔文王以西伯王天下,岂复在东乎?」 化曰:「周之初基,太伯在东,是以文王能兴於西。」 帝笑,无以难,心奇其辞。 使毕当还,礼送甚厚。 权以化奉命光国,拜犍为太守,置官属。 顷之,迁太常,兼尚书令。 正色立朝,敕子弟废田业,绝治产,仰官廪禄,不与百姓争利。 妻早亡,化以古事为鉴,乃不复娶。 权闻而贵之,以其年壮,敕宗正妻以宗室女,化固辞以疾,权不违其志。 年出七十,乃上疏乞骸骨,遂爰居章安,卒於家。 长子炽,字公熙,少有志操,能计算。 卫将军全琮表称炽任大将军,赴召,道卒。〉 皖口言木連理。 冬十二月,鄱陽賊彭綺自稱將軍,攻沒諸縣,眾數萬人。 是歲地連震。 〈吴录曰; 是冬魏文帝至广陵,临江观兵,兵有十餘万,旌旗弥数百里,有渡江之志。 权严设固守。 时大寒冰,舟不得入江。 帝见波涛汹涌,叹曰:「嗟乎! 固天所以隔南北也!」 遂归。 孙韶又遣将高寿等率敢死之士五百人於径路夜要之,帝大惊,寿等获副车羽盖以还。〉
In the fifth month of the fourth year Chancellor Sun Shao died. 〈The Wu lu describes Sun Shao as eight chi tall, style Zhangxu, from Beihai. Kong Rong employed him as merit clerk and called him "timber for the state hall." He crossed to the east with Liu Yao. Once Sun Quan held power, Sun Shao kept urging sensible measures—pay tribute, exchange embassies with the north—and the king adopted every one. He rose from Administrator of Lujiang to chief clerk on the staff of the General of Chariots and Cavalry. When Huangwu opened he took the chancellorship, the title General Who Spreads Might, and the marquisate of Yangxian. Zhang Wen and Ji Yan impeached him; Sun Shao offered his seal in shame; Sun Quan forgave him and sent him back to his desk; he died at sixty-three. Pei Songzhi's Zhi Lin notes the oddity: Sun Shao was Wu's founding chancellor yet the standard history gives him no chapter. I once put the question to Liu Yue. Shengshu, a gentleman broad in learning, said, "Weighing his name and station, he naturally ought to have had a biography established. The manuscript trail breaks with the fragment "Xiang Jun"— (one edition reads "Wu Fu") another reads "Ding Fu"; notes already existed, which contradicts the claim that Zhang Yan could not have written them. Later the Wei clan compiled the history—they were probably Huishu's faction—therefore it does not appear in the book."〉" In the sixth month Sun Quan named Gu Yong, Grand Master of Ceremonies, as his new chancellor. 〈The Wu shu adds that Chen Hua rose from Secretariat Director to Grand Master of Ceremonies. Chen Hua, style Yuanyao of Runan, was tall, stern, and formidably read. As Palace Director he visited Wei; at a drunken banquet Cao Pi needled him: "Which of us will own the world?" Hua replied, "The Changes says the emperor comes forth from the Zhen trigram; moreover I have heard former sages knew fate—the old saying of the purple canopy and yellow banner means the mandate lies in the southeast." The emperor said, "Formerly King Wen as lord of the west ruled the realm—was he again in the east?" Hua said, "At Zhou's first foundation Taibo was in the east—therefore King Wen could rise in the west." Cao Pi laughed, could not answer, and admired his wit. When his embassy ended Wei sent him home with lavish gifts. Sun Quan rewarded him with the Qianwei commandery and a full staff. Soon he doubled as Grand Master of Ceremonies and Secretariat Director. He forbade his clan to hoard land or trade for private gain—they would live on stipends alone. After his wife died he refused remarriage, citing antique models of widower restraint. Sun Quan admired him but tried to marry him to an imperial princess; Chen Hua pleaded illness until the king dropped the match. Past seventy he asked leave to retire, moved to Zhang'an, and died in his house. His heir Chen Chi, style Gongxi, was a careful accountant from boyhood. Quan Zong recommended him for Grand General; he died en route to the appointment.〉 Wankou reported the omen of interlaced trees. That winter the Poyang rebel Peng Qi declared himself general, overran a string of counties, and gathered tens of thousands. Earthquakes shook the south year after year. 〈The Wu lu records: The same winter Cao Pi rode to Guangling, paraded more than a hundred thousand men along the bank, and meant to cross. Sun Quan threw up a tight river defense. Ice locked the channel—no hull could move. Watching the waves, Cao Pi sighed, "Ah— —this is Heaven's ditch between north and south!" He turned his host homeward. Sun Shao's officer Gao Shou ambushed him by night with five hundred volunteers, panicked the Wei camp, and carried off a prince's parasol as trophy.〉
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五年春,令曰:「軍興日久,民離農畔,父子夫婦,不聽相卹,孤甚愍之。 今北虜縮竄,方外無事,其下州郡,有以寬息。 "是時,陸遜以所在少谷,表令諸將增廣農畝。 權報曰:"甚善。 今孤父子親自受田,車中八牛以為四耦,雖未及古人,亦欲與眾均等其勞也。」 秋七月,權聞魏文帝崩,征江夏,圍石陽,不克而還。 蒼梧言鳳凰見。 分三郡惡地十縣置東安郡, 〈吴录曰:郡治富春也。〉 以全琮為太守,平討山越。 冬十月,陸遜陳便宜,勸以施德緩刑,寬賦息調。 又云:“忠讜之言,不能極陳,求容小臣,數以利聞”。 權報曰:
In the fifth year spring, an order stated, "Arms have risen long; the people have left the plough; fathers and sons, husbands and wives, cannot hear each other's grief—I am deeply pained. Now that the north had pulled back, every district was told to ease corvée and taxes. Lu Xun noted local grain shortfalls and asked every camp to break new farmland. Sun Quan answered, "Excellent— my son and I will plough with eight oxen in four yokes ourselves. We fall short of ancient sages, yet we mean to sweat beside the people." In the seventh month word came that Cao Pi was dead; Sun Quan struck Jiangxia and besieged Shiyang without success, then withdrew. Cangwu reported a phoenix sighting. He carved ten hardscrabble counties out of three commanderies into a new Dong'an commandery, 〈with its seat at Fuchun, says the Wu lu.〉 He named Quan Zong its administrator and sent him to tame the hill Yue. In the tenth month Lu Xun urged gentler laws, lighter taxes, and fewer emergency levies. He added that blunt advice died in small men's throats while flatterers chattered of profit. Sun Quan answered:
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夫法令之設,欲以遏惡防邪,儆戒未然也。 焉得不有刑罰以威小人乎?此為先令後誅,不欲使有犯者耳。 君以為太重者,孤亦何利其然,但不得已而為之耳。 今承來意,當重咨謀,務從其可。 且近臣有盡規之諫,親戚有補察之箴,所以匡君正主明忠信也。 《書》載『予違汝弼,汝無面從』,孤豈不樂忠言以自裨補邪?而云『不敢極陳』,何得為忠讜哉?若小臣之中,有可納用者,寧得以人廢言而不采擇乎?但諂媚取容,雖闇亦所明識也。 至於發調者,徒以天下未定,事以眾濟。 若徒守江東,修崇寬政,兵自足用,復用多為?顧坐自守可陋耳。 若不豫調,恐臨時未可便用也。 又孤與君分義特異,榮戚實同,來表雲不敢隨眾容身苟免,此實甘心所望於君也。
Laws exist to choke crime before it blooms. Punishments must frighten rogues—command first, strike only after the breach. If you call the code harsh, know I take no joy in it—I act from necessity. I will weigh every clause you dislike and bend where I can. Good courts pair blunt ministers with watchful kin—that is how a throne stays straight. The Shang shu tells ministers to contradict the throne to its face—why then say you "dare not speak out"? Judge words, not mouths; only flattery is beneath notice. Emergency levies exist because the empire is still at war. If we hugged the river in pure defense we could slim the army—but passive cowardice would shame us. Without stockpiled supplies, panic would find us empty-handed. You and I share one glory and one fall; your pledge not to trim sails for safety is exactly what I ask of you.
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於是令有司盡寫科條,使郎中褚逢齎以就遜及諸葛瑾,意所不安,令損益之。 是歲,分交州置廣州。 俄復舊。 〈江表传曰:权於武昌新装大船,名为长安,试泛之钓台圻。 时风大盛,谷利令柂工取樊口。 权曰:「当张头取罗州。」 利拔刀向柂工曰:「不取樊口者斩。」 工即转柂入樊口,风遂猛不可行,乃还。 权曰:「阿利畏水何怯也?」 利跪曰:「大王万乘之主,轻於不测之渊,戏於猛浪之中,船楼装高,邂逅颠危,奈社稷何? 是以利辄敢以死争。」 权於是贵重之,自此后不复名之,常呼曰谷。〉
He had the full law code copied for Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin to strike or add as they saw fit. That year the far south was split into Guang Province. Almost at once the old Jiao–Guang boundary was rolled back. 〈Sun Quan launched a new palace ship named Chang'an from Wuchang and trial-sailed it toward the fishing terrace. A gale sprang up; Gu Li ordered the helm laid for Fankou. Quan said, "We ought to spread sail and make for Luozhou." Gu Li put a blade to the steersman's neck: "Fankou or your head." The ship clawed into Fankou as the storm peaked, then limped home. Sun Quan teased, "Gu Li is terrified of wet feet." Gu Li knelt: "You are the state; to dice with a typhoon in a tall tower is to gamble the realm. So I defied you on pain of death." Sun Quan prized him ever after and called him simply "Gu" instead of by name.〉
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六年春正月,諸將獲彭綺。 閏月,韓當子綜以其眾降魏。
In the first month of the sixth year the generals ran Peng Qi to ground. In the intercalary month Han Zong, son of Han Dang, defected with his troops to Wei.
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七年春三月,封子慮為建昌侯,罷東安郡。 夏五月,鄱陽太守周魴偽叛,誘魏將曹休。 秋八月,權至皖口,使將軍陸遜督諸將大破休於石亭。 大司馬呂範卒。 是歲,改合浦為珠官郡。 〈江表传曰:是岁将军翟丹叛如魏。 权恐诸将畏罪而亡,乃下令曰:「自今诸将有重罪三,然后议。」〉
In the third month of the seventh year he named Sun Lü marquis of Jianchang and dissolved Dong'an commandery. In the fifth month Poyang's Zhou Fang played traitor to bait Cao Xiu. In the eighth month Sun Quan came to Wankou while Lu Xun shattered Cao Xiu at Shiting. Grand Marshal Lü Fan died that year. Hepu was renamed Zhuguan commandery. 〈The Jiang Biao Zhuan records General Zhai Dan's flight to Wei the same year. Quan feared the various generals would flee in fear of punishment and therefore issued an order saying, "From now on generals who commit serious crimes—three counts—only then shall we deliberate."〉
33
黃龍元年春,公卿百司皆勸權正尊號。 夏四月,夏口、武昌並言黃龍、鳳凰見。 丙申,南郊即皇帝位。 〈吴录载权告天文曰:「皇帝臣权敢用玄牡昭告于皇皇后帝:汉享国二十有四世,历年四百三十有四,行气数终,禄祚运尽,普天弛绝,率土分崩。 孽臣曹丕遂夺神器,丕子叡继世作慝,淫名乱制。 权生於东南,遭值期运,承乾秉戎,志在平世,奉辞行罚,举足为民。 群臣将相,州郡百城,执事之人,咸以为天意已去於汉,汉氏已绝祀於天,皇帝位虚,郊祀无主。 休徵嘉瑞,前后杂沓,历数在躬,不得不受。 权畏天命,不敢不从,谨择元日,登坛燎祭,即皇帝位。 惟尔有神飨之,左右有吴,永终天禄。」〉 是日大赦。 改年,追尊父破虜將軍堅為武烈皇帝,母吳氏為武烈皇后,兄討逆將軍策為長沙桓王。 吳王太子登為皇太子。 將吏皆近爵加賞。
In spring of Huanglong 1 (229 CE) every minister urged Sun Quan to take the throne. In summer, fourth month, Xiakou and Wuchang reported yellow dragons and phoenixes. On bingshen he took the imperial title at the southern suburb altar. 〈Wu Lu carries Quan announcement astronomy saying: "Emperor subject Quan dare use black bull announce to August sovereign August Emperor: Han enjoyed state twenty-four generations—passed years four hundred thirty-four—moving qi number ended—salary fortune luck exhausted—all Heaven lax cut—leading earth splits apart. The traitor Cao Pi seized the throne; his son Rui continued the evil and corrupted the norms. Sun Quan was raised in the southeast, seized the moment, bore Heaven's mandate and arms, meant to pacify the age, and acted for the people. Ministers across Wu believed Heaven had abandoned Han—Han sacrifice had ceased—the throne stood empty with none to sacrifice at the suburban altars. Good omens piled one upon another—Heaven's mandate rested on him—and he could not refuse. Sun Quan bowed to Heaven's command, chose an auspicious day, mounted the altar for the burnt offering, and took the imperial throne. May the spirits accept this sacrifice—guard Wu on every side—and grant enduring Heaven's blessing."〉" He proclaimed a general amnesty that day. He changed the era name and canonized his father Sun Jian as Emperor Wu Lie, his mother Lady Wu as Empress Wu Lie, and his brother Sun Ce as Prince Huan of Changsha. The Wu heir apparent Sun Deng became crown prince. Generals and officials received promotions and rewards.
34
初,興平中,吳中童謠曰:"黃金車,班蘭耳,闓昌門,出天子。" 〈昌门,吴西郭门,夫差所作。〉 五月,使校尉張剛、管篤之遼東。 六月,蜀遣衛尉陳震慶權踐位。 權乃參分天下,豫、青、徐、幽屬吳,兗,冀,并州,涼屬蜀。 其司州之土,以函谷關為界,造為盟曰:"
A Xingping-era children's song in Wu ran: "Golden coach, painted ears, Chang Gate swings wide—the Son of Heaven rides out." 〈Chang Gate was the west wall gate built by King Fuchai of Wu.〉 In the fifth month he sent Zhang Gang and Guan Zhu to treat with Liaodong. In the sixth month Shu's Chen Zhen arrived to bless Sun Quan's enthronement. They partitioned the notional empire: Yu, Qing, Xu, and You to Wu; Yan, Ji, Bing, and Liang to Shu. Sili they split at Hangu Pass, and the oath began:
35
天降喪亂,皇綱失敘,逆臣乘釁,劫奪國柄,始於董卓,終於曹操,窮凶極惡,以覆四海。 至令九州幅裂,普天無統,民神痛怨,靡所戾止。 及操子丕,桀逆遺丑,薦作奸回,偷取天位。 而睿么麼,尋丕凶跡,阻兵盜土,未伏厥誅。 昔共工亂象而高辛行師,三苗干度虞舜征焉。 今日滅曹,禽其徒黨,非蜀漢與東吳,將復誰任?夫討惡剪暴,必聲其罪。 宜先分裂,奪其土地,使士民之心,各知所歸。 是以《春秋》晉侯伐衛。 先分其田以畀宋人,斯其義也。 且古建大事,必先盟誓,故《周禮》有司盟之官,《尚書》有告誓之文,漢之與吳,雖信由中。 然分土裂境,宜有盟約。 諸葛亮德威遠著,翼戴本國,典戎在外,信感陰陽。 誠動天地,重復結盟,廣誠約誓,使東西士民咸共聞知。 故立壇殺牲,昭告神明,再歃加書,副之天府,天高聽下,靈威棐湛,司慎司盟,群神群祀,莫不臨之。 自今日漢、吳既盟之後,戮力一心,同討魏賊,救危恤患,分災共慶,好惡齊之,無或攜貳。 若有害漢,則吳伐之; 若有害吳,則漢伐之。 各守分士,無相侵犯。 傳之後葉,克終若始。 凡百之約,皆如載書,信言不艷,實居於好。 有渝此盟,創禍先亂,違貳不協,慆慢天命,明神上帝是討是督,山川百神是糾是殛,俾墜其師,無克祚國。 於爾大神,其明鑒之!
Heaven sent ruin; regicides ran from Dong Zhuo to Cao Cao and overturned the realm. The nine provinces lie in strips; no Son of Heaven sits at the center; gods and men alike groan without rest. Cao Pi, dregs of treason, stole the throne. Cao Rui, his puny heir, apes that crime and still breathes. Gonggong and the Three Miao earned the punishments of old—so may Wei. To extirpate the Caos falls to no one but Shu and Wu; justice demands we read their crimes to the world. Carve their soil first so every subject knows which sun to face. The Spring and Autumn shows Jin dividing Wei's fields before the strike—that is the pattern we follow. Jin handed Wei's acres to Song's farmers; we do the same in spirit. Great deeds begin with oaths—the Rites of Zhou and the Shang shu say so; Han and Wu trust each other in the heart, yet a written partition of the map must seal the bargain. Zhuge Liang's moral authority reaches to the horizon; he steadies Shu abroad and his good faith sways heaven and earth. Their renewed covenant rings with honest oaths so every household from the Yangzi to the Han knows the league is sealed again. They built the altar, cut the victims, smeared the oath, filed a copy with the spirits—every deity from the high god to the river lords stood witness. Henceforth Shu and Wu march as one against Wei, share weal and woe, and call disloyalty treason. An attack on Shu is an attack on Wu— and the reverse holds as well. Each realm keeps its own map and crosses no border. Let sons and grandsons honor the pact as the founders did. Every clause is written plain: no flowery lies, only good faith. Breakers of the oath face the scourge of gods and hills—armies scattered, lineages cut off. Let the high gods read and remember.
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秋九月,權遷都建業,因固府不改館,征上大將軍陸遜輔太子登,掌武昌留事。
That ninth month Sun Quan shifted the court to Jianye, kept the old yamen, and left Lu Xun at Wuchang to tutor the crown prince and mind the western capital.
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二年春正月,魏作合肥新城。 詔立都講祭酒,以教學諸子。 遣將軍衛溫、諸葛直將甲士萬人,浮海求夷洲及亶洲。 亶洲在海中,長老傳言:秦始皇帝遣方士徐福將童男童女數千人入海,求蓬萊神山及仙藥,止此洲不還。 世相承有數萬家,其上人民。 時有至會稽貨布,會稽東縣人海行,亦有遭風流移至亶洲者。 所在絕遠,卒不可得至,但得夷洲數千人還。
Wei threw up a new fortress at Hefei in the first month of the second Huangwu year. Sun Quan created the post of chief instructor to school his sons at court. He sent Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhi with ten thousand men across the sea in search of Yizhou and the fabled Danzhou. Legend placed Danzhou where Xu Fu's Qin flotilla vanished seeking immortals. Folk said tens of thousands of households still lived there. Eastern sailors sometimes drifted there after storms. Danzhou stayed beyond reach; the fleet brought back only a few thousand natives of Yizhou.
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三年春二月,遣太常潘濬率眾五萬,討武陵蠻夷。 衛溫、諸葛直皆以違詔無功,下獄誅。 夏有野蠶成繭,大如卵。 由拳野稻自生,改為禾興縣。 中郎將孫布詐降以誘魏將王淩,淩以軍迎布。 冬十月,權以大兵潛伏於阜陵俟之,淩覺而走。 會稽南始平言嘉禾生。 十二月丁卯,大赦,改明元年也。
In the third year (235 CE), second month, Sun Quan sent Pan Jun with fifty thousand men against the Wuling tribes. Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhi were jailed and executed for disobeying orders and achieving nothing. That summer wild silkworms spun cocoons as large as eggs. Wild rice sprouted unplanted at Youquan—the county was renamed Hexing. Sun Bu feigned surrender to lure Wang Ling, who marched out to receive him. In winter, tenth month, Sun Quan ambushed Wang Ling at Fuling; Ling sensed the trap and withdrew. Shiping south of Kuaiji reported auspicious grain sprouting. On dingmao in the twelfth month he proclaimed amnesty and adopted the inaugural year Ming.
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嘉禾元年春正月,建昌侯慮卒。 三月,遣將軍周賀、校尉裴潛乘海之遼東。 秋九月,魏將田豫要擊,斬賀於成山。 冬十月,魏遼東太守公孫淵遣校尉宿舒、郎中令孫綜稱藩於權,並獻貂馬。 權大悅,加淵爵位。 〈江表传曰:是冬,群臣以权未郊祀,奏议曰:「顷者嘉瑞屡臻,远国慕义,天意人事,前后备集,宜脩郊祀,以承天意。」 权曰:「郊祀当於土中,今非其所,於何施此?」 重奏曰:「普天之下,莫非王土; 王者以天下为家。 昔周文、武郊於酆、镐,非必土中。」 权曰:「武王伐纣,即阼於镐京,而郊其所也。 文王未为天子,立郊於酆,见何经典?」 复书曰:「伏见汉书郊祀志,匡衡奏徙甘泉河东,郊於长安,言文王郊於酆。」 权曰:「文王性谦让,处诸侯之位,明未郊也。 经传无明文,匡衡俗儒意说,非典籍正义,不可用也。」 志林曰:吴王纠駮郊祀之奏,追贬匡衡,谓之俗儒。 凡在见者,莫不慨然以为统尽物理,达於事宜。 至於稽之典籍,乃更不通。 毛氏之说云:「尧见天因邰而生后稷,故国之於邰,命使事天。」 故诗曰:「后稷肇祀,庶无罪悔,以迄于今。」 言自后稷以来皆得祭天,犹鲁人郊祀也。 是以棫朴之作,有积燎之薪。 文王郊酆,经有明文,匡衡岂俗,而枉之哉? 文王虽未为天子,然三分天下而有其二,伐崇戡黎,祖伊奔告。 天既弃殷,乃眷西顾,太伯三让,以有天下。 文王为王,於义何疑? 然则匡衡之奏,有所未尽。 按世宗立甘泉、汾阴之祠,皆出方士之言,非据经典者也。 方士以甘泉、汾阴黄帝祭天地之处,故孝武因之,遂立二畤。 汉治长安,而甘泉在北,谓就乾位,而衡云「武帝居甘泉,祭于南宫」,此既误矣。 祭汾阴在水之脽,呼为泽中,而衡云「东之少阳」,失其本意。 此自吴事,於传无非,恨无辨正之辞,故矫之云。 脽,音谁,见汉书音义。〉
Sun Lü, marquis of Jianchang, died in the first month of Jiahe 1. In the third month Zhou He and Pei Qian sailed for Liaodong. Wei's Tian Yu ambushed the convoy at Chengshan and took Zhou He's head. In the tenth month Gongsun Yuan sent Su Shu and Sun Zong south with tribute and a pledge of fealty. Sun Quan showered Gongsun Yuan with titles. 〈The Jiang Biao Zhuan states: That winter the host of ministers, because Quan had not yet performed suburban sacrifice, memorialized: "Recently auspicious omens have repeatedly arrived; distant states admire righteousness; Heaven's intent and human affairs, front and rear, are all complete—it is fitting to perform suburban sacrifice to receive Heaven's intent." Quan said, "Suburban sacrifice ought to be at the central earth; now this is not its place—where would one perform this?" They memorialized again, "Under all Heaven there is none that is not the king's soil; and the Son of Heaven has no private home but the realm. King Wen and King Wu sacrificed at Feng and Hao without standing on the central plain." Quan said, "King Wu punished Zhou and ascended the throne at Haojing, and sacrificed there. King Wen was only a feudal lord at Feng—what canonical text lets a subject offer the suburban rite?" They wrote again, "We have seen in the Han shu's 'Suburban Sacrifice' chronicle that Kuang Heng memorialized to move Ganquan and Hedong, sacrificing at Chang'an, stating King Wen sacrificed at Feng." Quan said, "King Wen's nature was modest and yielding; he stood in the place of a feudal lord—clearly he had not yet sacrificed to Heaven. No classic proves Wen sacrificed to Heaven; Kuang Heng was a hack—ignore him." Pei Songzhi notes Sun Quan's harsh swipe at Kuang Heng. Listeners thought him the soul of practical wisdom. Against the texts his argument collapsed. Master Mao's explanation states, "Yao saw that Heaven through Tai brought forth Hou Ji, therefore enfeoffed him at Tai and ordered him to serve Heaven." Therefore the poem says, 'Hou Ji began the sacrifices, so that there was no crime or regret down to this day.'" That implies every heir may worship heaven, as Lu did at its suburban altar. Hence the ode piles brushwood for the heaven fire. The canon plainly says Wen sacrificed at Feng—was Kuang Heng wrong to cite it? Wen held two-thirds of the realm, crushed Chong and Li, and made Yin tremble. Heaven abandoned Shang for the west; Taibo's triple yielding opened the way. Calling Wen "king" in spirit offends no rite. Kuang Heng was therefore partly right. Emperor Wu's Ganquan and Fenyin altars rested on fangshi gossip, not the Odes. Wu Di copied Yellow Emperor lore to justify those shrines. Han governed from Chang'an, while Ganquan lay to the north—calling it the Qian position—and Kuang Heng said, 'Emperor Wu dwelt at Ganquan and sacrificed at the southern palace'—this is already mistaken. The sacrifice at Fenyin was on the shui's mound of the river, called 'within the marsh,' while Kuang Heng said 'east to Shaoyang'—missing the original meaning. Pei admits Sun Quan's debate was partly special pleading for Wu. The commentary glosses the rare character shui as in the Han shu sound glosses.〉
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二年春正月,詔曰:「朕以不德,肇受元命,夙夜兢兢,不遑假寢。 思平世難,救濟黎庶,上答神祗,下慰民望; 是以眷眷,勤求俊傑,將與戮力,共定海內。 苟在同心,與之偕老。 今使持節督幽州領青州牧遼東太守燕王,久脅賊虜,隔在一方,雖乃心於國,其路靡緣。 今因天命。 遠遣二使,款誠顯露,章表殷勤,朕之得此,何喜如之! 雖湯遇伊尹,周獲呂望,世祖未定而得河右,方之今日。 豈復是過? 普天一統,於是定矣。 《書》不云乎。 『一人有慶,兆民賴之』。 其大赦天下,與之更始,其明下州郡,咸使聞知。 特下燕國,奉宣詔恩,今普天率土備聞斯慶。」 三月,遣舒、綜還,使太常張彌、執金吾許晏、將軍賀達等將兵萬人,金寶珍貨,九錫備物,乘海授淵。 〈江表传载权诏曰:「故魏使持节车骑将军辽东太守平乐侯:天地失序,皇极不建,元恶大憝,作害于民,海内分崩,群生堙灭,虽周餘黎民,靡有孑遗,方之今日,乱有甚焉。 朕受历数,君临万国,夙夜战战,念在弭难,若涉渊水,罔知攸济。 是以把旄仗钺,翦除凶虐,自东徂西,靡遑宁处,苟力所及,民无灾害。 虽贼虏遗种,未伏辜诛,犹系囚枯木,待时而毙。 惟将军天姿特达,兼包文武,观时睹变,审於去就,逾越险阻,显致赤心,肇建大计,为天下先,元勋巨绩,侔於古人。 虽昔窦融背弃陇右,卒占河西,以定光武,休名美实,岂复是过? 钦嘉雅尚,朕实欣之。 自古圣帝明王,建化垂统,以爵褒德,以禄报功; 功大者禄厚,德盛者礼崇。 故周公有夹辅之劳,太师有鹰扬之功,并启土宇,兼受备物。 今将军规万年之计,建不世之略,绝僭逆之虏,顺天人之肃,济成洪业,功无与比,齐鲁之事,奚足言哉! 诗不云乎,『无言不雠,无德不报』。 今以幽、青二州十七郡七十县,封君为燕王,使持节守太常张弥授君玺绶策书、金虎符第一至第五、竹使符第一至第十。 锡君玄土,苴以白茅,爰契尔龟,用锡冢社。 方有戎事,典统兵马,以大将军曲盖麾幢,督幽州、青州牧辽东太守如故。 今加君九锡,其敬听后命。 以君三世相承,保绥一方,宁集四郡,训及异俗,民夷安业,无或携贰,是用锡君大辂、戎辂、玄牡二驷。 君务在劝农,啬人成功,仓库盈积,官民俱丰,是用锡君衮冕之服,赤舄副焉。 君正化以德,敬下以礼,敦义崇谦,内外咸和,是用锡君轩县之乐。 君宣导休风,怀保边远,远人回面,莫不影附,是用锡君硃户以居,君运其才略,官方任贤,显直错枉,群善必举,是用锡君虎贲之士百人。 君戎马整齐,威震遐方,纠虔天刑,彰厥有罪,是用锡君鈇钺各一。 君文和於内,武信於外,禽讨逆节,折冲掩难,是用锡君彤弓一、彤矢百、玈弓十、玈矢千。 君忠勤有效,温恭为德,明允笃诚,感于朕心,是用锡君秬鬯一卣,珪瓚副焉。 钦哉! 敬兹训典,寅亮天工,相我国家,永终尔休。」〉 舉朝大臣,自丞相雍已下皆諫,以為淵未可信,而寵待太厚。 但可遣吏兵數百護送舒、綜,權終不聽。 〈臣松以为权愎谏违众,信渊意了,非有攻伐之规,重衤复之虑。 宣达锡命,乃用万人,是何不爱其民,昏虐之甚乎? 此役也,非惟闇塞,实为无道。〉 淵果斬彌等,送其首於魏,沒其兵資。 權大怒,欲自征淵, 〈江表传载权怒曰:「朕年六十,世事难易,靡所不尝,近为鼠子所前卻,令人气涌如山。 不自载鼠子头以掷于海,无颜复临万国。 就令颠沛,不以为恨。」〉 尚書僕射薛綜等切諫乃止。 是歲,權向合肥新城,遣將軍全瓊征六安,皆不克還。 〈吴书曰:初,张弥、许晏等俱到襄平,官属从者四百许人。 渊欲图弥、晏,先分其人众,置辽东诸县,以中使秦旦、张群、杜德、黄疆等及吏兵六十人,置玄菟郡。 玄菟郡在辽东北,相去二百里,太守王赞领户二百,兼重可三四百人。 旦等皆舍於民家,仰其饮食。 积四十许日,旦与疆等议曰:「吾人远辱国命,自弃於此,与死亡何异? 今观此郡,形势甚弱。 若一旦同心,焚烧城郭,杀其长吏,为国报耻,然后伏死,足以无恨。 孰与偷生苟活长为囚虏乎?」 疆等然之。 於是阴相约结,当用八月十九日夜发。 其日中时,为部中张松所告,赞便会士众闭城门。 旦、群、德、疆等皆逾城得走。 时群病疽创著膝,不及辈旅,德常扶接与俱,崎岖山谷。 行六七百里,创益困,不复能前,卧草中,相守悲泣。 群曰:「吾不幸创甚,死亡无日,卿诸人宜速进道,冀有所达。 空相守,俱死於穷谷之中,何益也?」 德曰:「万里流离,死生共之,不忍相委。」 於是推旦、疆使前,德独留守群,捕菜果食之。 旦、疆别数日,得达句骊 (王宫) ,因宣诏於句骊王宫及其主簿,诏言有赐为辽东所攻夺。 宫等大喜,即受诏,命使人随旦还迎群、德。 其年,宫遣皁衣二十五人送旦等还,奉表称臣,贡貂皮千枚,鹖鸡皮十具。 旦等见权,悲喜不能自胜。 权义之,皆拜校尉。 间一年,遣使者谢宏、中书陈恂拜宫为单于,加赐衣物珍宝。 恂等到安平口,先遣校尉陈奉前见宫,而宫受魏幽州刺史讽旨,令以吴使自效。 奉闻之,倒还。 宫遣主簿笮咨、带固等出安平,与宏相见。 宏即缚得三十餘人质之,宫於是谢罪,上马数百匹。 宏乃遣咨、固奉诏书赐物与宫。 是时宏船小,载马八十匹而还。〉
In the second year spring, first month, an edict stated, "We, lacking in virtue, first received the primal mandate; morning and night We are fearful, without leisure for short sleep. He vowed to end war, feed the people, and answer Heaven. He called for heroes to share the burden of peace. Whoever serves faithfully will never walk alone. He praised Gongsun Yuan, isolated in Liaodong yet loyal at heart. Heaven itself, he said, brought the Yan king's envoy. Their letters thrilled him more than ancient tales of Yi Yin or Lü Wang. He ranked the moment with Tang, Zhou, and Guangwu's first gifts from the west. Nothing could surpass this omen. Empire-wide unity, he declared, was now in sight. The Shang shu asks, when the ruler is blessed, the people rest on him." He proclaimed amnesty and ordered every circuit to spread the word. Especially send down to the state of Yan, proclaiming and spreading the edict's grace, now causing all within the seas who follow the soil entirely to hear this rejoicing." In the third month he sent a ten-thousand-man fleet laden with regalia to crown Gongsun Yuan at sea. 〈The Jiang Biao Zhuan records Quan's edict: "Former Wei Bearer of Credentials, General of Chariots and Cavalry, Liaodong Administrator, Marquis of Pingle: Heaven and Earth have lost their order; the great pivot is not established; the chief villain, greatly hateful, does harm to the people; within the seas split apart, the thronging lives are buried and extinguished—though Zhou's leftover black-haired people almost none survived—compared to today, disorder is even worse. Sun Quan styled himself universal king facing a drowning world. He claims to have scourged evil wherever his armies marched. Wei, he sneers, hangs like a bound man on a dead tree. He heaps praise on Gongsun Yuan's genius and loyalty. He compares Yuan to Dou Rong who served Guangwu from the west. He professes deep joy in Yuan's choice. Sage kings always paid merit with title and stipend, the greater the deed, the richer the reward. He cites Zhou and Lü Wang as models for Yuan's honors. Yuan's service, he says, outshines petty statecraft of old. The Odes promise reward for every virtue, so he invests him as Prince of Yan over seventeen commanderies and sends Zhang Mi with tallies and seal. The clod of black earth and white rushes marks the fief altar. Yuan keeps military command over You and Qing with full general's panoply. The Nine Distinctions follow in the usual litany. First honor: chariots and black oxen for pacifying Liaodong. Second: full court robes for filling the granaries. Third: bells for moral harmony. Fourth and fifth: vermilion gates and a hundred guards for winning barbarians and sorting officials. Sixth: paired axes for military justice. Seventh: bows and bolts for inner pattern, outer dread. Eighth: sacrificial ale for steadfast service. Receive this charge with awe. Obey the classics, aid the dynasty, and keep your bright fortune to the last."〉" From Gu Yong down every minister warned that Gongsun Yuan was a snake not yet tame. Sun Quan would hear of nothing less than a ten-thousand-man coronation fleet. 〈Pei Songzhi blasts Sun Quan's stubborn faith in Yuan. Sending ten thousand lives to deliver a patent was wanton waste of soldiers. Pei calls the expedition not merely foolish but unjust.〉 Gongsun Yuan beheaded Zhang Mi and company, sent the heads to Wei, and seized the gifts. Sun Quan boiled to lead an army against Liaodong himself, 〈the Jiang Biao Zhuan quotes him roaring that at sixty he would not be mocked by a "ratling" in the north. Unless I sail north myself and pitch that vermin's head into the sea, I cannot face the world again. Let the venture ruin me—I will not call it regret."〉" Xue Zong and the secretariat talked him down from the Liaodong expedition. The same year he struck Hefei's new walls and sent Quan Qiong against Lu'an; both sieges failed. 〈When Zhang Mi's embassy reached Xiangping, four hundred men followed him ashore. Gongsun Yuan split the party, scattered Wu men through Liaodong, and parked Qin Dan's sixty in distant Xuantu. Xuantu was two hundred li into the wilds; its magistrate had only a few hundred people under him. The Wu survivors billeted on farmers and ate their food. After forty days Qin Dan told his comrades, "We have shamed our king and sit waiting to die—what honor is left? This district is defenseless. If we fire the yamen, kill Wang Zan, and die in the act, we wipe out the insult. Better than rotting forever as Yuan's prisoners?" Huang Qiang and the rest swore to it. They set the breakout for the nineteenth night of the eighth month. At noon a traitor named Zhang Song warned Wang Zan, who slammed the gates. Qin Dan's band went over the wall and ran. Zhang Qun's knee festered; Du De half-carried him through the hills. Seven hundred li later Qun collapsed; they lay in the brush and wept together. Qun said, "I am unlucky that the wound is severe; death is not distant; you gentlemen ought quickly to advance on the road, hoping to reach somewhere. Huddling here to die in a ditch helps no one." De said, "Ten thousand li drifting in exile, we share death and life—I cannot bear to abandon you." They sent Qin Dan and Huang Qiang ahead for help while Du De foraged for Qun. After days of marching Qin Dan and Huang Qiang reached Koguryŏ (the royal court) They read Sun Quan's edict at the Koguryŏ court and to its chief clerk, explaining that Liaodong had robbed Wu of its gifts. The Koguryŏ king received them gladly and sent escorts back for Du De and Zhang Qun. That year he sent twenty-five guards in black to convoy the Wu officers home with tribute of sable and bustard pelts. They wept on Sun Quan's shoulder. Sun Quan called them loyal and made each a commandant. A year later Xie Hong and Chen Xun crowned the Koguryŏ king chanyu and heaped silks and gems on him. At Anpingkou Chen Feng learned the king had agreed with Wei's Youzhou inspector to arrest the Wu mission. Chen Feng spun his boat about. The king sent Ze Zi and Dai Gu to parley with Xie Hong. Xie Hong seized thirty hostages until the king apologized and sent horses. Hong then released the edict and gifts through the clerks. His ships could carry only eighty of the promised horses home.〉
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三年春正月,詔曰:"兵久不輟,民困於役,歲或不登。 其寬諸逋,勿復督課。 "夏五月,權遣陸遜、諸葛瑾等屯江夏、沔口,孫韶、張承等向廣陵、淮陽,權率大眾圍合肥新城。 是時蜀相諸葛亮出武功,權謂魏明帝不能遠出,而帝遣兵助司馬宣王拒亮。 自率水軍東征。 未至壽春,權退還,孫韶亦罷。 秋八月,以諸葛恪為丹楊太守,討山越。 九月朔,隕霜傷谷。 冬十一月,太常潘濬平武陵蠻夷,事畢,還武昌。 詔復曲阿為雲陽,丹徒為武進。 廬陵賊李桓、羅厲等為亂。
An edict of the third year blamed endless war and bad harvests. Cancel back taxes and stop dunning the villages. In the fifth month Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin moved to Jiangxia and Hankou while Sun Quan himself besieged new Hefei. Sun Quan thought Cao Rui would stay home while Zhuge Liang marched; instead Wei reinforced Sima Yi. Cao Rui then took the river fleet east himself. Sun Quan retreated before reaching Shouchun; Sun Shao lifted his wing. He named Zhuge Ke to pacify the Danyang hills. A killing frost on the ninth month's new moon ruined the crop. Pan Jun finished the Wuling campaign and came back to Wuchang. Qu'a became Yunyang again and Dantu Wujin by edict. Li Huan and Luo Li raided Luling.
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四年夏,遣呂岱討桓等。 秋七月,有雹。 魏使以馬求易珠璣、翡翠、瑇瑁,權曰:"此皆孤所不用,而可得馬。 何苦而不聽其交易?"
Summer of the fourth year Lü Dai marched against them. Hail fell in the seventh month. Wei offered horses for pearls and tortoiseshell; Sun Quan shrugged that he had no use for the trinkets. Why refuse an even swap?
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五年春,鑄大錢,一當五百。 詔使吏民輸銅,計銅畀直。 設盜鑄之科。 二月,武昌言甘露降於禮賓殿。 輔吳將軍張昭卒。 中郎將吾粲獲李桓,將軍唐咨獲羅厲等。 自十月不雨,至於夏。 冬十月,彗星見於東方。 鄱陽賊彭旦等為亂。
In the fifth year Wu minted the five-hundred cash piece. Subjects were told to bring copper scrap for credit against the new coins. Counterfeiting was made a statutory crime. Wuchang reported dew omens on the Libin Hall. Zhang Zhao died. Wu Can took Li Huan; Tang Zi bagged Luo Li. Drought ran from the tenth month deep into summer. A comet hung in the eastern sky that winter. Peng Dan rebelled in Poyang.
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六年春正月,詔曰:
The sixth year opened with an edict on mourning:
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夫三年之喪,天下之達制,人情之極痛也。 賢者割哀以從禮,不肖者勉而致之。 世治道泰,上下無事,君子不奪人情。 故三年不逮孝子之門。 至於有事,則殺禮以從宜,要絰而處事。 故聖人製法; 有禮無時則不行。 遭喪不奔非古也,蓋隨時之宜,以義斷恩也。 前故設科,長吏在官,當須交代,而故犯之。 雖隨糾坐,猶已廢曠。 方事之殷,國家多難,凡在官司,宜各盡節,先公後私,而不恭承,甚非謂也。 中外群僚,其更平議,務令得中,詳為節度。
Three years' grief is the world's common rule and the deepest human sorrow. Worthy men trim their tears to the rite; lesser men are whipped up to the same mark. In quiet times the sage does not tear men from their parents' graves. Hence three years pass before the state knocks on a mourner's door. In wartime he knots hemp and goes back to his desk. The sages wrote law accordingly, for rites without timing are empty words. Staying at post during a parent's death is a wartime compromise, not the old way. Wu had required handover before leave; men broke the rule anyway. Trials came too late—the office had already emptied. In crisis every official should serve the realm before the family; anything less shames the court. He ordered a full debate on how to tighten the mourning code.
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顧譚議,以為「奔喪立科,輕則不足以禁孝子之情,重則本非應死之罪,雖嚴刑益設,違奪必少。 若偶有犯者,加其刑則恩所不忍,有減則法廢不行。 愚以為長吏在遠,苟不告語,勢不得知。 比選代之間,若有傳者,必加大辟,則長吏無廢職之負,孝子無犯重之刑。」 將軍胡綜議,以為「喪紀之禮,雖有典制,苟無其時,所不得行。 方今戎事軍國異容,而長吏遭喪,知有科禁,公敢干突,苟念聞憂不奔之恥,不計為臣犯禁之罪,此由科防本輕所致。 忠節在國,孝道立家,出身為臣,焉得兼之?故為忠臣不得為孝子。 宜定科文,示以大辟。 若故違犯,有罪無赦。 以殺止殺,行之一人,其後必絕。」 丞相雍奏從大辟。
Gu Tan's deliberation held that "if rushing home for mourning is set in statute, light penalties are insufficient to restrain a filial son's feeling; heavy ones are originally not a crime deserving death—though harsh punishments are abundantly set, violations and seizures must be few. Any middle course either shreds mercy or voids law. He proposed punishing only those whose flight was reported during handover. Death for the reported few would clear magistrates and spare most mourners." General Hu Zong's deliberation held that "though mourning rites have canonical forms, if there is no timely occasion, they may not be carried out. Men flee anyway because the penalty feels light. A minister cannot be both dutiful son and loyal servant—pick one. Hu Zong demanded death written plain in the code. No mercy for deliberate flight. Using killing to stop killing—carrying it out on one man—afterward it will surely cease." Gu Yong sided with the death penalty.
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其後吳令孟宗喪母奔赴,已而自拘於武昌以聽刑。 陸遜陳其素行,因為之請,權乃減宗一等,後不得以為比,因此遂絕。 二月,陸遜討彭旦等,其年,皆破之。 冬十月,遣衛將軍全琮襲六安,不克。 諸葛恪平山越事畢,北屯廬江。
Magistrate Meng Zong ran home for his mother's funeral, then chained himself in Wuchang for judgment. Lu Xun begged mercy; Sun Quan commuted one degree but refused ever to cite the case again—ending special pleas. Lu Xun crushed Peng Dan the next spring. Quan Zong failed at Lu'an that winter. Zhuge Ke moved north to Lujiang after the Yue campaign.
48
赤烏元年春,鑄當千大錢。 夏,呂岱討盧陵賊,畢,還陸口。 秋八月,武昌言麒麟見。 有司奏言麒麟者太平之應,宜改年號。 詔曰:"間者赤烏集於殿前,朕所親見。 若神靈以為嘉祥者,改年宜以赤烏為元。 "群臣奏曰:“昔武王伐紂,有赤烏之祥,君臣觀之,遂有天下,聖人書策載述最詳者,以為近事既嘉,親見又明也。” 於是改年。 步夫人卒,追贈皇后。 初,權信任校事呂壹,壹性苛慘,用法深刻。 太子登數諫,權不納,大臣由是莫敢言。 後壹奸罪發露伏誅,權引咎責躬,乃使中書郎袁禮告謝諸大將,因問時事所當損益。 禮還,復有詔責數諸葛瑾、步騭、朱然,呂岱等曰:
Chiwu 1 saw the thousand-cash coin. Lü Dai cleared Luling and returned to Lukou. Wuchang claimed a qilin sighting. Officials urged a new reign title for the omen. Sun Quan said he had seen red crows at court himself. Let the reign be renamed for those birds. Ministers cited King Wu's red crows as precedent. The reign was renamed Chiwu. Lady Bu died and was posthumously made empress. Sun Quan long trusted the inspector Lü Yi, a cruel man with a sharp code. Crown Prince Sun Deng protested in vain; ministers held their tongues. When Lü Yi's plots surfaced and he went to the block, Sun Quan blamed himself and sent Yuan Li to apologize to his marshals and ask what policy should change. Yuan Li's return brought a second edict scolding Zhuge Jin, Bu Zhi, Zhu Ran, and Lü Dai by name.
49
袁禮還,雲與子瑜、子山、義封、定公相見,並以時事當有所先後,各自以不掌民事,不肯便有所陳,悉推之伯言、承明。 伯言、承明見禮,泣涕懇惻,辭旨辛苦,至乃懷執危怖,有不自安之心。 聞此悵然,深自刻怪。 何者?夫惟聖人能無過行,明者能自見耳。 人之舉措,何能悉中,獨當己有傷拒眾意,忽不自覺,故諸君有嫌難耳。 不爾,何緣乃至於此乎?自孤興軍五十年,所役賦凡百皆出於民。 天下未定,孽類猶存,士民勤苦,誠所貫知。 然勞百姓,事不得已耳。 與諸君從事,自少至長,發有二色,以謂表裡足以明露,公私分計,足用相保。 盡言直諫,所望諸君,拾遺補闕,孤亦望之。 昔衛武公年過志壯,勤求輔弼,每獨歎責。 〈江表传曰:权又云:「天下无粹白之狐,而有粹白之裘,众之所积也。 夫能以駮致纯,不惟积乎? 故能用众力,则无敌於天下矣; 能用众智,则无畏於圣人矣。」〉 且布衣韋帶,相與交結,分成好合,尚污垢不異。 今日諸君與孤從事,雖君臣義存,猶謂骨肉不復是過。 榮福喜戚,相與共之。 忠不匿情,智無遺計,事統是非,諸君豈得從容而已哉?同船濟水,將誰與易?齊桓諸侯之霸者耳,有善管子未嘗不歎,有過未嘗不諫,諫而不得,終諫不止。 今孤自省無桓公之德,而諸君諫諍未出於口,仍執嫌難。 以此言之,孤於齊桓良優,未知諸君於管子何如耳?久不相見,因事當笑。 共定大業,整齊天下,當復有誰?凡百事要所當損益,樂聞異計,匡所不逮。
They had met Zhuge Jin, Bu Zhi, Zhu Ran, and Lü Dai; each pleaded that civil business was not his portfolio and sent Yuan Li to Lu Xun and Pan Jun. Lu Xun and Pan Jun wept to the envoy, their words raw with fear for the throne. Sun Quan said the tale left him heartsick and self-reproaching. Only sages never err; wise men catch their own mistakes. He admitted he might have bruised his captains' pride without seeing it—that bred their silence. Fifty years of war had drawn every grain and levy from the people. The realm was still unsettled; he knew how hard life was. Yet he said troubling the people was the price of peace. He had grown old beside them and thought trust ran both ways. He begged for blunt counsel again. He cited Duke Wu of Wei who kept hiring advisers in old age. 〈The Jiang Biao Zhuan states: Quan also said, "Under Heaven there is no all-white fox, yet there is an all-white fur robe—what the multitude accumulates. Purity comes from gathering many strands. Use every man's strength and none can stand against you, use every wit and even sages need not frighten you."〉" Common friends share dirt without shame, he said, yet ministers feared to speak like kin. Glory and grief should be shared. He compared them to Guan Zhong needling Duke Huan without end. He had less of Huan's patience, he said, yet heard fewer rebukes than Guan Zhong gave. So he joked he outranked Huan while they fell short of Guan Zhong. He asked again for plans to set the realm right.
50
二年春 〈江表传载权正月诏曰:「郎吏者,宿卫之臣,古之命士也。 间者所用颇非其人。 自今选三署皆依四科,不得以虚辞相饰。」〉 三月,遣使者羊衜、鄭冑、將軍孫怡之遼東。 擊魏守將遼東、高慮等,虜得男女。 〈文士传曰:胄字敬先,沛国人。 父札,才学博达,权为骠骑将军,以札为从事中郎,与张昭、孙邵共定朝仪。 胄其少子,有文武姿局,少知名,举贤良,稍迁建安太守。 吕壹宾客於郡犯法,胄收付狱,考竟。 壹怀恨,后密谮胄。 权大怒,召胄还,潘濬、陈表并为请,得释。 后拜宣信校尉,往救公孙渊,已为魏所破,还迁执金吾。 子丰,字曼季,有文学操行,与陆云善,与云诗相往反。 司空张华辟,未就,卒。 臣松之闻孙怡者,东州人,非权之宗也。〉 零陵言甘露降。 夏五月,城沙羨。 冬十月,將軍蔣秘南討夷賊。 秘所領都督廖式殺臨賀太守嚴綱等,自稱平南將軍,與弟潛共攻零陵、桂陽,及搖動交州、蒼梧,鬱林諸都,眾數萬人。 遣將軍呂岱、唐咨討之,歲餘皆破。
The second year of Chiwu opened in spring— 〈with an edict on court cadets as the ancient "ordered knights. Lately the wrong men had filled those posts. Future picks must pass the four tests—no hollow résumés."〉" In the third month Yang Dao, Zheng Zhou, and Sun Yi sailed for Liaodong. They hit Wei garrisons under Gao Lü and took captives. 〈Zheng Zhou, style Jingxian, came from Pei. His father Zheng Zha helped Zhang Zhao draft Wu ritual. The son rose to Administrator of Jian'an. He jailed Lü Yi's lawbreaking client. Lü Yi slandered him in return. Sun Quan nearly destroyed him; Pan Jun and Chen Biao won his pardon. He later tried to aid Gongsun Yuan, failed, and became Bearer of the Mace. His son Zheng Feng befriended Lu Yun in letters. Zhang Hua summoned him to Jin service; he died before answering. Pei Songzhi notes Sun Yi was no kinsman of the Sun house.〉 Lingling reported sweet dew. They walled Shaxian in the fifth month. General Jiang Mi marched south against Yi tribes. Jiang Mi's deputy Liao Shi murdered Yan Gang, styled himself a general, and raised tens of thousands across the south. Lü Dai and Tang Zi crushed them within a year.
51
三年春正月,詔曰:"蓋君非民不立,民非谷不生。 頃者以來。 民多征役,歲又水旱,年谷有損,而吏或不良,侵奪民時,以致饑困。 自今以來,督軍郡守,其謹察非法,當農桑時,以役事擾民者,舉正以聞。 "夏四月,大赦,詔諸郡縣治城郭,起譙樓,穿塹發渠,以備盜賊。 冬十一月,民饑,詔開倉廩以賑貧窮。
A famine edict opened: no ruler without people, no people without grain. Lately, war, weather, and corrupt clerks had starved the countryside. Magistrates were ordered never to call corvée during planting. A fourth-month amnesty paired with orders to dig moats and raise watchtowers. Famine in the eleventh month forced granary relief.
52
四年春正月,大雪平地深三尺,鳥獸死者大半。 夏四月,遣衛將軍全琮略淮南。 決芍陂,燒安城邸閣,收其人民。 威北將軍諸葛恪攻六安。 琮與魏將王淩戰於芍陂,中即將秦晃等十餘人戰死。 車騎將軍朱然圍樊,大將軍諸葛瑾取柤中。 〈《汉晋春秋》曰:零陵太守殷礼言於权曰:「今天弃曹氏,丧诛累见,虎争之际而幼童莅事。 陛下身自御戎,取乱侮亡,宜涤荆、扬之地,举强羸之数,使强者执戟,羸者转运,西命益州军于陇右,授诸葛瑾、硃然大众,指事襄阳、陆逊、硃桓别征寿春,大驾入淮阳,历青、徐。 襄阳、寿春困於受敌,长安以西务对蜀军,许、洛之众势必分离; 掎角瓦解,民必内应,将帅对向,或失便宜; 一军败绩,则三军离心,便当秣马脂车,陵蹈城邑,乘胜逐北,以定华夏。 若不悉军动众,循前轻举,则不足大用,易於屡退。 民疲威消,时往力竭,非出兵之策也。」 权弗能用之。〉 五月,太子登卒。 是月,魏太傅司馬宣王救樊。 六月,軍還。 閏月,大將軍瑾卒。 秋八月,陸遜城邾。
Fourth year: snow three feet deep, wildlife perished in heaps. Quan Zong raided Huainan that summer. They breached Shao Lake dikes, torched Ancheng posts, and carried off the population. Zhuge Ke struck Lu'an. Quan Zong clashed with Wang Ling at Shao Lake; Qin Huang and a dozen others fell. Zhu Ran besieged Fan while Zhuge Jin seized Zuzhong. 〈The Han Jin Chun Qiu states: Lingling Administrator Yin Li spoke to Quan, saying, "Now Heaven casts off the Cao house; mourning executions pile up; in the time of tigers contending a child holds affairs. He sketched a pincer from Longyou to Huaiyang. Xiangyang and Shouchun would choke; Luoyang would split its reserves, and the people would rise within Wei, one rout would let Wu ride the breaker wave to the Central Plain. Half measures, he warned, would only mean repeated retreats. Draining strength in futile raids was no strategy at all." Sun Quan did not take the plan.〉 Crown Prince Sun Deng died in the fifth month. Sima Yi reached Fan the same month. Wu lifted the sieges in the sixth month. Zhuge Jin died in the intercalary month. Lu Xun fortified Zhu in the eighth month.
53
五年春正月,立子和為太子,大赦。 改禾興為嘉興。 百官奏立皇后及四王,詔曰:"今天下未定,民物勞瘁,且有功者或未錄,饑寒者尚未恤,猥割土壤以豐子弟,祟爵位以寵妃妾,孤甚不取。 其釋此議。 "三月,海鹽縣言黃龍見。 夏四月,禁進獻御,減太官膳。 秋七月,遣將軍聶友、校尉陸凱以兵三萬討珠崖、儋耳。 是歲,大疫,有司又奏立後及諸王。 八月,立子霸為魯王。
He named Sun He crown prince and declared amnesty. Hexing county became Jiaxing. Court asked for an empress and princes; Sun Quan refused while men still starved. He shelved the motion. Haiyan claimed a yellow dragon in the third month. He banned luxury tribute and cut palace kitchens that summer. Nie You and Lu Kai took thirty thousand men against Hainan. Plague returned; officials again begged for an empress and princes. In the eighth month he made Sun Ba prince of Lu.
54
六年春正月,新都言白虎見。 諸葛恪征六安,破魏將謝順營,收其民人。 冬十一月,丞相顧雍卒。 十二月,扶南王范旃遣使獻樂人及方物。 是歲,司馬宣王率軍入舒,諸葛恪自皖城遷於柴桑。
Xindu reported a white tiger in Chiwu 6. Zhuge Ke shattered Xie Shun at Lu'an and took his people. Gu Yong died in the eleventh month. Funan's King Fan Zhan sent musicians and tribute. That year Sima Yi advanced into Shuxian while Zhuge Ke shifted his headquarters from Wancheng to Chaisang.
55
七年春正月,以上大將軍陸遜為丞相。 秋,宛陵言嘉禾生。 是歲,步騭、朱然等各上疏云:"自蜀還者,咸言欲背盟與魏交通,多作舟船,繕治城郭,又蔣琬守漢中。 聞司馬懿南向,不出兵乘虛以掎角之,反委漢中,還近成都。 事已彰灼,無所復疑,宜為之備。 "權揆其不然,曰:「吾待蜀不薄,聘享盟誓,無所負之。 何以致此?又司馬懿前來入舒,旬日便退,蜀在萬里,何知緩急而便出兵乎?昔魏欲入漢川,此間始嚴,亦未舉動,會聞魏還而止。 蜀寧可復以此有疑邪?又人家治國,舟船城郭,何得不護?今此間治軍,寧復欲以御蜀邪?人言苦不可信,朕為諸君破家保之。」 蜀競自無謀,如權所籌。 〈江表传载权诏曰:「督将亡叛而杀其妻子,是使妻去夫,子弃父,甚伤义教,自今勿杀也。」〉
He named Lu Xun chancellor in the first month of the seventh year. Wanling reported exceptional grain. Bu Zhi and Zhu Ran cited travelers' tales that Shu was building fleet and walls and that Jiang Wan held Hanzhong. They said Shu had pulled back from Hanzhong when Sima Yi moved—not the act of an ally. The signs, they said, demanded Wu prepare for betrayal. "Quan weighed it and did not think so, saying, "I have treated Shu generously; envoys, feasts, covenant oaths—I have not failed them. Sima Yi's feint into Shu had lasted days; Shu could hardly know Wei's mind in time—Wu itself had once armed at rumor and stood down. Could Shu again for this have suspicion? Moreover others governing states—boats and ships, walls and moats—how can they not defend them? Now here we drill troops—could it again be meant to ward off Shu? Men's words are bitterly untrustworthy—I for you gentlemen stake my house on it." Shu, as Sun Quan predicted, had no treachery in mind. 〈The Jiang Biao Zhuan records Quan's edict: "When supervising generals flee in rebellion and their wives and children are killed, this makes wives leave husbands and sons abandon fathers—it greatly wounds moral instruction; from now do not kill them."〉
56
八年春二月,丞相陸遜卒。 夏,雷霆犯宮門柱,又擊南津大橋楹。 茶陵縣鴻水溢出,流漂居民二百餘家。 秋七月,將軍馬茂等圖逆,夷三族。 八月,大赦。 遣校尉陳勳將屯田及作士三萬人鑿句容中道,自小其至雲陽西城,通會市,作邸閣。 〈吴历曰:茂本淮南锺离长,而为王凌所失,叛归吴,吴以为征西将军、九江太守、外部督,封侯,领千兵。 权数出苑中,与公卿诸将射。 茂与兼符节令硃贞、无难督虞钦、牙门将硃志等合计,伺权在苑中,公卿诸将在门未入,令贞持节称诏,悉收缚之; 茂引兵入苑击权,分据宫中及石头坞,遣人报魏。 事觉,皆族之。〉
Lu Xun died in the second month of the eighth year. Summer lightning scarred the palace gate and the Nanjin bridge. A flood at Chaling washed away two hundred homes. Ma Mao's plot cost his kin three generations. An eighth-month amnesty followed. Chen Xun drove a canal road through Jurong with thirty thousand colonists, linking markets and post stations. 〈Ma Mao had been Zhongli magistrate until Wang Ling crushed him; he fled to Wu and won high rank—only to plot again. Sun Quan often took his courtiers into the imperial park for archery. They planned a coup: Zhu Zhen would flash false orders at the gate while Ma Mao struck the archery party. Ma Mao meant to seize the palace and Shitou and signal Wei. The plot leaked; every kin line went to the blade.〉
57
九年春二月,車騎將軍朱然征魏柤中,斬獲千餘。 夏四月,武昌言甘露降。 秋九月,以驃騎步騭為丞相,車騎朱然為左大司馬,衛將軍全琮為右大司馬,鎮南呂岱為上大將軍,威北將軍諾葛恪為大將軍。 〈江表传曰:是岁,权诏曰:「谢宏往日陈铸大钱,云以广货,故听之。 今闻民意不以为便,其省息之,铸为器物,官勿复出也。 私家有者,敕以输藏,计畀其直,勿有所枉也。」〉
In the second month of the ninth year Zhu Ran raided Zuzhong and took more than a thousand heads. Wuchang again reported sweet dew in the fourth month. That autumn he reshuffled the summit: Bu Zhi as chancellor, Zhu Ran and Quan Zong as left and right grand marshals, Lü Dai as senior grand marshal, Zhuge Ke as grand marshal. 〈The Jiang Biao Zhuan states: That year Quan's edict said, "Xie Hong formerly memorialized on casting great cash, saying it would broaden currency—therefore We permitted it. Now that the people call the reform a nuisance, minting stops and old coins are to be melted for bronze vessels. Private hoarders must turn them in at fair weight—clerks must not short-change them."〉"
58
十年春正月,右大司馬全琮卒。 〈江表传曰:是岁权遣诸葛壹伪叛以诱诸葛诞,诞以步骑一万迎壹於高山。 权出涂中,遂至高山,潜军以待之。 诞觉而退。〉 二月,權適南宮。 三月,改作太初宮,諸將及州郡皆義作。 〈江表传载权诏曰:「建业宫乃朕从京来所作将军府寺耳,材柱率细,皆以腐朽,常恐损坏。 今未复西,可徙武昌宫材瓦,更缮治之。」 有司奏言曰:「武昌宫已二十八岁,恐不堪用,宜下所在通更伐致。」 权曰:「大禹以卑宫为美,今军事未已,所在多赋,若更通伐,妨损农桑。 徙武昌材瓦,自可用也。」〉 夏五月,丞相步騭卒。 冬十月,赦死罪。
Quan Zong died in the first month of the tenth year. 〈Sun Quan sent Zhuge Yi to bait his kinsman Zhuge Dan; Dan marched ten thousand men to Gaoshan to meet him. Sun Quan slipped troops onto the heights to spring the trap. Zhuge Dan smelled ambush and pulled back.〉 In the second month he took up residence in the Southern Palace. The third month saw the start of Taichu Palace; generals and counties donated corvée as a gift. 〈The Jiang Biao Zhuan records Quan's edict: "The Jianye palace is only the general's headquarters We built when coming from the capital—timbers and pillars are all thin and mostly rotten; We constantly fear collapse. Now We have not yet returned west; We may transport Wuchang palace's timbers and tiles and repair it anew." The offices memorialized, saying, "The Wuchang palace is already twenty-eight years old—we fear it cannot be used; it is fitting to order the places everywhere generally to fell and deliver fresh timber." Quan said, "Great Yu took lowly palaces as beautiful; now military affairs have not ceased and everywhere there are many levies—if We again order general felling, it will harm farming and sericulture. The old Wuchang beams, he said, would have to serve."〉" Bu Zhi died in the fifth month. The tenth month brought another amnesty for capital crimes.
59
十一年春正月,朱然城江陵。 二月,地仍震。 〈江表传载权诏曰:「朕以寡德,过奉先祀,莅事不聪,获谴灵祇,夙夜祗戒,若不终日。 群僚其各厉精,思朕过失,勿有所讳。」〉 三月,宮成。 夏四月,雨雹,雲陽言黃龍見。 五月,鄱陽言白虎仁。 〈瑞应图曰:白虎仁者,王者不暴虐,则仁虎不害也。〉 詔曰:「古者聖王積行累善,修身行道,以有天下。 故符瑞應之,所以表德也。 朕以不明,何以臻茲?《尚書》云『雖休勿休』,公卿百司,其勉修所職,以匡不逮。」
Zhu Ran ringed Jiangling with new walls in spring of the eleventh year. Aftershocks still shook in the second month. 〈The Jiang Biao Zhuan records Quan's edict: "We, with scant virtue, have exceeded Our place in inheriting the ancestral sacrifices; in attending affairs We are not wise and have incurred the spirits' reproof—morning and night We tremble in awe as if the day were not enough. Let the host of officials each sharpen spirit, ponder Our faults, and hold back nothing."〉" The new palace shell stood finished in the third month. Hail struck in the fourth month while Yunyang claimed a yellow dragon. Poyang reported a "humane" white tiger. 〈The omen book says gentle tigers appear only under gentle kings.〉 An edict stated, "Of old sage kings piled up conduct and accumulated goodness, cultivated themselves and walked the Way, thereby possessing all under Heaven. Portents, he said, mirror the throne's moral weight. He quoted "though blessed, do not slacken" and told his bureaucracy to earn the omens."
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十二年春三月,左大司馬朱然卒。 四月,有兩烏銜鵲墮東館。 丙寅,驃騎將軍朱據領丞相,燎鵲以祭。 〈吴录曰:六月戊戌,宝鼎出临平湖。 八月癸丑,白鸠见於章安。〉
Zhu Ran died in the third month of the twelfth year. Two crows dropped a magpie in the East Hall—an ill omen. Zhu Ju became chancellor and expiated the bird with fire. 〈The Wu lu dates a bronze tripod rising from Linping Lake. A white dove appeared at Zhang'an on guichou in the eighth month.〉
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十三年夏五月,日至,熒惑入南斗。 秋七月,犯魁第二星而東。 八月,丹陽、句容及故鄣、寧國諸山崩,鴻水溢。 詔原通責,給貸種食。 廢太子和,處故鄣。 魯王霸賜死。 冬十月,魏將文欽偽叛以誘朱異,權遣呂據就異以迎欽。 異等待重,欽不敢進。 十一月,立子亮為太子。 遣軍十萬,作堂邑塗塘以淹北道。 十二月,魏大將軍王昶圍南郡,荊州刺史王基攻西陵,遣將軍戴烈、陸凱往拒之,皆引還。 〈庾阐《扬都赋》注曰:烽火以炬置孤山头,皆缘江相望,或百里,或五十、三十里,寇至则举以相告,一夕可行万里。 孙权时合暮举火於西陵,鼓三竟,达吴郡南沙。〉 是歲,神人授書,告以改年、立後。
At summer solstice of the thirteenth year Mars entered the Dipper—an omen readers dreaded. By the seventh month it had brushed the second star of the Dipper's handle. Landslides and flash floods wrecked Danyang commandery that August. Sun Quan wiped tax arrears and handed out seed grain. Crown Prince Sun He was deposed and banished to Guzhang. Sun Ba, prince of Lu, was forced to die. Wen Qin played turncoat to trap Zhu Yi; Sun Quan sent Lü Ju to stiffen Zhu's line. Zhu Yi's caution kept Wen Qin from closing. In the eleventh month Sun Liang was named heir. A hundred thousand laborers dammed the Tangyi flats to flood Wei's northern approach. Wang Chang and Wang Ji pressed Jingzhou; Dai Lie and Lu Kai parried until both sides drew off. 〈Yu Chan describes the Yangzi beacon chain that could flash alarm a thousand li in a night. Sun Quan's night signal at Xiling beat thrice to Nansha in one dusk.〉 A spirit medium's book prophesied a new reign title and empress.
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太元元年夏五月,立皇后潘氏,大赦,改年。 初臨海羅陽縣有神,自稱王表。 〈吴录曰:罗阳今安固县。〉 周旋民間,語言飲食,與人無異,然不見其形。 又有一婢,名紡績。 是月,遣中書郎李祟齎輔國將軍羅陽王印綬迎表。 表隨崇俱出,與祟及所在郡守令長談論,祟等無以易。 所歷山川,輒遣婢與其神相聞。 秋七月,祟與表至,權於蒼龍門外為立第舍,數使近臣齎酒食往。 表說水旱小事,往往有驗。 〈孙盛曰:盛闻国将兴,听於民; 国将亡,听於神。 权年老志衰,谗臣在侧,废適立庶,以妾为妻,可谓多凉德矣。 而伪设符命,求福妖邪,将亡之兆,不亦显乎!〉 秋八月朔,大風。 江海湧溢,平地深八尺,吳高陵松柏斯拔,郡城南門飛落。 冬十一月,大赦。 權祭南郊還,寢疾。 〈吴录曰:权得风疾。〉 十二月,驛征大將軍恪,拜為太子太傅。 詔省徭役,減征賦,除民所患苦。
Taiyuan 1, fifth month: Lady Pan became empress, amnesty was declared, and the era turned. A voice in Linhai's Luoyang county called itself Wang Biao. 〈The Wu lu identifies Luoyang with modern Angu.〉 It spoke and feasted like a man but showed no body. A servant girl named Spinning announced its wishes. Li Chong carried a princely seal to escort the spirit to court. Wang Biao talked circles around every official who met him. At each river the maid hailed the local deity for him. Sun Quan built Wang Biao a lodge outside the Canglong Gate and fed him like an oracle. Its weather tips often came true. 〈Sun Sheng wrote: rising states heed the people, dying states heed ghosts. He blamed Sun Quan's senility, the He–Ba purge, and Lady Pan's elevation. Forged omens, he said, foretold collapse.〉 A gale struck on the eighth month's new moon. The storm surge stacked eight feet of water on the flats, tore the tombs' pines, and ripped off the capital's south gate. An eleventh-month amnesty followed. Sun Quan fell ill after the suburban sacrifice. 〈The Wu lu calls it a wind-stroke malady.〉 He relay-summoned Zhuge Ke and named him the heir's grand tutor. His last edicts cut taxes and corvée.
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二年春正月,立故太子和為南陽王,居長沙。 子奮為齊王,居武昌。 子休為琅瑚邪王,居虎林。 二月,大赦,改元為神鳳。 皇后潘氏薨。 諸將吏數詣王表請福,表亡去。 夏四月,權薨,時年七十一,謚曰大皇帝。 秋七月,葬蔣陵。 〈《傅子》曰:孙策为人明果独断,勇盖天下,以父坚战死,少而合其兵将以报雠,转斗千里,尽有江南之地,诛其名豪,威行邻国。 及权继其业,有张子布以为腹心,有陆议、诸葛瑾、步骘以为股肱,有吕范、硃然以为爪牙,分任授职,乘间伺隙,兵不妄动,故战少败而江南安。〉
In the second year (252 CE), first month, the former heir Sun He was made prince of Nanyang and sent to Changsha. Sun Fen became prince of Qi and resided at Wuchang. Sun Xiu became prince of Langye (the received text miscopies the second graph of Langye) and lived at Hulin. In the second month he proclaimed amnesty and changed the era name to Shenfeng. Empress Pan died. Officers repeatedly asked the medium Wang Biao for blessings until Wang Biao vanished. In summer, fourth month, Sun Quan died at seventy-one with the posthumous title Emperor Da. He was buried at Jiangling mausoleum in autumn, seventh month. 〈The Fu Zi says Sun Ce was decisive and brave—after his father Sun Jian fell he united his troops young to avenge him, fought across the Jiangnan heartland, slew local strongmen, and awed neighboring states. Sun Quan inherited that work with Zhang Zhao as his counselor, Lu Xun, Zhuge Jin, and Bu Zhi as his ministers, Lü Fan and Zhu Ran as his commanders—each given charge, striking only when opportunity allowed—so Wu seldom lost and the south stayed calm.〉
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【評】
Appraisal
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評曰:"孫權屈身忍辱,任才尚計,有勾踐之奇,英人之傑矣。 故能自擅江表,成鼎峙之業。 然性多嫌忌,果於殺戮,暨臻末年,彌以滋甚。 至於讒說殄行,胤嗣廢斃, 〈马融注《尚书》曰:殄,绝也,绝君子之行。〉 豈所謂賜厥孫謀以燕冀於者哉?其後葉陵遲,遂致覆國,未必不由此也。 〈臣松之以为孙权横废无罪之子,虽为兆乱,然国之倾覆,自由暴皓。 若权不废和,皓为世適,终至灭亡,有何异哉? 此则丧国由於昏虐,不在於废黜也。 设使亮保国祚,休不早死,则皓不得立。 皓不得立,则吴不亡矣。〉
Chen Shou's verdict: Sun Quan had Gou Jian's patience and a hero's cunning. Thus he held the southeast and made Wu the third leg of the tripod. Yet he grew paranoid and bloody-handed in old age. Slander wiped out heirs, 〈Ma Rong glossed "destroy" as cutting off the gentleman's way.〉 Was this "planning for grandsons"? Chen Shou ties Wu's fall to the harem and succession ruin. 〈Pei Songzhi answers: the purge of Sun He seeded trouble, but Sun Hao's tyranny sank the ship. Even a lawful Sun Hao would likely have destroyed Wu. The doom was cruelty, not the choice of heir alone. Had Sun Liang kept the throne and Sun Xiu lived long, Sun Hao might never have mounted it. Without Sun Hao, Pei concludes, Wu might not have fallen.