1
張昭字子布,彭城人也。 少好學,善隸書,從白侯子安受《左氏春秋》,博覽眾書,與琅邪趙昱、東海王朗俱發名友善。 弱冠察孝廉,不就。 與朗共論舊君諱事,州裡才士陳琳等皆稱善之。 〈时汝南主簿应劭议宜为旧君讳,论者皆互有异同,事在《风俗通》。 昭著论曰:“客有见大国之议,士君子之论,云起元建武已来,旧君名讳五十六人,以为后生不得协也。 取乎经论,譬诸行事,义高辞丽,甚可嘉羡。 愚意褊浅,窃有疑焉。 盖乾坤剖分,万物定形,肇有父子君臣之经。 故圣人顺天之性,制礼尚敬,在三之义,君实食之,在丧之哀,君亲临之,厚莫重焉,恩莫大焉,诚臣子所尊仰,万夫所天恃,焉得而同之哉? 然亲亲有衰,尊尊有杀,故礼服上不尽高祖,下不尽玄孙。 又传记四世而缌麻,服之穷也; 五世袒免,降杀同姓也; 六世而亲属竭矣。 又曲礼有不逮事之义则不讳,不讳者,盖名之谓,属绝之义,不拘於协,况乃古君五十六哉! 邾子会盟,季友来归,不称其名,咸书字者,是时鲁人嘉之也。 何解臣子为君父讳乎? 周穆王讳满,至定王时有王孙满者,其为大夫,是臣协君也。 又厉王讳胡,及庄王之子名胡,其比众多。 夫类事建议,经有明据,传有徵案,然后进攻退守,万无奔北,垂示百世,永无咎失。 今应劭虽上尊旧君之名,而下无所断齐,犹归之疑云。 曲礼之篇,疑事无质,观省上下,阙义自证,文辞可为,倡而不法,将来何观? 言声一放,犹拾瀋也,过辞在前,悔其何追!”〉 刺史陶謙舉茂才,不應,謙以為輕己,遂見拘執。 昱傾身營救,方以得免。 漢末大亂,徐方士民多避難揚土,昭皆南渡江。 孫策創業,命昭為長史、撫軍中郎將,升堂拜母,如比肩之舊,文武之事,一以委昭。 〈吴书曰:策得昭甚悦,谓曰:“吾方有事四方,以士人贤者上,吾於子不得轻矣。” 乃上为校尉,待以师友之礼。〉 昭每得北方士大夫書疏,專歸美於昭,昭欲嘿而不宣則懼有私,宣之則恐非宜,進退不安。 策聞之,歡笑曰:"昔管仲相齊,一則仲父,二則仲父,而桓公為霸者宗。 今子布賢,我能用之,其功名獨不在我乎!",
Zhang Zhao, styled Zibu, hailed from Pengcheng. As a youth he loved books, wrote a fine clerical hand, studied the Zuo commentary under Bai Hou Zi’an, read omnivorously, and made his name alongside Zhao Yu of Langye and Wang Lang of Donghai. Recommended as filially pious and incorrupt at his capping, he refused appointment. He argued with Wang Lang over taboos for former rulers; local talents such as Chen Lin praised his performance. 〈Ying Shao of Runan had argued for tabooing former masters; the dispute is recorded in the Fengsu tong.) Zhang Zhao wrote that someone cited court debate: since Guangwu, fifty-six rulers’ names were taboo—students must never echo those syllables. Drawn from canonical gloss and matched to precedent, the rhetoric glows—yet something troubles me. Forgive a shallow mind—I cannot quite agree. Once heaven and earth divided and creation took shape, the bonds of parent and child, ruler and subject, appeared. The sage fashioned ritual from heaven’s nature: lords feed us under the “three that endure”; they mourn with us—nothing outweighs that debt. How can subjects rank them with ordinary kin? Yet kinship weakens by generation and mourning scales down—hence hemp stops short of the fifth grandfather above and the fifth grandson below. Genealogies say after four generations one wears only thin hemp. After five generations one merely bares head and wrist—the mourning grade fades even within the clan. By the sixth generation kinship ends. The Summary of Etiquette also exempts those who never served a lord from tabooing him—that ends obligation to a mere name. If distant kin need not rhyme away syllables, why taboo scores of dead kings? When the Zhu ruler met allies and Jiyou came home, the classic wrote his style, not his name—Lu admired the tact. So why insist clerks taboo every syllable of old patrons? Zhou King Mu banned “Man,” yet under King Ding a minister Wangsun Man served—a subject bore the sovereign’s taboo. King Li banned “Hu,” yet Zhuang’s son was Hu—examples abound. Advice must rest on canonical proof and commentary precedent—otherwise posterity laughs. Ying Shao honors old masters’ names yet sets no clear rule below—it stays muddled. The Summary of Etiquette passages he cites prove nothing; pretty words without law teach nothing. Loosen tongues and you scoop sewage—bad rhetoric spreads before you can repent. Prefect Tao Qian nominated him for office; when Zhang Zhao declined, Tao felt insulted and jailed him. Zhao Yu spent himself on bail until Zhang Zhao went free. Late Han turmoil drove Xu refugees south—Zhang Zhao crossed with them. Sun Ce named him chief clerk and general who pacifies the army, treated him like family before Lady Wu, and handed him every civil and military file. 〈The Wu shu: Sun Ce rejoiced: I mean to stride the empire—among scholar-advisers I must honor you. So he raised him to colonel and courted him as mentor. Northern letters flattered Zhang Zhao alone; silence seemed sneaky, publication awkward—he squirmed either way. Sun Ce laughed: Guan Zhong called Huan Gong Father twice—and Huan became hegemon. Zibu is worthy; if I use him well, the glory is surely mine!
2
策臨亡,以弟權托昭,昭率群僚立而輔之。 〈吴历曰:策谓昭曰:“若仲谋不任事者,君便自取之。 正复不克捷,缓步西归,亦无所虑。”〉 上表漢室,下移屬城,中外將校,各令奉職,權悲感未視事,昭謂權曰:"夫為人後者,貴能負荷先軌,克昌堂構,以成勳業也。 方今天下鼎沸,群盜滿山,孝廉何得寢伏哀戚,肆匹夫之情哉? "乃身自扶權上馬,陳兵而出,然後眾心知有所歸。 昭復為權長史,授任如前。 〈吴书曰:是时天下分裂,擅命者众。 孙策莅事日浅,恩泽未洽,一旦倾陨,士民狼狈,颇有同异。 及昭辅权,绥抚百姓,诸侯宾旅寄寓之士,得用自安。 权每出征,留昭镇守,领幕府事。 后黄巾贼起,昭讨平之。 权征合肥,命昭别讨匡琦,又督领诸将,攻破豫章贼率周凤等於南城。 自此希复将帅,常在左右,为谋谟臣。 权以昭旧臣,待遇尤重。〉 後劉備表權行車騎將軍,昭為軍師。 權每田獵,常乘馬射虎,虎常突前攀持馬鞍。 昭變色而前曰:"將軍何有當爾?夫為人君者,謂能駕御英雄,驅使群賢,豈謂馳逐於原野,校勇於猛獸者乎? 如有一旦之患,奈天下笑何?"權謝昭曰:"年少慮事不遠,以此慚君。 "然猶不能已,乃作射虎車,為方目,間不置蓋,一人為御,自於中射之。 時有逸群之獸,輒復犯車,而權每手擊以為樂。 昭雖諫爭,常笑而不答。 魏黃初二年,遣使者邢貞拜權為吳王。 貞入門,不下車。 昭謂貞曰:"夫禮無不敬,故法無不行。 而君敢自尊大,豈以江南寡弱,無方寸之刃故乎! "貞即遽下車。 拜昭為綏遠將軍,封由拳侯。 〈吴录曰:昭与孙绍、滕胤、郑礼等,采周、汉,撰定朝仪。〉 權於武昌,臨釣台,飲酒大醉。 權使人以水灑群臣曰:"今日酣飲,惟醉墮台中,乃當止耳。 "昭正色不言,出外車中坐。 權遣人呼昭還,謂曰:"為共作樂耳,公何為怒乎? "昭對曰:"昔紂為糟丘酒池長夜之飲,當時亦以為樂,不以為惡也。 "權默然。 有慚色,遂罷酒。
Dying, Sun Ce left Sun Quan to Zhang Zhao, who enthroned him with the whole civil staff. 〈The Wu li: Sun Ce told Zhang Zhao: If Zhongmou fails, take the throne yourself. If all else fails, retreat west—no shame. He petitioned the Han, ordered every garrison, while Sun Quan still wept; Zhang Zhao said: An heir must shoulder his brother’s work and finish the house God gave him. The world seethes with rebels—how can you hide in mourning like a common mourner? He hoisted Sun Quan into the saddle, paraded the army, and gave the realm something to follow. Zhang Zhao served again as chief clerk with the same powers. 〈The Wu shu: the empire shattered into warlords.) Sun Ce had ruled briefly; favor had not sunk in—when he died overnight, people panicked and opinions split. Zhang Zhao calmed the people and found posts for every refugee scholar. Whenever Sun Quan marched, Zhang Zhao held headquarters. When Yellow Turbans flared, Zhang Zhao crushed them. Sun Quan besieged Hefei while Zhang Zhao struck Kuangqi, then led generals to smash Zhou Feng’s bandits at Nancheng. After that he seldom commanded troops—he stayed at Sun Quan’s side as strategist. Sun Quan favored him as an elder statesman.〉 When Liu Bei petitioned Sun Quan as acting chariots-and-cavalry general, Zhang Zhao became army adviser. Sun Quan loved to hunt tigers on horseback—beasts often leaped at his saddle. Zhang Zhao stepped up pale: What sort of ruler races beasts in the brush? One misstep and the world mocks you. Sun Quan apologized: I am young and shortsighted. Yet he kept hunting—he built a screened chariot with square peepholes, a driver outside, himself shooting within. Monstrous brutes charged the car; Sun Quan thrashed them for sport. Zhang Zhao argued; Sun Quan only smiled. In Wei Huangchu 2 envoy Xing Zhen came to enfeoff Sun Quan as king of Wu. Xing Zhen rode through the gate without alighting. Zhang Zhao said: Ritual demands respect—law follows. You swagger because you think the south unarmed? Xing Zhen scrambled down. The court named Zhang Zhao General Who Pacifies the Distance and marquis of Youquan. 〈The Wu lu: Zhang Zhao, Sun Shao, Teng Yin, and Zheng Li codified court ceremony from Zhou and Han.〉 At Wuchang Sun Quan drank himself stupid on the fishing terrace. He ordered aides to splash ministers: “We stop only when someone falls off this terrace drunk.” Zhang Zhao sat mute in his coach. Sun Quan called him back: We were only celebrating—why anger? Zhang Zhao answered: Zhou of Shang held orgies on his wine hill—his court called it fun. Sun Quan fell silent. Ashamed, he ended the banquet.
3
初,權當置丞相,眾議歸昭。 權曰:"方今多事,職統者責重,非所以優之也。 "後孫邵卒,百寮復舉昭,權曰:"孤豈為子布有愛乎?領丞相事煩,而此公性剛,所言不從,怨咎將興,非所以益之也。 "乃用顧雍。
When Sun Quan first chose a chancellor, everyone picked Zhang Zhao. Sun Quan said: “Times are hard—the chancellor’s burden is cruel; I am not favoring anyone.” After Sun Shao died they nominated Zhang Zhao again; Sun Quan said: It is not fondness—his temper is stiff; if I ignore him we quarrel. So he picked Gu Yong.
4
權既稱尊號,昭以老病,上還官位及所統領。 〈江表传曰:权既即尊位,请会百官,归功周瑜。 昭举笏欲褒赞功德,未及言,权曰:“如张公之计,今已乞食矣。” 昭大惭,伏地流汗。 昭忠謇亮直,有大臣节,权敬重之,然所以不相昭者,盖以昔駮周瑜、鲁肃等议为非也。 臣松之以为张昭劝迎曹公,所存岂不远乎? 夫其扬休正色,委质孙氏,诚以厄运初遘,涂炭方始,自策及权,才略足辅,是以尽诚匡弼,以成其业,上籓汉室,下保民物; 鼎峙之计,本非其志也。 曹公仗顺而起,功以义立,冀以清一诸华,拓平荆郢,大定之机,在於此会。 若使昭议获从,则六合为一,岂有兵连祸结,遂为战国之弊哉! 虽无功於孙氏,有大当於天下矣。 昔窦融归汉,与国升降; 张鲁降魏,赏延于世。 况权举全吴,望风顺服,宠灵之厚,其可测量哉! 然则昭为人谋,岂不忠且正乎!〉 更拜輔吳將軍,班亞三司,改封婁侯,食邑萬戶。 在裡宅無事,乃著《春秋左氏傳》解及《論語》注。 權嘗問衛尉嚴畯:"寧念小時所暗書不? "畯因誦《孝經》"仲尼居"。 昭曰:"嚴畯鄙生,臣請為陛下誦之。 "乃誦"君子之事上",鹹以昭為知所誦。
Once Sun Quan declared himself emperor, Zhang Zhao, old and ill, returned his seals. 〈The Jiangbiao zhuan: enthroned, Sun Quan toasted Zhou Yu first.) Zhang Zhao lifted his hu to praise Sun Quan—who cut him off: “Had I listened to you I would beg for supper.” Zhang Zhao dropped sweating. Zhang Zhao was bluntly loyal; Sun Quan honored him yet withheld the chancellorship because Zhang had opposed Zhou Yu and Lu Su. Pei Songzhi asks: Zhang Zhao urged yielding to Cao Cao—was that vision not long? He lent the Suns full loyalty because chaos had just begun—Sun Ce and Sun Quan could use his counsel to shield the Han symbol and the people. Partition was never his first choice. Cao Cao claimed the mandate to reunify north China and the middle Yangzi—the moment favored unity. Had Zhang Zhao prevailed, one empire might have returned—no endless wars. It would have helped China more than the Sun house. Dou Rong joined the Han and rose with it. Zhang Lu yielded to Wei and his heirs thrived. Sun Quan offering Wu intact could have won vast favor. Zhang Zhao’s advice served loyalty and right.〉 He became General Who Assists Wu, rank just below the Three Ducal ministers, marquis of Lou with ten thousand households. Retired at home he wrote a Zuo commentary and Analects glosses. Sun Quan asked Yan Jun whether he still knew his childhood texts. Yan Jun began the Classic of Filial Piety with Zhongni dwelt… Zhang Zhao said: “Yan Jun is crude—let me recite for you.” He chose “The gentleman’s serving superiors”—everyone saw the point.
5
昭每朝見,辭氣壯厲,義形於色,曾以直言逆旨,中不進見。 後蜀使來,稱蜀德美,而群臣莫拒,權歎曰:"使張公在坐,彼不折則廢,安復自誇乎?"明日,遣中使勞問,因請見昭。 昭避席謝,權跪止之。 昭坐定,仰曰:"昔太后、桓王不以老臣屬陛下,而以陛下屬老臣,是以思盡臣節,以報厚恩。 使泯沒之後,有可稱述,而意慮淺短,違逆盛旨,自分幽淪,長棄溝壑,不圖復蒙引見,得奉帷幄。 然臣愚心所以事國,志在忠益,畢命而已。 若乃變心易慮,以偷榮取容,此臣所不能也。 "權辭謝焉。
At court Zhang Zhao’s voice cut; once Sun Quan barred him for blunt words. When Shu envoys boasted and Wu had no answer, Sun Quan sighed: “Had Zhang Zhao been here they would have fled mute.” Next day he sent envoys to coax Zhang Zhao back. Zhang Zhao rose to apologize; Sun Quan knelt to stop him. Seated, Zhang Zhao said: Lady Wu and Prince Ce left you to me—not me to you—so I owe you perfect loyalty. I expected to die disgraced for defying you—never dreamed you would recall me to council. Still my service aims only at your good—unto death. Ask me to trim sails for favor—I cannot. Sun Quan apologized.
6
權以公孫淵稱藩,遣張彌、許晏至遼東拜淵為燕王。 昭諫曰:"淵背魏懼討,遠來求援,非本志也。 若淵改圖,欲自明於魏,兩使不反,不亦取笑於天下乎?"權與相反覆,昭意彌切。 權不能堪,案刀而怒曰:"吳國士人入宮則拜孤,出宮則拜君,孤之敬君,亦為至矣,而數於眾中折孤,孤嘗恐失計。 "昭熟視權曰:"臣雖知言不用,每竭愚忠者,誠以太后臨崩,呼老臣於床下,遺詔顧命之言故在耳。 "因涕泣橫流。 權擲刀致地,與昭對泣。 然卒遣彌、晏往。 昭忿言之不用,稱疾不朝。 權恨之,土塞其門,昭又於內以土封之。 淵果殺彌,晏。 權數慰謝昭,昭固不起,權因出過其門呼昭,昭辭疾篤。 權燒其門,欲以恐之,昭更閉門戶。 權使人滅火,住門良久,昭諸子共扶昭起,權載以還宮,深自克責。 昭不得已,然後朝會。 〈习凿齿曰:张昭於是乎不臣矣! 夫臣人者,三谏不从则奉身而退,身苟不绝,何忿懟之有? 且秦穆违谏,卒霸西戎,晋文暂怒,终成大业。 遗誓以悔过见录,狐偃无怨绝之辞,君臣道泰,上下俱荣。 今权悔往之非而求昭,后益回虑降心,不远而复,是其善也。 昭为人臣,不度权得道,匡其后失,夙夜匪懈,以延来誉,乃追忿不用,归罪於君,闭户拒命,坐待焚灭,岂不悖哉!〉
When Gongsun Yuan submitted as a client king, Sun Quan sent Zhang Mi and Xu Yan to Liaodong to enfeoff him as king of Yan. Zhang Zhao argued: Yuan broke with Wei out of fear—that plea for help is opportunism, not conviction. If he swings back to Wei, two dead envoys will make us the empire’s laughingstock. Sun Quan argued harder; Zhang Zhao doubled down. Sun Quan slammed his blade down: Courtiers bow to me inside and to you outside—I honor you past measure—yet you shame me in public till I doubt myself. Zhang Zhao held his gaze: I nag though you ignore me because Lady Wu’s deathbed charge still rings in my ears. Tears streamed down his face. Sun Quan dropped his sword and wept with Zhang Zhao. Still he sent Zhang Mi and Xu Yan. Zhang Zhao boycotted court, feigning illness. Sun Quan piled earth against his door; Zhang Zhao walled himself in from within. Gongsun Yuan executed both envoys. Sun Quan apologized again and again; Zhang Zhao stayed “sick”; when the sovereign called at his gate he pleaded mortal illness. Sun Quan set fire to the gate to scare him—Zhang Zhao only barred his doors tighter. Sun Quan called off the blaze, waited at the door until Zhang Zhao’s sons carried him out, drove him to the palace, and scourged himself. Zhang Zhao yielded and returned to court. 〈Xi Zuochi: Zhang Zhao ceased behaving as a subject!) A minister who is ignored thrice should resign alive—no cause for spite. Duke Mu defied advice yet conquered the west; Duke Wen of Jin flared yet finished the work. Old oaths forgive slips—Hu Yan did not storm off—good rulers and ministers thrive together. Sun Quan admitted fault and humbled himself—that was virtue. Yet Zhang Zhao as minister never measured whether Sun Quan had mended—he sulked, blamed his lord, and waited for the fire—mad conduct.〉
7
昭容貌矜嚴,有威風,權常曰:"孤與張公言,不敢妄也。 "舉邦憚之。 年八十一,嘉禾五年卒。 遺令幅巾素棺,斂以時服。 權素服臨吊,謚曰文侯。 〈典略曰:余曩闻刘荆州尝自作书欲与孙伯符,以示祢正平,正平蚩之,言:“如是为欲使孙策帐下兒读之邪,将使张子布见乎?” 如正平言,以为子布之才高乎? 虽然,犹自蕴藉典雅,不可谓之无笔迹也。 加闻吴中称谓之仲父,如此,其人信一时之良幹,恨其不於嵩岳等资,而乃播殖於会稽。〉 長子承已自封侯,少子休襲爵。
Zhang Zhao looked formidable; Sun Quan said: With Zhang Gong I watch every word. The whole court stood in awe. He died at eighty-one in Jiahe 5. He asked for a simple headcloth, plain coffin, and everyday clothes. Sun Quan wore mourning and gave him the posthumous name Marquis Wen. 〈The Dian lüe: Liu Biao once drafted a letter for Sun Ce and showed Mi Heng; Mi sneered—did Liu mean Sun Ce’s boys or Zhang Zhao to read it? Did Mi mean Zhang Zhao outshone him? Still the draft was polished—far from illiterate. Wu dubbed Zhang Zhao its Guan Zhong—what a minister—yet Pei regrets he bloomed in the south, not the Central Plain.〉 Eldest son Zhang Cheng already held a marquisate; younger Zhang Xiu inherited.
8
侄奮
Nephew Zhang Fen
9
昭弟子奮年二十,造作攻城大攻車,為步騭所薦。 昭不願曰:"妝年尚少,何為自委於軍旅乎?"奮對曰:"昔童汪死難,子奇治阿,奮實不才耳,於年不為少也。 "遂領兵為將軍,連有功效,至 (平州) 都督,封樂鄉亭侯。
At twenty Zhang Fen built a heavy siege engine on Bu Zhi’s recommendation. Zhang Zhao protested: “You are too young for camp.” Zhang Fen cited boy-warriors and Ziqi of E— “Talent matters, not age.” He took command, won repeated victories, and rose to (Ping province) inspector-in-chief with the village marquisate of Lexiang.
10
子承
Zhang Cheng
11
承字仲嗣,少以才學知名,與諸葛瑾、步騭、嚴畯相友善。 權為驃騎將軍,辟西曹掾,出為長沙西部都尉。 討平山寇,得精兵萬五千人。 後為濡須都督、奮威將軍,封都鄉侯,領部曲五千人。 承為人壯毅忠讜,能甄識人物,拔彭城蔡款、南陽謝景於孤微童幼,後並為國士,款至衛尉,景豫章太守。 〈吴录曰:款字文德,历位内外,以清贞显於当世。 后以卫尉领中书令,封留侯。 二子,条、机。 条孙皓时位至尚书令、太子少傅。 机为临川太守。 谢景事在《孙登传》。〉 又諸葛恪年少時,眾人奇其英才。 承言終敗諸葛氏者,元遜也。 勤於長進,篤於物類,凡在庶幾之流,無不造門,年六十七,赤烏七年卒,謚曰定侯。 子震嗣。 初,承喪妻,昭欲為索諸葛瑾女,承以相與有好,難之,權聞而勸焉,遂為婿。 〈臣松之案:承与诸葛瑾同以赤乌中卒,计承年小瑾四岁耳。〉 生女,權為子和納之。 權數令和修敬於承,執子婿之禮。 震諸葛恪誅時亦死。
Zhang Cheng, styled Zhongsi, famous young for scholarship; befriended Zhuge Jin, Bu Zhi, and Yan Jun. Sun Quan as agile-cavalry general named him western bureau aide, then west commandant of Changsha. He crushed hill bandits and raised fifteen thousand elite men. Later he commanded Ruxu, became General Who Displays Might, marquis of Dou township, with five thousand household troops. Staunch and blunt, he spotted Cai Kuan and Xie Jing as boys in obscurity; both rose—Cai to commandant of the guards, Xie to Yuzhang prefect. 〈The Wu lu: Cai Kuan, styled Wende, served everywhere and shone for integrity.) He later combined commandant of the guards with palace secretary and received the marquisate of Liu. Two sons: Cai Tiao and Cai Ji. Cai Tiao rose under Sun Hao to secretary director and junior tutor to the heir. Cai Ji became Linchuan prefect. Xie Jing’s story appears under Sun Deng.〉 When young Zhuge Ke dazzled everyone. Zhang Cheng predicted Zhuge Ke would ruin the Zhuge house. He promoted talent tirelessly, visited every promising scholar, died at sixty-seven in Chiwu 7 with posthumous name Ding. Son Zhang Zhen inherited. When Zhang Cheng was widowed, Zhang Zhao wanted Zhuge Jin’s daughter; Zhang Cheng hesitated because they were friends—Sun Quan urged the match. 〈Pei Songzhi: Zhang Cheng and Zhuge Jin died the same years—Zhang Cheng only four years younger.〉 Their daughter married Sun Quan’s son Sun He. Sun Quan told Sun He to honor Zhang Cheng as his father-in-law. Zhang Zhen died when Zhuge Ke fell.
12
子休
Zhang Xiu
13
休字叔嗣,弱冠與諸葛恪、顧譚等俱為太子登僚友,以《漢書》授登。 〈吴书曰:休进授,指摘文义,分别事物,并有章条。 每升堂宴饮,酒酣乐作,登辄降意与同欢乐。 休为人解达,登甚爱之,常在左右。〉 從中庶子轉為右弼都尉。 權常遊獵,迨幕乃歸,休上疏諫戒,權大善之,以示於昭。 及登卒後,為侍中,拜羽林都督,平三典軍事,遷揚武將軍。 為魯王霸友黨所譖,與顧譚、承俱以芍陂論功事,休、承與典軍陳恂通情,詐增其伐,並徙交州。 中書令孫弘佞偽險詖,休素所忿, 〈吴录云:弘,会稽人也。〉 弘因是譖訴,下詔書賜休死,時年四十一。
Zhang Xiu, styled Shusi, joined Zhuge Ke and Gu Tan as companions to heir Sun Deng and taught him the Han Records. 〈The Wu shu: Zhang Xiu parsed texts into neat sections.) At banquets Sun Deng joined the music and drank with him. Sun Deng adored his frank wit and kept him close.〉 He moved from heir’s attendant to right aide commandant. Sun Quan hunted till dusk; Zhang Xiu remonstrated; Sun Quan praised him and showed Zhang Zhao. After Sun Deng died he rose to attendant-in-chief, colonel of the Feathered Forest, overseer of three military offices, then General Who Displays Might. Prince Lu’s clique framed him with Gu Tan and Gu Cheng over credit for Shao Lake—he and Gu Cheng colluded with Chen Xun to pad the tally—and all were exiled to Jiao. The flatterer Sun Hong angered Zhang Xiu 〈The Wu lu: Sun Hong came from Kuaiji.〉 Sun Hong denounced him; an edict forced Zhang Xiu to die at forty-one.
14
顧雍字元歎,吳郡吳人也。 〈吴录曰:雍曾祖父奉,字季鸿,颍川太守。〉 蔡伯喈從朔方還,嘗避怨於吳,雍從學琴書。 〈江表传曰:雍从伯喈学,专一清静,敏而易教。 伯喈贵异之,谓曰:「卿必成致,今以吾名与卿。」 故雍与伯喈同名,由此也。 吴录曰:雍字元叹,言为蔡雍之所叹,因以为字焉。〉 州郡表薦,弱冠為合肥長,後轉在婁、曲阿、上虞,皆有治跡。 孫權領會稽太守,不之郡,以雍為丞,行太守事,討除寇賊,郡界寧靜,吏民歸服,數年,入為左司馬。 權為吳王,累遷大理、奉常,領尚書令,封陽遂鄉侯,拜侯還寺,而家人不知,後聞乃驚。
Gu Yong, styled Yutan, from Wu commandery. 〈The Wu lu: great-grandfather Gu Feng, styled Jihong, was Yingchuan prefect.〉 Cai Yong fled to Wu from Shuofang; Gu Yong studied music and calligraphy under him. 〈The Jiangbiao zhuan: Gu Yong studied with Cai Yong—quiet, sharp, teachable.) Cai Yong said: “You will accomplish much—I lend you my given name.” Hence Gu Yong shares Cai Yong’s name. (The Wu lu: “Yutan” means “the one Cai Yong praised.”〉 Recommended young, he served Hefei, then Lou, Qu’e, and Shangyu with a fine record. Sun Quan held Kuaiji in title; Gu Yong ran it as aide, crushed bandits, won the people, then entered as left marshal. As king of Wu Gu Yong rose to grand judge, minister of ceremonies, and secretary director, marquis of Yangsui—his household learned only when he came home enfeoffed.
15
黃武四年,迎母於吳。 既至,權臨賀之,親拜其母於庭,公卿大臣畢會,後太子又往慶焉。 雍為人不飲酒,寡言語,舉動時當。 權嘗歎曰:「顧君不言,言必有中。」 至飲宴歡樂之際,左右恐有酒失而雍必見之,是以不敢肆情。 權亦曰:「顧公在坐,使人不樂。」 其見憚如此。 是歲,改為太常。 進封醴陵侯,代孫邵為丞相,平尚書事。 其所選用文武將吏各隨能所任,心無適莫。 時訪逮民間,及政職所宜,輒密以聞。 若見納用,則歸之於上,不用,終不宣洩。 權以此重之,然於公朝有所陳及,辭色雖順而所執者正。 權嘗咨問得失,張昭因陳聽采聞,頗以法令太稠,刑罰微重,宜有所蠲損。 權默然,顧問雍曰:「君以為何如?」 雍對曰:「臣之所聞,亦如昭所陳。」 於是權乃議獄輕刑。 〈江表传曰:灌常令中书郎诣雍,有所咨访。 若合雍意,事可施行,即与相反覆,究而论之,为设酒食。 如不合意,雍即正色改容,默然不言,无所施设,即退告。 权曰:「顾公欢悦,是事合宜也; 其不言者,是事未平也,孤当重思之。」 其见敬信如此。 江边诸将,各欲立功自效,多陈便宜,有所掩袭。 权以访雍,雍曰:「臣闻兵法戒於小利,此等所陈,欲邀功名而为其身,非为国也,陛下宜禁制。 苟不足以曜威损敌,所不宜听也。」 权从之。 军国得失,行事可不,自非面见,口未尝言之。〉 久之,呂壹、秦博為中書,典校諸官府及州郡文書。 壹等因此漸作威福,遂造作榷酤障管之利,舉罪糾奸,纖介必聞,重以深案丑誣,毀短大臣,排陷無辜,雍等皆見舉白,用被譴讓。 後壹奸罪發露,收系延尉。 雍往斷獄。 壹以囚見,雍和顏色,問其辭狀,臨出,又謂壹曰:「君意得無慾有所道?」 壹叩頭無言。 時尚書郎懷敘面詈辱壹,雍責敘曰:「官有正法,何至於此?」 〈江表传曰:权嫁从女,女顾氏甥,故请雍父子及孙谭,谭时为选曹尚书,见任贵重。 是日,权极欢。 谭醉酒,三起舞,舞不知止。 雍内怒之。 明日,召谭,诃责之曰:「君王以含垢为德,臣下以恭谨为节。 昔萧何、吴汉并有大功,何每见高帝,似不能言; 汉奉光武,亦信恪勤。 汝之於国,宁有汗马之劳,可书之事邪? 但阶门户之资,遂见宠任耳,何有舞不复知止? 虽为酒后,亦由恃恩忘敬,谦虚不足。 损吾家者必尔也。」 因背向壁卧,谭立过一时,乃见遣。 徐众评曰:雍不以吕壹见毁之故,而和颜悦色,诚长者矣。 然开引其意,问所欲道,此非也。 壹奸险乱法,毁伤忠贤,吴国寒心,自太子登、陆逊已下,切谏不能得,是以潘濬欲因会手剑之,以除国患,疾恶忠主,义形於色,而今乃发起令言。 若壹称枉邪,不申理,则非录狱本旨; 若承辞而奏之,吴主傥以敬丞相所言,而复原宥,伯言、承明不当悲慨哉! 怀叙本无私恨,无所为嫌,故詈辱之,疾恶意耳,恶不仁者,其为仁也。 季武子死,曾点倚其门而歌; 子晳创发,子产催令自裁。 以此言之,雍不当责怀叙也。〉
In Huangwu 4 he brought his mother to Wu. Sun Quan greeted her, bowed to Lady Gu in court, filled the hall with lords, and sent the heir to honor her. Gu Yong drank nothing, spoke little, moved with quiet propriety. Sun Quan said: “When Gu Yong speaks, he hits the mark.” At feasts attendants feared Gu Yong’s gaze and checked their cups. Sun Quan joked: “Gu Yong kills the mood.” Everyone feared him. That year he became minister of ceremonies. Promoted to marquis of Liling, he succeeded Sun Shao as chancellor over the secretariat. He placed civil and military men strictly on merit without favoritism. He toured the folkways and whispered policy notes to the throne. If Sun Quan acted on his tip, Gu Yong credited the ruler; if ignored, he stayed silent. Sun Quan valued his discretion; in council Gu Yong spoke softly but held firm. Once Sun Quan asked for counsel; Zhang Zhao said laws were thick and penalties harsh. Sun Quan turned to Gu Yong: “Your view?” Gu Yong said: “I agree with Zhang Zhao.” Sun Quan relaxed criminal law. 〈The Jiangbiao zhuan: Sun Quan sent secretariat clerks to consult Gu Yong.) If the clerk’s plan matched Gu Yong’s, they refined it over dinner.) If Gu Yong disagreed, his face went cold; he said nothing, offered nothing, withdrew, and reported. Sun Quan said: "If Gu Yong smiles, the plan is sound. When he stays silent, the matter is still wrong—I must think again." Such was the trust he commanded. Frontier generals pitched raids for glory. Sun Quan asked Gu Yong, who said: "The Art of War warns against petty gains—these men chase credit, not the realm—stop them. Unless a strike truly hurts the foe, ignore it." Sun Quan agreed. He never spoke policy aloud except face-to-face.〉 Lu Yi and Qin Bo ran the palace secretariat and audited every office. Lu Yi abused the audit to tax salt and wine, hunt petty guilt, slander chiefs, and shame Gu Yong until ministers were censured. When Lu Yi's crimes surfaced, the court jailed him. Gu Yong tried the case. Yi as prisoner met—Yong with harmonious countenance asked his plea statement—at departure—again said to Yi: "Lord—could it be you wish to say something?" Lu Yi kowtowed in silence. Secretariat clerk Huai Xu cursed Lu Yi; Gu Yong scolded him: "We have laws—no street abuse." 〈The Jiangbiao zhuan: Sun Quan wed a niece to the Gus and invited Gu Yong and Sun Tan—then chief of personnel.) Sun Quan reveled that night. Sun Tan danced drunk and would not stop. Gu Yong seethed. Next day he rebuked Sun Tan: "Rulers endure slights; ministers stay humble. Xiao He froze before Gaozu; Wu Han served Guangwu with sober zeal. What great deeds have you for Wu? You ride family rank—how dare you dance on like a fool? Drunk or not, you forgot respect. You will ruin our house." He turned to the wall; Sun Tan stood an hour before dismissal. Xu Zhong: Gu Yong stayed kind to Lu Yi despite past slanders—a true elder. Yet inviting Lu Yi's last words was wrong. Lu Yi wrecked loyal men; from Sun Deng and Lu Xun down everyone begged his death—Pan Jun meant to stab him at court—yet Gu Yong coaxed his confession. If Lu Yi pleaded innocence without proof, the trial failed. If Sun Quan spared Lu Yi on Gu Yong's word, Lu Xun and Sun Deng would rage. Huai Xu bore Lu Yi no grudge—he cursed out justice. When Jiwuzi died, Zeng Dian sang at his gate. Zi Xi cut his hair; Zi Chan ordered suicide. So Gu Yong should not have scolded Huai Xu.〉
16
雍為相十九年,年七十六,赤烏六年卒。 初疾微時,權令醫趙泉視之。 拜其少子濟為騎都尉。 雍聞,悲曰:「泉善別生死,吾必不起,故上欲及吾目見濟拜也。」 權素服臨吊,謚曰肅侯。 長子邵早卒,次子裕有篤疾,少子濟嗣,無後,絕。 永安元年,詔曰:「故丞相雍,至德忠賢,輔國以禮,而侯統廢絕。 朕甚愍之。 其以雍次子裕襲爵為醴陵候,以明著舊勳。」 〈吴录曰:裕一名穆,终宜都太守。 裕子荣。 晋书曰:荣字彦先,为东南名士,仕吴为黄门郎,在晋历显位。 元帝初镇江东,以荣为军司马,礼遇甚重。 卒,表赠侍中、骠骑将军、仪同三司。 荣兄子禺,字孟著,少有名望,为散骑侍郎,早卒。 吴书曰:雍母弟徽。 字子叹,少游学,有脣吻。 孙权统事,闻徽有才辩,召署主簿。 尝近出行,见营军将一男子至巿行刑,问之何罪,云盗百钱,徽语使住。 须臾,驰诣阙陈启:「方今畜养士众以图北虏,视此兵丁壮健兒,且所盗少,愚乞哀原。” 权许而嘉之。 转东曹掾。 或传曹公欲东,权谓徽曰:「卿孤腹心,今传孟德怀异意,莫足使揣之,卿为吾行。」 拜辅义都尉,到北与曹公相见。 公具问境内消息,徽应对婉顺,因说江东大丰,山薮宿恶,皆慕化为善,义出作兵。 公笑曰:「孤与孙将军一结婚姻,共辅汉室,义如一家,君何为道此?」 徽曰:「正以明公与主将义固磐石,休戚共之,必欲知江表消息,是以及耳。」 公厚待遣还。 权问定云何,徽曰:「敌国隐情,卒难探察。 然徽潜采听,方与袁谭交争,未有他意。」 乃拜徽巴东太守,欲大用之,会卒。 子裕,字季则,少知名,位至镇东将军。 雍族人悌,字子通,以孝悌廉正闻於乡党。 年十五为郡吏,除郎中,稍迁偏将军。 权末年,嫡庶不分,悌数与骠骑将军硃据共陈祸福,言辞切直,朝廷惮之。 待妻有礼,常夜入晨出,希见其面。 尝疾笃,妻出省之,悌命左右扶起,冠帻加袭,起对,趣令妻还,其贞洁不渎如此。 悌父向历四县令,年老致仕,悌每得父书,常洒扫,整衣服,更设几筵,舒书其上,拜跪读之,每句应诺,毕,复再拜。 若父有疾耗之问至,则临书垂涕,声语哽咽。 父以寿终,悌饮浆不入口五日。 权为作布衣一袭,皆摩絮著之,强令悌释服。 悌虽以公议自割,犹以不见父丧,常画壁作棺柩象,设神座於下,每对之哭泣,服未阕而卒。 悌四子:彦、礼、谦、祕。 秘,晋交州刺史。 祕子众,尚书仆射。〉
Gu Yong served nineteen years as chancellor and died at seventy-six in Chiwu 6. Early in his illness Sun Quan sent Physician Zhao Quan. He promoted youngest son Gu Ji as chief of cavalry. Gu Yong said: "Zhao Quan reads life and death—I will die—so the sovereign promotes Ji while I can see." Sun Quan mourned in plain dress and named him Marquis Su. Eldest Gu Shao died young; second Gu Yu was chronically ill; Gu Ji inherited but left no sons—the line ended. Yong'an first year edict stated: "Former chancellor Yong—ultimate virtue loyal worthy—aided state with ritual—yet marquis lineage ended. The throne mourned. Let Yong's second son Yu inherit noble rank as Marquis of Liling—to clearly display old merit." 〈The Wu lu: Gu Yu, alias Mu, died as Yidu prefect.) His son was Gu Rong. (The Jin shu: Gu Rong, styled Yanxian, famed in the southeast; Yellow Gates under Wu, high Jin offices.) When Sima Rui secured Jiangdong he named Gu Rong army marshal with great honor. Dead, he won posthumous attendant-in-chief, agile cavalry, Three Ducal honors. Nephew Gu Yu, styled Mengzhu, was a rising Jin officer who died young. (The Wu shu: younger brother Gu Hui.) Styled Zitan, learned abroad, silver-tongued. Sun Quan heard his rhetoric and made him chief clerk. Once he stopped a hanging over one hundred cash. He raced to court: "We need soldiers against Wei—spare this strong thief over pennies. Sun Quan agreed. Promoted to eastern bureau aide. Rumors said Cao Cao would march east; Sun Quan sent Gu Hui: "Learn his mind." Named aide who aids righteousness; he met Cao Cao. Cao Cao asked after Wu; Gu Hui said harvests were rich and bandits had yielded. Cao Cao laughed: "Sun Quan and I are kin—we aid the Han—why spin yarns?" Gu Hui answered: "You are family—I report southland news." Cao Cao treated him well and sent him home. Sun Quan asked what he learned; Gu Hui said spying was hard. Yet he heard Cao Cao was busy fighting Yuan Tan." Sun Quan named him Badong prefect but he died first. Son Gu Yu, styled Jize, rose to General Who Guards the East. Kinsman Gu Ti, styled Zitong, famed for filial honor. County clerk at fifteen, gentleman of the palace, then partial general. Late in Sun Quan's reign he and Zhu Ju warned bluntly about the succession. He visited his wife only nights—almost never saw her by day. Even sick he dressed fully when his wife visited—pure ritual. His father served four counties; Gu Ti swept the room, dressed up, and knelt to read each letter. Ill news brought tears mid-read. He fasted five days when his father died. Sun Quan gave him padded coats and forced him out of deepest mourning. Though public duty cut mourning short, he painted a coffin on his wall and wept till he died unfinished. Four sons: Yan, Li, Qian, Mi. Gu Mi became Jin prefect of Jiao. Gu Mi's son Zhong rose to vice secretary.〉
17
子邵
Gu Shao
18
邵字孝則,博覽書傳,好樂人倫。 少與舅陸績齊名,而陸遜、張敦、卜靜等皆亞焉。 〈吴录曰:敦字叔方,静字玄风,并吴郡人。 敦德量渊懿,清虚淡泊,又善文辞。 孙权为车骑将军,辟西曹掾,转主簿,出补海昬令,甚有惠化,年三十二卒。 卜静终於剡令。〉 自州郡庶幾及四方人士,往來相見,或言議而去,或結厚而別,風聲流聞,遠近稱之。 權妻以策女。 年二十七,起家為豫章太守。 下車祀先賢徐孺子之墓。 優待其後。 禁其淫祀非禮之祭者。 小吏資質佳者,輒令就學,擇其先進,擢置右職,舉善以教,風化大行。 初,錢唐丁諝出於役伍,陽羨張秉生於庶民。 烏程吳粲、雲陽殷禮起乎微賤,邵皆拔而友之,為立聲譽。 秉遭大喪,親為制服結絰。 邵當之豫章,發在近路,值秉疾病,時送者百數。 邵辭賓客曰:"張仲節有疾,苦不能來別,恨不見之,暫還與訣,諸君少時相待。 "其留心下士,惟善所在,皆此類也。 諝至典軍中郎,秉雲陽太守,禮零陵太守, 〈礼子基作通语曰:礼字德嗣,弱不好弄,潜识过人。 少为郡吏,年十九,守吴县丞。 孙权为王,召除郎中。 后与张温俱使蜀,诸葛亮甚称叹之。 稍迁至零陵太守,卒官。 文士传曰:礼子基,无难督,以才学知名,著通语数十篇。 有三子。 巨字元大,有才器,初为吴偏将军,统家部曲,城夏口,吴平后,为苍梧太守。 少子祐,字庆元,吴郡太守。〉 粲太子少傅。 世以邵為知人。 在郡五年,卒官,子譚、承雲。
Gu Shao, styled Xiaze, read widely and loved ethics. As a youth he rivaled uncle Lu Ji; Lu Xun, Zhang Dun, and Bu Jing stood slightly below. 〈The Wu lu: Zhang Dun styled Shufang; Bu Jing styled Xuanfeng—both from Wu.) Zhang Dun was deep, quiet, and literary. Sun Quan named him aide and Haihun magistrate; he died at thirty-two. Bu Jing died as magistrate of Yan.〉 Scholars everywhere sought him out and praised his name. Sun Quan married him to Sun Ce's daughter. At twenty-seven he became Yuzhang prefect. On arrival he sacrificed at Xu Ruzi's grave. He cared for Xu's descendants. He banned illicit shrines. He sent promising clerks to school, promoted the best, and spread decorum. He lifted Ding Xu from the ranks and Zhang Bing from commoners. He befriended Wu Can and Yin Li from humble roots. When Zhang Bing mourned, Gu Shao wore hemp for him. Leaving for Yuzhang near home, Zhang Bing fell ill—hundreds came to see him off. Gu Shao told guests: "Zhang Bing is too sick to say goodbye—I must see him—wait here briefly." He fussed over humble clients like this. Ding Xu rose to colonel of the household army; Zhang Bing and Yin Li became prefects. 〈Yin Li's son Yin Ji wrote Tongyu: Yin Li, styled Desi, was grave even as a boy.) At nineteen he was assistant magistrate of Wu. Sun Quan as king named him gentleman of the palace. Later he joined Zhang Wen's mission to Shu and impressed Zhuge Liang. He rose to Lingling prefect and died in harness. (Wenshi zhuan: Yin Ji commanded the Feathered Forest and wrote Tongyu.) He had three sons. Eldest Yin Ju became general and Cangwu prefect after Jin conquered Wu. Youngest Yin You was Wu prefect.〉 Wu Can rose to junior tutor to the heir. His generation called Gu Shao a judge of character. After five years as prefect he died; sons Gu Tan and Gu Cheng survived.
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邵子譚
Gu Tan
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譚字子默,弱冠與諸葛恪等為太子四友,從中庶子轉輔正都尉。 〈陆机为谭传曰:宣太子正位东宫,天子方隆训导之义,妙简俊彦,讲学左右。 时四方之杰毕集,太傅诸葛恪等雄奇盖众,而谭以清识绝伦,独见推重。 自太尉范慎、谢景、羊徽之徒,皆以秀称其名,而悉在谭下。〉 赤烏中,代恪為左節度。 〈吴书曰:谭初践官府,上疏陈事,权辍食称善,以为过於徐详。 雅性高亮,不脩意气,或以此望之。 然权鉴其能,见待甚隆,数蒙赏赐,特见召请。〉 每省簿書,未嘗下籌,徒屈指心計,盡發疑謬,下吏以此服之。 加奉車都尉。 薛綜為選曹尚書,固讓譚曰:“譚心精體密,貫道達微,才照人物,德允眾望,誠非愚臣所可越先。” 後遂代綜。
Gu Tan, styled Zimo, was one of Sun Deng's four companions and became aide commandant. 〈Lu Ji's biography of Gu Tan: when Sun Deng took the eastern palace, the court packed his salon with talent.) Zhuge Ke dominated the heir's court, yet Gu Tan's clarity won highest esteem. Men like Fan Shen lauded Gu Tan above themselves.〉 In Chiwu he succeeded Zhuge Ke as left quartermaster. 〈Wu shu: Sun Quan skipped a meal praising his first memorial.) His lofty cold manner drew resentment. Sun Quan still favored and enriched him.〉 He audited ledgers in his head without counting rods and caught every error. He added chief of carriages and cavalry. Personnel chief Xue Zong ceded the post: Gu Tong exceeds me in every way. Gu Tan took personnel.
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祖父雍卒數月,拜太常,代雍平尚書事。 是時魯王霸有盛寵,與太子和齊衡,譚上疏曰:
Months after Gu Yong died he became minister of ceremonies and ran the secretariat. Prince Lu rivaled Crown Prince He; Gu Tan warned:
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臣聞有國有家者,必明嫡庶之端,異尊卑之禮,使高下有差,階級逾邈,如此則骨肉之恩生,覬覦之望絕。 昔賈誼陳治安之計,論諸侯之勢,以為勢重,雖親必有逆節之累,勢輕,雖疏必有保全之祚。 故淮南親弟,不終饗國,失之於勢重也。 吳芮疏臣,傳祚長沙,得之於勢輕也。 昔漢文帝使慎夫人與皇后同席,袁盎退夫人之座,帝有怒色。 及盎辨上下之儀,陳人彘之戒,帝既悅怪,夫人亦悟。 今臣所陳,非有所偏,誠欲以安太子而便魯王也。
States must separate heir and younger princes by rank or invite ruin. Jia Yi warned that overweight feudal power invites revolt even among kin. Too much power cost Liu Chang his kingdom. Weak Wu Rui kept Changsha for generations. When Han Wendi seated his favorite beside the empress, Yuan Ang intervened. Yuan Ang cited the human-pig story and forced sense into the court. Gu Tan claimed he meant to secure both heir and Prince Lu.
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由是霸與譚有隙。 時長公主婿衛將軍全琮子寄為霸賓客,寄素傾邪,譚所不納。 先是,譚弟承與張休俱北征壽春,全琮時為大都督,與魏將王淩戰於芍陂,軍不利,魏兵乘勝陷沒五營將 (秦兒) ,軍,休、承奮擊之。 遂駐魏師。 時琮群子緒、端亦並為將,因敵既住,乃進擊之。 淩軍用退。 時論功行賞。 以為功駐敵之功大,退敵之功小。 休、承並為雜號將軍,緒、端偏裨而已。 寄父子益恨,共構會譚。 〈吴录曰:全琮父子屡言芍陂之役为典军陈恂诈增张休、顾承之功,而休、承与恂通情。 休坐系狱,权为谭故,沉吟不决,欲令谭谢而释之。 及大会,以问谭,谭不谢,而曰:“陛下,谗言其兴乎!” 江表传曰:有司奏谭诬罔大不敬,罪应大辟。 权以雍故,不致法,皆徙之。〉 譚坐徙交州,幽而發憤,著《新言》仁十篇。 其《知難篇》蓋以自悼傷也。 見流二年,年四十二,卒於交阯。
Prince Lu now hated Gu Tan. Quan Ji served Prince Lu; Gu Tan spurned him. Earlier Gu Cheng and Zhang Xiu fought Wang Ling at Shao Lake; Wei troops crushed five Wu camps (text reads Qin Er) until Zhang Xiu and Gu Cheng counterattacked. They halted Wang Ling. Quan Xu and Quan Duan charged once the line steadied. Wang Ling pulled back. The court debated credit. Stopping the rout outweighed chasing the retreat. So Zhang Xiu and Gu Cheng won major general ranks; Quan sons only minor. Quan Ji and his father framed Gu Tan. 〈Wu lu: the Quans said Chen Xun padded Gu Cheng’s record.) Sun Quan jailed Zhang Xiu but hesitated for Gu Tan's sake. At court Sun Quan asked Gu Tan to apologize; Gu Tan cried conspiracy. (Officials sought Gu Tan’s death for lèse-majesté.) Sun Quan spared him for Gu Yong and exiled the clan.〉 Exiled to Jiao, Gu Tan wrote New Discourses in twenty chapters. The essay “Knowing Difficulty” vents his grief. After two years in exile he died at forty-two in Jiaozhi.
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邵子承
Gu Cheng
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承字子直,嘉禾中與舅陸瑁俱以禮征。 權賜丞相雍書曰:"貴孫子直,令問休休,至與相見,過於所聞,為君嘉之。 "拜騎都尉,領羽林兵。 後為吳郡西部都尉,與諸葛恪等共平山越,別得精兵八千人,還屯軍章阬,拜昭義中郎將,入為侍中。 芍陂之役,拜奮威將軍,出領京下督。 數年,與兄譚,張休等懼徙交州,年三十七卒。
Gu Cheng, styled Zizhi, was summoned with Lu Mao in Jiahe. Sun Quan wrote Gu Yong: “Your grandson exceeds his fame.” Sun Quan named him chief of cavalry over the Feathered Forest. He pacified hill tribes with Zhuge Ke, took eight thousand men, garrisoned Zhangkeng, then entered court. After Shao Lake he became General Who Displays Might below the capital. Years later he was exiled with Gu Tan and Zhang Xiu and died at thirty-seven.
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諸葛瑾
Zhuge Jin
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諸葛瑾字子瑜,琅邪陽都人也。 〈吴书曰:其先葛氏,本琅邪诸县人,后徙阳都。 阳都先有姓葛者,时人谓之诸葛,因以为氏。 瑾少游京师,治毛诗、尚书、左氏春秋。 遭母忧,居丧至孝,事继母恭谨,甚得人子之道。 风俗通曰:葛婴为陈涉将军,有功而诛,孝文帝追录,封其孙诸县侯,因并氏焉。 此与吴书所说不同。〉 漢末避亂江東。 值孫策卒,孫權姊婿曲阿弘咨見而異之,薦之於權,與魯肅等並見賓待。 後為權長史,轉中司馬。 建安二十年,權遣瑾使蜀通好劉備,與其弟亮俱公會相見,退無私面。
Zhuge Jin, styled Ziyu, from Yangdu in Langye. 〈Wu shu: the Ge clan came from Zhuge county.) Locals merged two Ge lines into Zhuge. He studied the Mao Odes, Documents, and Zuo commentary in the capital. He mourned his mother deeply and honored his stepmother. (Fengsu tong gives another origin for the Zhuge surname.) (Pei notes variant genealogy.〉 At Han’s fall he fled east. Hong Zi introduced him to Sun Quan with Lu Su. He served as chief clerk and central marshal. In Jian’an 20 he visited Shu with Zhuge Liang and kept their talks official.
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與權談說諫喻,未嘗切愕,微見風彩,粗陳指歸。 如有未合,則捨而及他,徐復托事造端,以物類相求,於是權意往往而釋。 吳郡太守朱治,權舉將也,權曾有以望之,而素加敬,難自詰讓,忿忿不解。 瑾揣知其故,而不敢顯陳,乃乞以意私自問,遂於權前為書,泛論物理,因以己心遙往忖度之。 畢,以呈權,權喜,笑曰:“孤意解矣。 顏氏之德,使人加親,豈謂此耶? 權又怪校尉殷模,罪至不測。 群下多為之言,權怒益甚,與相反覆,推瑾默然。 權曰:“子瑜何獨不言?” 瑾避席曰:"瑾與殷模等遭本州傾覆,生類殄盡。 棄墳墓,攜老弱,披草萊,歸聖化,在流隸之中,蒙生成之福,不能躬相督厲。 陳答萬一,至令模孤負恩惠,自陷罪戾。 臣謝過不暇,誠不敢有言。 "權聞之愴然,乃曰:"特為君赦之。"
He remonstrated Sun Quan without blunt confrontation. He circled back by analogy until Sun Quan cooled. Sun Quan nursed a grudge against Zhu Zhi yet could not confront him. Zhuge Jin drafted a tactful letter about hierarchy to vent Sun Quan’s spleen. Sun Quan laughed: You untied my knot. “Is this not the courtesy Yuan Ang praised?” Sun Quan also meant to execute Yin Mo. Courtiers pleaded; Sun Quan grew fiercer while Zhuge Jin stayed mute. Sun Quan snapped: “Why don’t you speak?” Zhuge Jin rose: “We fled annihilation with Yin Mo.” You gave us life—we failed to keep Mo honest. Mo betrayed your grace. I am too ashamed to argue. Sun Quan spared Yin Mo for Zhuge Jin.
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後從討關羽,封宣城侯,以綏南將軍代呂蒙領南郡太守,住公安。 劉備東伐吳,吳王求和,瑾與備箋曰:"奄聞旗鼓來至白帝,或恐議臣以吳王侵取此州,危害關羽,怨深禍大,不宜答和,此用心於小,末留意於大者也。 試為陛下論其輕重,及其大小。 陛下若抑威損忿,暫省瑾言者,計可立決,不復咨之於群後也。 陛下以關羽之親何如先帝?荊州大小孰與海內? 俱應仇疾,誰當先後? 若審此數,易於反掌。" 〈臣松之云:以为刘后以庸蜀为关河,荆楚为维翰,关羽扬兵沔、汉,志陵上国,虽匡主定霸,功未可必,要为威声远震,有其经略。 孙权潜包祸心,助魏除害,是为翦宗子勤王之师,行曹公移都之计,拯汉之规,於兹而止。 义旗所指,宜其在孙氏矣。 瑾以大义责备,答之何患无辞; 且备、羽相与,有若四体,股肱横亏,愤痛已深,岂此奢阔之书所能回驻哉! 载之於篇,实为辞章之费。〉 時或言瑾別遣親人與備相聞,權曰:"孤與子瑜有死生不易之誓,子瑜之不負孤,猶孤之不負子瑜也。" 〈江表传曰:瑾之在南郡,人有密谗瑾者。 此语颇流闻於外,陆逊表保明瑾无此,宜以散其意。 权报曰:“子瑜与孤从事积年,恩如骨肉,深相明究,其为人非道不行,非义不言。 玄德昔遣孔明至吴,孤尝语子瑜曰:‘卿与孔明同产,且弟随兄,於义为顺,何以不留孔明? 孔明若留从卿者,孤当以书解玄德,意自随人耳。 ’子瑜答孤言:‘弟亮以失身於人,委质定分,义无二心。 弟之不留,犹瑾之不往也。 ’其言足贯神明。 今岂当有此乎? 孤前得妄语文疏,即封示子瑜,并手笔与子瑜,即得其报,论天下君臣大节,一定之分。 孤与子瑜,可谓神交,非外言所间也。 知卿意至,辄封来表,以示子瑜,使知卿意。”〉 黃武元年,遷左將軍,督公安,假節,封宛陵侯。 〈吴录曰:曹真、夏侯尚等围硃然於江陵,又分据中州,瑾以大兵为之救援。 瑾性弘缓,推道理,任计画,无应卒倚伏之术,兵久不解,权以此望之。 及春水生,潘璋等作水城於上流,瑾进攻浮桥,真等退走。 虽无大勋,亦以全师保境为功。〉
He took Nan commandery after Lü Meng’s strike on Guan Yu. He urged Liu Bei from Baidi to weigh Shu against Wu against Wei. Consider what truly matters. Lower your rage and decide without the crowd. Compare Guan Yu to the First Ruler; compare Jingzhou to the empire. Which feud should come first? The math is simple. 〈Pei Songzhi: Liu Bei’s Jingzhou wedge mattered strategically.) Pei argues Sun Quan aided Cao Pi against Han restoration. Just war should target Sun Quan. Zhuge Jin could answer Liu Bei on moral grounds without lacking arguments. Liu Bei and Guan Yu were limbs; grief ran too deep for a letter to heal. Recording Pei’s rant wastes ink.〉 Rumors linked Zhuge Jin to Liu Bei; Sun Quan swore mutual loyalty. 〈The Jiangbiao zhuan: secret slander at Nan commandery.) Lu Xun vouched for Zhuge Jin. Sun Quan vouched for Zhuge Jin’s integrity. Sun Quan recalled asking Zhuge Jin to keep Zhuge Liang. Sun Quan would have written Liu Bei if Zhuge Liang had stayed. Zhuge Jin said Liang had pledged Shu forever. His staying was like my going to Shu. His words rang true as oath. How could Jin plot now? Sun Quan showed Jin slander letters; Jin replied on duty. They trusted each other beyond rumor. Sun Quan forwarded Lu Xun’s memorial to Jin.〉 Huangwu 1: General of the Left at Gong’an with axe and Wanling marquisate. 〈Wu lu: Zhuge Jin relieved Zhu Ran at Jiangling.) Zhuge Jin was slow; Sun Quan faulted the stalled siege. Spring floods let Wu float bridges and drive Wei back. No grand victory, yet he saved the army.〉
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虞翻以狂直流徙,惟瑾屢為之說。 翻與所親書曰:“諸葛敦仁,則天活物,比蒙清論,有以保分。 惡積罪深,見忌殷重,雖有祁老之救,德無羊舌,解釋難冀也。”
Zhuge Jin pleaded for Yu Fan’s exile. Yu Fan thanked Zhuge Jin. Yet Yu feared his crimes were too deep to clear.)
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瑾為人有容貌思度,於時服其弘雅。 權亦重之,大事咨訪。 又別咨瑾曰:"近得伯言表,以為曹丕已死,毒亂之民,當望旌瓦解,而更靜然。 聞皆選用忠良,寬刑罰,布恩惠,薄賦省役,以悅民心,其患更深於操時。 孤以為不然。 操之所行,其惟殺伐小為過差,及離間人骨肉,以為酷耳。 至於御將,自古少有。 丕之於操,萬不及也。 今睿之不如丕,猶丕不如操也。 其所以務祟小惠,必以其父新死,自度衰微,恐困苦之民一朝崩沮,故強屈曲以求民心,欲以自安住耳,寧是興隆之漸邪! 聞任陳長文、曹子丹輩,或文人諸生,或宗室戚臣,寧能御雄才虎將以制天下乎? 夫威柄不專,則其事乖錯。 如昔張耳、陳餘,非不敦睦。 至於秉勢,自還相賊,乃事理使然也。 又長文之徒,昔所以能善守者,以操笮其頭,畏操威嚴,故竭心盡意,不敢為非耳。 逮丕繼業,年已長大,承操之後,以恩情加之,用能感義。 今睿幼弱,隨人東西,此曹等輩,必當因此弄巧行態,阿黨比周,各助所附。 如此之日,奸讒並起,更相陷懟,轉成嫌貳。 一爾已往,群下爭利,主幼不御。 其為敗也焉得久乎? 所以知其然者,自古至今,安有四五人把持刑柄,而不離刺轉相蹄嚙者也!強當陵弱,弱當求援,此亂亡之道也。 子瑜,卿但側耳聽之,伯言常長於計校,恐此一事小短也。" 〈臣松之以为魏明帝一时明主,政自己出,孙权此论,竟为无徵,而史载之者,将以主幼国疑,威柄不一,乱亡之形,有如权言,宜其存录以为鉴戒。 或当以虽失之於明帝,而事著於齐王,齐王之世,可不谓验乎! 不敢显斥,抑足表之微辞。〉
Men admired Zhuge Jin’s poise. Sun Quan consulted him on policy. Sun Quan cited Lu Xun: Wei should crumble after Cao Pi’s death. Lu Xun saw Wei reform under Cao Rui. Sun Quan disagreed. Cao Cao’s cruelty was killing and splitting families. Few matched Cao’s generalship. Cao Pi fell far short of Cao Cao. Cao Rui fell shorter still. Sun Quan called Rui’s reforms panic favors, not strength. Who could fierce generals obey—scholar ministers? Divided power breeds chaos. Zhang Er and Chen Yu were friends— —yet turned on each other when powerful. Ministers obeyed only from fear of Cao Cao. Cao Pi won loyalty by grown age and grace. A child ruler invites faction war. Slander would split Wei. A boy cannot steer factions. That collapse cannot last. Sun Quan predicted Wei fracturing under shared justice power. He told Zhuge Jin Lu Xun might be wrong on Wei.) 〈Pei Songzhi: Cao Rui was capable; Sun Quan wrong yet prophetic for later Wei.) Pei ties Sun Quan’s words to later Wei collapse. Historians kept Sun Quan’s essay as veiled critique.〉
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權稱尊號,拜大將軍、左都護,領豫州牧。 及呂壹誅,權又有詔切磋瑾等,語在《權傳》。 瑾輒因事以答,辭順理正。 瑾子恪,名盛當世,權深器異之; 然瑾常嫌之,謂非保家之子,每以憂戚。 〈吴书曰:初,瑾为大将军,而弟亮为蜀丞相,二子恪、融皆典戎马,督领将帅,族弟诞又显名於魏,一门三方为冠盖,天下荣之。 谨才略虽不及弟,而德行尤纯。 妻死不改娶,有所爱妾,生子不举,其笃慎皆如此。〉 赤烏四年,年六十八卒,遣命令素棺斂以時服,事從省約。
Sun Quan made Zhuge Jin grand general and nominal Yu inspector. After Lu Yi fell, Sun Quan’s edict to Jin is under Sun Quan’s bio. Zhuge Jin answered with tact. Sun Quan prized Zhuge Ke. Zhuge Jin feared Ke would ruin the clan. 〈Wu shu: Zhuge clan held power in three states.) Pei praises Jin’s virtue over Liang. Jin refused remarriage and exposed a concubine’s infant—such caution.〉 He died at sixty-eight in Chiwu 4, asking a simple funeral.
33
子融
Zhuge Rong
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恪已自封侯,故弟融襲爵。 攝兵業駐公安, 〈吴书曰:融字叔长,生於宠贵,少而骄乐,学为章句,博而不精,性宽容,多技艺,数以巾褐奉朝请,后拜骑都尉。 赤乌中,诸郡出部伍,新都都尉陈表、吴郡都尉顾承各率所领人会佃毗陵,男女各数万口。 表病死,权以融代表,后代父瑾领摄。〉 部曲吏士親附之。 疆外無事,秋冬則射獵講武,春夏則延賓高會,休吏假卒,或不遠千里而造焉。 每會輒歷問賓客,各言其能,乃合榻促席,量敵選對,或有博弈,或有摴蒱,投壺弓彈,部別類分,於是甘果繼進,清酒徐行,融周流觀覽,終日不倦。 融父兄質素,雖在軍旅,身無采飾; 而融錦罽文繡,獨為奢綺。 孫權薨,徙奮威將軍。 後恪征淮南,假融節,令引軍入沔,以擊西兵。 恪既誅,遺無難督施寬就將軍施績、孫壹、全熙等取融。 融卒聞兵士至,惶懼猶豫,不能決計,兵到圍城,飲藥而死,三子皆伏誅。 〈江表传曰:先是,公安有灵鼍鸣,童谣曰:“白鼍鸣,龟背平,南郡城中可长生,守死不去义无成。” 及恪被诛,融果刮金印龟,服之而死。〉
Zhuge Ke held his own marquisate; Rong inherited Jin’s. He commanded at Gong’an— 〈Wu shu: Zhuge Rong lived for pleasure.) Wu drafted tens of thousands at Piling for colony farms. Sun Quan gave Rong Chen Biao’s post, then Jin’s command.〉 His troops loved him. When the frontier was quiet he hunted and drilled in autumn and winter, hosted banquets in spring and summer, gave clerks and troops leave, and drew guests from a thousand li away. Each gathering matched guests by skill for chess, chupu, pitch-pot, or archery; fruit and wine flowed while Rong watched all day. His kin dressed plainly— —while Rong wore silk finery. After Sun Quan died he became General Who Displays Might. Zhuge Ke sent him up the Han against Wei. After Ke fell, troops moved to arrest Rong. Rong poisoned himself; his sons died. 〈Jiangbiao zhuan: children’s song foretold Rong’s death.) Rong swallowed a gold seal and died.〉
35
步騭字子山,臨淮淮陰人也。 〈吴书曰:晋有大夫杨食采於步,后有步叔,与七十子师事仲尼。 秦汉之际有为将军者,以功封淮阴侯,骘其后也。〉 世亂,避難江東,單身窮困。 與廣陵衛旌同年相善,俱以種瓜自給,晝勤四體,夜誦經傳。 〈吴书曰:骘博研道艺,靡不贯览,性宽雅沈深,能降志辱身。〉
Bu Zhi, styled Zishan, from Huaiyin. 〈Wu shu traces Bu surname to Zhou.) Han Huaiyin marquis was ancestor.〉 He fled to the south broke. He and Wei Jing grew melons and studied by night. 〈Wu shu: Bu Zhi studied everything.〉
36
會稽焦征羌,郡之豪族, 〈吴录曰:征羌名矫,尝为征羌令。〉 人客放縱。 騭與旌求食其地,懼為所侵。 乃共修刺奉瓜,以獻征羌。 征羌方在內臥,駐之移時,旌欲委去。 騭止之曰:"本所以來,畏其強也。 而今捨去,欲以為高,只結怨耳。 "良久,征羌開牖見之,身隱幾坐帳中,設席致地,坐騭、旌於牖外,旌愈恥之,騭辭色自若。 征羌作食,身享大案,殽膳重沓,以小盤飯與騭、旌,惟菜茹而已。 旌不能食,騭極飯致飽乃辭出。 旌怒騭曰:"何能忍此?"騭曰:"吾等貧賤,是以主人以貧賤遇之,固其宜也,當何所恥?" 〈吴录曰:卫旌字子旗,官至尚书。〉
The magnate Jiao of Kuaiji— 〈Called Zhengqiang from a former post.〉 —ran riot with clients. Bu Zhi feared Jiao’s men. They brought melons as tribute. Jiao kept them waiting; Wei Jing wanted to leave. Bu Zhi said they came because they feared him— —leaving would only breed hate. Jiao snubbed them; Bu Zhi stayed calm. Jiao feasted while feeding them scraps. Wei Jing starved; Bu Zhi ate his fill. Bu Zhi said poverty deserved slight. 〈Wei Jing rose high.〉
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孫權為討虜將軍,召騭為主記。 〈吴书曰:岁馀,骘以疾免,与琅邪诸葛瑾、彭城严畯俱游吴中,并著声名,为当时英俊。〉 除海鹽長,還辟車騎將軍東曹掾。 〈吴书曰:权为徐州牧,以骘为治中从事,举茂才。〉 建安十五年,出領鄱陽太守。 歲中,徙交州刺史、立武中郎將。 領武射吏千人,便道南行。 明年,追拜使持節、征南中郎將。 劉表所置蒼梧太守吳巨陰懷異心,外附內違。 騭降意懷誘,請與相見,因斬徇之,威聲大震。 士燮兄弟,相率供命,南土之賓,自此始也。 益州大姓雍闓等殺蜀所署太守正昂,與燮相聞,求欲內附。 騭因承製遣使宣恩撫納,由是加拜平戎將軍,封廣信侯。
Sun Quan named Bu Zhi chief clerk. 〈Wu shu: Bu Zhi later toured Wu with Jin and Yan.〉 He was Haiyan magistrate then eastern aide to the chariots general. 〈Alternate post as Xuzhou aide.〉 Jian’an 15: Poyang prefect. Within the year he became Jiao inspector and Colonel Who Establishes Martial Might. He led a thousand martial archers and marched south by the nearest route. The next year he received credentials as Bearer of the Imperial Insignia and General of the South Who Campaigns. Wu Ju, whom Liu Biao had installed at Cangwu, secretly turned disloyal—outwardly submissive but inwardly defiant. Bu Zhi feigned peace to lure Wu Ju, slew him at their meeting, and displayed the corpse; his prestige thundered across the south. Shi Xie and his brothers then submitted in turn—the south began offering allegiance to Wu from that point. Yizhou magnates led by Yong Kai killed Shu’s appointee Zheng Ang, contacted Shi Xie, and sought to come over to Wu. Bu Zhi sent envoys under mandate to offer grace and bring them in; he was promoted to General Who Pacifies the Rong and enfeoffed as Marquis of Guangxin.
38
延康元年,權遣呂岱代騭,騭將交州義士萬人出長沙。 會劉備東下,武陵蠻夷蠢動,權遂命騭上益陽。 備既敗績,而零、桂諸郡猶相驚擾,處處阻兵,騭周旋征討,皆平之。 黃武二年,遷右將軍、左護軍,改封臨湘侯。 五年,假節,徙屯漚口。
In Yankang 1 (220 ce), Sun Quan sent Lü Dai to replace Bu Zhi, who led ten thousand loyal troops from Jiaozhou out of Changsha. When Liu Bei marched east, Wuling tribes stirred; Sun Quan ordered Bu Zhi up to Yiyang. After Liu Bei’s defeat, Ling and Gui commanderies still rioted and barred roads with arms; Bu Zhi campaigned until every pocket was quiet. In Huangwu 2 (223 ce) he became General of the Right and Left Protector of the Army and was re-enfeoffed as Marquis of Linxiang. In the fifth year he received the tally and moved his camp to Oukou.
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權稱尊號,拜驃騎將軍,領冀州牧。 是歲,都督西陵。 代陸遜撫二境,頃以冀州在蜀分,解牧職。 時權太子登駐武昌,愛人好善,與騭書曰:"夫賢人君子,所以興隆大化,佐理時務者也。 受性暗蔽,不達道數,雖實區區欲盡心於明德,歸分於君子,至於遠近士人,先後之宜,猶或緬焉,未之能詳。 《傳》曰:‘愛之能勿勞乎?忠焉能勿誨乎? ’斯其義也,豈非所望於君子哉! "騭於是條於時事業在荊州界者,諸葛瑾、陸遜、朱然、程普、潘浚,斐玄、夏侯承,衛旌,李肅、 〈吴书曰:肃字伟恭,南阳人。 少以才闻,善论议,臧否得中,甄奇录异,荐述后进,题目品藻,曲有条贯,众人以此服之。 权擢以为〔选曹尚书〕,选举号为得才。 求出补吏,为桂阳太守,吏民悦服。 徵为卿。 会卒,知与不知,并痛惜焉。〉 周條、石干十一人。 甄別行狀,因上疏獎勸曰:
When Sun Quan took the imperial title, Bu Zhi became General of Agile Cavalry and nominal shepherd of Ji Province. That year he took overall command at Xiling. He succeeded Lu Xun on both frontiers; soon he shed the Ji shepherd title because that province lay in Shu’s nominal sphere. Crown Prince Deng was at Wuchang, gracious and eager for good counsel, and wrote Bu Zhi: “The worthy are the ones who enlarge the kingly transformation and steady the times.” “My own gifts are dull; though I mean to cleave to virtue and wise men, I am still unsure how to order near and distant talents.” The Tradition says: “To love them is to labor for them; loyalty means teaching them.” “That is the idea—and it is what I expect of noble men!” Bu Zhi then catalogued worthies active in Jingzhou—Zhuge Jin, Lu Xun, Zhu Ran, Cheng Pu, Pan Jun, Pei Xuan, Xiahou Cheng, Wei Jing, Li Su, 〈The Wu shu: Li Su, courtesy name Weigong, was from Nanyang.) From youth he was known for talent and debate; he ranked men fairly, singled out the unusual, promoted juniors, and earned general respect. Sun Quan raised him to head the Selection Bureau; his appointments were called adept. He asked for a field post and served as Guiyang prefect; officials and commoners were glad to obey. He was recalled to court rank. When he died suddenly, all who knew him mourned. (End Wu shu note.〉 Bu Zhi named eleven men in all, closing with Zhou Tiao and Shi Gan. He assessed each man’s service and submitted a memorial of commendation:
40
臣聞人君不親小事,百官有司各任其職。 故舜命九賢,則無所用心,彈五弦之琴,詠南風之詩,不下堂廟而天下治也。 齊桓用管仲,被發載車,齊國既治,又致匡合。 近漢高祖攬三傑以興帝業,西楚失雄俊以喪成功,汲黯在朝,淮南寢謀。 郅都守邊,匈奴竄跡。 故賢人所在,折沖萬里,信國家之利器,祟替之所由也。 方今王化未被於漢北,河、洛之濱尚有僭逆之丑,誠攬英雄拔俊任賢之時也。 願明太子重以經意,則天下幸甚。
“I have heard that the ruler does not busy himself with trifles—each office carries its charge.” So Shun appointed nine sages and could rule the realm without leaving his hall—playing the five strings and singing the “South Wind.” Duke Huan of Qi used Guan Zhong—unkempt in his carriage—yet Qi was ordered and the alliances followed. Gaozu of Han drew the Three Heroes and built an empire; Western Chu lost great captains and fell; with Ji An at court Huainan’s plots slept. When Zhi Du held the frontier, the Xiongnu vanished from it. Where a worthy stands, he turns battle ten thousand li away—he is the state’s keen blade and the hinge of fortune. Royal virtue has not yet reached north of the Han; along the Yellow and Luo usurpers still lurk—this is the hour to gather heroes and elevate the capable. “If the heir weighs these classics deeply, the realm will be all the better for it.”
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後中書呂壹典校文書,多所糾舉,騭上疏曰:
Later, when Lü Yi audited documents and impeached widely, Bu Zhi memorialized:
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伏聞諸典校擿抉細微,吹毛求瑕,重案深誣,輒欲陷人以成威福。 無罪無辜,橫受大刑,是以使民跼天蹐地,誰不戰慄?昔之獄官,惟賢是任,故皋陶作士,呂侯贖刑,張、於廷尉,民無冤枉,休泰之祚,實由此興。 今之小臣,動與古異,獄以賄成,輕忽人命,歸咎於上,為國速怨,夫一人吁嗟,王道為虧,甚可仇疾。 明德慎罰,哲人惟刑,書傳所美。 自今蔽獄,都下則宜諮顧雍,武昌則陸遜、潘浚,平心專意,務在得情,騭黨神明,受罪何恨?
“I hear your inspectors seize on trivia and invent guilt—heavy charges and deep slander—to build their own terror and favor.” “The innocent are tortured until everyone cowers. Ancient jailers were chosen for virtue—Gao Yao as minister, the Lüxing code, Zhang and Yu as commandants—so the people were free of injustice and peace flourished.” “Today’s petty clerks diverge from that—cases close by bribery and life is cheap; blame rebounds on the throne and breeds national resentment—a single cry of complaint can wound the kingly way.” Bright virtue and cautious punishment—the wise attend to punishments—the classics praise this. “Henceforth let hidden trials at the capital go to Gu Yong, and at Wuchang to Lu Xun and Pan Jun—fair minds bent on truth—verdicts clear as spirits—then who would resent his sentence?”
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又曰:天子父天母地,故宮室百官,動法列宿。 若施政令,欽順時節,官得其人,則陰陽和平,七曜循度。 至於今日,官寮多闕,雖有大臣,復不信任,如此天地焉得無變?故頻年枯旱,亢陽之應也。 又嘉禾六年五月十四日,赤烏二年正月一日及二十七日,地皆震動。 地陰類,臣之象,陰氣盛故動,臣下專政之故也。 夫天地見異,所以警悟人主,可不深思其意哉!
He also said: “The Son of Heaven takes Heaven as father and Earth as mother—so palace and bureaucracy mirror the constellations.” “When policy follows the seasons and each post holds the right man, yin and yang balance and the seven luminaries keep their courses.” “Yet now offices stand empty; though great ministers remain, they are not trusted—how should Heaven and Earth show no omens? Hence these years of drought—the reply of fierce yang.” “On Jiahe 6.5.14, and on Red Raven 2.1.1 and 2.1.27, the earth quaked.” “Earth is yin—the image of ministers—yin qi surges so it moves; ministers below wield power.” “Heaven and Earth send warnings—should not the ruler ponder them deeply?”
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又曰:丞相顧雍。 上大將軍陸遜、太常潘浚,憂深責重,志在竭誠,夙夜兢兢,寢食不寧,念欲安國利民,建久長之計,可謂心膂股肱,社稷之臣矣。 宜各委任,不使他官監其所司,責其成效,課其負殿。 此三臣者,思慮不到則已,豈敢專擅威福欺負所天乎?
He added: Chancellor Gu Yong— Grand General Lu Xun and Grand Master Pan Jun—deeply burdened and utterly loyal, sleepless for state and people—are the spine and limbs of the altars of soil and grain. “Entrust them fully—do not set other offices over their bureaus—demand results and grade failure.” “These three—if their counsel fails, so be it—would they abuse majesty and bully their sovereign?”
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又曰:懸賞以顯善,設刑以威奸,任賢而使能,審明於法術,則何功而不成,何事而不辨,何聽而不聞,何視而不睹哉? 若今郡守百里,皆各得其人,共相經緯,如是,庶政豈不康哉! 竊聞諸縣並有備吏,吏多民煩,俗以之弊。 但小人因緣銜命,不務奉公而作威福,無益視聽,更為民害,愚以為可一切罷省。
He also asked: “With rewards for good, punishments for evil, worthies in place, and law applied with clarity—what task would not succeed or sense fail?” “If every prefect and magistrate were the right man and they coordinated, would government not thrive?” “I hear counties swarm with extra clerks—the people are worn and usage rots.” “Petty men clutch commissions, throw weight around, help nothing, and harm the people—I say abolish them outright.”
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權亦覺悟,遂誅呂壹。 騭前後薦達屈滯,救解患難,書數十上。 權雖不能悉納,然時采其言,多蒙濟賴。 〈吴录云:骘表言曰:“北降人王潜等说,北相部伍,图以东向,多作布囊,欲以盛沙塞江,以大向荆州。 夫备不豫设,难以应卒,宜为之防。” 权曰:“此曹衰弱,何能有图? 必不敢来。 若不如孤言,当以牛千头,为君作主人。” 后有吕范、诸葛恪为说骘所言,云:“每读步骘表,辄失笑。 此江与开辟俱生,宁有可以沙囊塞理也!”〉
Sun Quan took the point and executed Lü Yi. Bu Zhi repeatedly recommended the overlooked and rescued people in trouble—dozens of memorials. Sun Quan could not adopt everything but often heeded him, and many were saved. 〈The Wu lu: Bu Zhi reported northern defectors saying Wei lined up east, sewing sacks to fill the Yangtze with sand against Jingzhou.) Now preparations not advance set—hard respond sudden—ought for it guard. Sun Quan replied: That lot is feeble—what scheme could they have? They will not dare come. If I am wrong, I owe you a thousand head of cattle for a feast. Later Lü Fan and Zhuge Ke relayed Bu Zhi’s words: Every time we read his memorial we burst out laughing. This river has flowed since creation—who could dam it with sandbags! (End Wu lu.
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赤烏九年,代陸遜為丞相,猶誨育門生,手不釋書。 被服居處有如儒生。 然門內妻妾服飾奢綺,頗以此見譏。 在西陵二十年,鄰敵敬其威信。 性寬弘得眾,喜怒不形於聲色,而外內肅然。
In Red Raven 9 (246 ce) he succeeded Lu Xun as chancellor, still teaching pupils and never putting down his books. His dress and quarters were as spare as a scholar’s. Yet his wives and concubines dressed lavishly, and he was faulted for it. For twenty years at Xiling neighboring enemies respected his authority. He was magnanimous and popular; pleasure and anger never showed on his face, yet discipline ran tight within and without.
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十 (一) 年卒,子協嗣,統騭所領,加撫軍將軍。 協卒,子璣嗣侯。 協弟闡,繼業為西陵督,加昭武將軍,封西亭侯,鳳皇元年,召為繞帳督。 闡累世在西陵,卒被征命,自以失職,又懼有讒禍,於是據城降晉,遣璣與弟璿詣洛陽為任,晉以闡為都督西陵諸軍事、衛將軍、儀同三司,加侍中,假節領交州牧,封宜都公。 璣監江陵諸軍事、左將軍。 加散騎常侍,領廬陵太守,改封江陵侯; 璿給事中、宣威將軍,封都鄉侯。 命車騎將軍羊祜、荊州刺吏楊肇往赴救闡。 孫皓使陸抗西行,祜等遁退。 抗陷城,斬闡等,步氏泯滅,惟璿紹祀。
Section fragment. Subsection marker. He died that year; his son Bu Xie succeeded his commands as General Who Pacifies the Army. When Bu Xie died, his son Bu Ji inherited the marquisate. Bu Xie’s younger brother Bu Chan succeeded as Xiling commander, became General Who Displays Martial Might and Marquis of West Pavilion; in Phoenix 1 he was recalled as Encircling Tent commander. After generations at Xiling Bu Chan was suddenly summoned, feared demotion and slander, and surrendered the city to Jin; he sent Bu Ji and Bu Xuan to Luoyang as hostages. Jin named him commander of all Xiling forces, Guard General, ceremony equal to the Three Dukes, palace attendant, credential-bearing shepherd of Jiaozhou, and Duke of Yidu. Bu Ji supervised Jiangling operations as General of the Left. He became gentleman attendant at the palace, concurrent Luling prefect, and was re-enfeoffed as Marquis of Jiangling; Bu Xuan was palace aide, General Who Displays Might, and Metropolitan Village marquis. Jin ordered Yang Hu and Yang Zhao of Jing Province to march to relieve Bu Chan. Sun Hao sent Lu Kang west; Yang Hu and his colleagues withdrew. Lu Kang took the city and executed Bu Chan and kin—the Bu line ended except for Bu Xuan’s posterity.
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穎川周昭著書稱步騭及嚴畯等曰:
Zhou Zhao of Yingchuan wrote in praise of Bu Zhi, Yan Jun, and others:
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古今賢士大夫所以失名喪身傾家害國者,其由非一也,然要其大歸,總其常患,四者而已。 急論議一也,爭名勢二也,重朋黨三也,務欲速四也。 急論議則傷人,爭名勢則敗友,重朋黨則蔽主,務欲速則失德,此四者不除,未有能全也。 當世君子能不然者,亦比有之,豈獨古人乎!然論其絕異,未若顧豫章、諸葛使君、步丞相、嚴衛尉、張奮威之為美也。 《論語》言‘夫子恂恂然善誘人’,又曰‘成人之美,不成人之惡’,豫章有之矣。 ‘望之儼然,即之也溫,聽其言也厲’,使君體之矣。 ‘恭而安,威而不猛’,丞相履之矣。 學不求祿,心無苟得,衛尉,奮威蹈之矣。 此五君者,雖德實有差,輕重不同,至於趣捨大檢,不犯四者,懼一揆也。 昔丁諝出於孤家,吾粲由於牧堅,豫章揚其善,以並陸、全之列,是以人無幽滯而風俗厚焉。 使君、丞相、衛尉三君,昔以布衣俱相友善,諸論者因各敘其優劣。 初,先衛尉,次丞相,而後有使君也。 其後並事明主,經營世務,出處之才有不同,先後之名須反其初,此世常人所決勤薄也。 至於三君分好,卒無虧損,豈非古人交哉!又魯橫江昔杖萬兵,屯據陸口,當世之美業也,能與不能,孰不願焉? 而橫江既亡,衛尉應其選,自以才非將帥,深辭固讓,終於不就。 後徙九列,遷典八座,榮不足以自曜,祿不足以自奉。 至於二君,皆位為上將,窮富極貴。 衛尉既無求欲,二君又不稱薦,各守所志。 保其名好。 孔子曰:‘君子矜而不爭,群而不黨。 ’斯有風矣。 又奮威之名,亦三君之次也,當一方之戍,受上將之任,與使君、丞相不異也。 然歷國事,論功勞,實有先後; 故爵位之榮殊焉。 而奮威將處此,決能明其部分,心無失道之欲,事無充詘之求。 每升朝堂,循禮而動,辭氣謇謇,罔不惟忠。 叔嗣雖親貴,言憂其敗,蔡文至雖疏賤,談稱其賢。 女配太子,受禮若吊,慷愾之趨,惟篤人物,成敗得失,皆如所慮,可謂守道見機,好古之士也。 若乃經國家,當軍旅,於馳騖之際,立霸王之功,此五者未為過人。 至其純粹履道,求不苟得,升降當世,保全名行,邈然絕俗,實有所師。 故粗論其事,以示後之君子。
Worthy men who ruined name, body, house, or state did so for many reasons, but most faults fall under four kinds. Rash argument; rivalry for status; cliquishness; and reckless haste. Rash words wound; status fights ruin friendship; factions blind the ruler; haste costs virtue—unless these four are shed, no one stays whole. Some contemporaries avoid them, yet none match Gu Shao, Zhuge Jin, Chancellor Bu, Commandant Yan, and Zhang Fenwei for sheer excellence. The Analects says the Master was gentle and taught well, and that the gentleman completes others’ good, not their ill—Gu Shao embodied that. “Distantly stern, close warm, and strict in speech”—Zhuge Jin matched it. “Respectful and calm, awe-inspiring without harshness”—the chancellor walked it. “Learning not for pay, mind coveting nothing”—Yan Jun and Zhang Zhao practiced it. Those five differed in weight of virtue, yet in steering clear of the four pitfalls they were one. Once Ding Ji rose from poverty and Wu Can from herding; Gu Shao praised them until they stood with Lu Xun and Quan Cong—no talent stayed hidden and manners grew generous. Envoy Jin, Chancellor Bu, and Commandant Yan began as common friends; critics later ranked their merits. At first they named Yan first and Bu second, then Zhuge Jin last. Serving the same enlightened lord, their careers diverged; order of eminence flipped—ordinary folk took that as proof of relative effort. Yet their friendship never broke—true ancient loyalty. Lu Meng once held ten thousand men at Lukou—a shining feat—who would not covet it? When Lu Meng died, Yan Jun was offered the post; knowing he was no general, he refused until it was withdrawn. Later he rose among the Nine Ministers and the Eight Seats—yet glory did not feed his pride nor salary his needs. As for those two, both rose to supreme generalships with fabulous wealth and rank. Commandant Yan coveted nothing; the two men neither pressed nor touted him—they kept their own course. They preserved their good names. Confucius said: “The gentleman is dignified without quarrel; sociable without forming factions.” There lies true bearing in that. Zhang Fenwei too ranked next after the three—holding one frontier and a supreme general’s charge—no less than Envoy Jin or the chancellor. Yet weighing service and merit, there really was an order of precedence; hence their honors differed. Still, holding such a post, Fenwei knew his limits—no longing to stray and no grasping excess. Whenever he entered court he moved by ritual; his words were careful and always loyal. Zhang Xiu, styled Shusu, was imperial kin yet warned of Yan Jun’s fall; Cai Wenzhi, though humble and remote, praised Yan Jun’s excellence in conversation. His daughter married the heir-apparent with funeral-grade restraint; indignant yet generous, he fixed on character—outcomes matched his fears—a man who kept the Way, read the moment, and honored antiquity. In marshaling the realm or commanding armies—in the heat of crisis and king-making—they were not uniquely supreme. Yet in pure adherence to the Way, refusing easy gain, riding the age while keeping name and conduct clean—aloof from vulgar fashion—they truly had models. I sketch their deeds for gentlemen who come after.
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周昭者字恭遠,與韋曜、薛瑩、華核並述《吳書》,後為中書郎,坐事下獄,核表救之,孫休不聽,遂伏法雲。
Zhou Zhao, courtesy name Gongyuan, helped Wei Yao, Xue Ying, and Hua He compile the Wu shu, later served as a palace secretariat officer, was jailed for an offense; Hua He appealed for him but Emperor Xiu of Wu refused, and Zhao was put to death.
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作者評論
Author’s comment
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評曰:張昭受遺輔佐,功勳克舉,忠謇方直,動不為己。 而以嚴見憚,以高見外,既不處宰相,又不登師保,從容閭巷,養老而已,以此明權之不及策也。 顧雍依杖素業,而將之智局,故能究極榮位。 諸葛瑾、步騭並以德度規檢見器當世,張承,顧邵虛心長者,好尚人物,周昭之論,稱之甚美,故詳錄焉。 譚獻納在公,有忠貞之節。 休、承修志,鹹庶為善。 愛惡相攻,流播南裔,哀哉!」
The appraisal says: Zhang Zhao inherited a mandate to assist, fulfilled heavy duty, and was loyal, blunt, and upright, never acting for private ends. Yet men feared his sternness and kept him at arm’s length—so he never became chancellor or imperial tutor, and ended his days at ease in retirement; that shows how Sun Quan fell short of Sun Ce. Gu Yong leaned on inherited estate and Jiang Zhi’s strategic grasp, and so reached the summit of rank. Zhuge Jin and Bu Zhi were valued for conduct and policy; Zhang Cheng and Gu Shao were modest elders who honored talent; Zhou Zhao’s essay praised them handsomely—hence the lengthy record. Gu Tan offered counsel for the public good with unwavering integrity. Zhang Xiu and Zhang Cheng held fast to their aims; their followers hoped only for goodness. Love and hatred clashed; faction washed them to the southern frontier—how tragic!”