1
秦之先，帝顓頊之苗裔孫曰女修。 女修織，玄鳥隕卵，女修吞之，生子大業。 大業取少典之子，曰女華。 女華生大費，與禹平水土。 已成，帝錫玄圭。 禹受曰：「非予能成，亦大費為輔。」 帝舜曰：「咨爾費，贊禹功，其賜爾皁游。 爾後嗣將大出。」 乃妻之姚姓之玉女。 大費拜受，佐舜調馴鳥獸，鳥獸多馴服，是為柏翳。 舜賜姓嬴氏。
The ancestors of Qin were descendants of Emperor Zhuanxu; a descendant grandson was named Nu Xiu. Nu Xiu was weaving when a dark bird dropped an egg. She swallowed it and gave birth to a son named Da Ye. Da Ye took as wife the daughter of Shao Dian, named Nu Hua. Nu Hua bore Da Fei, who helped Yu pacify the floods and tame the land. When the work was done, the emperor bestowed a dark jade tablet upon him. Yu accepted it and said: 'I could not have accomplished this alone; Da Fei assisted me.' Emperor Shun said: 'Ah, Fei! You aided Yu's achievements. I shall bestow upon you the dark banner. Your descendants shall greatly prosper.' He was then married to a jade maiden of the Yao clan. Da Fei bowed and accepted the marriage. He assisted Shun in training and taming birds and beasts, and many became docile. This is why he was called Bai Yi. Shun granted him the surname Ying.
2
大費生子二人：一曰大廉，實鳥俗氏； 二曰若木，實費氏。 其玄孫曰費昌，子孫或在中國，或在夷狄。 費昌當夏桀之時，去夏歸商，為湯御，以敗桀於鳴條。 大廉玄孫曰孟戲、中衍，鳥身人言。 帝太戊聞而卜之使御，吉，遂致使御而妻之。 自太戊以下，中衍之後，遂世有功，以佐殷國，故嬴姓多顯，遂為諸侯。
Da Fei had two sons: one named Da Lian, who founded the Niao Su lineage; The second was named Ruo Mu, who founded the Fei lineage. His great-grandson was named Fei Chang. His descendants sometimes lived in the central states, sometimes among the barbarians. During Xia Jie's reign, Fei Chang abandoned Xia for Shang. He drove Tang's chariot and helped defeat Jie at Ming Tiao. Da Lian's great-grandsons were named Meng Xi and Zhong Yan. They had bird bodies but spoke with human voices. Emperor Tai Wu heard of this and divined about having him drive chariots. The omen was favorable, so he had him drive and married a woman to him. From Tai Wu onward, Zhong Yan's descendants generation after generation achieved merit assisting the Yin state. Therefore, the Ying surname became numerous and distinguished, eventually becoming feudal lords.
3
其玄孫曰中潏，在西戎，保西垂。 生蜚廉。 蜚廉生惡來。 惡來有力，蜚廉善走，父子俱以材力事殷紂。 周武王之伐紂，并殺惡來。 是時蜚廉為紂石北方，還，無所報，為壇霍太山而報，得石棺，銘曰「帝令處父不與殷亂，賜爾石棺以華氏」。 死，遂葬於霍太山。 蜚廉復有子曰季勝。 季勝生孟增。 孟增幸於周成王，是為宅皋狼。 皋狼生衡父，衡父生造父。 造父以善御幸於周繆王，得驥、溫驪、驊騮、騄耳之駟，西巡狩，樂而忘歸。 徐偃王作亂，造父為繆王御，長驅歸周，一日千里以救亂。 繆王以趙城封造父，造父族由此為趙氏。 自蜚廉生季勝已下五世至造父，別居趙。 趙衰其後也。 惡來革者，蜚廉子也，蚤死。 有子曰女防。 女防生旁皋，旁皋生太幾，太幾生大駱，大駱生非子。 以造父之寵，皆蒙趙城，姓趙氏。
His great-grandson was named Zhong Hao. He lived among the western Rong and defended the western marches. He sired Fei Lian. Fei Lian sired E Lai. E Lai was immensely strong, Fei Lian swift of foot. Father and son both served King Zhou of Yin with their talents and might. When King Wu of Zhou attacked King Zhou, he also executed E Lai. At this time, Fei Lian was quarrying stone in the north for King Zhou. Upon returning with nothing to report, he built an altar on Mount Huo Tai to make his report. He received a stone coffin with an inscription: 'The Emperor commanded Chu Fu not to join Yin's rebellion. I bestow this stone coffin upon you to make the Hua clan flourish.' He died and was buried at Mount Huo Tai. Fei Lian had another son named Ji Sheng. Ji Sheng sired Meng Zeng. Meng Zeng found favor with King Cheng of Zhou, hence his title Zhai Gao Lang. Gao Lang sired Heng Fu, who sired Zao Fu. Zao Fu won King Mu of Zhou's favor through his driving skill. He received the team of horses: Ji, Wen Li, Hua Liu, and Luo Er. They toured the western territories on inspection and hunt, and the king was so delighted he forgot to return home. When King Yan of Xu rebelled, Zao Fu drove King Mu's chariot. He raced back to Zhou, covering a thousand li in a single day to quell the uprising. King Mu enfeoffed Zao Fu with Zhao city. From this time, Zao Fu's lineage became known as the Zhao clan. From Fei Lian's son Ji Sheng onward, five generations down to Zao Fu lived apart in Zhao. Zhao Shuai was among their descendants. E Lai Ge was also Fei Lian's son, but died young. He had a son named Nu Fang. Nu Fang sired Pang Gao, who sired Tai Ji, who sired Da Luo, who sired Fei Zi. Thanks to Zao Fu's favor, they all received portions of Zhao city and took the surname Zhao.
4
非子居犬丘，好馬及畜，善養息之。 犬丘人言之周孝王，孝王召使主馬于汧渭之閒，馬大蕃息。 孝王欲以為大駱適嗣。 申侯之女為大駱妻，生子成為適。 申侯乃言孝王曰：「昔我先酈山之女，為戎胥軒妻，生中潏，以親故歸周，保西垂，西垂以其故和睦。 今我復與大駱妻，生適子成。 申駱重婚，西戎皆服，所以為王。 王其圖之。」 於是孝王曰：「昔伯翳為舜主畜，畜多息，故有土，賜姓嬴。 今其後世亦為朕息馬，朕其分土為附庸。」 邑之秦，使復續嬴氏祀，號曰秦嬴。 亦不廢申侯之女子為駱適者，以和西戎。
Fei Zi lived at Quan Qiu. He loved horses and cattle, and excelled at breeding and raising them. The people of Quan Qiu informed King Xiao of Zhou. King Xiao summoned him to manage the horse herds between the Qian and Wei rivers, where the horses multiplied greatly. King Xiao wished to make him Da Luo's legitimate successor. But Lord Shen's daughter was Da Luo's wife and bore him a son named Cheng, who became the legitimate heir. Lord Shen then spoke to King Xiao: 'Formerly my ancestor's daughter from Mount Li was married to the Rong chieftain Xu Xuan and bore Zhong Hao. Because of this kinship, he returned to Zhou and defended the western frontier, bringing harmony to the region. Now I have again given my daughter in marriage to Da Luo, and she has borne the legitimate son Cheng. Through the double marriage alliance between Shen and Luo, all the western Rong submit. This is how your kingship is secured. Your Majesty should consider this.' Then King Xiao said: 'Formerly Bai Yi managed livestock for Shun, and the herds multiplied greatly. Therefore, he received land and was granted the surname Ying. Now his descendants also breed horses for me. I shall grant him land as a fief.' He enfeoffed him at Qin, had him resume the Ying clan sacrifices, and titled him Qin Ying. He also did not set aside Lord Shen's daughter as Da Luo's proper wife, in order to maintain peace with the western Rong.
5
秦嬴生秦侯。 秦侯立十年，卒。 生公伯。 公伯立三年，卒。 生秦仲。
Qin Ying sired Qin Hou. Qin Hou ruled for ten years, then passed away. He sired Gong Bo. Gong Bo ruled for three years, then passed away. He sired Qin Zhong.
6
秦仲立三年，周厲王無道，諸侯或叛之。 西戎反王室，滅犬丘大駱之族。 周宣王即位，乃以秦仲為大夫，誅西戎。 西戎殺秦仲。 秦仲立二十三年，死於戎。 有子五人，其長者曰莊公。 周宣王乃召莊公昆弟五人，與兵七千人，使伐西戎，破之。 於是復予秦仲後，及其先大駱地犬丘并有之，為西垂大夫。
Qin Zhong ruled for three years. King Li of Zhou was tyrannical, and some feudal lords rebelled against him. The western Rong rebelled against the royal Zhou house and annihilated the Quan Qiu Da Luo lineage. When King Xuan of Zhou took the throne, he appointed Qin Zhong as grand master to punish the western Rong. The western Rong assassinated Qin Zhong. Qin Zhong ruled for twenty-three years and died fighting the Rong. He had five sons, the eldest named Zhuang Gong. King Xuan of Zhou summoned Zhuang Gong and his four brothers, equipped them with seven thousand troops, and dispatched them to conquer the western Rong, which they did. Thus, he restored Qin Zhong's descendants to their lands, including their ancestor Da Luo's territory at Quan Qiu, and appointed him grand master of the western marches.
7
莊公居其故西犬丘，生子三人，其長男世父。 世父曰：「戎殺我大父仲，我非殺戎王則不敢入邑。」 遂將擊戎，讓其弟襄公。 襄公為太子。 莊公立四十四年，卒，太子襄公代立。 襄公元年，以女弟繆嬴為豐王妻。 襄公二年，戎圍犬丘， （世父） 世父擊之，為戎人所虜。 歲餘，復歸世父。 七年春，周幽王用褒姒廢太子，立褒姒子為適，數欺諸侯，諸侯叛之。 西戎犬戎與申侯伐周，殺幽王酈山下。 而秦襄公將兵救周，戰甚力，有功。 周避犬戎難，東徙雒邑，襄公以兵送周平王。 平王封襄公為諸侯，賜之岐以西之地。 曰：「戎無道，侵奪我岐、豐之地，秦能攻逐戎，即有其地。」 與誓，封爵之。 襄公於是始國，與諸侯通使聘享之禮，乃用騮駒、黃牛、羝羊各三，祠上帝西畤。 十二年，伐戎而至岐，卒。 生文公。
Zhuang Gong settled in his ancestral territory at western Quan Qiu. He fathered three sons, the eldest named Shi Fu. Shi Fu declared: 'The Rong killed my grandfather Zhong. I will not enter the city unless I kill the Rong king.' He then set out to attack the Rong, but yielded the position to his younger brother Xiang Gong. Xiang Gong became the crown prince. Zhuang Gong ruled for forty-four years and died. The crown prince Xiang Gong succeeded him. In Xiang Gong's first year, he married his younger sister Mu Ying to King Feng. In the second year of Duke Xiang, the Rong besieged Quanqiu, (The heir apparent Shi Fu [defended the place].) Shi Fu attacked them but was taken captive by the Rong. After more than a year, Shi Fu returned. In spring of the seventh year, King You of Zhou, under Bao Si's influence, deposed the crown prince and made Bao Si's son the legitimate heir. He frequently humiliated the feudal lords, who rebelled against him. The western Rong and Dog Rong, together with Lord Shen, attacked Zhou and killed King You below Mount Li. Qin Xiang Gong led troops to rescue Zhou, fighting with great force and achieving merit. Zhou fled the Dog Rong invasion, moving east to Luo city. Xiang Gong escorted King Ping of Zhou with his troops. King Ping enfeoffed Xiang Gong as a feudal lord and granted him all lands west of Qi. He said: 'The Rong are unrighteous. They invaded and seized my lands at Qi and Feng. If Qin can attack and expel the Rong, then Qin may keep those lands.' He swore an oath with him and bestowed the title of enfeoffment. Xiang Gong thus began establishing his state. He exchanged envoys and conducted ritual visits with the other feudal lords. He used three sorrel colts, three yellow oxen, and three rams to sacrifice to the Supreme Lord at the western altar. In the twelfth year, he attacked the Rong and reached Qi, where he died. He sired Wen Gong.
8
文公元年，居西垂宮。 三年，文公以兵七百人東獵。 四年，至汧渭之會。 曰：「昔周邑我先秦嬴於此，後卒獲為諸侯。」 乃卜居之，占曰吉，即營邑之。 十年，初為鄜畤，用三牢。 十三年，初有史以紀事，民多化者。 十六年，文公以兵伐戎，戎敗走。 於是文公遂收周餘民有之，地至岐，岐以東獻之周。 十九年，得陳寶。 二十年，法初有三族之罪。 二十七年，伐南山大梓，豐大特。 四十八年，文公太子卒，賜謚為竫公。 竫公之長子為太子，是文公孫也。 五十年，文公卒，葬西山。 竫公子立，是為寧公。
In Wen Gong's first year, he resided in the western marches palace. In the third year, Wen Gong went east hunting with seven hundred troops. In the fourth year, he reached the confluence of the Qian and Wei rivers. He said: 'Formerly Zhou settled my ancestor Qin Ying here. Later he finally obtained feudal lordship.' He then divined about settling there. The omen was favorable, so he built a settlement. In the tenth year, he first established the Fu altar, using three sets of sacrificial animals. In the thirteenth year, he first appointed a scribe to record events. The people became more civilized. In the sixteenth year, Wen Gong attacked the Rong with his troops. The Rong were defeated and fled. Then Wen Gong gathered the remaining Zhou people and took possession of them. The lands reached Qi. He offered the lands east of Qi to Zhou. In the nineteenth year, he obtained the Chen treasure. In the twentieth year, the law first established the punishment of three clans. In the twenty-seventh year, he attacked the giant catalpa on the southern mountain and Feng's great qilin. In the forty-eighth year, Wen Gong's crown prince died and was granted the posthumous title Yue Gong. Yue Gong's eldest son became the crown prince; he was Wen Gong's grandson. In the fiftieth year, Wen Gong died and was buried in the western mountain. Yue Gong's son ascended the throne and was called Ning Gong.
9
寧公二年，公徙居平陽。 遣兵伐蕩社。 三年，與亳戰，亳王奔戎，遂滅蕩社。 四年，魯公子翬弒其君隱公。 十二年，伐蕩氏，取之。 寧公生十歲立，立十二年卒，葬西山。 生子三人，長男武公為太子。 武公弟德公，同母魯姬子。 生出子。 寧公卒，大庶長弗忌、威壘、三父廢太子而立出子為君。 出子六年，三父等復共令人賊殺出子。 出子生五歲立，立六年卒。 三父等乃復立故太子武公。
In Ning Gong's second year, the duke moved his residence to Ping Yang. He dispatched troops to attack Dang She. In the third year, he battled with Bo. The king of Bo fled to the Rong, and Dang She was extinguished. In the fourth year, Lu nobleman Hui assassinated his lord Duke Yin. In the twelfth year, he attacked the Dang clan and conquered it. Ning Gong ascended the throne at age ten. He ruled for twelve years and died, buried in the western mountain. He had three sons. The eldest, Wu Gong, became the crown prince. Wu Gong's younger brother was De Gong, both sons of Lady Lu Ji. He sired Chu Zi. When Ning Gong died, Grand Minister Fu Ji, Wei Lei, and San Fu deposed the crown prince and established Chu Zi as lord. In Chu Zi's sixth year, San Fu and the others again had Chu Zi assassinated. Chu Zi ascended the throne at age five. He ruled for six years and died. San Fu and the others then re-established the former crown prince Wu Gong.
10
武公元年，伐彭戲氏，至于華山下，居平陽封宮。 三年，誅三父等而夷三族，以其殺出子也。 鄭高渠瞇殺其君昭公。 十年，伐邽、冀戎，初縣之。 十一年，初縣杜、鄭。 滅小虢。
In Wu Gong's first year, he attacked the Peng Xi clan, reaching below Mount Hua. He resided at Ping Yang Feng palace. In the third year, he executed San Fu and the others and exterminated their three clans, because they had killed Chu Zi. Gao Qu Mi of Zheng killed his lord Duke Zhao. In the tenth year, he attacked the Gui and Ji Rong, establishing them as the first counties. In the eleventh year, he established Du and Zheng as counties. He extinguished the minor state of Guo.
11
十三年，齊人管至父、連稱等殺其君襄公而立公孫無知。 晉滅霍、魏、耿。 齊雍廩殺無知、管至父等而立齊桓公。 齊、晉為彊國。
In the thirteenth year, Guan Zhifu, Lian Cheng, and others of Qi killed their lord, Duke Xiang, and established Gongsun Wuzhi. Jin extinguished Huo, Wei, and Geng. Yong Lin of Qi killed Wuzhi, Guan Zhifu, and the others, and established Duke Huan of Qi. Qi and Jin became powerful states.
12
十九年，晉曲沃始為晉侯。 齊桓公伯於鄄。
In the nineteenth year, Qu Wo of Jin first became the Marquis of Jin. Duke Huan of Qi acted as hegemon at Quan.
13
二十年，武公卒，葬雍平陽。 初以人從死，從死者六十六人。 有子一人，名曰白，白不立，封平陽。 立其弟德公。
In the twentieth year, Wu Gong died and was buried at Yong Ping Yang. This was the first time people were sacrificed to follow him in death: sixty-six people. He had one son, named Bai. Bai was not established as heir; he was enfeoffed at Ping Yang. He established his younger brother De Gong.
14
德公元年，初居雍城大鄭宮。 以犧三百牢祠鄜畤。 卜居雍。 後子孫飲馬於河。 梁伯、芮伯來朝。 二年，初伏，以狗御蠱。 德公生三十三歲而立，立二年卒。 生子三人：長子宣公，中子成公，少子穆公。 長子宣公立。
In De Gong's first year, he first resided in the great Zheng palace in Yong city. He used three hundred sets of sacrificial oxen to sacrifice at the Fu altar. He divined about settling in Yong. Later descendants would water their horses at the Yellow River. The Marquis of Liang and Marquis of Rui came to pay court. In the second year, he first performed the dog sacrifice, using dogs to ward off witchcraft. De Gong was born and at thirty-three ascended the throne. He ruled for two years and died. He had three sons: the eldest Xuan Gong, the middle son Cheng Gong, and the youngest Mu Gong. The eldest son Xuan Gong ascended the throne.
15
宣公元年，衛、燕伐周，出惠王，立王子穨。 三年，鄭伯、虢叔殺子穨而入惠王。 四年，作密畤。 與晉戰河陽，勝之。 十二年，宣公卒。 生子九人，莫立，立其弟成公。
In Xuan Gong's first year, Wei and Yan attacked Zhou, expelled King Hui, and established Prince Wei. In the third year, the Marquis of Zheng and Lord Guo killed Zi Wei and reinstated King Hui. In the fourth year, he established the Mi altar. He battled Jin at He Yang and defeated them. In the twelfth year, Xuan Gong died. He had nine sons, but none were established as heir. He established his younger brother Cheng Gong instead.
16
成公元年，梁伯、芮伯來朝。 齊桓公伐山戎，次于孤竹。
In Cheng Gong's first year, the Marquis of Liang and Marquis of Rui came to pay court. Duke Huan of Qi attacked the Shan Rong and camped at Gu Zhu.
17
成公立四年卒。 子七人，莫立，立其弟繆公。
Cheng Gong ruled for four years and died. He had seven sons, but none were established as heir. He established his younger brother Mu Gong instead.
18
繆公任好元年，自將伐茅津，勝之。 四年，迎婦於晉，晉太子申生姊也。 其歲，齊桓公伐楚，至邵陵。
In Mu Gong Ren Hao's first year, he personally led an attack on Mao Jin and defeated it. In the fourth year, he welcomed a bride from Jin, the elder sister of Jin's crown prince Shen Sheng. That same year, Duke Huan of Qi attacked Chu and reached Shao Ling.
19
五年，晉獻公滅虞、虢，虜虞君與其大夫百里傒，以璧馬賂於虞故也。 既虜百里傒，以為秦繆公夫人媵於秦。 百里傒亡秦走宛，楚鄙人執之。 繆公聞百里傒賢，欲重贖之，恐楚人不與，乃使人謂楚曰：「吾媵臣百里傒在焉，請以五羖羊皮贖之。」。 楚人遂許與之。 當是時，百里傒年已七十餘。 繆公釋其囚，與語國事。 謝曰：「臣亡國之臣，何足問！」 繆公曰：「虞君不用子，故亡，非子罪也。」 固問，語三日，繆公大說，授之國政，號曰五羖大夫。 百里傒讓曰：「臣不及臣友蹇叔，蹇叔賢而世莫知。 臣常游困於齊而乞食铚人，蹇叔收臣。 臣因而欲事齊君無知，蹇叔止臣，臣得脫齊難，遂之周。 周王子穨好牛，臣以養牛干之。 及穨欲用臣，蹇叔止臣，臣去，得不誅。 事虞君，蹇叔止臣。 臣知虞君不用臣，臣誠私利祿爵，且留。 再用其言，得脫，一不用，及虞君難：是以知其賢。」 於是繆公使人厚幣迎蹇叔，以為上大夫。
In the fifth year, Duke Xian of Jin destroyed Yu and Guo. He captured the lord of Yu and his grand officer Baili Xi, because Yu had accepted the bribe of jade disks and horses. After capturing Baili Xi, he sent him to Qin as an attendant in Duke Mu's bride's retinue. Baili Xi fled Qin for Wan, but Chu border guards seized him. Duke Mu heard that Baili Xi was worthy and wished to ransom him at a high price. Fearing that Chu would not hand him over, he sent someone to tell Chu, 'My attendant minister Baili Xi is there. Please let me ransom him with five black ram skins.' Chu then agreed to hand him over. By then, Baili Xi was already more than seventy years old. Duke Mu released him from prison and discussed state affairs with him. He declined, saying: 'I am a minister of a ruined state. What worth is there in asking me!' Duke Mu said: 'The lord of Yu did not employ you, so the state perished. It was not your fault.' He insisted on asking, and they spoke for three days. Duke Mu was greatly pleased and entrusted him with governing the state, titling him the Five Black Ram Grand Master. Baili Xi declined, saying, 'I am not equal to my friend Jian Shu. Jian Shu is worthy, but the world does not know it. I often traveled impoverished in Qi and begged for food among the people of Zhi. Jian Shu took me in. I then wished to serve Lord Wuzhi of Qi, but Jian Shu stopped me, so I escaped the calamity in Qi and went to Zhou. Prince Wei of Zhou loved oxen. I sought him out through raising oxen. When Wei wished to employ me, Jian Shu stopped me. I left and was not executed. I served the lord of Yu, but Jian Shu stopped me. I knew the lord of Yu would not employ me, so I truly stayed for private benefit of salary and rank. Twice I used his words and escaped. Once I did not use them, and encountered the lord of Yu's calamity. This is how I know his worthiness.' Duke Mu then sent people with generous gifts to welcome Jian Shu and made him a senior grand master.
20
秋，繆公自將伐晉，戰於河曲。 晉驪姬作亂，太子申生死新城，重耳、夷吾出奔。
In autumn, Duke Mu personally led an attack on Jin and battled at He Qu. Li Ji caused rebellion in Jin. Crown prince Shen Sheng died in Xin City. Chong Er and Yiwu fled.
21
九年，齊桓公會諸侯於葵丘。
In the ninth year, Duke Huan of Qi assembled the feudal lords at Kui Qiu.
22
晉獻公卒。 立驪姬子奚齊，其臣里克殺奚齊。 荀息立卓子，克又殺卓子及荀息。 夷吾使人請秦，求入晉。 於是繆公許之，使百里傒將兵送夷吾。 夷吾謂曰：「誠得立，請割晉之河西八城與秦。」 及至，已立，而使丕鄭謝秦，背約不與河西城，而殺裏克。 丕鄭聞之，恐，因與繆公謀曰：「晉人不欲夷吾，實欲重耳。 今背秦約而殺裏克，皆呂甥、郤芮之計也。 願君以利急召呂、郤，呂、郤至，則更入重耳便。」 繆公許之，使人與丕鄭歸，召呂、郤。 呂、郤等疑丕鄭有閒，乃言夷吾殺丕鄭。 丕鄭子丕豹奔秦，說繆公曰：「晉君無道，百姓不親，可伐也。」 繆公曰：「百姓茍不便，何故能誅其大臣？ 能誅其大臣，此其調也。」 不聽，而陰用豹。
Duke Xian of Jin died. He established Li Ji's son Xi Qi, but his minister Li Ke assassinated Xi Qi. Xun Xi established Zhuo Zi, but Li Ke again assassinated Zhuo Zi and Xun Xi. Yiwu sent people to request Qin and seek to enter Jin. Duke Mu then agreed and had Baili Xi lead troops to escort Yiwu. Yiwu told him: 'If I truly gain the throne, I shall cede Jin's eight cities west of the river to Qin.' When he arrived and was established, he had Pi Zheng apologize to Qin, broke the agreement and did not give the cities west of the river, and killed Li Ke. Pi Zheng heard this and feared. He plotted with Duke Mu, saying: 'The Jin people do not want Yiwu. They truly want Chong Er. Now they broke the agreement with Qin and killed Li Ke. All of this was the plan of Lü Sheng and Xi Rui. I wish your lordship would urgently summon Lü and Xi with some inducement. When Lü and Xi arrive, it will be easy to install Chong Er in his place.' Duke Mu permitted it and had people return with Pi Zheng to summon Lü and Xi. Lü and Xi suspected Pi Zheng of treachery and had Yiwu kill Pi Zheng. Pi Zheng's son Pi Bao fled to Qin and persuaded Duke Mu, saying: 'The Jin lord is tyrannical. The people are not close to him. We can attack.' Duke Mu said: 'If the common people were discontented, how could he execute his grand ministers? Being able to execute his grand ministers shows that they are well organized.' He did not listen, but secretly employed Bao.
23
十二年，齊管仲、隰朋死。
In the twelfth year, Guan Zhong and Xi Peng of Qi died.
24
晉旱，來請粟。 丕豹說繆公勿與，因其饑而伐之。 繆公問公孫支，支曰：「饑穰更事耳，不可不與。」 問百里傒，傒曰：「夷吾得罪於君，其百姓何罪？」 於是用百里傒、公孫支言，卒與之粟。 以船漕車轉，自雍相望至絳。
Jin suffered drought and came requesting grain. Pi Bao persuaded Duke Mu not to give it, and to attack them while they were hungry. Duke Mu asked Gongsun Zhi. Zhi said, 'Famine and abundance alternate; we must give aid.' He asked Baili Xi, who said: 'Yiwu has offended his lord, but what wrong have his common people done?' He then followed the advice of Baili Xi and Gongsun Zhi and finally gave them grain. They transported it by boat and cart, visible from Yong all the way to Jiang.
25
十四年，秦饑，請粟於晉。 晉君謀之群臣。 虢射曰：「因其饑伐之，可有大功。」 晉君從之。 十五年，興兵將攻秦。 繆公發兵，使丕豹將，自往擊之。 九月壬戌，與晉惠公夷吾合戰於韓地。 晉君棄其軍，與秦爭利，還而馬騺。 繆公與麾下馳追之，不能得晉君，反為晉軍所圍。 晉擊繆公，繆公傷。 於是岐下食善馬者三百人馳冒晉軍，晉軍解圍，遂脫繆公而反生得晉君。 初，繆公亡善馬，岐下野人共得而食之者三百餘人，吏逐得，欲法之。 繆公曰：「君子不以畜產害人。 吾聞食善馬肉不飲酒，傷人。」 乃皆賜酒而赦之。 三百人者聞秦擊晉，皆求從，從而見繆公窘，亦皆推鋒爭死，以報食馬之德。 於是繆公虜晉君以歸，令於國，齊宿，吾將以晉君祠上帝。 周天子聞之，曰「晉我同姓」，為請晉君。 夷吾姊亦為繆公夫人，夫人聞之，乃衰绖跣，曰：「妾兄弟不能相救，以辱君命。」 繆公曰：「我得晉君以為功，今天子為請，夫人是憂。」 乃與晉君盟，許歸之，更舍上舍，而饋之七牢。 十一月，歸晉君夷吾，夷吾獻其河西地，使太子圉為質於秦。 秦妻子圉以宗女。 是時秦地東至河。
In the fourteenth year, Qin suffered famine and requested grain from Jin. The lord of Jin consulted his ministers about it. Guo She said: 'Attack them because of their hunger. We can achieve great merit.' The lord of Jin followed this advice. In the fifteenth year, he raised troops to attack Qin. Duke Mu dispatched troops, had Pi Bao lead them, and personally went to attack. On the renxu day of the ninth month, he joined battle with Duke Hui of Jin (Yiwu) on Han lands. The lord of Jin abandoned his army and raced Qin for the advantage. On returning, his horse was exhausted. Duke Mu galloped after him with his subordinates, but could not capture the lord of Jin. Instead, he was surrounded by the Jin army. Jin attacked Duke Mu, wounding him. Then three hundred men of Qixia who had eaten fine horses galloped and braved the Jin army. The Jin army broke the siege, rescuing Duke Mu and capturing the lord of Jin alive instead. Initially, Duke Mu had lost some fine horses. More than three hundred rustic people of Qixia had found and eaten them together. Officials pursued and caught them, intending to punish them. Duke Mu said: 'A nobleman does not harm people over livestock. I have heard that eating fine horse meat without drinking wine harms people.' He then bestowed wine upon all of them and pardoned them. When these three hundred men heard Qin was attacking Jin, they all sought to follow. They followed and saw Duke Mu in distress, so they all pushed forward with spears, contending to die, to repay the kindness of eating the horses. Duke Mu then captured the lord of Jin and returned. He issued an order throughout the state, saying: 'Prepare lodging for me; I will sacrifice the lord of Jin to the Lord on High.' When the Zhou Son of Heaven heard this, he said: 'Jin is of the same surname as I.' He interceded for the lord of Jin. Yiwu's elder sister was also Duke Mu's wife. When she heard this, she donned mourning clothes and hemp sandals, went barefoot, and said: 'My brothers cannot help one another. This disgraces your lordship's command.' Duke Mu said: 'I obtained the lord of Jin as merit, but now the Son of Heaven intercedes for him. This worries my wife.' He then made an alliance with the lord of Jin and permitted his return. He changed his lodging to the upper quarters and presented him with seven sets of sacrificial animals. In the eleventh month, he returned Duke Yiwu of Jin. Yiwu offered his lands west of the river and sent his crown prince Yu as hostage in Qin. Qin married a daughter of the clan to Yu as wife. At this time, Qin's lands extended east to the Yellow River.
26
十八年，齊桓公卒。 二十年，秦滅梁、芮。
In the eighteenth year, Duke Huan of Qi died. In the twentieth year, Qin extinguished Liang and Rui.
27
二十二年，晉公子圉聞晉君病，曰：「梁，我母家也，而秦滅之。 我兄弟多，即君百歲後，秦必留我，而晉輕，亦更立他子。」 子圉乃亡歸晉。 二十三年，晉惠公卒，子圉立為君。 秦怨圉亡去，乃迎晉公子重耳於楚，而妻以故子圉妻。 重耳初謝，後乃受。 繆公益禮厚遇之。 二十四年春，秦使人告晉大臣，欲入重耳。 晉許之，於是使人送重耳。 二月，重耳立為晉君，是為文公。 文公使人殺子圉。 子圉是為懷公。
In the twenty-second year, Jin nobleman Yu heard the lord of Jin was ill and said: 'Liang is my maternal family, but Qin extinguished it. I have many brothers. When the lord passes away, Qin will surely detain me while Jin considers me lightly and establishes another son.' Zi Yu then fled back to Jin. In the twenty-third year, Duke Hui of Jin died, and Zi Yu was established as lord. Qin resented that Yu had fled away. They then welcomed Jin nobleman Chong Er from Chu and married Yu's former wife to him. Chong Er initially declined, but later accepted. Duke Mu treated him with even greater ceremony and generosity. In spring of the twenty-fourth year, Qin sent people to inform Jin's ministers of their desire to install Chong Er. Jin permitted it, and then sent people to escort Chong Er. In the second month, Chong Er was established as lord of Jin, becoming Duke Wen. Wen Gong sent people to kill Zi Yu. After his death, Zi Yu received the title Duke Huai.
28
其秋，周襄王弟帶以翟伐王，王出居鄭。 二十五年，周王使人告難於晉、秦。 秦繆公將兵助晉文公入襄王，殺王弟帶。 二十八年，晉文公敗楚於城濮。 三十年，繆公助晉文公圍鄭。 鄭使人言繆公曰：「亡鄭厚晉，於晉而得矣，而秦未有利。 晉之彊，秦之憂也。」 繆公乃罷兵歸。 晉亦罷。 三十二年冬，晉文公卒。
That autumn, King Xiang of Zhou's younger brother Dai attacked the king with the Di barbarians. The king went out and resided in Zheng. In the twenty-fifth year, the Zhou king sent people to inform Jin and Qin of the calamity. Duke Mu of Qin led troops to assist Duke Wen of Jin in reinstalling King Xiang and killed the king's younger brother Dai. In the twenty-eighth year, Duke Wen of Jin defeated Chu at Cheng Pu. In the thirtieth year, Duke Mu assisted Duke Wen of Jin in besieging Zheng. Zheng sent men to speak to Duke Mu, saying, 'If Zheng perishes, Jin will grow stronger. Jin will gain the benefit, while Qin will gain nothing. Jin's strength is Qin's worry.' Duke Mu then disbanded his troops and returned. Jin also disbanded its troops. In winter of the thirty-second year, Duke Wen of Jin died.
29
鄭人有賣鄭於秦曰：「我主其城門，鄭可襲也。」 繆公問蹇叔、百里傒，對曰：「徑數國千里而襲人，希有得利者。 且人賣鄭，庸知我國人不有以我情告鄭者乎？ 不可。」 繆公曰：「子不知也，吾已決矣。」 遂發兵，使百里傒子孟明視，蹇叔子西乞術及白乙丙將兵。 行日，百里傒、蹇叔二人哭之。 繆公聞，怒曰：「孤發兵而子沮哭吾軍，何也？」 二老曰：「臣非敢沮君軍。 軍行，臣子與往； 臣老，遲還恐不相見，故哭耳。」 二老退，謂其子曰：「汝軍即敗，必於殽阨矣。」 三十三年春，秦兵遂東，更晉地，過周北門。 周王孫滿曰：「秦師無禮，不敗何待！」 兵至滑，鄭販賣賈人弦高，持十二牛將賣之周，見秦兵，恐死虜，因獻其牛，曰：「聞大國將誅鄭，鄭君謹修守御備，使臣以牛十二勞軍士。」 秦三將軍相謂曰：「將襲鄭，鄭今已覺之，往無及已。」 滅滑。 滑，晉之邊邑也。
A man from Zheng had betrayed Zheng to Qin, saying: 'I control its city gate. Zheng can be raided.' Duke Mu asked Jian Shu and Baili Xi, who replied, 'A direct raid across several states and a thousand li rarely brings profit. Moreover, this person betrays Zheng. How do we know our own people haven't informed Zheng of our plans? It cannot be done.' Duke Mu said: 'You do not know. I have already decided.' He then dispatched troops, appointing Baili Xi's son Mengming Shi, Jian Shu's son Xiqi Shu, and Baiyi Bing to lead them. On the day of departure, Baili Xi and Jian Shu wept for the army. Duke Mu heard this and angrily said: 'I dispatch troops, but you discourage and weep for my army. Why?' The two elders said: 'We do not dare discourage your lordship's army. The army goes, and our sons go with it; We are old and fear we will not see each other again if the return is delayed, so we weep.' The two elders retreated and told their sons: 'If your army is defeated, it will be at Xiao Pass.' In spring of the thirty-third year, Qin troops went east, passed through Jin lands, and passed Zhou's north gate. Zhou's royal grandson Man said: 'The Qin troops are without ritual. What else awaits but defeat!' The troops reached Hua. Zheng merchant Xian Gao, carrying twelve oxen to sell in Zhou, saw the Qin troops and feared death or capture. He therefore offered his oxen, saying: 'I heard the great state intends to punish Zheng. The lord of Zheng has carefully prepared his defenses. He sent me with twelve oxen to reward the army soldiers.' The three Qin generals said to each other: 'We were going to raid Zheng, but Zheng is now already aware of it. Going would be pointless.' They extinguished Hua. Hua was Jin's border city.
30
當是時，晉文公喪尚未葬。 太子襄公怒曰：「秦侮我孤，因喪破我滑。」 遂墨衰绖，發兵遮秦兵於殽，擊之，大破秦軍，無一人得脫者。 虜秦三將以歸。 文公夫人，秦女也，為秦三囚將請曰：「繆公之怨此三人入於骨髓，願令此三人歸，令我君得自快烹之。」 晉君許之，歸秦三將。 三將至，繆公素服郊迎，向三人哭曰：「孤以不用百里傒、蹇叔言以辱三子，三子何罪乎？ 子其悉心雪恥，毋怠。」 遂復三人官秩如故，愈益厚之。
At this time, Duke Wen of Jin's funeral had not yet taken place. Crown prince Xiang Gong angrily said: 'Qin insults me, an orphan, and because of the funeral broke my Hua.' He then donned black mourning clothes and hemp sandals, dispatched troops to block the Qin army at Xiao Pass, attacked them, and utterly defeated the Qin army. Not a single man escaped. He captured the three Qin generals and returned. Wen Gong's wife was a Qin woman. She interceded for the three captive Qin generals, saying: 'Duke Mu's resentment of these three men goes to the bone marrow. I wish to have these three men returned so that my lord may personally take pleasure in boiling them.' The lord of Jin permitted it and returned the three Qin generals. When the three generals arrived, Duke Mu, in plain clothes, went to the suburbs to welcome them. He wept before the three men, saying: 'Because I did not follow Baili Xi and Jian Shu's words, I have humiliated you three. What wrong have you three done? You must devote yourselves completely to washing away this shame. Do not be neglectful.' He then restored their official ranks as before and treated them even more generously.
31
三十四年，楚太子商臣弒其父成王代立。
In the thirty-fourth year, Chu's crown prince Shang Chen assassinated his father King Cheng and replaced him on the throne.
32
繆公於是復使孟明視等將兵伐晉，戰于彭衙。 秦不利，引兵歸。
Duke Mu then again had Meng Ming Shi and the others lead troops to attack Jin, battling at Peng Ya. Qin was at a disadvantage and withdrew its troops.
33
戎王使由余於秦。 由余，其先晉人也，亡入戎，能晉言。 聞繆公賢，故使由余觀秦。 秦繆公示以宮室、積聚。 由余曰：「使鬼為之，則勞神矣。 使人為之，亦苦民矣。」 繆公怪之，問曰：「中國以詩書禮樂法度為政，然尚時亂，今戎夷無此，何以為治，不亦難乎？」 由余笑曰：「此乃中國所以亂也。 夫自上聖黃帝作為禮樂法度，身以先之，僅以小治。 及其後世，日以驕淫。 阻法度之威，以責督於下，下罷極則以仁義怨望於上，上下交爭怨而相篡弒，至於滅宗，皆以此類也。 夫戎夷不然。 上含淳德以遇其下，下懷忠信以事其上，一國之政猶一身之治，不知所以治，此真聖人之治也。」 於是繆公退而問內史廖曰：「孤聞鄰國有聖人，敵國之憂也。 今由余賢，寡人之害，將奈之何？」 內史廖曰：「戎王處辟匿，未聞中國之聲。 君試遺其女樂，以奪其志； 為由余請，以疏其閒； 留而莫遣，以失其期。 戎王怪之，必疑由余。 君臣有閒，乃可虜也。 且戎王好樂，必怠於政。」 繆公曰：「善。」 因與由余曲席而坐，傳器而食，問其地形與其兵勢盡察，而後令內史廖以女樂二八遺戎王。 戎王受而說之，終年不還。 於是秦乃歸由余。 由余數諫不聽，繆公又數使人閒要由余，由余遂去降秦。 繆公以客禮禮之，問伐戎之形。
The Rong king sent You Yu to Qin. You Yu's ancestors were Jin people. He fled to the Rong and could speak Jin language. Having heard that Duke Mu was worthy, he therefore sent You Yu to observe Qin. Duke Mu of Qin showed him the palaces and granaries. You Yu said: 'If ghosts did it, it would tire the spirits. If people did it, it would embitter the people.' Duke Mu was surprised by this and asked: 'The central states govern with poetry, books, ritual, music, and laws, yet they still sometimes fall into chaos. Now the Rong and Yi have none of this. How do they govern? Is it not difficult?' You Yu laughed and said: 'This is exactly why the central states fall into chaos. Indeed, since the supreme sage Huangdi created ritual, music, and laws, and led by example himself, it barely achieved minor governance. By their later generations, they daily became arrogant and licentious. They relied on the awe of laws and measures to demand and supervise those below. When those below became utterly exhausted, they resented those above with benevolence and righteousness. Upper and lower mutually contended and resented each other, leading to usurpation and assassination, even to the extinction of clans. All of this comes from this category. Indeed, the Rong and Yi are not like this. Those above contain pure virtue to treat those below, those below cherish loyalty and faith to serve those above. One state's governance is like one body's governance. They do not know how they govern. This is truly the governance of sage persons.' Duke Mu then retired and asked Inner Scribe Liao: 'I have heard that a neighboring state having a sage person is an enemy state's worry. Now You Yu is worthy. He is my harm. What shall I do?' Inner Scribe Liao said: 'The Rong king dwells in remote seclusion and has not heard the sounds of the central states. Your lordship should try sending him female musicians to seize his will; Make requests for You Yu to loosen his relations; Detain him and do not send him back, to make him miss his deadline. The Rong king will be surprised by this and must suspect You Yu. If lord and minister become estranged, then we can capture him. Moreover, the Rong king loves music and must neglect his governance.' Duke Mu said: 'Good.' Therefore, he sat with You Yu on curved mats, passed vessels and ate together. He asked about the terrain and troop dispositions, completely examining them. Then he ordered Inner Scribe Liao to send sixteen female musicians to the Rong king. The Rong king received them and was delighted. He did not return for a whole year. Then Qin returned You Yu. You Yu repeatedly admonished but was not listened to. Duke Mu again repeatedly sent people to secretly entice You Yu. You Yu then left and surrendered to Qin. Duke Mu treated him with guest rituals and asked about the strategy for attacking the Rong.
34
三十六年，繆公復益厚孟明等，使將兵伐晉，渡河焚船，大敗晉人，取王官及鄗，以報殽之役。 晉人皆城守不敢出。 於是繆公乃自茅津渡河，封殽中尸，為發喪，哭之三日。 乃誓於軍曰：「嗟士卒！ 聽無譁，余誓告汝。 古之人謀黃髪番番，則無所過。」 以申思不用蹇叔、百里傒之謀，故作此誓，令後世以記余過。 君子聞之，皆為垂涕，曰：「嗟乎！ 秦繆公之與人周也，卒得孟明之慶。」
In the thirty-sixth year, Duke Mu again treated Meng Ming and the others even more generously. He had them lead troops to attack Jin, cross the river and burn the boats. They greatly defeated the Jin people, taking Wang Guan and Hao, to repay the Xiao campaign. The Jin people all defended their cities and dared not come out. Duke Mu then crossed the river from Mao Jin, buried the corpses in Xiao, conducted mourning, and wept for them three days. He then swore an oath in the army, saying: 'Alas, soldiers! Listen without making noise. I swear and tell you. The ancient people planned with yellow hair repeatedly, then there were no mistakes.' To express my regret for not following the plans of Jian Shu and Baili Xi, I have made this oath so that later generations may remember my fault. When noblemen heard this, they all shed tears, saying: 'Alas! Duke Mu of Qin was thorough with people, and finally obtained Meng Ming's blessing.'
35
三十七年，秦用由余謀伐戎王，益國十二，開地千里，遂霸西戎。 天子使召公過賀繆公以金鼓。 三十九年，繆公卒，葬雍。 從死者百七十七人，秦之良臣子輿氏三人名曰奄息、仲行、鍼虎，亦在從死之中。 秦人哀之，為作歌黃鳥之詩。 君子曰：「秦繆公廣地益國，東服彊晉，西霸戎夷，然不為諸侯盟主，亦宜哉。 死而棄民，收其良臣而從死。 且先王崩，尚猶遺德垂法，況奪之善人良臣百姓所哀者乎？ 是以知秦不能復東征也。」 繆公子四十人，其太子嵤代立，是為康公。
In the thirty-seventh year, Qin used You Yu's plan to attack the Rong king. They increased their territory by twelve states, opened a thousand li of land, and thus became hegemon of the western Rong. The Son of Heaven sent Zhao Gong Guo to congratulate Duke Mu with gold drums. In the thirty-ninth year, Duke Mu died and was buried in Yong. One hundred seventy-seven people followed him in death. Among Qin's good ministers, three from the Zi Yu clan named Yan Xi, Zhong Xing, and Zhen Hu were also among those who followed in death. The Qin people grieved for him and composed the song 'Yellow Bird'. The nobleman said: 'Duke Mu of Qin broadened his lands and increased his state. He submitted the strong Jin to the east and became hegemon of the Rong and Yi to the west. Yet he did not become the alliance leader of the feudal lords. This is also fitting. He died and abandoned his people, but gathered his good ministers to follow him in death. Moreover, when former kings passed away, they still left behind virtue and established laws. How much more so when taking away good people and worthy ministers whom the common people grieve for? Therefore, we know Qin cannot campaign east again.' Duke Mu had forty sons. His crown prince Chong succeeded to the throne and was called Kang Gong.
36
康公元年。 往歲繆公之卒，晉襄公亦卒； 襄公之弟名雍，秦出也，在秦。 晉趙盾欲立之，使隨會來迎雍，秦以兵送至令狐。 晉立襄公子而反擊秦師，秦師敗，隨會來奔。 二年，秦伐晉，取武城，報令狐之役。 四年，晉伐秦，取少梁。 六年，秦伐晉，取羈馬。 戰於河曲，大敗晉軍。 晉人患隨會在秦為亂，乃使魏讎餘詳反，合謀會，詐而得會，會遂歸晉。 康公立十二年卒，子共公立。
Kang Gong's first year. In the previous year, Duke Mu died, and Duke Xiang of Jin also died; Duke Xiang's younger brother named Yong was born of a Qin mother and was in Qin. Zhao Dun of Jin wished to establish him. He sent Sui Hui to welcome Yong, and Qin escorted him with troops to Linghu. Jin established Duke Xiang's son instead and attacked the Qin troops. The Qin troops were defeated, and Sui Hui fled here. In the second year, Qin attacked Jin, took Wu Cheng, to repay the Linghu campaign. In the fourth year, Jin attacked Qin and took Shao Liang. In the sixth year, Qin attacked Jin and took Ji Ma. They battled at He Qu and greatly defeated the Jin army. The Jin people worried that Sui Hui would stir up trouble in Qin. They therefore had Wei Chou Yu pretend to rebel, join Hui in a plot, and deceive him, bringing Hui back to Jin. Kang Gong ruled for twelve years and died. His son Duke Gong was established.
37
共公二年，晉趙穿弒其君靈公。 三年，楚莊王彊，北兵至雒，問周鼎。 共公立五年卒，子桓公立。
In Duke Gong's second year, Zhao Chuan of Jin assassinated his lord Duke Ling. In the third year, King Zhuang of Chu was strong. He marched north with troops to Luo and inquired about the Zhou tripod. Duke Gong ruled for five years and died. His son Huan Gong was established.
38
桓公三年，晉敗我一將。 十年，楚莊王服鄭，北敗晉兵於河上。 當是之時，楚霸，為會盟合諸侯。 二十四年，晉厲公初立，與秦桓公夾河而盟。 歸而秦倍盟，與翟合謀擊晉。 二十六年，晉率諸侯伐秦，秦軍敗走，追至涇而還。 桓公立二十七年卒，子景公立。
In Huan Gong's third year, Jin defeated one of our generals. In the tenth year, King Zhuang of Chu brought Zheng into submission and defeated Jin troops north of the Yellow River. At this time, Chu was hegemon and held alliances gathering the feudal lords. In the twenty-fourth year, Duke Li of Jin was newly established. He made an alliance with Duke Huan of Qin flanking the river. They returned and Qin violated the alliance, uniting with the Di to plot against Jin. In the twenty-sixth year, Jin led the feudal lords to attack Qin. The Qin army was defeated and fled. They pursued to the Jing and then returned. Huan Gong ruled for twenty-seven years and died. His son Jing Gong was established.
39
景公四年，晉欒書弒其君厲公。 十五年，救鄭，敗晉兵於櫟。 是時晉悼公為盟主。 十八年，晉悼公彊，數會諸侯，率以伐秦，敗秦軍。 秦軍走，晉兵追之，遂渡涇，至棫林而還。 二十七年，景公如晉，與平公盟，已而背之。 三十六年，楚公子圍弒其君而自立，是為靈王。 景公母弟後子鍼有寵，景公母弟富，或譖之，恐誅，乃奔晉，車重千乘。 晉平公曰：「后子富如此，何以自亡？」 對曰：「秦公無道，畏誅，欲待其後世乃歸。」 三十九年，楚靈王彊，會諸侯於申，為盟主，殺齊慶封。 景公立四十年卒，子哀公立。 后子復來歸秦。
In Jing Gong's fourth year, Luan Shu of Jin assassinated his lord Duke Li. In the fifteenth year, they rescued Zheng and defeated Jin troops at Li. At this time, Duke Dao of Jin was the alliance leader. In the eighteenth year, Duke Dao of Jin was strong. He repeatedly assembled the feudal lords and led them to attack Qin, defeating the Qin army. The Qin army fled. The Jin troops pursued them, then crossed the Jing, reached Yu Lin, and returned. In the twenty-seventh year, Duke Jing went to Jin and made an alliance with Duke Ping, then betrayed it. In the thirty-sixth year, Chu's nobleman Wei assassinated his lord and established himself, becoming King Ling. Duke Jing's younger maternal brother Hou Zi Zhen was favored. Duke Jing's younger maternal brother Fu was wealthy. Someone slandered him. Fearing execution, he fled to Jin with a thousand chariots of possessions. Duke Ping of Jin said: 'Hou Zi is rich like this. Why did he cause his own ruin?' He replied: 'The lord of Qin is without the Way. I feared execution. I wish to wait for his later generations and then return.' In the thirty-ninth year, King Ling of Chu was strong. He assembled the feudal lords at Shen, became the alliance leader, and killed Qing Feng of Qi. Jing Gong ruled for forty years and died. His son Ai Gong was established. Hou Zi came back and returned to Qin.
40
哀公八年，楚公子棄疾弒靈王而自立，是為平王。 十一年，楚平王來求秦女為太子建妻。 至國，女好而自娶之。 十五年，楚平王欲誅建，建亡； 伍子胥奔吳。 晉公室卑而六卿彊，欲內相攻，是以久秦晉不相攻。 三十一年，吳王闔閭與伍子胥伐楚，楚王亡奔隨，吳遂入郢。 楚大夫申包胥來告急，七日不食，日夜哭泣。 於是秦乃發五百乘救楚，敗吳師。 吳師歸，楚昭王乃得復入郢。 哀公立三十六年卒。 太子夷公，夷公蚤死，不得立，立夷公子，是為惠公。
In Ai Gong's eighth year, Chu's nobleman Qi Ji assassinated King Ling and established himself, becoming King Ping. In the eleventh year, King Ping of Chu came to seek a Qin woman as wife for crown prince Jian. When he arrived in the state, the woman was beautiful, and he married her himself. In the fifteenth year, King Ping of Chu wished to execute Jian. Jian fled; wuzi Xu fled to Wu. The Jin ducal house was weak while the six ministers were strong. They wished to attack each other internally, which is why Qin and Jin did not attack each other for a long time. In the thirty-first year, King He Lu of Wu and wuzi Xu attacked Chu. The Chu king fled to Sui, and Wu then entered Ying. Chu's grand master Shen Bao Xu came to report the emergency. He did not eat for seven days, weeping day and night. Qin then dispatched five hundred chariots to rescue Chu and defeated the Wu troops. The Wu troops returned, and King Zhao of Chu was then able to re-enter Ying. Ai Gong ruled for thirty-six years and died. Crown prince Yi Gong died early and could not be established. They established Yi Gong's son, who was called Hui Gong.
41
惠公元年，孔子行魯相事。 五年，晉卿中行、范氏反晉，晉使智氏、趙簡子攻之，范、中行氏亡奔齊。 惠公立十年卒，子悼公立。
In Hui Gong's first year, Confucius acted as chancellor of Lu. In the fifth year, Jin's ministers Zhonghang and the Fan clan rebelled against Jin. Jin sent the Zhi clan and Zhao Jianzi to attack them. The Fan and Zhonghang clans fled to Qi. Hui Gong ruled for ten years and died. His son Dao Gong was established.
42
悼公二年，齊臣田乞弒其君孺子，立其兄陽生，是為悼公。 六年，吳敗齊師。 齊人弒悼公，立其子簡公。 九年，晉定公與吳王夫差盟，爭長於黃池，卒先吳。 吳彊，陵中國。 十二年，齊田常弒簡公，立其弟平公，常相之。 十三年，楚滅陳。 秦悼公立十四年卒，子厲共公立。 孔子以悼公十二年卒。
In Dao Gong's second year, Qi's minister Tian Qi assassinated his lord Ru Zi and established his brother Yang Sheng, who was called Dao Gong. In the sixth year, Wu defeated the Qi troops. The Qi people assassinated Dao Gong and established his son Jian Gong. In the ninth year, Duke Ding of Jin made an alliance with King Fu Chai of Wu. They contended for precedence at Huang Chi, and Jin finally yielded to Wu. Wu was strong and overawed the central states. In the twelfth year, Tian Chang of Qi assassinated Jian Gong and established his younger brother Ping Gong. Chang became his chancellor. In the thirteenth year, Chu extinguished Chen. Duke Dao of Qin ruled for fourteen years and died. His son Duke Ligong was established. Confucius died in Dao Gong's twelfth year.
43
厲共公二年，蜀人來賂。 十六年，塹河旁。 以兵二萬伐大荔，取其王城。 二十一年，初縣頻陽。 晉取武成。 二十四年，晉亂，殺智伯，分其國與趙、韓、魏。 二十五年，智開與邑人來奔。 三十三年，伐義渠，虜其王。 三十四年，日食。 厲共公卒，子躁公立。
In Duke Ligong's second year, the Shu people came with bribes. In the sixteenth year, they dug moats along the Yellow River. They attacked Da Li with twenty thousand troops and took its royal city. In the twenty-first year, they first established the county of Pin Yang. Jin took Wu Cheng. In the twenty-fourth year, Jin fell into chaos. They killed Zhi Bo and divided his state among Zhao, Han, and Wei. In the twenty-fifth year, Zhi Kai and the city people fled here. In the thirty-third year, Qin attacked Yiqu and captured its king. In the thirty-fourth year, there was a solar eclipse. Duke Ligong died, and his son Zhao Gong was established.
44
躁公二年，南鄭反。 十三年，義渠來伐，至渭南。 十四年，躁公卒，立其弟懷公。
In Zhao Gong's second year, Nan Zheng rebelled. In the thirteenth year, Yiqu came to attack and reached the south bank of the Wei River. In the fourteenth year, Zhao Gong died, and they established his younger brother Huai Gong.
45
懷公四年，庶長朝與大臣圍懷公，懷公自殺。 懷公太子曰昭子，蚤死，大臣乃立太子昭子之子，是為靈公。 靈公，懷公孫也。
In Duke Huai's fourth year, Shuzhang Zhao and the ministers surrounded Duke Huai, and Duke Huai killed himself. Huai Gong's crown prince was called Zhao Zi. He died early, so the ministers established Zhao Zi's son, who was called Ling Gong. Ling Gong was Huai Gong's grandson.
46
靈公六年，晉城少梁，秦擊之。 十三年，城籍姑。 靈公卒，子獻公不得立，立靈公季父悼子，是為簡公。 簡公，昭子之弟而懷公子也。
In Ling Gong's sixth year, Jin fortified Shao Liang, and Qin attacked it. In the thirteenth year, they walled Ji Gu. Ling Gong died. His son Xian Gong could not be established, so they established Ling Gong's younger uncle Dao Zi, who was called Jian Gong. Jian Gong was Zhao Zi's younger brother and Huai Gong's son.
47
簡公六年，令吏初帶劍。 塹洛。 城重泉。 十六年卒，子惠公立。
In Jian Gong's sixth year, he ordered officials to first wear swords. They dug moats at Luo. They walled Chong Quan. In the sixteenth year he died, and his son Hui Gong was established.
48
惠公十二年，子出子生。 十三年，伐蜀，取南鄭。 惠公卒，出子立。
In Hui Gong's twelfth year, his son Chu Zi was born. In the thirteenth year, they attacked Shu and took Nan Zheng. Hui Gong died, and Chu Zi was established.
49
出子二年，庶長改迎靈公之子獻公于河西而立之。 殺出子及其母，沈之淵旁。 秦以往者數易君，君臣乖亂，故晉復彊，奪秦河西地。
In Chuzi's second year, Shuzhang Gai welcomed Duke Ling's son, Duke Xian, from west of the river and established him. They killed Chu Zi and his mother, drowning them beside the abyss. Qin had frequently changed lords in the past, with lords and ministers in discordant chaos, so Jin grew strong again and took Qin's lands west of the river.
50
獻公元年，止從死。 二年，城櫟陽。 四年正月庚寅，孝公生。 十一年，周太史儋見獻公曰：「周故與秦國合而別，別五百歲復合，合 （七） 十七歲而霸王出。」 十六年，桃冬花。 十八年，雨金櫟陽。 二十一年，與晉戰於石門，斬首六萬，天子賀以黼黻。 二十三年，與魏晉戰少梁，虜其將公孫痤。 二十四年，獻公卒，子孝公立，年已二十一歲矣。
In Xian Gong's first year, he stopped the practice of followers in death. In the second year, they walled Liyang. In the fourth year, first month, gengyin day, Xiao Gong was born. In the eleventh year, the Zhou grand historian Dan met Duke Xian and said: "Zhou and the state of Qin were once joined and then parted; five hundred years after parting they will join again; and after joining again, (seven) Seventeen years later, a hegemon-king will appear." In the sixteenth year, peaches flowered in winter. In the eighteenth year, gold fell like rain at Liyang. In the twenty-first year, they battled with Jin at Shimen, beheading sixty thousand. The Son of Heaven congratulated them with ceremonial vestments. In the twenty-third year, Qin fought Wei and Jin at Shaoliang and captured their general Gongsun Cuo. In the twenty-fourth year, Duke Xian died, and his son Duke Xiao came to the throne. He was already twenty-one years old.
51
孝公元年，河山以東彊國六，與齊威、楚宣、魏惠、燕悼、韓哀、趙成侯并。 淮泗之閒小國十餘。 楚、魏與秦接界。 魏筑長城，自鄭濱洛以北，有上郡。 楚自漢中，南有巴、黔中。 周室微，諸侯力政，爭相併。 秦僻在雍州，不與中國諸侯之會盟，夷翟遇之。 孝公於是布惠，振孤寡，招戰士，明功賞。 下令國中曰：「昔我繆公自岐雍之閒，修德行武，東平晉亂，以河為界，西霸戎翟，廣地千里，天子致伯，諸侯畢賀，為後世開業，甚光美。 會往者厲、躁、簡公、出子之不寧，國家內憂，未遑外事，三晉攻奪我先君河西地，諸侯卑秦、醜莫大焉。 獻公即位，鎮撫邊境，徙治櫟陽，且欲東伐，復繆公之故地，修繆公之政令。 寡人思念先君之意，常痛於心。 賓客群臣有能出奇計彊秦者，吾且尊官，與之分土。」 於是乃出兵東圍陜城，西斬戎之獂王。
In Duke Xiao's first year, east of the Yellow River and Mount Hua there were six strong states: King Wei of Qi, King Xuan of Chu, King Hui of Wei, Marquis Dao of Yan, Marquis Ai of Han, and Marquis Cheng of Zhao. Between the Huai and Si rivers there were more than ten small states. Chu and Wei bordered Qin. Wei built a long wall from Zheng northward along the Luo and occupied Shang Commandery. Chu held Hanzhong, with Ba and Qianzhong to the south. The Zhou house was weak. The feudal lords governed by force and contended to annex each other. Qin lay remote in Yongzhou and did not take part in the alliance meetings of the feudal lords of the Central States, who treated it like Yi and Di barbarian territory. Xiao Gong then spread favor, aided orphans and widows, recruited warriors, and clarified merit and rewards. He issued an order throughout the state: “Formerly our Duke Mu, from the region between Qi and Yong, cultivated virtue and practiced warfare. To the east, he pacified Jin's disorder, using the Yellow River as his boundary; to the west, he became hegemon over the Rong and Di, expanding his territory by a thousand li. The Son of Heaven conferred the hegemony on him, and all the feudal lords offered congratulations. He opened the enterprise for later generations, and it was exceedingly glorious. But during the troubled times of Dukes Li, Zao, and Jian and of Chuzi, the state had internal worries and no leisure for external affairs. The Three Jin attacked and seized my former rulers' lands west of the river, and the feudal lords looked down on Qin. No shame could be greater. When Duke Xian ascended the throne, he pacified the frontiers, moved the seat of government to Liyang, and wished to attack east, recover Duke Mu's former lands, and restore Duke Mu's policies and commands. When I think of my former rulers' intentions, my heart is always pained. If any guest or minister can produce an extraordinary plan to strengthen Qin, I will honor him with office and share territory with him.” He then sent troops east to besiege Xiacheng and west to kill King Huan of the Rong.
52
衛鞅聞是令下，西入秦，因景監求見孝公。
Wei Yang heard that this order had been issued and went west into Qin. Through Jing Jian, he sought an audience with Duke Xiao.
53
二年，天子致胙。
In the second year, the Son of Heaven presented sacrificial meat.
54
三年，衛鞅說孝公變法修刑，內務耕稼，外勸戰死之賞罰，孝公善之。 甘龍、杜摯等弗然，相與爭之。 卒用鞅法，百姓苦之； 居三年，百姓便之。 乃拜鞅為左庶長。 其事在商君語中。
In the third year, Wei Yang persuaded Duke Xiao to reform the laws and revise the punishments, encouraging farming within the state and setting rewards and punishments for those who fought to the death abroad. Duke Xiao approved. Gan Long, Du Zhi, and others disagreed and argued against it. Finally, they used Yang's laws, and the common people suffered from them; After three years, the common people found them convenient. He then appointed Yang as Left Shuzhang. His deeds are recorded in the biography of Lord Shang.
55
七年，與魏惠王會杜平。 八年，與魏戰元裏，有功。 十年，衛鞅為大良造，將兵圍魏安邑，降之。 十二年，作為咸陽，筑冀闕，秦徙都之。 并諸小鄉聚，集為大縣，縣一令，四十一縣。 為田開阡陌。 東地渡洛。 十四年，初為賦。 十九年，天子致伯。 二十年，諸侯畢賀。 秦使公子少官率師會諸侯逢澤，朝天子。
In the seventh year, he met with King Hui of Wei at Du Ping. In the eighth year, they battled with Wei at Yuan Li and had merit. In the tenth year, Wei Yang became Grand Liangzao, led troops in surrounding Wei’s Anyi, and compelled its surrender. In the twelfth year, they built Xianyang and its palace gate towers, and Qin moved the capital there. They combined the various small townships and gatherings into large counties, each county with one magistrate, making forty-one counties. For the fields they opened Qian Mo. The eastern lands crossed the Luo. In the fourteenth year, they first made taxes. In the nineteenth year, the Son of Heaven conferred hegemony. In the twentieth year, all the feudal lords congratulated him. Qin had nobleman Shao Guan lead troops to assemble the feudal lords at Feng Ze for an audience with the Son of Heaven.
56
二十一年，齊敗魏馬陵。
In the twenty-first year, Qi defeated Wei at Ma Ling.
57
二十二年，衛鞅擊魏，虜魏公子卬。 封鞅為列侯，號商君。
In the twenty-second year, Wei Yang attacked Wei and captured Wei's nobleman Ang. He enfeoffed Yang as a lie hou and titled him Shang Jun.
58
二十四年，與晉戰雁門，虜其將魏錯。
In the twenty-fourth year, they battled with Jin at Yan Men and captured their general Wei Cuo.
59
孝公卒，子惠文君立。 是歲，誅衛鞅。 鞅之初為秦施法，法不行，太子犯禁。 鞅曰：「法之不行，自於貴戚。 君必欲行法，先於太子。 太子不可黥，黥其傅師。」 於是法大用，秦人治。 及孝公卒，太子立，宗室多怨鞅，鞅亡，因以為反，而卒車裂以徇秦國。
Duke Xiao died, and his son, Lord Huiwen, took the throne. In this year, they executed Wei Yang. When Yang first applied laws for Qin, the laws were not carried out, and the crown prince violated the prohibitions. Yang said: 'The laws are not carried out because of the noble relatives. If your lordship must carry out the laws, start with the crown prince. The crown prince cannot be tattooed, so tattoo his tutor master.' Then the laws were greatly used, and the Qin people were governed. When Duke Xiao died and the crown prince was established, many members of the ruling clan resented Yang. Yang fled, so they regarded him as a rebel, and finally tore him apart with chariots as a warning throughout the Qin state.
60
惠文君元年，楚、韓、趙、蜀人來朝。 二年，天子賀。 三年，王冠。 四年，天子致文武胙。 齊、魏為王。
In Lord Huiwen’s first year, envoys from Chu, Han, Zhao, and Shu came to court. In the second year, the Son of Heaven congratulated. In the third year, the king underwent the capping ceremony. In the fourth year, the Son of Heaven presented civil and martial sacrificial meat. Qi and Wei each adopted the royal title.
61
五年，陰晉人犀首為大良造。 六年，魏納陰晉，陰晉更名寧秦。 七年，公子卬與魏戰，虜其將龍賈，斬首八萬。 八年，魏納河西地。 九年，渡河，取汾陰、皮氏。 與魏王會應。 圍焦，降之。 十年，張儀相秦。 魏納上郡十五縣。 十一年，縣義渠。 歸魏焦、曲沃。 義渠君為臣。 更名少梁曰夏陽。 十二年，初臘。 十三年四月戊午，魏君為王，韓亦為王。 使張儀伐取陜，出其人與魏。
In the fifth year, Xi Shou of Yinjin was made Grand Liangzao. In the sixth year, Wei took Yin Jin, and Yin Jin changed its name to Ning Qin. In the seventh year, nobleman Ang battled with Wei, captured their general Long Jia, and beheaded eighty thousand. In the eighth year, Wei took the lands west of the river. In the ninth year, they crossed the river and took Fen Yin and Pi Shi. He met the King of Wei at Ying. They surrounded Jiao and surrendered it. In the tenth year, Zhang Yi became chancellor of Qin. Wei surrendered fifteen counties of Shang Commandery. In the eleventh year, Qin made Yiqu a county. They returned Jiao and Qu Wo to Wei. The lord of Yiqu became a minister. They changed the name of Shao Liang to Xia Yang. In the twelfth year, they first performed the la sacrifice. In the thirteenth year, in the fourth month on the wuwu day, the lord of Wei became king; Han also claimed the royal title. They had Zhang Yi attack and take Xia, and moved its people to give to Wei.
62
十四年，更為元年。 二年，張儀與齊、楚大臣會齧桑。 三年，韓、魏太子來朝。 張儀相魏。 五年，王游至北河。 七年，樂池相秦。 韓、趙、魏、燕、齊帥匈奴共攻秦。 秦使庶長疾與戰修魚，虜其將申差，敗趙公子渴、韓太子奐，斬首八萬二千。 八年，張儀復相秦。 九年，司馬錯伐蜀，滅之。 伐取趙中都、西陽十年，韓太子蒼來質。 伐取韓石章。 伐敗趙將泥。 伐取義渠二十五城。 十一年，摢裏疾攻魏焦，降之。 敗韓岸門，斬首萬，其將犀首走。 公子通封於蜀。 燕君讓其臣子之。 十二年，王與梁王會臨晉。 庶長疾攻趙，虜趙將莊。 張儀相楚。 十三年，庶長章擊楚於丹陽，虜其將屈丐，斬首八萬； 又攻楚漢中，取地六百里，置漢中郡。 楚圍雍氏，秦使庶長疾助韓而東攻齊，到滿助魏攻燕。 十四年，伐楚，取召陵。 丹、犁臣，蜀相壯殺蜀侯來降。
In the fourteenth year, they changed it to the first year. In the second year, Zhang Yi met with ministers of Qi and Chu at Nie Sang. In the third year, the crown princes of Han and Wei came for audience. Zhang Yi became chancellor of Wei. In the fifth year, the king made a tour as far as Beihe. In the seventh year, Le Chi became chancellor of Qin. Han, Zhao, Wei, Yan, and Qi led the Xiongnu in a joint attack on Qin. Qin sent Shuzhang Ji to fight them at Xiuyu; he captured their general Shen Chai, defeated Prince Ke of Zhao and Crown Prince Huan of Han, and took eighty-two thousand heads. In the eighth year, Zhang Yi again became chancellor of Qin. In the ninth year, Sima Cuo attacked Shu and destroyed it. They attacked Zhao and captured Zhongdu and Xiyang. In the tenth year, Crown Prince Cang of Han came as a hostage. They attacked and captured Shizhang from Han. They attacked and defeated Zhao's general Ni. They attacked Yiqu and took twenty-five cities. In the eleventh year, Chuli Ji attacked Wei’s Jiao and compelled its surrender. They defeated Han at Anmen, beheaded ten thousand, and their general Xi Shou fled. Nobleman Tong was enfeoffed at Shu. The Yan lord yielded it to his minister's son. In the twelfth year, the king met the King of Liang at Linjin. Shuzhang Ji attacked Zhao and captured its general Zhuang. Zhang Yi became chancellor of Chu. In the thirteenth year, Shuzhang Zhang struck Chu at Danyang, captured its general Qu Gai, and took eighty thousand heads; They attacked Chu’s Hanzhong again, seized six hundred li of territory, and established Hanzhong Commandery. Chu besieged Yongshi. Qin sent Shuzhang Ji to aid Han and attack Qi in the east, and sent Dao Man to aid Wei against Yan. In the fourteenth year, Qin attacked Chu and captured Zhaoling. Dan and Li became ministers. Zhuang, the chancellor of Shu, killed the Marquis of Shu and came over in surrender.
63
惠王卒，子武王立。 韓、魏、齊、楚、越皆賓從。
King Hui died, and his son King Wu took the throne. Han, Wei, Qi, Chu, and Yue all followed as guests.
64
武王元年，與魏惠王會臨晉。 誅蜀相壯。 張儀、魏章皆東出之魏。 伐義渠、丹、犁。 二年，初置丞相，摢裏疾、甘茂為左右丞相。 張儀死於魏。 三年，與韓襄王會臨晉外。 南公揭卒，摢裏疾相韓。 武王謂甘茂曰：「寡人欲容車通三川，窺周室，死不恨矣。」 其秋，使甘茂、庶長封伐宜陽。 四年，拔宜陽，斬首六萬。 涉河，城武遂。 魏太子來朝。 武王有力好戲，力士任鄙、烏獲、孟說皆至大官。 王與孟說舉鼎，絕臏。 八月，武王死。 族孟說。 武王取魏女為后，無子。 立異母弟，是為昭襄王。 昭襄母楚人，姓羋氏，號宣太后。 武王死時，昭襄王為質於燕，燕人送歸，得立。
In King Wu’s first year, he met King Hui of Wei at Linjin. They executed Shu's chancellor Zhuang. Zhang Yi and Wei Zhang all went east to Wei. They attacked Yiqu, Dan, and Li. In the second year, Qin first created the office of chancellor. Chuli Ji and Gan Mao became chancellors of the left and right. Zhang Yi died in Wei. In the third year, he met King Xiang of Han outside Linjin. Nangong Jie died, and Chuli Ji became chancellor in Han. King Wu said to Gan Mao, “I want to open a chariot road through Sanchuan and look upon the Zhou royal house. If I die after that, I will have no regret.” That autumn, the king ordered Gan Mao and Shuzhang Feng to attack Yiyang. In the fourth year, they captured Yiyang and took sixty thousand heads. They crossed the river and walled Wu Sui. The Wei crown prince came for audience. King Wu was physically powerful and delighted in contests of strength; strongmen such as Ren Bi, Wu Huo, and Meng Yue all rose to high office. The king tried to lift a cauldron with Meng Yue and broke his shin. In the eighth month, King Wu died. They clan-executed Meng Yue. King Wu took a woman from Wei as queen, but had no sons. His younger half-brother was installed and became King Zhaoxiang. Zhao Xiang's mother was a Chu person, of the Mi clan, and titled Xuan Empress Dowager. When King Wu died, King Zhaoxiang was serving as a hostage in Yan. The people of Yan sent him back, allowing him to take the throne.
65
昭襄王元年，嚴君疾為相。 甘茂出之魏。 二年，彗星見。 庶長壯與大臣、諸侯、公子為逆，皆誅，及惠文后皆不得良死。 悼武王后出歸魏。 三年，王冠。 與楚王會黃棘，與楚上庸。 四年，取蒲阪。 彗星見。 五年，魏王來朝應亭，復與魏蒲阪。 六年，蜀侯煇反，司馬錯定蜀。 庶長奐伐楚，斬首二萬。 涇陽君質於齊。 日食，晝晦。 七年，拔新城。 摢裏子卒。 八年，使將軍羋戎攻楚，取新市。 齊使章子，魏使公孫喜，韓使暴鳶共攻楚方城，取唐眛。 趙破中山，其君亡，竟死齊。 魏公子勁、韓公子長為諸侯。 九年，孟嘗君薛文來相秦。 奐攻楚，取八城，殺其將景快。 十年，楚懷王入朝秦，秦留之。 薛文以金受免。 樓緩為丞相。 十一年，齊、韓、魏、趙、宋、中山五國共攻秦，至鹽氏而還。 秦與韓、魏河北及封陵以和。 彗星見。 楚懷王走之趙，趙不受，還之秦，即死，歸葬。 十二年，樓緩免，穰侯魏冉為相。 予楚粟五萬石。
In King Zhaoxiang’s first year, Lord Yan Ji was made chancellor. Gan Mao went to Wei. In the second year, a comet appeared. Shuzhang Zhuang rebelled together with ministers, feudal lords, and princes. They were all executed, and even Empress Huiwen came to a bad end. King Daowu’s queen left Qin and returned to Wei. In the third year, the king underwent the capping ceremony. He met the King of Chu at Huangji and gave Shangyong to Chu. In the fourth year, they took Puban. A comet appeared. In the fifth year, the King of Wei came to court at Yingting, and Qin again gave Puban back to Wei. In the sixth year, Marquis Hui of Shu rebelled, and Sima Cuo brought Shu back under control. Shuzhang Huan attacked Chu and took twenty thousand heads. Lord Jingyang was a hostage in Qi. There was a solar eclipse, and daytime was dark. In the seventh year, they captured Xincheng. Chuli Ji died. In the eighth year, the king sent General Mi Rong to attack Chu and capture Xinshi. Qi sent Zhang Zi, Wei sent Gongsun Xi, and Han sent Bao Yuan; together they attacked Chu’s Fangcheng and captured Tangmian. Zhao broke Zhongshan. Its lord fled and finally died in Qi. Wei nobleman Jing and Han nobleman Chang became feudal lords. In the ninth year, Lord Mengchang, Tian Wen, came to Qin to serve as chancellor. Huan attacked Chu, took eight cities, and killed their general Jing Kuai. In the tenth year, King Huai of Chu came to Qin for audience, and Qin detained him. Tian Wen received gold and was dismissed. Lou Huan became chancellor. In the eleventh year, Qi, Han, Wei, Zhao, Song, and Zhongshan, five states in all, attacked Qin together. They reached Yanshi and then returned. Qin concluded peace with Han and Wei at Hebei and Fengling. A comet appeared. King Huai of Chu fled to Zhao, but Zhao refused to receive him. He returned to Qin, soon died, and was sent home for burial. In the twelfth year, Lou Huan was dismissed, and Marquis Rang, Wei Ran, became chancellor. They gave Chu fifty thousand shi of millet.
66
十三年，向壽伐韓，取武始。 左更白起攻新城。 五大夫禮出亡奔魏。 任鄙為漢中守。 十四年，左更白起攻韓、魏於伊闕，斬首二十四萬，虜公孫喜，拔五城。 十五年，大良造白起攻魏，取垣，復予之。 攻楚，取宛。 十六年，左更錯取軹及鄧。 冉免，封公子市宛，公子悝鄧，魏冉陶，為諸侯。 十七年，城陽君入朝，及東周君來朝。 秦以垣為蒲阪、皮氏。 王之宜陽。 十八年，錯攻垣、河雍，決橋取之。 十九年，王為西帝，齊為東帝，皆復去之。 呂禮來自歸。 齊破宋，宋王在魏，死溫。 任鄙卒。 二十年，王之漢中，又之上郡、北河。 二十一年，錯攻魏河內。 魏獻安邑，秦出其人，募徙河東賜爵，赦罪人遷之。 涇陽君封宛。 二十二年，蒙武伐齊。 河東為九縣。 與楚王會宛。 與趙王會中陽。 二十三年，尉斯離與三晉、燕伐齊，破之濟西。 王與魏王會宜陽，與韓王會新城。 二十四年，與楚王會鄢，又會穰。 秦取魏安城，至大梁，燕、趙救之，秦軍去。 魏冉免相。 二十五年，拔趙二城。 與韓王會新城，與魏王會新明邑。 二十六年，赦罪人遷之穰。 侯冉復相。 二十七年，錯攻楚。 赦罪人遷之南陽。 白起攻趙，取代光狼城。 又使司馬錯發隴西，因蜀攻楚黔中，拔之。 二十八年，大良造白起攻楚，取鄢、鄧，赦罪人遷之。 二十九年，大良造白起攻楚，取郢為南郡，楚王走。 周君來。 王與楚王會襄陵。 白起為武安君。 三十年，蜀守若伐楚，取巫郡，及江南為黔中郡。 三十一年，白起伐魏，取兩城。 楚人反我江南。 三十二年，相穰侯攻魏，至大梁，破暴鳶，斬首四萬，鳶走，魏入三縣請和。 三十三年，客卿胡 （傷） ［陽］攻魏卷、蔡陽、長社，取之。 擊芒卯華陽，破之，斬首十五萬。 魏入南陽以和。 三十四年，秦與魏、韓上庸地為一郡，南陽免臣遷居之。 三十五年，佐韓、魏、楚伐燕。 初置南陽郡。 三十六年，客卿灶攻齊，取剛、壽，予穰侯。 三十八年，中更胡 （傷） ［陽］攻趙閼與，不能取。 四十年，悼太子死魏，歸葬芷陽。 四十一年夏，攻魏，取邢丘、懷。 四十二年，安國君為太子。 十月，宣太后薨，葬芷陽酈山。 九月，穰侯出之陶。 四十三年，武安君白起攻韓，拔九城，斬首五萬。 四十四年，攻韓南 （郡） ［陽］，取之。 四十五年，五大夫賁攻韓，取十城。 葉陽君悝出之國，未至而死。 四十七年，秦攻韓上黨，上黨降趙，秦因攻趙，趙發兵擊秦，相距。 秦使武安君白起擊，大破趙於長平，四十餘萬盡殺之。 四十八年十月，韓獻垣雍。 秦軍分為三軍。 武安君歸。 王龁將伐趙 （武安） 皮牢，拔之。 司馬梗北定太原，盡有韓上黨。 正月，兵罷，復守上黨。 其十月，五大夫陵攻趙邯鄲。 四十九年正月，益發卒佐陵。 陵戰不善，免，王龁代將。 其十月，將軍張唐攻魏，為蔡尉捐弗守，還斬之。 五十年十月，武安君白起有罪，為士伍，遷陰密。 張唐攻鄭，拔之。 十二月，益發卒軍汾城旁。 武安君白起有罪，死。 龁攻邯鄲，不拔，去，還奔汾軍。 二月餘攻晉軍，斬首六千，晉楚流死河二萬人。 攻汾城，即從唐拔寧新中，寧新中更名安陽。 初作河橋。
In the thirteenth year, Xiang Shou attacked Han and took Wu Shi. Left Geng Bai Qi attacked Xincheng. Fifth-rank Grandee Li fled to Wei. Ren Bi became governor of Hanzhong. In the fourteenth year, Left Geng Bai Qi attacked Han and Wei at Yique, took two hundred forty thousand heads, captured Gongsun Xi, and seized five cities. In the fifteenth year, Grand Liangzao Bai Qi attacked Wei, took Yuan, and then gave it back. They attacked Chu and took Wan. In the sixteenth year, Left Geng Cuo captured Zhi and Deng. Ran was dismissed. They enfeoffed nobleman Shi at Wan, nobleman Kui at Deng, and Wei Ran at Tao, making them feudal lords. In the seventeenth year, Lord Chengyang came to court, as did the Lord of Eastern Zhou. Qin made Yuan into Puban and Pishi. The king went to Yiyang. In the eighteenth year, Cuo attacked Yuan and Heyong, destroyed the bridge, and captured the city. In the nineteenth year, the king assumed the title Western Emperor and Qi assumed Eastern Emperor, though both soon abandoned the titles. Lu Li came and surrendered himself. Qi defeated Song. The King of Song fled to Wei and died at Wen. Ren Bi died. In the twentieth year, the king went to Hanzhong, then continued to Shang Commandery and Beihe. In the twenty-first year, Cuo attacked Wei’s Henei. Wei offered Anyi. Qin removed its inhabitants, recruited migrants to Hedong and granted them ranks, then pardoned criminals and resettled them there. Lord Jingyang was enfeoffed at Wan. In the twenty-second year, Meng Wu attacked Qi. Hedong became nine counties. He met the King of Chu at Wan. He met the King of Zhao at Zhongyang. In the twenty-third year, Wei Sili joined the Three Jin and Yan in attacking Qi, defeating it west of the Ji River. The king met the King of Wei at Yiyang and the King of Han at Xincheng. In the twenty-fourth year, he met the King of Chu at Yan and again at Rang. Qin captured Wei’s Ancheng and advanced as far as Daliang. Yan and Zhao came to Wei’s aid, and the Qin army withdrew. Wei Ran was dismissed as chancellor. In the twenty-fifth year, Qin captured two Zhao cities. He met the King of Han at Xincheng and the King of Wei at Xinmingyi. In the twenty-sixth year, they pardoned criminals and moved them to the city of Rang. Hou Ran again became chancellor. In the twenty-seventh year, Cuo attacked Chu. They pardoned criminals and resettled them in Nanyang. Bai Qi attacked Zhao and captured Daiguanglang. Qin again had Sima Cuo set out from Longxi, pass through Shu to attack Chu’s Qianzhong, and seize it. In the twenty-eighth year, Grand Liangzao Bai Qi attacked Chu, captured Yan and Deng, and resettled pardoned criminals there. In the twenty-ninth year, Grand Liangzao Bai Qi attacked Chu, captured Ying, and turned it into Nan Commandery. The King of Chu fled. The Lord of Zhou came. The king met the King of Chu at Xiangling. Bai Qi became Lord Wu'an. In the thirtieth year, Ruo, the governor of Shu, attacked Chu, captured Wu Commandery, and organized the lands south of the Yangtze as Qianzhong Commandery. In the thirty-first year, Bai Qi attacked Wei and took two cities. The Chu people rebelled in our Jiangnan. In the thirty-second year, Chancellor Lord Rang attacked Wei and reached Daliang. He defeated Bao Yuan and took forty thousand heads; Yuan fled, and Wei ceded three counties and asked for peace. In the thirty-third year, the guest minister Hu (shang) Yang attacked Juan, Caiyang, and Changshe in Wei and captured them. He attacked Mang Mao at Huayang, defeated him, and took one hundred fifty thousand heads. Wei ceded Nanyang to make peace. In the thirty-fourth year, Qin merged the Shangyong lands of Wei and Han into a single commandery, then moved pardoned convicts from Nanyang there to live. In the thirty-fifth year, he assisted Han, Wei, and Chu in attacking Yan. Nanyang Commandery was first established. In the thirty-sixth year, Guest Minister Zao attacked Qi, took Gang and Shou, and gave them to Rang Hou. In the thirty-eighth year, Zhonggeng Hu (shang) Yang attacked Yuyu in Zhao but could not take it. In the fortieth year, Crown Prince Dao died in Wei, and his body was returned for burial at Zhiyang. In the summer of the forty-first year, Qin attacked Wei and captured Xingqiu and Huai. In the forty-second year, Lord Anguo was made crown prince. In the tenth month, Empress Dowager Xuan died and received burial at Mount Li in Zhiyang. In the ninth month, Marquis Rang departed for Tao. In the forty-third year, Lord Wu’an Bai Qi attacked Han, captured nine cities, and took fifty thousand heads. In the forty-fourth year, Qin attacked Han's Nanyang (jun) Qin captured it. In the forty-fifth year, Fifth-rank Grandee Ben attacked Han and captured ten cities. Lord Yeyang Kui set out for his fief but died before he arrived. In the forty-seventh year, Qin attacked Han’s Shangdang. Shangdang surrendered to Zhao, so Qin attacked Zhao; Zhao sent troops against Qin, and the two armies faced each other. Qin sent Lord Wu’an Bai Qi to attack. He routed Zhao at Changping and killed more than four hundred thousand men. In the tenth month of the forty-eighth year, Han presented Yuanyong to Qin. The Qin army was divided into three armies. Lord Wu'an returned. Wang He led an attack on Zhao at Wu’an. He captured Pilao as well. Sima Geng pacified Taiyuan in the north and fully occupied Han’s Shangdang. In the first month, the troops were dismissed, and Qin again garrisoned Shangdang. In the tenth month of that year, Fifth-rank Grandee Ling launched an attack on Zhao’s Handan. In the forty-ninth year, first month, they increased and dispatched troops to assist Ling. Ling fought poorly and was dismissed; Wang He replaced him in command. In the tenth month of that year, General Zhang Tang attacked Wei. When Caiwei Juan failed to hold his post, Zhang Tang returned and beheaded him. In the tenth month of the fiftieth year, Lord Wu’an Bai Qi was convicted, reduced to common soldier status, and moved to Yinmi. Zhang Tang attacked Zheng and captured it. In the twelfth month, Qin sent additional troops to camp beside Fencheng. Lord Wu’an Bai Qi was convicted and died. Wang He attacked Handan but could not take it. He withdrew and returned to the army at Fen. For more than two months they attacked the Jin army, taking six thousand heads; twenty thousand men of Jin and Chu drowned in the river. They attacked Fencheng, then followed Tang in taking Ningxinzhong, which was renamed Anyang. They were the first to build a bridge over the river.
67
五十一年，將軍摎攻韓，取陽城、負黍，斬首四萬。 攻趙，取二十餘縣，首虜九萬。 西周君背秦，與諸侯約從，將天下銳兵出伊闕攻秦，令秦毋得通陽城。 於是秦使將軍摎攻西周。 西周君走來自歸，頓首受罪，盡獻其邑三十六城，口三萬。 秦王受獻，歸其君於周。 五十二年，周民東亡，其器九鼎入秦。 周初亡。
In the fifty-first year, General Jiu attacked Han, captured Yangcheng and Fushu, and took forty thousand heads. They attacked Zhao, captured more than twenty counties, and counted ninety thousand heads and prisoners. The Lord of Western Zhou turned against Qin and made a vertical alliance with the feudal lords. He led the elite troops of all under heaven out through Yique to attack Qin and block its access to Yangcheng. Qin then sent General Jiu to attack Western Zhou. The Lord of Western Zhou fled and came to surrender himself. He kowtowed, accepted his guilt, and offered up all thirty-six of his cities and thirty thousand people. The King of Qin accepted the offering and sent the lord back to Zhou. In the fifty-second year, the people of Zhou fled east, and the nine tripods entered Qin. This was the first extinction of Zhou.
68
五十三年，天下來賓。 魏後，秦使摎伐魏，取吳城。 韓王入朝，魏委國聽令。 五十四年，王郊見上帝於雍。 五十六年秋，昭襄王卒，子孝文王立。 尊唐八子為唐太后，而合其葬於先王。 韓王衰绖入弔祠，諸侯皆使其將相來弔祠，視喪事。
In the fifty-third year, all under Heaven came as guests at Qin. After Wei delayed, Qin sent Jiu to attack Wei and capture Wucheng. The King of Han came to court, and Wei entrusted its state to Qin and followed Qin’s commands. In the fifty-fourth year, the king performed the suburban sacrifice to the Supreme Deity at Yong. In the autumn of the fifty-sixth year, King Zhaoxiang died, and his son King Xiaowen took the throne. They honored Lady Tang, an Eight-rank Consort, as Empress Dowager Tang and buried her together with the former king. The King of Han came in mourning dress to offer condolences and sacrifices. The feudal lords all sent generals and chancellors to do the same and to observe the funeral arrangements.
69
孝文王元年，赦罪人，修先王功臣，褒厚親戚，弛苑囿。 孝文王除喪，十月己亥即位，三日辛醜卒，子莊襄王立。
In King Xiaowen’s first year, he pardoned criminals, honored the former kings’ meritorious ministers, richly rewarded his relatives, and loosened restrictions on parks and preserves. After King Xiaowen completed mourning, he ascended the throne on the jihai day of the tenth month. Three days later, on the xinchou day, he died, and his son King Zhuangxiang took the throne.
70
莊襄王元年，大赦罪人，修先王功臣，施德厚骨肉而布惠於民。 東周君與諸侯謀秦，秦使相國呂不韋誅之，盡入其國。 秦不絕其祀，以陽人地賜周君，奉其祭祀。 使蒙驁伐韓，韓獻成皋、鞏。 秦界至大梁，初置三川郡。 二年，使蒙驁攻趙，定太原。 三年，蒙驁攻魏高都、汲，拔之。 攻趙榆次、新城、狼孟，取三十七城。 四月日食。 （四年） 王龁攻上黨。 初置太原郡。 魏將無忌率五國兵擊秦，秦卻於河外。 蒙驁敗，解而去。 五月丙午，莊襄王卒，子政立，是為秦始皇帝。
In King Zhuangxiang’s first year, he granted a general amnesty to criminals, honored the former kings’ meritorious ministers, showed generous favor to his close kin, and extended grace to the people. The Lord of Eastern Zhou plotted against Qin with the feudal lords. Qin sent Chancellor Lü Buwei to execute him and absorbed all his territory. Qin did not sever his sacrifices; it granted the Lord of Zhou land at Yangren to maintain his rites. He ordered Meng Ao to attack Han. Han offered Chenggao and Gong. Qin’s border reached Daliang, and Sanchuan Commandery was established for the first time. In the second year, he sent Meng Ao to attack Zhao and bring Taiyuan under control. In the third year, Meng Ao attacked Wei’s Gaodu and Ji and captured them. They attacked Zhao’s Yuci, Xincheng, and Langmeng, capturing thirty-seven cities. In the fourth month there was a solar eclipse. (Fourth year of the reign.) Wang He attacked Shangdang. Taiyuan Commandery was first established. The Wei general Wuji led troops from five states in an attack on Qin, forcing Qin back beyond the Yellow River. Meng Ao was defeated, raised the siege, and withdrew. In the fifth month, on the bingwu day, King Zhuangxiang died. His son Zheng took the throne; this was the First Emperor of Qin.
71
秦王政立二十六年，初并天下為三十六郡，號為始皇帝。 始皇帝五十一年而崩，子胡亥立，是為二世皇帝。 三年，諸侯并起叛秦，趙高殺二世，立子嬰。 子嬰立月餘，諸侯誅之，遂滅秦。 其語在始皇本紀中。
King Zheng of Qin had reigned for twenty-six years when he first unified all under heaven into thirty-six commanderies and took the title First Emperor. The First Emperor died at the age of fifty-one. His son Huhai took the throne as the Second Emperor. In the third year, the feudal lords rose together in rebellion against Qin. Zhao Gao killed the Second Emperor and installed Ziying. Ziying had held power for a little over a month when the feudal lords executed him and brought Qin to an end. This account appears in the Basic Annals of the First Emperor.
72
太史公曰：秦之先為嬴姓。 其後分封，以國為姓，有徐氏、郯氏、莒氏、終黎氏、運奄氏、菟裘氏、將梁氏、黃氏、江氏、修魚氏、白冥氏、蜚廉氏、秦氏。 然秦以其先造父封趙城，為趙氏。
The Grand Historian says: Qin’s ancestors bore the surname Ying. Later, when their descendants were divided and enfeoffed, they took state names as surnames: Xu, Tan, Ju, Zhongli, Yunyan, Tuqiu, Jiangliang, Huang, Jiang, Xiuyu, Baiming, Feilian, and Qin. However, because Qin’s ancestor Zaofu had been enfeoffed at Zhaocheng, they became the Zhao clan.