Volume 85 Treatises 38: Geography 1

1

京城京畿路京東路京西路

Capital City; Jingji Circuit; Jingdong Circuit; Jingxi Circuit.

2

唐室既衰，五季迭興，五十餘年，更易八姓，宇縣分裂，莫之能一。宋太祖受周禪，初有州百一十一，縣六百三十八，戶九十六萬七千三百五十三。建隆四年，取荊南，得州、府三江陵府，歸、峽。

After the Tang dynasty fell into decline, the Five Dynasties arose one after another; in a little more than fifty years eight ruling houses succeeded one another, and the realm fractured so that none could reunite it. When Emperor Taizu of Song received the throne by abdication from the Later Zhou, the realm initially comprised 111 prefectures, 638 counties, and 967,353 registered households. In the fourth year of Jianlong (963), he conquered Jingnan, gaining three prefectures plus Jiangling Superior Prefecture, Gui, and Xia.

3

，縣一十七，戶一十四萬二千三百。平湖南，得州一十五、監一潭、衡、邵、郴、道、永、全、嶽、澧、朗、蔣、辰、錦、溪、敘，桂陽監

This added seventeen counties and 142,300 households. After pacifying southern Hunan, he gained fifteen prefectures and one supervisory commission—Tan, Heng, Shao, Chen, Dao, Yong, Quan, Yue, Li, Lang, Jiang, Chen, Jin, Xi, and Xu—as well as the Guiyang Supervisory Commission.

4

，縣六十六，戶九萬七千三百八十八。乾德三年，平蜀，得州、府四十六益、彭、眉、嘉、邛、蜀、綿、漢、資、簡、梓、黎、雅、陵、戎、瀘、維、茂、昌、榮、果、閬、渠、合、龍、普、利、興、文、巴、劍、蓬、壁、夔、忠、萬、集、開、渝、涪、黔、施、達、洋，興元府

This added sixty-six counties and 97,388 households. In the third year of Qiande (965), he pacified Shu, gaining forty-six prefectures plus Xingyuan Superior Prefecture—among them Yi, Peng, Mei, Jia, Qiong, Shu, Mian, Han, Zi, Jian, Zi, Li, Ya, Ling, Rong, Lu, Wei, Mao, Chang, Rong, Guo, Lang, Qu, He, Long, Pu, Li, Xing, Wen, Ba, Jian, Peng, Bi, Kui, Zhong, Wan, Ji, Kai, Yu, Fu, Qian, Shi, Da, and Yang.

5

，縣一百九十八，戶五十三萬四千三十九。開寶四年，平廣南，得州六十廣、韶、潮、循、封、端、英、連、雄、龔、惠、康、恩、春、瀧、勤、新、高、潘、雷、羅、辨、桂、賀、昭、梧、蒙、恭、象、富、融、宜、柳、嚴、思唐、邕、澄、貴、蠻、橫、賓、欽、潯、容、牢、白、廉、黨、繡、郁林、藤、竇、義、禺、順、瓊、崖、儋、萬安、振

This added 198 counties and 534,039 households. In the fourth year of Kaibao (971), he pacified Guangnan, gaining sixty prefectures including Guang, Shao, Chao, Xun, Feng, Duan, Ying, Lian, Xiong, Gong, Hui, Kang, En, Chun, Long, Qin, Xin, Gao, Pan, Lei, Luo, Bian, Gui, He, Zhao, Wu, Meng, Gong, Xiang, Fu, Rong, Yi, Liu, Yan, Sitang, Yong, Cheng, Gui, Man, Heng, Bin, Qin, Xun, Rong, Lao, Bai, Lian, Dang, Xiu, Yulin, Teng, Dou, Yi, Yu, Shun, Qiong, Ya, Dan, Wan'an, and Zhen.

6

，縣二百一十四，戶一十七萬二百六十三。八年，平江南，得州一十九，軍三升、宣、歙、池、洪、潤、常、鄂、筠、饒、信、虔、吉、袁、撫、江、汀、建、劍、江陰、雄遠、建昌軍

This added 214 counties and 170,263 households. In the eighth year (975), he pacified Jiangnan, gaining nineteen prefectures and three armies—Sheng, Xuan, She, Chi, Hong, Run, Chang, E, Jun, Rao, Xin, Qian, Ji, Yuan, Fu, Jiang, Ting, Jian, and Jian—along with the Jiangyin, Xiongyuan, and Jianchang armies.

7

，縣一百八，戶六十五萬五千六十五。計其末年，凡有州二百九十七，縣一千八十六，戶三百九萬五百四。太宗太平興國三年，陳洪進獻地，得州二，漳、泉。縣十四，戶十五萬一千九百七十八。錢俶

This added 108 counties and 655,065 households. By the end of his reign, the realm altogether comprised 297 prefectures, 1,186 counties, and 3,090,504 households. In the third year of Taiping Xingguo (978), Chen Hongjin surrendered his domain, adding the two prefectures of Zhang and Quan. This added fourteen counties and 151,978 households. Qian Chu

8

入朝，得州十三、軍一杭、蘇、越、湖、衢、婺、台、明、溫、秀、睦、福、處，衣錦。

When he came to court, the realm gained thirteen prefectures and one army—Hang, Su, Yue, Hu, Qu, Wu, Tai, Ming, Wen, Xiu, Mu, Fu, and Chu—along with the Yijin Army.

9

，縣八十六，戶五十五萬六百八十。四年，平太原，得州十、軍一併、汾、嵐、憲、忻、代、遼、沁、隆、石，寶興。

This added eighty-six counties and 550,680 households. In the fourth year (979), Taiyuan was pacified, adding ten prefectures—Bing, Fen, Lan, Xian, Xin, Dai, Liao, Qin, Long, and Shi—along with the Baoxing Army.

10

，縣四十，戶三萬五千二百二十。七年，李繼捧來朝，得州四夏、銀、綏、宥。雍熙元年，復以四州授繼捧，自後不復領于職方

This added forty counties and 35,220 households. In the seventh year (982), Li Jipeng came to court, and the realm gained the four northwestern prefectures of Xia, Yin, Sui, and You. In the first year of Yongxi (984), the four prefectures were restored to Jipeng; thereafter they were no longer listed under the Directorate of Administrative Maps

11

，縣八。雍熙中，天下上閏年圖，州、府、軍、監幾於四百

—eight counties in all. During the Yongxi era, the empire submitted its intercalary-year territorial map; prefectures, superior prefectures, armies, and supervisory commissions together numbered nearly four hundred

12

。至是，天下既一，疆理幾復漢、唐之舊，其未入職方氏者，唯燕、雲十六州而已。

By then the realm was united, and its boundaries nearly matched those of Han and Tang; only the sixteen Yan–Yun prefectures still lay outside the Directorate's registers.

13

至道三年，分天下為十五路，天聖析為十八，元豐又析為二十三：曰京東東、西，曰京西南、北，曰河北東、西，曰永興，曰秦鳳，曰河東，曰淮南東、西，曰兩浙，曰江南東、西，曰荊湖南、北，曰成都，曰梓、利、夔、曰福建，曰廣南東、西。東南際海，西盡巴僰，北極三關，東西六千四百八十五里，南北萬一千六百二十里。崇寧四年，復置京畿路。大觀元年，別置黔南路。三年，並黔南入廣西，以廣西黔南為名。四年，仍舊為廣南西路。當是時，天下有戶二千八十八萬二千二百五十八，口四千六百七十三萬四千七百八十四天下主客戶：自至道末四百一十三萬一千五百七十六，天禧五年，主戶六百三萬九千三百三十一，客戶不預焉。至嘉祐八年，主戶一千二百四十六萬二千五百三十一，口二千六百四十二萬一千六百五十一。至治平三年，天下主客戶一千四百一十八萬一千四百八十六，口二千五十萬六千九百八十。熙寧十年，戶一千四百二十四萬五千二百七十，口三千八十萬七千二百十一。元祐元年，戶一千七百九十五萬七千九十二，口四千七萬二千六百六。紹聖元年，戶一千九百一十二萬九百二十一，口四千二百五十六萬六千二百四十三。元符三年，戶一千九百九十六萬八百一十二，口四千四百九十一萬四千九百九十一。崇甯元年，戶二千二十六萬四千三百七，口四千五百三十二萬四千一百五十四。各府、州下戶口與總數少異，姑兩存之

In the third year of Zhidao (997) the realm was divided into fifteen circuits; under Tiansheng this became eighteen, and under Yuanfeng twenty-three: Jingdong East and West; Jingxi Southwest and North; Hebei East and West; Yongxing; Qinfeng; Hedong; Huainan East and West; Liangzhe; Jiangnan East and West; Jinghu South and North; Chengdu; Zi, Li, and Kui; Fujian; and Guangnan East and West. To the southeast it reached the sea; to the west it extended to Ba and Bo; to the north it reached the Three Passes; it measured 6,485 li from east to west and 11,620 li from north to south. In the fourth year of Chongning (1105), the Jingji Circuit was re-established. In the first year of Daguan (1107), the Qiannan Circuit was established as a separate administrative unit. In the third year (1109), Qiannan was merged into Guangxi and the combined circuit was styled Guangxi-Qiannan. In the fourth year (1110), it reverted to the former name of Guangnan West Circuit. At that time the realm registered 20,882,258 households and 46,734,784 persons. For principal and guest households empire-wide: at the end of Zhidao there were 4,131,576; in the fifth year of Tianxi (1021) there were 6,393,331 principal households, guest households not being counted. By the eighth year of Jiayou (1063), principal households numbered 12,462,531 and persons 26,421,651. By the third year of Zhiping (1066), principal and guest households empire-wide numbered 14,181,486 and persons 20,506,980. In the tenth year of Xining (1077), households numbered 14,245,270 and persons 30,807,211. In the first year of Yuanyou (1086), households numbered 17,957,092 and persons 40,072,606. In the first year of Shaosheng (1094), households numbered 19,120,921 and persons 42,566,243. In the third year of Yuanfu (1100), households numbered 19,960,812 and persons 44,914,991. In the first year of Chongning (1102), households numbered 20,264,307 and persons 45,324,154. The household figures listed under individual superior prefectures and prefectures differ slightly from the empire-wide totals; both figures are retained for now

14

，視西漢盛時蓋有加焉。隋、唐疆理雖廣，而戶口皆有所不及。迨宣和四年，又置燕山府及雲中府路，天下分路二十六，京府四，府三十，州二百五十四，監六十三，縣一千二百三十四，可謂極盛矣。

, exceeding even the peak population of Western Han. Although Sui and Tang ruled vast territories, their registered populations fell short of this. By the fourth year of Xuanhe (1122), Yanshan Superior Prefecture and the Yunzhong Superior Prefecture Circuit had been added; the realm comprised twenty-six circuits, four capital superior prefectures, thirty superior prefectures, 254 prefectures, 63 supervisory commissions, and 1,234 counties—the empire at its zenith.

15

大抵宋有天下三百餘年，繇建隆初訖治平末，一百四年，州郡沿革無大增損。熙寧始務辟土，而種諤先取綏州，韓絳繼取銀州，王韶取熙河，章惇取懿、洽，謝景溫取徽、誠，熊本取南平，郭逵取廣源，最後李憲取蘭州，沈括取葭蘆、米脂、浮圖、安疆等砦。雖嘗以河東邊界七百里地與遼人，當時王安石議，蓋曰：「吾將取之，甯姑與之也。」迨元祐更張，葭蘆等四砦給賜夏人，而分畫久不能定。紹聖遂罷分畫，督諸路各乘勢攻討進築。自三年秋八月訖元符二年冬，凡陝西、河東建州一安西

In all, the Song held the realm for more than three hundred years; from the beginning of Jianlong through the end of Zhiping—a span of 104 years—prefectural boundaries changed little. Under Xining the court turned to territorial expansion: Zhong E first seized Sui Prefecture; Han Jiang followed with Yin; Wang Shao took Xihe; Zhang Dun took Yi and Qia; Xie Jingwen took Hui and Cheng; Xiong Ben took Nanping; Guo Kui took Guangyuan; finally Li Xian took Lanzhou, and Shen Kuo seized the stockades of Jialu, Mizhi, Futuo, Anjiang, and others. Although seven hundred li of Hedong borderland were once ceded to the Liao, Wang Anshi argued at the time that it was better to yield ground temporarily: "We mean to take it back; we might as well let them hold it for now." Under Yuanyou the policy was reversed: the four stockades including Jialu were granted to the Western Xia, and the border demarcation remained unsettled for years. Under Shaosheng demarcation talks were abandoned, and each circuit was ordered to press attacks and advance fortified positions wherever opportunity allowed. From the eighth month of autumn in the third year of Shaosheng through the winter of the second year of Yuanfu (1099), in Shaanxi and Hedong the court established one prefecture—Anxi

16

，軍二晉寧、綏德

, two armies—Jinning and Suide

17

，關三龍平、會甯、金城

, three passes—Longping, Huining, and Jincheng

18

，城九安西，平夏、威戎、興平、定邊、威羌、金湯、白豹、會川

, nine walled cities—Anxi, Pingxia, Weirong, Xingping, Dingbian, Weiqiang, Jintang, Baibao, and Huichuan

19

，砦二十八平羌、平戎、殄羌、暖泉、米脂、克戎、安疆、橫山、綏遠、寧羌、靈平、高平、西平、新泉、蕩羌、通峽、天都、臨羌、定戎、龕穀、大和、通秦、寧河、彌川、寧遠、神泉、烏龍

, twenty-eight stockades—Pingqiang, Pingrong, Tianqiang, Nuanquan, Mizhi, Kerong, Anjiang, Hengshan, Suiyuan, Ningqiang, Lingping, Gaoping, Xiping, Xinquan, Dangqiang, Tongxia, Tiandu, Linqiang, Dingrong, Kangu, Dahe, Tongqin, Ninghe, Michuan, Ningyuan, Shenquan, and Wulong

20

，堡十開光、通塞、石門、通會、大和、通秦、寧河、彌川、寧川、三交，又取青唐鄯。

, ten forts—Kaiguang, Tongsai, Shimen, Tonghui, Dahe, Tongqin, Ninghe, Michuan, Ningchuan, and Sanjiao—and also seized Qingtang and Shan.

21

，邈川湟。

, Miaochuan, and Huang.

22

、寧塞廓。

, Ningsai, and Kuo.

23

、龍支宗哥

, Longzhi, and Zongge

24

等城。建中靖國悉還吐蕃故壤，稍紓民力。崇寧亟變前議，專以紹述為事，蔡京始任童貫、王厚，更取湟、鄯、廓三州二十餘壘。陶節夫、鐘傳、刑恕、胡宗回、曾孝序之徒，又相與鑿空駕虛，馳騖于元符封域之表。訖於重和，既立靖夏涇原

and other cities. During Jianzhong Jingguo the court returned the former Tibetan territories, bringing modest relief to the populace. Under Chongning the court quickly reversed prior policy, dedicating itself to reviving the late Shenzong's programs; Cai Jing placed Tong Guan and Wang Hou in command and recovered Huang, Shan, and Kuo along with more than twenty fortified posts. Tao Jiefu, Zhong Chuan, Xing Shu, Hu Zonghui, Zeng Xiaoxu, and others pressed reckless campaigns far beyond the borders established under Yuanfu. By Chonghe the court had established Jingxia in Jingyuan Circuit

25

、制戎鄜延

, Zhirong in Fuyan Circuit

26

、制羌西寧

, and Zhiqiang in Xining Circuit

27

三城，雖夏人浸衰，而民力亦弊。西事甫定，北釁旋起。蓋自崇寧以來，益、梓、夔、黔、廣西、荊湖南、北迭相視效，斥大土宇，靡有寧歲，凡所建州、軍、關、城、砦、堡，紛然莫可勝紀。厥後建燕山、雲中兩路，粗閱三歲，禍變旋作，中原板蕩，故府淪沒，職方所記，漫不可考。

three fortified cities; though the Western Xia gradually weakened, the populace was worn down as well. Hardly had the western campaigns subsided when trouble erupted in the north. From Chongning onward the Yi, Zi, Kui, Qian, Guangxi, and Jinghu South and North circuits emulated one another in territorial expansion, leaving scarcely a year of peace; the prefectures, armies, passes, cities, stockades, and forts they established were beyond counting. Later the Yanshan and Yunzhong circuits were established; within barely three years disaster struck, the Central Plains were thrown into chaos, former prefectures fell, and the Directorate's records became impossible to verify.

28

高宗蒼黃渡江，駐蹕吳會，中原、陝右盡入于金，東畫長淮，西割商、秦之半，以散關為界，其所存者，兩浙、兩淮、江東西、湖南北、西蜀、福建、廣東、廣西十五路而已，有戶一千二百六十六萬九千六百八十四此甯宗嘉定十一年數

Emperor Gaozong fled south across the Yangzi in haste and established his court at Wu and Kuai; the Central Plains and western Shaanxi fell entirely to the Jin; to the east the Long Huai became the border, to the west half of Shang and Qin were lost with San Pass as the frontier; only fifteen circuits remained—Liangzhe, Lianghuai, Jiangdong and Jiangxi, Hunan and Hubei, Western Shu, Fujian, Guangdong, and Guangxi—with 12,669,684 households, the figure for the eleventh year of Jiading under Emperor Ningzong (1218)

29

。建國江左又百五十年，迨德祐丙子，遂並歸於我皇元版圖，而天下始復合為一焉。

The dynasty ruled south of the Yangzi for another century and a half; by the bingzi year of Deyou (1276) all fell within the dominion of our Great Yuan, and the realm was united once more.

30

今據元豐所定，並京畿為二十四路，首之以京師，重帝都也。終之以燕、雲，以其既得而旋失，故附見於後。而凡四京之城闕宮室，及南渡行在之所，其可考者冠乎篇首，為《地理志》雲。

The present account follows the Yuanfeng demarcation: with Jingji included there are twenty-four circuits, opening with the capital to honor the imperial seat. It closes with Yan and Yun, territories briefly recovered and soon lost again, and therefore treated in an appendix. The city walls and palaces of the Four Capitals, together with the southern capital where the court resided after the crossing—whatever can be verified—is placed at the head of this chapter: thus begins the Treatise on Geography.

31

東京，汴之開封也。梁為東都，後唐罷，晉復為東京，宋因周之舊為都，建隆三年，廣皇城東北隅，命有司畫洛陽宮殿，按圖修之，皇居始壯麗矣。雍熙三年，欲廣宮城，詔殿前指揮使劉延翰等經度之，以居民多不欲徙，遂罷。宮城周回五里。

The Eastern Capital was Kaifeng on the Bian River. The Liang made it their eastern capital; the Later Tang abandoned it; the Later Jin restored it as the Eastern Capital; the Song retained Zhou's capital at Kaifeng. In the third year of Jianlong (962) the northeast corner of the Imperial City was enlarged; officials were ordered to draft plans from the Luoyang palaces and rebuild accordingly—the imperial residence first attained its full splendor. In the third year of Yongxi (986), planning to enlarge the palace city, the emperor ordered Palace Front Commander Liu Yanhan and others to survey the site; because many residents refused to relocate, the project was abandoned. The palace city measured five li in circumference.

32

，東曰左掖，西曰右掖。東西面門曰東華、西華舊名寬仁、神獸，開寶三年改今名。熙寧十年，又改東華門北曰謻門

; to the east was the Left Flank Gate, to the west the Right Flank Gate. The east and west face gates were Donghua and Xihua, formerly Kuanren and Shenshou; in the third year of Kaibao (970) they received their present names. In the tenth year of Xining (1077), the gate north of Donghua Gate was renamed Yimen Gate

33

，北一門曰拱宸舊名玄武，大中祥符五年改今名，熙寧十年，改門內西橫門曰臨華

; the northern gate was Gongchen, formerly Xuanwu, renamed in the fifth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1012); in the tenth year of Xining (1077) the western transverse gate within it was renamed Linhua

34

。乾元門內正南門曰大慶，東、西橫門曰左、右升龍。左右北門內各二門，曰左、右長慶熙寧間，改左、右長慶隔門曰左、右嘉肅

Inside Qianyuan Gate the main southern gate was Daqing; the east and west transverse gates were the Left and Right Ascending Dragon gates. Within each of the left and right northern gates were two inner gates, the Left and Right Changqing; during Xining the partition gates of Left and Right Changqing were renamed Left and Right Jiashu

35

，左、右銀台。東華門內一門曰左承天祥符乾德六年賜名，大中祥符元年正月，天書降其上，詔加「祥符」二字而增茸之

, and the Left and Right Yintai gates. Inside Donghua Gate stood one gate called Left Chengtian Xiangfu, granted its name in the sixth year of Qiande under the Xiangfu reign title; in the first month of the first year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1008) a celestial book descended upon it, and an edict added the characters "Xiangfu" and ordered the gate enlarged and restored

36

。西華門內一門曰右承天。左承天門內道北門曰宣祐舊名光天，大中祥符八年改大寧，明道元年改今名

Inside Xihua Gate stood one gate called Right Chengtian. North along the inner passage from Left Chengtian Gate stood Xuanyou Gate, formerly Guangtian, renamed Daning in the eighth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1015) and given its present name in the first year of Mingdao (1032)

37

正南門內正殿曰大慶，東、西門曰左、右太和宋初曰日華、月華，大中祥符八年改今名

Within the main southern gate the principal hall was Daqing; the east and west gates were the Left and Right Taihe gates, called Rihua and Yuehua in early Song until renamed in the eighth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1015)

38

。大慶殿舊名崇元，乾德四年重修，改曰乾元，太平興國九年改朝元，大中祥符八年改天安，明道三年改今名

Daqing Hall was formerly Chongyuan; rebuilt in the fourth year of Qiande (966) and renamed Qianyuan; renamed Chaoyuan in the ninth year of Taiping Xingguo (984), Tian'an in the eighth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1015), and given its present name in the third year of Mingdao (1032)

39

。北有紫宸殿舊名崇德，明道元年改

To the north stood Zichen Hall, formerly Chongde, renamed in the first year of Mingdao (1032)

40

，視朝之前殿也。西有垂拱殿舊名長春，明道元年改。

, the front hall where the emperor held court. To the west stood Chuigong Hall, formerly Changchun, renamed in the first year of Mingdao (1032).

41

常日視朝之所也。次西有皇儀殿開寶四年，賜名滋福，明道元年十月改。

This was where the emperor held court on ordinary days. Next to the west stood Huangyi Hall, granted the name Zifu in the fourth year of Kaibao (971) and renamed in the tenth month of the first year of Mingdao (1032).

42

，又次西有集英殿舊名廣政，開寶三年曰大明，淳化間曰含光，大中祥符八年名會慶，明道元年十月改今名。

, and still farther west stood Jiying Hall, formerly Guangzheng, called Daming in the third year of Kaibao (970), Hanguang during the Chunhua era (978–983), Huiqing in the eighth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1015), and given its present name in the tenth month of the first year of Mingdao (1032).

43

宴殿也。殿后有需雲殿舊名玉華，後改瓊華，熙甯初改今名。

It served as a banquet hall. Behind the hall stood Xuyun Hall, formerly Yuhua and later Qionghua, given its present name at the beginning of the Xining era (1068).

44

東有升平樓舊名紫雲，明道元年改。

To the east stood Shengping Tower, formerly Ziyun, renamed in the first year of Mingdao (1032).

45

宮中觀宴之所也。宮後有崇政殿舊名簡賢講武，太平興國二年改今名。熙寧間，改北橫門曰通極。

This was where banquets were viewed within the palace. Behind the palace stood Chongzheng Hall, formerly Jianxian Jiangwu, renamed in the second year of Taiping Xingguo (977). During the Xining era (1068–1077), the North Horizontal Gate was renamed Tongji.

46

閱事之所也。殿后有景福殿，殿西有殿北向，曰延和，便坐殿也大中祥符七年，建後苑東門，洎北向便殿成，賜名宣和門、承明殿，明道元年改端明，二年改今名。

This was where affairs were reviewed. Behind the hall stood Jingfu Hall; west of the hall was a north-facing hall called Yanhe, also used as an informal seating hall; in the seventh year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1014) the eastern gate of the rear garden was built, and when the north-facing informal hall was completed it was granted the names Xuanhe Gate and Chengming Hall; in the first year of Mingdao (1032) it was renamed Duanming, and in the second year given its present name.

47

凡殿有門者，皆隨殿名。

Whenever a hall had a gate, the gate took the hall's name.

48

宮中又有延慶、舊名萬歲，大中祥符七年改。

Within the palace were also Yanqing Hall, formerly Wansui, renamed in the seventh year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1014).

49

安福、觀文、舊名集聖，明道二年改肅儀，慶曆八年改今名。

Anfu and Guanwen halls—the latter formerly Jisheng, renamed Suyi in the second year of Mingdao (1033) and given its present name in the eighth year of Qingli (1048).

50

清景、慶雲、玉京等殿，壽寧堂舊名清淨，明道元年改。

There were also Qingjing, Qingyun, Yujing, and other halls; Shouning Hall was formerly Qingjing, renamed in the first year of Mingdao (1032).

51

延春閣。舊名萬春，寶元元年改。

Yanchun Pavilion. Formerly Wanchun, renamed in the first year of Baoyuan (1038).

52

福甯殿即延慶，明道元年改。

Funing Hall was the same as Yanqing, renamed in the first year of Mingdao (1032).

53

東西有門曰左、右昭慶。觀文殿西門曰延真，其東真君殿曰積慶，前建感真閣。又有龍圖閣，下有資政、崇和、宣德、述古殿。天章閣下有群玉、蕊珠二殿，後有寶文閣，即壽昌閣，慶曆元年改。

To the east and west were gates called the Left and Right Zhaoqing gates. The west gate of Guanwen Hall was Yanzhen; east of it stood Zhenjun Hall, called Jiqing, with Gazhen Pavilion built in front. There was also Longtu Pavilion, beneath which stood the Zizheng, Chonghe, Xuande, and Shugu halls. Beneath Tianzhang Pavilion were the Qunyu and Ruizhu halls; behind stood Baowen Pavilion, formerly Shouchang Pavilion, renamed in the first year of Qingli (1041).

54

閣東西有嘉德、延康二殿，前有景輝門。後苑東門曰甯陽，即宣和門，明道元年改。

East and west of the pavilion were the Jiade and Yankang halls, with Jinghui Gate in front. The eastern gate of the rear garden was Ningyang—that is, Xuanhe Gate—renamed in the first year of Mingdao (1032).

55

苑內有崇聖殿、太清樓，其西又有宜聖、化成、即玉宸殿，明道元年改。

Within the garden stood Chongsheng Hall and Taiqing Tower; farther west were also Yisheng and Huacheng halls—the latter being Yuchen Hall—renamed in the first year of Mingdao (1032).

56

金華、西涼、清心等殿，翔鸞、儀鳳二閣，華景、翠芳、瑤津三亭。延福宮有穆清殿，延慶殿北有柔儀殿，初有殿無名，章獻太后名曰崇徽，明道元年改寶慈，景祐二年改今名。

There were Jinhua, Xiliang, Qingxin, and other halls; the Xiangluan and Yifeng pavilions; and the Huajing, Cuifang, and Yaojin pavilions. Yanfu Palace contained Muhui Hall; north of Yanqing Hall stood Rouyi Hall, which at first had no name until Empress Dowager Zhangxian named it Chonghui; it was renamed Baoci in the first year of Mingdao (1032) and given its present name in the second year of Jingyou (1035).

57

崇徽殿北有欽明殿。舊名天和，明道元年改觀文，又改清居，治平三年改今名。

North of Chonghui Hall stood Qinming Hall. Formerly Tianhe, renamed Guanwen in the first year of Mingdao (1032), then Qingju, and given its present name in the third year of Zhiping (1066).

58

延福宮北有廣聖宮，天聖二年建，名長寧，

North of Yanfu Palace stood Guangsheng Palace, built in the second year of Tiansheng (1024) and named Changning,

59

景祐二年改。內有太清、玉清、沖和、集福、會祥五殿，建流杯殿于後苑。明道元年八月，修文德殿成。是夜，禁中火，延燔崇德、長春、滋福、會慶、延慶、崇徽、天和、承明八殿，命宰相呂夷簡為修茸大內使，樞密副使楊崇勳副之，發京東西、河北、淮南、江東西路工匠給役，內出乘輿物，左藏庫易緡錢二十萬助其費，以故改諸殿名。

renamed in the second year of Jingyou (1035). Inside were the Taiqing, Yuqing, Chonghe, Jifu, and Huixiang halls; Liubei Hall was built in the rear garden. In the eighth month of the first year of Mingdao (1032), Wenwude Hall was completed. That night a fire broke out in the forbidden quarter and spread to consume eight halls—Chongde, Changchun, Zifu, Huiqing, Yanqing, Chonghui, Tianhe, and Chengming. Chancellor Lü Yijian was appointed commissioner for repairing the inner palace, with Vice Military Affairs Commissioner Yang Chongxun as his deputy; artisans were summoned from the Jingdong, Jingxi, Hebei, Huainan, Jiangdong, and Jiangxi circuits; imperial carriages and furnishings were issued from within, and twenty thousand strings of cash from the Left Repository were provided toward the cost—hence the renaming of the various halls.

60

又有慈德殿，楊太后所居，景祐元年賜名。

There was also Cide Hall, residence of Empress Dowager Yang, granted its name in the first year of Jingyou (1034).

61

觀稼殿，在後苑，觀種稻，景祐二年創建。

Guanjia Hall stood in the rear garden for viewing rice cultivation; it was established in the second year of Jingyou (1035).

62

延義閣，在崇政殿西。

Yanyi Pavilion lay west of Chongzheng Hall.

63

邇英閣，在崇政殿西南，蓋侍臣講讀之所也，與延義同，景祐三年賜名。

Erying Pavilion, southwest of Chongzheng Hall, was where attending ministers lectured and read—the same function as Yanyi—and received its name in the third year of Jingyou (1036).

64

隆儒殿，邇英閣後小殿，皇祐三年始賜名。

Longru Hall was a small hall behind Erying Pavilion; its name was first granted in the third year of Huangyou (1051).

65

慈壽殿，皇太后所居，治平元年賜名。

Cishou Hall was the empress dowager's residence; its name was granted in the first year of Zhiping (1064).

66

慶壽宮，保慈宮，熙寧二年建。玉華殿，在後苑。

Qingshou Palace and Baoci Palace were built in the second year of Xining (1069). Yuhua Hall stood in the rear garden.

67

基春殿，熙寧七年建，在玉華殿后。

Jichun Hall was built in the seventh year of Xining (1074), behind Yuhua Hall.

68

睿思殿，八年建。

Ruisi Hall was built in the eighth year [of Xining, 1075].

69

承極殿，元豐三年建。

Chengji Hall was built in the third year of Yuanfeng (1080).

70

崇慶、隆祐二宮，元祐元年建。

Chongqing and Longyou palaces were built in the first year of Yuanyou (1086).

71

睿成宮，神宗所居東宮，紹聖二年賜名。

Ruicheng Palace was the Eastern Palace where Shenzong had resided; its name was granted in the second year of Shaosheng (1095).

72

宣和殿，在睿思殿后，紹聖二年四月殿成，其東側別有小殿曰凝芳，其西曰瓊芳，前曰重熙，後曰環碧。元符三年廢，崇甯初復作，大觀三年，徽宗制記刻石，實蔡京為之。

Xuanhe Hall stood behind Ruisi Hall; the hall was completed in the fourth month of the second year of Shaosheng (1095). On its east were separate small halls called Ningfang; on the west, Qiongfang; in front, Chongxi; behind, Huanbi. It was abolished in the third year of Yuanfu (1100), restored at the beginning of Chongning (1102), and in the third year of Daguan (1109) Huizong had an inscription carved in stone—though in fact Cai Jing composed it.

73

聖瑞宮，皇太妃所居，因以名宮。顯謨閣，元符元年建，藏神宗禦集，建中靖國元年，改曰熙明，尋復舊。

Shengrui Palace housed the imperial noble consort, and the palace was named for that purpose. Xianmo Pavilion was built in the first year of Yuanfu (1098) to house Shenzong's collected writings; in the first year of Jianzhong Jingguo (1101) it was renamed Ximing, but soon reverted to its former name.

74

玉虛殿，元符初建。

Yuxu Hall was built at the beginning of the Yuanfu era (1098).

75

玉華閣，大觀初建，在宣和殿后。

Yuhua Pavilion was built at the beginning of the Daguan era (1107), behind Xuanhe Hall.

76

親蠶宮，政和元年建。

Qincan Palace was built in the first year of Zhenghe (1111).

77

燕寧殿，在延福北，奉安仁宗慈聖光獻皇后御容。

Yanning Hall, north of Yanfu, enshrined the imperial portrait of Empress Cisheng Guangxian of Renzong.

78

延福宮，政和三年春，新作於大內北拱辰門外。舊宮在後苑之西南，今其地乃百司供應之所，凡內酒坊、裁造院、油醋柴炭鞍轡等庫，悉移它處，又遷兩僧寺、兩軍營，而作新宮焉。始南向，殿因宮名曰延福，次曰蕊珠，有亭曰碧琅玕。其東門曰晨暉，其西門曰麗澤。宮左復列二位。其殿則有穆清、成平、會寧、睿謨、凝和、昆玉，群玉，其東閣則有蕙馥

Yanfu Palace was newly built in the spring of the third year of Zhenghe (1113), outside the inner palace's north Gongchen Gate. The old palace had stood in the southwest of the rear garden; its site became quarters for the supply services of the hundred offices—the inner wine workshops, tailoring directorate, and storehouses for oil, vinegar, charcoal, saddles, bridles, and the like were all moved elsewhere, as were two Buddhist temples and two military camps, and the new palace was erected in their place. At first it faced south; the main hall took the palace name Yanfu; next came Ruizhu; and there was a pavilion called Bilanggan. Its east gate was Chenhui; its west gate was Lize. To the palace's left two sections were again laid out. Its halls were Muhui, Chengping, Huining, Ruimo, Ninghe, Kunyu, and Qunyu; its eastern pavilions included Huifu

79

、報瓊、蟠桃、春錦、疊瓊、芬芳、麗玉、寒香、拂雲、偃蓋、翠葆、鉛英、雲錦、蘭薰、摘金，其西閣有繁英、雪香、披芳、鉛華、瓊華、文綺、絳萼、穠華、綠綺、瑤碧、清陰、秋香、叢玉、扶玉、絳雲、會寧之北，疊石為山，山上有殿曰翠微，旁為二亭：曰雲巋，曰層巘。凝和之次閣曰明春，其高逾一百一十尺。閣之側為殿二：曰玉英，曰玉澗。其背附城，築土植杏，名杏岡，覆茅為亭，修竹萬竿，引流其下。宮之右為佐二閣，曰宴春，廣十有二丈，舞臺四列，山亭三峙。鑿圓池為海，跨海為二亭，架石樑以升山，亭曰飛華，橫度之四百尺有奇，縱數之二百六十有七尺。又疏泉為湖，湖中作堤以接亭，堤中作梁以通湖，梁之上又為茅亭、鶴莊、鹿砦、孔翠諸柵，蹄尾動數千，嘉花名木，類聚區別，幽勝宛若生成，西抵麗澤，不類塵境。初，蔡京命童貫、楊戩、賈詳、藍從熙、何䐶等分任宮役，五人者因各為制度，不務沿襲，故號「延福五位」。東西配大內，南北稍劣。其東直景龍門，西抵天波門，宮東西二橫門，皆視禁門法，所謂晨暉、麗澤者也，而晨暉門出入最多。其後又跨舊城修築，號「延福第六位」。跨城之外浚壕，深者水三尺，東景龍門橋，西天波門橋，二橋之下疊石為固，引舟相通，而橋上人物外自通行不覺也，名曰景龍江。其後又辟之，東過景龍門至封丘門。景龍江北有龍德宮。初，元符三年，以懿親宅潛邸為之，及作景龍江，江夾岸皆奇花珍木，殿宇比比對峙，中途曰壺春堂，絕岸至龍德宮。其地歲時次第展拓，後盡都城一隅焉，名曰擷芳園，山水美秀，林麓暢茂，樓觀參差，猶艮嶽、延福也。宮在舊城，因附見此。

, Baojiong, Pantao, Chunjin, Dieqiong, Fenfang, Liyu, Hanxiang, Fuyun, Yangai, Cuibao, Qianying, Yunjin, Lanxun, and Zhaijin; its western pavilions included Fanying, Xuexiang, Pifang, Qianhua, Qionghua, Wenqi, Jiang'e, Nonghua, Lüqi, Yaobi, Qingyin, Qiuxiang, Congyu, Fuyu, and Jiangyun. North of Huining, stones were piled into a mountain with a hall atop it called Cuwei and two flanking pavilions called Yunkui and Cengyan. The pavilion next to Ninghe was Mingchun, rising more than one hundred and ten chi. Beside the pavilion stood two halls called Yuying and Yujian. Its rear adjoined the city wall; earth was heaped and apricots planted to form the Apricot Mound, thatched pavilions were built, ten thousand bamboo poles set out, and a stream led beneath them. To the palace's right stood two auxiliary pavilions called Yanchun, twelve zhang wide, with four rows of dance platforms and three mountain pavilions rising above. A circular pool was carved out as a sea, with two pavilions spanning it; a stone bridge led up the mountain to Feihua Pavilion, more than four hundred chi across and two hundred sixty-seven chi long. Streams were also opened into a lake, with a dike within the lake reaching the pavilion and a bridge within the dike crossing the water; atop the bridge stood thatched pavilions, Crane Lodge, Deer Enclosure, and aviaries for peacocks and kingfishers—hoofed and tailed creatures numbering in the thousands; choice flowers and celebrated trees were gathered and sorted by kind; the secluded splendor seemed wrought by nature itself; westward to Lize Gate it was unlike the dusty world outside. At first Cai Jing assigned Tong Guan, Yang Kai, Jia Xiang, Lan Congxi, He Chong, and others to divide the palace work among them; the five men each devised his own design without following precedent, hence the name "Yanfu Five Positions." East and west it matched the inner palace in scale; north and south it was somewhat smaller. To the east it ran straight to Jinglong Gate; to the west it reached Tianbo Gate. The palace's east and west horizontal gates both followed the regulations for forbidden gates—the Chenhui and Lize gates—and Chenhui Gate saw the heaviest traffic. Later construction again spanned the old city wall, called the "Yanfu Sixth Position." Beyond the span a moat was dredged, three chi deep at its deepest; east stood Jinglong Gate Bridge and west Tianbo Gate Bridge, with stone piled solid beneath both so boats could pass through while people and goods above came and went unawares—the waterway was named Jinglong River. Later it was opened farther still, east past Jinglong Gate to Fengqiu Gate. North of Jinglong River stood Longde Palace. At first, in the third year of Yuanfu (1100), an imperial kinsman's hidden residence was converted into it; when Jinglong River was constructed, both banks were planted with rare flowers and precious trees, halls and towers rising face to face; midway stood Huchun Hall, spanning the far bank to Longde Palace. The grounds were expanded year by year until they eventually occupied an entire corner of the capital, named Jiefang Garden—its mountains and waters fair, its woods and slopes lush, its towers and halls rising in tiers, rivaling Genyue and Yanfu. The palace lay in the old city; it is therefore appended here.

80

保和殿，政和三年四月作，九月殿成，總為屋七十五間。

Baohe Hall was begun in the fourth month of the third year of Zhenghe (1113); the hall was completed in the ninth month, seventy-five bays in all.

81

玉清神霄宮，政和三年建，舊名玉清和陽，在福寧殿東，七年改今名。

Yuqing Shenxiao Palace was built in the third year of Zhenghe (1113), formerly Yuqing Heyang, east of Funing Hall; in the seventh year (1117) it received its present name.

82

上清寶陰宮，政和五年作，在景龍門東，對景暉門。既又作仁濟、輔正二亭于宮前，命道士施民符藥，徽宗時登皇城下視之。又開景龍門，城上作復道，通寶陰宮，以便齋醮之路，徽宗數從復道上往來。是年十二月，始張燈于景龍門上下，名曰「預賞」。其明年，乃有期門之事。

Shangqing Baoyin Palace was built in the fifth year of Zhenghe (1115), east of Jinglong Gate, facing Jinghui Gate. Then the Renji and Fuzheng pavilions were built before the palace, and Daoist priests were ordered to distribute talismans and medicine to the people while Huizong often mounted the imperial city walls to look down. Jinglong Gate was also opened, and an elevated passage was built atop the wall to Baoyin Palace to ease the route for fasting rites; Huizong often traveled back and forth along it. In the twelfth month of that year lanterns were first displayed above and below Jinglong Gate in what was called the "Preview Enjoyment." The following year brought the affair of the Qimen guards.

83

萬歲山艮嶽。政和七年，始於上清寶籙宮之東作萬歲山。山周十餘里，其最高一峰九十步，上有亭曰介，分東、西二嶺，直接南山。山之東有萼綠華堂，有書館、八仙館、紫石岩、棲真嶝、覽秀軒、龍吟堂。山之南則壽山兩峰並峙，有雁池、噰噰亭，北直絳霄樓。山之西有藥寮，有西莊，有巢雲亭，有白龍沜、濯龍峽，蟠秀、練光、跨雲亭，羅漢岩。又西有萬松嶺，半嶺有樓曰倚翠，上下設兩關，關下有平地，鑿大方沼，中作兩洲：東為蘆渚，亭曰浮陽。西為梅渚，亭曰雪浪。西流為鳳池，東出為雁池，中分二館，東曰流碧，西曰環山，有閣曰巢鳳，堂曰三秀，東池後有揮雪廳。復由嶝道上至介亭，亭左復有亭曰極目，曰蕭森，右復有亭曰麗雲、半山。北俯景龍江，引江之上流注山間。西行為漱瓊軒，又行石間為煉丹、凝觀、圜山亭，下視江際，見高陽酒肆及清澌閣。北岸有勝筠庵、躡雲台、蕭閑館、飛岑亭。支流別為山莊，為回溪。又于南山之外為小山，橫亙二里，曰芙蓉城，窮極巧妙。而景龍江外，則諸館舍尤精。其北又因瑤華宮火，取其地作大池，名曰曲江，池中有堂曰蓬壺，東盡封丘門而止。其西則自天波門橋引水直西，殆半裏，江乃折南，又折北。折南者過閶闔門，為復道，通茂德帝姬宅。折北者四五里，屬之龍德宮。宣和四年，徽宗自為《艮嶽記》，以為山在國之艮，故名艮嶽。蔡條謂初名鳳凰山，後神降，其詩有「艮嶽排空霄」，因改名艮嶽。宣和六年，詔以金芝產于艮岳之萬壽峰，又改名壽嶽。蔡絛謂南山成，又改名壽嶽。岳之正門名曰陽華，故亦號陽華宮。自政和訖靖康，積累十餘年，四方花竹奇石，悉聚於斯，樓臺亭館，雖略如前所記，而月增日益，殆不可以數計。宣和五年，朱勔於太湖取石，高廣數丈，載以大舟，挽以千夫，鑿河斷橋，毀堰拆閘，數月乃至，賜號「昭功敷慶神運石」，是年，初得燕地故也。勔緣此授節度使。大抵群閹興築不肯已。徽宗晚歲，患苑囿之眾，國力不能支，數有厭惡語，由是得稍止。及金人再至，圍城日久，欽宗命取山禽水鳥十余萬。盡投之汴河，聽其所之。拆屋為新，鑿石為炮，伐竹為笓籬。又取大鹿數百千頭殺之，以啖衛士雲。

Wansui Mountain and Genyue. In the seventh year of Zhenghe (1117), construction of Wansui Mountain began east of Shangqing Baolu Palace. The mountain's circuit exceeded ten li; its highest peak rose ninety steps, with a pavilion called Jie atop it; it divided into east and west ridges running straight to the south mountain. East of the mountain stood Elühua Hall, along with a library, Baxian Lodge, Zishi Rock, Qizhen Ridge, Lanxiu Pavilion, and Longyin Hall. South of the mountain the two peaks of Shoushan stood side by side, with Yan Pool and Yongyong Pavilion; northward they ran straight to Jiangxiao Tower. West of the mountain were a medicine lodge, Xizhuang, Chaoyun Pavilion, Bailong Marsh, Zhuolong Gorge, and the Panxiu, Lianguang, and Kuayun pavilions, as well as Luohan Rock. Farther west lay Wansong Ridge; halfway up stood Yicui Tower, with two passes above and below; below the passes was level ground where a large square marsh was carved, containing two islets—east was Luzhu, with Fuyang Pavilion. West was Meizhu, with Xuelang Pavilion. Flowing west was Feng Pool and east Yan Pool; within were two lodges—east, Liubi; west, Huanshan—with Chaofeng Pavilion, Sanxiu Hall, and behind the east pool Huixue Hall. Again by the ridge path one ascended to Jie Pavilion; to its left stood Jimu and Xiaosen pavilions; to its right, Liyun and Banshan pavilions. To the north one overlooked Jinglong River, whose upper course was channeled to flow among the mountains. Westward lay Shuqiong Pavilion; farther along the stones stood the Liandan, Ningguan, and Yuanshan pavilions; looking down to the river's edge one could see Gaoyang Wine Shop and Qingsi Pavilion. On the north bank stood Shengyun Hermitage, Nieyun Platform, Xiaoxian Lodge, and Feicen Pavilion. Branch streams separately formed a mountain estate and a winding stream. Again, beyond the south mountain a small hill was raised, spanning two li, called Furong City, ingenious to the utmost degree. Outside Jinglong River, the various lodges were especially refined. To the north, again after a fire at Yaohua Palace, that ground was taken to fashion a great pool named Qujiang; within the pool stood a hall called Penghu, running east as far as Fengqiu Gate. On the west, water was led from the Tianbo Gate bridge due west for nearly half a li; the stream then bent south, then bent north again. Where it bent south it passed Changhe Gate, where an elevated walkway was built linking to the residence of the Princess of Maode. Where it bent north it ran four or five li and was joined to Longde Palace. In the fourth year of Xuanhe, Huizong personally composed the "Record of Genyue," reasoning that the mountain occupied the gen (northeast) position of the realm and naming it Genyue. Cai Tiao stated that at first it was called Phoenix Mountain; later a spirit descended, and in its verse was the line "Genyue towers into the empty skies," whereupon the name Genyue was adopted. In the sixth year of Xuanhe, an edict declared that a golden fungus had sprung up on Wanshou Peak of Genyue, and the mount was renamed again as Shouyue. Cai Jie said that when the south mountain was finished, it was again renamed Shouyue. The mount's main gate was named Yanghua, and it was also called Yanghua Palace. From the Zhenghe era through Jingkang, over more than ten years of accumulation, flowers, bamboo, and curious stones from every direction were all assembled here; pavilions, towers, and lodges, though only broadly as noted before, increased month by month and day by day until they could hardly be numbered. In the fifth year of Xuanhe, Zhu Mian quarried stone from Taihu Lake several zhang high and wide; it was borne on a great vessel and towed by a thousand laborers, with canals cut, bridges severed, dams ruined, and locks torn down; only after many months did it arrive, receiving the title "Stone of Divine Transport Proclaiming Merit and Spreading Blessings"—that year being when the Yan lands were first won. For this Mian was made a military commissioner. For the most part the cluster of eunuchs would not stop launching building projects. In his later years Huizong fretted that the imperial parks had grown beyond what national strength could bear and repeatedly spoke of his weariness, so that construction was able to slacken somewhat. When the Jin returned and the siege wore on, Qinzong ordered more than a hundred thousand mountain birds and waterfowl seized. All were thrown into the Bian River and allowed to go wherever they might. Halls were dismantled for firewood, stone was hewn for cannon, and bamboo was cut for palisade fencing. Several hundred or a thousand great deer were also taken and slaughtered to feed the guards, it was said.

84

舊城周回二十里一百五十五步。東二門：北曰望春，宋初名和政。

The old city measured twenty li and one hundred fifty-five paces in circumference. East, two gates: the north was called Wangchun; in the early Song it had been named Hezheng.

85

南曰麗景。南面三門：中曰朱雀，東曰保康，大中祥符五年創建。

The south was called Lijing. On the south were three gates: the center was Zhuque; the east was Baokang, established in the fifth year of Dazhong Xiangfu.

86

西曰崇明。西二門：南曰宜秋，北曰閶闔。北三門：中曰景龍，東曰安遠，西曰天波。以上宋初仍梁、晉舊名，至太平興國四年改今名。

The west was called Chongming. West, two gates: the south was Yiqiu; the north was Changhe. North, three gates: the center was Jinglong; the east was Anyuan; the west was Tianbo. These in early Song still used the old names of Liang and Jin; in the fourth year of Taiping Xingguo they were given their present names.

87

新城周回五十里百六十五步。大中祥符九年增築，元豐元年重修，政和六年，詔有司度國之南展築京城，移置官司軍營。舊城週四十八里二百三十三步，周顯德三年築。

The new city measured fifty li and one hundred sixty-five paces in circumference. It was enlarged in the ninth year of Dazhong Xiangfu and renovated in the first year of Yuanfeng; in the sixth year of Zhenghe an edict directed the authorities to survey southward, extend the capital walls, and relocate government offices and army camps. The old city ran forty-eight li and two hundred thirty-three paces; it was built in the third year of Xiande of Zhou.

88

南三門：中曰南薰，東曰宣化，西曰安上。東二門：南曰朝陽，北曰含輝。太平興國四年改寅賓，後復。

South, three gates: the center was Nanxun; the east was Xuanhua; the west was Anshang. East, two gates: the south was Chaoyang; the north was Hanhui. In the fourth year of Taiping Xingguo it was renamed Yinbin, then later restored.

89

西二門：南曰順天，北曰金耀。北四門：中曰通天，天聖初改寧德，後復。

West, two gates: the south was Shuntian; the north was Jinyao. North, four gates: the center was Tongtian; at the beginning of Tiansheng it was renamed Ningde, then later restored.

90

東曰長景，次東曰永泰，西曰安肅。初號衛州門。以上皆因周舊名，至太平興國四年，改今名。

East was Changjing; next east was Yongtai; west was Ansuo. It was first called Weizhou Gate. All of the above followed Zhou-era names; in the fourth year of Taiping Xingguo they were changed to the present names.

91

汴河上水門，南曰大通，太平興國四年賜名，天聖初，改順濟，後復今名。

On the Bian River, the upper water gate to the south was Datong, a name granted in the fourth year of Taiping Xingguo; at the beginning of Tiansheng it was changed to Shunji, then later restored to the present name.

92

北曰宣澤。舊南北水門皆曰大通，熙寧十年改。

The north was Xuanze. Formerly both north and south water gates had been called Datong; in the tenth year of Xining they were changed.

93

汴河下，南曰上善，北曰通津。天聖初，改廣津，熙寧十年復。

On the lower Bian River, the south was Shangshan and the north was Tongjin. At the beginning of Tiansheng they were changed to Guangjin; in the tenth year of Xining they were restored.

94

惠民河，上曰普濟，下曰廣利。廣濟河，上曰咸豐，下曰善利，舊名咸通。

On the Huimin River, the upper was Puji and the lower Guangli. On the Guangji River, the upper was Xianfeng and the lower Shanli; the former name was Xiantong.

95

上南門曰永順。熙寧十年賜名。

The upper south gate was called Yongshun. Its name was granted in the tenth year of Xining.

96

其後又于金耀門南置開遠門。舊名通遠。以上皆太平興國四年賜名，天聖初改今名。

Later Kaiyuan Gate was also set up south of Jinyao Gate. Its former name was Tongyuan. All of these were names granted in the fourth year of Taiping Xingguo; at the beginning of Tiansheng they were changed to the present names.

97

西京。唐顯慶間為東都，開元改河南府，宋為西京，山陵在焉。宮城周回九里三百步。城南三門：中曰五鳳樓，東曰興教，西曰光政。因隋、唐舊名。

Western Capital. In the Xianqing era of Tang it served as Eastern Capital; in Kaiyuan it became Henan Prefecture; under Song it was the Western Capital, where the imperial tombs lay. The palace city measured nine li and three hundred paces in circumference. South of the palace city were three gates: the center was Wufeng Tower; the east was Xingjiao; the west was Guangzheng. These followed Sui and Tang-era names.

98

東一門，曰蒼龍。西一門，曰金虎。北一門，曰拱宸。舊名玄武，大中祥符五年改。五鳳樓內，東西門曰左、右永泰，門外道北有鸞和門，太平興國三年，以車輅院門改。

East, one gate, called Canglong. West, one gate, called Jinhu. North, one gate, called Gongchen. Its former name was Xuanwu; it was changed in the fifth year of Dazhong Xiangfu. Within Wufeng Tower, the east and west gates were Left and Right Yongtai; north of the road outside the gate stood Luanhe Gate, which in the third year of Taiping Xingguo had been converted from the Cheluo Courtyard gate.

99

右永泰門西有永福門。興教、光政門內各三門，曰：左、右安禮，左、右興善，左、右銀台。蒼龍、金虎門內第二隔門曰膺福、千秋。膺福門內道北門曰建禮。

West of Right Yongtai Gate was Yongfu Gate. Within Xingjiao and Guangzheng gates were three gates apiece, named Left and Right Anli, Left and Right Xingshan, and Left and Right Yintai. Inside Canglong and Jinhu gates the second partition gates were Yingfu and Qianqiu. Within Yingfu Gate, the gate to the north on the inner road was called Jianli.

100

正殿曰太極，舊名明堂，太平興國三年改。

The principal hall was Taiji; formerly it had been called Mingtang and was renamed in the third year of Taiping Xingguo.

101

殿前有日、月樓、日華、月華門，又有三門，曰太極殿門。後有殿曰天興，次北殿曰武德。西有門三重，曰：應天、乾元、敷政。內有文明殿，旁有東上閣門、西上閣門，前有左、右延福門。後又有殿曰垂拱，殿北有通天門，柱廊北有明福門，門內有天福殿，殿北有寢殿曰太清，第二殿曰思政，第三殿曰延春。東又有廣壽殿，視朝之所也。北第二殿曰明德，第三殿曰天和，第四殿曰崇徽。天福殿西有金鸞殿，對殿南廊有彰善門。殿北第二殿曰壽昌，第三殿曰玉華，第四殿曰長壽，第五殿曰甘露，第六殿曰乾陽，第七殿曰善興。西有射弓殿。千秋門內有含光殿。拱宸門內西偏有保寧門，門內有講武殿，北又有殿相對。內園有長春殿、淑景亭、十字亭、九江池、砌台、娑羅亭。宮城東西有夾城，各三里餘。東二門：南曰賓曜，北曰啟明。西二門：南曰金曜，北曰乾通。宮室合九千九百九十余區。夾城內及內城北，皆左右禁軍所處。

Before the hall stood the Sun and Moon towers and the Rihua and Yuehua gates, and three further gates called Taiji Hall Gate. Behind stood Tianxing Hall; next north was Wude Hall. To the west were three gate complexes: Yingtian, Qianyuan, and Fuzheng. Within lay Wenhua Hall, flanked by East Upper Pavilion Gate and West Upper Pavilion Gate, with Left and Right Yanfu Gates before it. Farther back was Chuigong Hall; north of the hall stood Tongtian Gate; north of the columned corridor was Mingfu Gate; within the gate was Tianfu Hall; north of the hall were residential halls named Taiqing, then Sizheng, then Yanchun. To the east was also Guangshou Hall, where audiences were held. Northward, the second hall was Mingde, the third Tianhe, and the fourth Chonghui. West of Tianfu Hall stood Jinluan Hall; on the south corridor opposite the hall was Zhangshan Gate. North of the hall came Shouchang as the second hall, Yuhua as the third, Changshou as the fourth, Ganlu as the fifth, Qianyang as the sixth, and Shanxing as the seventh. To the west was an archery hall. Inside Qianqiu Gate stood Hanguang Hall. Within Gongchen Gate on the west flank was Baoning Gate; inside it stood Jiangwu Hall, with paired halls to the north. The inner garden contained Changchun Hall, Shujing Pavilion, Shizi Pavilion, Jiujiang Pool, Qitai, and Suoluo Pavilion. East and west of the palace city ran barrier walls, each over three li in length. East, two gates: the south was Binyao; the north was Qiming. West, two gates: the south was Jinyao; the north was Qiantong. Palace structures totaled more than nine thousand nine hundred and ninety bays. Within the barrier walls and north of the inner city lay the encampments of the Left and Right Imperial Guards.

102

皇城周回十八里二百五十八步。南面三門：中曰端門，東西曰左、右掖門。東一門，曰宣仁。西三門：南曰麗景，與金曜相直，中曰開化，與乾通相直；北曰應福。內皆諸司處之。

The imperial city measured eighteen li and two hundred fifty-eight paces in circumference. South, three gates: the center was Duanmen; east and west were Left and Right Yemen. East, one gate, called Xuanren. West, three gates: the south was Lijing, opposite Jinyao; the center was Kaihua, opposite Qiantong; the north was Yingfu. Within were the quarters of the various government offices.

103

京城週五十二里九十六步。隋大業元年築，唐長壽二年增築。

The capital city measured fifty-two li and ninety-six paces in circumference. It was built in the first year of Daye of Sui and enlarged in the second year of Changshou of Tang.

104

南京。大中祥符七年，建應天府為南京。宮城週二里三百一十六步。門曰重熙、頒慶。殿曰歸德。元豐六年，賜度僧牒修外城門及西橋等。

Southern Capital. In the seventh year of Dazhong Xiangfu, Yingtian Prefecture was made the Southern Capital. The palace city measured two li and three hundred sixteen paces in circumference. Its gates were Chongxi and Banqing. Its hall was called Guide. In the sixth year of Yuanfeng, ordination certificates were issued to fund repairs to the outer city gates, the west bridge, and similar works.

105

京城周回一十五里四十步。東二門：南曰延和，北曰昭仁。西二門：南曰順成，北曰回鑾。南一門，曰崇禮。北一門，曰靜安。中有隔城，又有門二：東曰承慶，西曰祥輝。其東又有關城，南北各一門。

The capital city measured fifteen li and forty paces in circumference. East, two gates: the south was Yanhe; the north was Zhaoren. West, two gates: the south was Shuncheng; the north was Huiluan. South, one gate, called Chongli. North, one gate, called Jing'an. Inside stood a partition city with two more gates: east, Chengqing; west, Xianghui. East of it lay another barrier city, one gate on the south and one on the north.

106

北京。慶曆二年，建大名府為北京。宮城週三里一百九十八步，即真宗駐蹕行宮。城南三門：中曰順豫，東曰省風，西曰展義。東一門，曰東安。西一門，曰西安。順豫門內東西各一門，曰左、右保成。次北班瑞殿，殿前東西門二：東曰凝祥，西曰麗澤。殿東南時巡殿門，次北時巡殿，次靖方殿，次慶寧殿。時巡殿前東西門二：東曰景清，西曰景和。京城週四十八里二百六步，門一十七。熙甯九年，改正南南河門曰景風，南磚曰亨嘉，鼓角曰阜昌。正北北河門曰安平，北磚曰耀德。正東冠氏門曰華景，冠氏第二重曰春祺，子城東曰泰通。正西魏縣門曰寶成，魏縣第二重曰利和，子城西曰宣澤。東南朝城門曰安流，朝城第二重曰巽齊。西南觀音門曰安正，觀音第二重曰靜方。上水關曰善利，下水關曰永濟。內城創置北門曰靖武。鵩元豐七年，廢善利、永濟關。

Northern Capital. In the second year of Qingli (1042), Daming Superior Prefecture was made the Northern Capital. The palace city measured three li and one hundred ninety-eight paces around—the traveling palace where Emperor Zhenzong had halted on campaign. South of the city, three gates: the center, Shunyu; east, Shengfeng; west, Zhanyi. East, one gate, called Dong'an. West, one gate, called Xi'an. Inside Shunyu Gate, one gate east and one west, called Left and Right Baocheng. North of that stood Banrui Hall; before it two gates, east Ningxiang and west Lize. Southeast of the hall was the Shixun Hall gate; farther north came Shixun Hall, then Jingfang Hall, then Qingning Hall. Before Shixun Hall, two gates: east Jingqing, west Jinghe. The capital city measured forty-eight li and two hundred six paces around, with seventeen gates. In the ninth year of Xining (1076), the due-south Nanhe Gate became Jingfeng, the south brick gate Hengjia, and the drum-and-horn gate Fuchang. Due north, Beihe Gate became Anping and the north brick gate Yaode. Due east, Guanshi Gate became Huajing, its inner gate Chunqi, and the inner city's east gate Taitong. Due west, Weixian Gate became Baocheng, its inner gate Lihe, and the inner city's west gate Xuanze. Southeast, Chaocheng Gate became Anliu and its inner gate Xunqi. Southwest, Guanyin Gate became Anzheng and its inner gate Jingfang. The upper water pass was Shanli; the lower, Yongji. The inner city gained a new north gate, Jingwu. In the seventh year of Yuanfeng (1084), the Shanli and Yongji passes were abolished.

107

行在所。建炎三年閏八月，高宗自建康如臨安，以州治為行宮。宮室制度皆從簡省，不尚華飾。垂拱、大慶、文德、紫宸、祥曦、集英六殿，隨事易名，實一殿。重華、慈福、壽慈、壽康四宮，重壽、寧福二殿，隨時異額，實德壽一宮。延和、崇政、復古、選德四殿，本射殿也。慈寧殿，紹興九年，以太后有歸期建。

Traveling Palace. In the intercalary eighth month of the third year of Jianyan (1129), Emperor Gaozong traveled from Jiankang to Lin'an and turned the prefectural seat into his traveling palace. Palace arrangements were kept simple and plain, with no taste for lavish ornament. Chuigong, Daqing, Wende, Zichen, Xiangxi, and Jiying—the six halls—were renamed as needed but were really a single hall. Chonghua, Cifu, Shouci, Shoukang, Chongshou, and Ningfu bore shifting titles, but all were one palace, Deshou. Yanhe, Chongzheng, Fugu, and Xuande had begun as the archery hall. Cining Hall was built in the ninth year of Shaoxing (1139), when the empress dowager was expected to return.

108

欽先孝思殿，十五年建，在崇政殿東。

Qinxian Xiaosi Hall was built in the fifteenth year (1145), east of Chongzheng Hall.

109

翠寒堂，孝宗作。

Cuihan Hall was built by Emperor Xiaozong.

110

損齋，紹興末建，貯經史書，為燕坐之所。

Sunzhai was built late in Shaoxing to hold the classics and histories as a quiet retreat.

111

東宮，在麗正門內，孝宗、莊文、景獻、光宗皆常居之。

The Eastern Palace lay inside Lizheng Gate; Xiaozong, Zhuangwen, Jingxian, and Guangzong all lived there in turn.

112

講筵所，資善堂。在行宮門內，因書院而作。

Lecture seat: Zishan Hall. It stood inside the traveling palace gates, converted from a former academy.

113

天章、龍圖、寶文、顯猷、徽猷、敷文、煥章、華文、寶謨九閣，實天章一閣。

Tianzhang, Longtu, Baowen, Xianyou, Huixuan, Fuwen, Huanzhang, Huawen, and Baomo were nine names for one pavilion, Tianzhang.

114

京畿路。皇祐五年，以京東之曹州，京西之陳、許、鄭、滑州為輔郡，隸畿內，並開封府，合四十二縣，置京畿路轉運使及提點刑獄總之。至和二年，罷京畿路轉運使、提點刑獄。其曹、陳、許、鄭、滑各隸本路，為輔郡如故。崇甯四年，京畿路復置轉運使及提點刑獄。先是，改開封府界為京畿路，是年，又於京畿四面置四輔郡：潁昌府為南輔，鄭州為西輔，澶州為北輔，建拱州於開封襄邑縣為東輔，並屬京畿。大觀四年，罷四輔，許、鄭、澶州還隸京西及河北路，廢拱州，復以襄邑縣隸開封府。政和四年，襄邑縣復為拱州，後與潁昌府、鄭州、開德府復為東、南、西、北輔。宣和二年，罷四輔，潁昌府、鄭州、開德府各還舊隸，拱州隸京東西路，舊開封府界依舊為京畿。

Jingji Circuit. In the fifth year of Huangyou (1053), Caozhou in Jingdong and Chen, Xu, Zheng, and Hua in Jingxi became auxiliary prefectures of the inner circuit, joining Kaifeng—forty-two counties in all—and a Jingji transport commissioner and judicial intendant were appointed. In the second year of Zhihe (1055), the Jingji transport commissioner and judicial intendant were abolished. Cao, Chen, Xu, Zheng, and Hua returned to their home circuits but stayed auxiliary prefectures. In the fourth year of Chongning (1105), the Jingji transport commissioner and judicial intendant were restored. Earlier the Kaifeng boundary had become the Jingji Circuit; that year four auxiliary prefectures were set on its flanks: Yingchang as south auxiliary, Zheng as west, Dan as north, and a new Gongzhou at Kaifeng's Xiangyi as east auxiliary—all under Jingji. In the fourth year of Daguan (1110), the four auxiliaries were abolished; Xu, Zheng, and Dan reverted to Jingxi and Hebei, Gongzhou was dissolved, and Xiangyi returned to Kaifeng. In the fourth year of Zhenghe (1114), Xiangyi became Gongzhou again; it, Yingchang, Zheng, and Kaide were once more the four auxiliaries. In the second year of Xuanhe (1120), the four auxiliaries were abolished; Yingchang, Zheng, and Kaide reverted to their old circuits, Gongzhou went to Jingdong West, and the former Kaifeng boundary again formed the Jingji.

115

開封府。崇甯戶二十六萬一千一百一十七，口四十四萬二千九百四十。貢方紋綾、方紋紗、藨席、麻黃、酸棗仁。縣十六：開封，赤。

Kaifeng Superior Prefecture. Under Chongning (1102–1106) it registered 261,117 households and 442,940 persons. Its tribute included square-pattern damask and gauze, sedge mats, ephedra, and jujube seed. Sixteen counties: Kaifeng, imperial grade.

116

祥符，赤。東魏浚儀縣。大中祥符三年改。

Xiangfu, imperial grade. Originally the Eastern Wei county Junyi. Renamed in the third year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1010).

117

尉氏，畿。

Weishi, metropolitan grade.

118

陳留，畿。

Chenliu, metropolitan grade.

119

雍丘，畿。

Yongqiu, metropolitan grade.

120

封丘，畿。

Fengqiu, metropolitan grade.

121

中牟，畿。宣和三年，改紂王城為青陽城。

Zhongmu, metropolitan grade. In the third year of Xuanhe (1121), King Zhou's City was renamed Qingyang City.

122

陽武，畿。

Yangwu, metropolitan grade.

123

延津，畿。舊酸棗縣，政和七年改。

Yanjin, metropolitan grade. Formerly Suanzao County; renamed in the seventh year of Zhenghe (1117).

124

長垣，隋匡城縣。建隆元年，改為鶴丘，後又改。東明，畿。本東明鎮，乾德元年置。

Changyuan had been Kuangcheng County under the Sui. In the first year of Jianlong (960) it became Heqiu, and was renamed again later. Dongming, metropolitan grade. Originally the Dongming garrison; made a county in the first year of Qiande (963).

125

扶溝，畿。

Fugou, metropolitan grade.

126

觌焉陵，畿。

Yanling, metropolitan grade.

127

考城，畿。崇寧四年，與太康同隸拱州。大觀四年，廢拱州，二縣復來隸。

Kaocheng, metropolitan grade. In the fourth year of Chongning (1105), it and Taikang were placed under Gongzhou. In the fourth year of Daguan (1110), Gongzhou was abolished and both counties returned here.

128

太康，畿。宣和二年，復隸拱州，六年，仍隸京畿。

Taikang, metropolitan grade. In the second year of Xuanhe (1120) it reverted to Gongzhou; in the sixth year (1124) it returned to the Jingji.

129

咸平。畿。舊通許鎮，隸陳留，咸平五年置縣。

Xianping. Metropolitan grade. Formerly Tongxu garrison under Chenliu; made a county in the fifth year of Xianping (1002).

130

東路。府一，濟南。州七：青，密，沂，登，萊，濰，淄。軍一，淮陽。縣三十八。

Eastern Circuit. One superior prefecture: Jinan. Seven prefectures: Qing, Mi, Yi, Deng, Lai, Wei, and Zi. One army: Huaiyang. Thirty-eight counties.

131

青州，望。北海郡，鎮海軍節度。建隆三年以北海縣置軍。淳化五年，改軍名。慶曆二年，初置京東東路安撫使。崇甯戶九萬五千一百五十八，口一十六萬二千八百三十七。貢仙紋綾、梨、棗。縣六：益都，望。

Qingzhou, major grade. Seat of Beihai Commandery and the Zhenhai Army commission. In the third year of Jianlong (962) an army was established from Beihai County. In the fifth year of Chunhua (994) the army was renamed. In the second year of Qingli (1042) the Jingdong East Circuit pacification commissioner was first appointed. Under Chongning it registered 95,158 households and 162,837 persons. Its tribute included immortal-pattern damask, pears, and jujubes. Six counties: Yidu, major grade.

132

壽光，望。

Shouguang, major grade.

133

臨朐，緊。

Linqu, close grade.

134

博興，上。

Boxing, upper grade.

135

千乘，上。

Qiansheng, upper grade.

136

臨淄。上。

Linzi. Upper grade.

137

密州，上。本防禦州。建隆元年，復為防禦。開寶五年，升為安化軍節度。後降防禦。六年，復為節度。崇甯戶一十四萬四千五百六十七，口三十二萬七千三百四十。貢絹、牛黃。縣五：諸城，望。

Mizhou, upper grade. Originally a defense prefecture. In the first year of Jianlong (960) it was restored as a defense prefecture. In the fifth year of Kaibao (972) it was raised to the Anhua Army commission. Later it was reduced again to a defense prefecture. In the sixth year of Kaibao (973) it was again raised to a military commission. Under Chongning it registered 144,567 households and 327,340 persons. Its tribute included silk and bezoar. Five counties: Zhucheng, major grade.

138

安丘，望。唐輔郡，梁改安丘，晉膠西縣。開寶四年，復今名。

Anqiu, major grade. Formerly Tang's Fufu Commandery; the Liang renamed it Anqiu, and the Jin made it Jiaoxi County. In the fourth year of Kaibao (971) the present name was restored.

139

莒，望。

Ju, major grade.

140

高密，上。

Gaomi, upper grade.

141

膠西。元祐三年，以板橋鎮為膠西縣，兼臨海軍使。

Jiaoxi. In the third year of Yuanyou (1088) Banqiao Town was established as Jiaoxi County, with the magistrate also serving as commissioner of the Linhai Army.

142

禹城，緊。

Yucheng, close grade.

143

章丘，中，景德三年，以章丘縣置清平軍。熙寧二年廢軍，即縣治置軍使。

Zhangqiu, medium grade; in the third year of Jingde (1006) Qingping Army was established from Zhangqiu County. In the second year of Xining (1069) the army was abolished and an army commissioner was installed at the county seat.

144

長清、中。至道二年，徙城於刺榆

Changqing, medium grade. In the second year of Zhidao (996) the county seat was relocated to Ciyu

145

臨邑。中。建隆元年，河決公乘渡口，壞城。三年，移治孫耿鎮。政和元年，升為望。

Linyi. Medium grade. In the first year of Jianlong (960) the Yellow River broke through at the Gongcheng ford and ruined the walled seat. In the third year (962) the seat of government was moved to Sun'geng Town. In the first year of Zhenghe (1111) it was raised to major grade.

146

沂州，上，琅琊郡，防禦。崇甯戶八萬二千八百九十三，口一十六萬五千二百三十。貢仙靈脾、紫石英、茯苓、鐘乳石。縣五：臨沂，望。

Yizhou, upper grade, seat of Langya Commandery and a defense commission. Under Chongning it registered 82,893 households and 165,230 persons. Its tribute included epimedium, amethyst quartz, poria, and stalactite. Five counties: Linyi, major grade.

147

承，望。

Cheng, major grade.

148

沂水，望。

Yishui, major grade.

149

費，望。

Fei, major grade.

150

新泰。中。

Xintai. Medium grade.

151

登州，上，東牟郡，防禦。崇甯戶八萬一千二百七十三，口一十七萬三千四百八十四。貢金、牛黃、石器。縣四：蓬萊，望。

Dengzhou, upper grade, seat of Dongmu Commandery and a defense commission. Under Chongning it registered 81,273 households and 173,484 persons. Its tribute included gold, bezoar, and stone implements. Four counties: Penglai, major grade.

152

文登，中。

Wendeng, medium grade.

153

黃，望。

Huang, major grade.

154

牟平。緊。有乳山、閻家口二砦。

Muping. Close grade. It had two fortified posts at Rushan and Yanjiakou.

155

萊州，中，東萊郡，防禦。崇甯戶九萬七千四百二十七，口一十九萬八千九百八。貢牛黃、海藻、牡礪、石器。縣四：掖，望。

Laizhou, medium grade, seat of Donglai Commandery and a defense commission. Under Chongning it registered 97,427 households and 198,908 persons. Its tribute included bezoar, seaweed, oyster shells, and stone implements. Four counties: Ye, major grade.

156

萊陽，望。

Laiyang, major grade.

157

膠水，望。

Jiaoshui, major grade.

158

即墨。中

Jimo. Medium grade.

159

濰州，上，團練。建隆三年，以青州北海縣建為北海軍，置昌邑縣隸之。乾德三年，升為州，又增昌樂縣。崇甯戶四萬四千六百七十七，口一十萬九千五百四十九。貢綜絲素絁。縣三：北海，望。

Weizhou, upper grade, with regimental-training status. In the third year of Jianlong (962) Beihai County in Qingzhou was made into Beihai Army, with Changyi County established and subordinated to it. In the third year of Qiande (965) it was raised to prefectural status and Changle County was added. Under Chongning it registered 44,677 households and 109,549 persons. Its tribute included composite silk and plain gauze. Three counties: Beihai, major grade.

160

昌邑，望。本隋都昌縣，後廢。建隆三年，復置。

Changyi, major grade. Originally the Sui's Duchang County, later abolished. In the third year of Jianlong (962) it was restored.

161

昌樂。緊。本唐營丘縣，後廢。乾德中，復置安仁縣，俄又改。

Changle. Close grade. Originally the Tang's Yingqiu County, later abolished. During Qiande (963–968) Anren County was restored, and shortly afterward the name was changed again.

162

淄州，上，淄川郡，軍事。崇甯戶六萬一千一百五十二，口九萬八千六百一十。貢綾、防風、長理石。縣四：淄川，望。

Zizhou, upper grade, seat of Zichuan Commandery and under purely military administration. Under Chongning it registered 61,152 households and 98,610 persons. Its tribute included damask, saposhnikovia root, and changli stone. Four counties: Zichuan, major grade.

163

長山，中。

Changshan, medium grade.

164

鄒平，中下。景德元年，移治濟陽廢縣。

Zouping, medium-lower grade. In the first year of Jingde (1004) the seat was moved to the site of the abolished Jiyang County.

165

高苑。下。景德三年，以縣置宣化軍。熙寧三年，廢軍為縣，隸州，即縣治置軍使。

Gaoyuan. Lower grade. In the third year of Jingde (1006) Xuanhua Army was established from the county. In the third year of Xining (1070) the army was abolished and reverted to a county under the prefecture, with an army commissioner installed at the county seat.

166

淮陽軍，同下州。太平興國七年，以徐州下邳縣建為軍，並以宿遷來屬。崇甯戶七萬六千八百八十七，口一十五萬四千一百三十。貢絹。縣二：下邳，望。

Huaiyang Army, with the standing of a lower-grade prefecture. In the seventh year of Taiping Xingguo (982) Xiapi County in Xuzhou was made into an army, and Suqian was also brought under its jurisdiction. Under Chongning it registered 76,887 households and 154,130 persons. Its tribute was silk. Two counties: Xiapi, major grade.

167

宿遷。中

Suqian. Medium grade.

168

西路。府四：應天，襲慶，興仁，東平。州五：徐，濟，單，濮，拱。軍一，廣濟。縣四十三。

Western Route. Four superior prefectures: Yingtian, Xiqing, Xingren, and Dongping. Five prefectures: Xu, Ji, Shan, Pu, and Gong. One army: Guangji. Forty-three counties.

169

應天府，河南郡，歸德軍節度。本唐宋州。至道中，為京東路。景德三年，升為應天府。大中祥符七年，建為南京。熙寧五年，分屬西路。崇甯戶七萬九千七百四十一，口一十五萬七千四百四。貢絹。縣六：寧陵，畿。與楚丘同隸拱州。大觀四年，復來隸。政和四年，又撥隸拱州。宣和六年，復來隸。

Yingtian Superior Prefecture, seat of Henan Commandery and the Guide Army military commission. Originally the Tang and Song's Songzhou. During Zhidao (995–997) it lay in Jingdong Circuit. In the third year of Jingde (1006) it was raised to Yingtian Superior Prefecture. In the seventh year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1014) it was made the Southern Capital. In the fifth year of Xining (1072) it was placed under the Western Route. Under Chongning it registered 79,741 households and 157,404 persons. Its tribute was silk. Six counties: Ningling, metropolitan grade. Together with Qiuqiu it was subordinated to Gongzhou. In the fourth year of Daguan (1110) it was again placed under this prefecture. In the fourth year of Zhenghe (1114) it was again reassigned to Gongzhou. In the sixth year of Xuanhe (1124) it was again placed under this prefecture.

170

宋城，赤。

Songcheng, imperial grade.

171

穀熟，畿。

Gushu, metropolitan grade.

172

下邑，畿。

Xiayi, metropolitan grade.

173

虞城，畿。

Yucheng, metropolitan grade.

174

楚丘。畿。

Qiuqiu. Metropolitan grade.

175

奉符，上。本漢乾封縣。開寶五年，移治岱嶽鎮。大中祥符元年改。

Taifu, upper grade. Originally Han Qianfeng County. In the fifth year of Kaibao (972) the seat was moved to Daiyue Town. Renamed in the first year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1008).

176

泗水，上。

Sishui, upper grade.

177

龔，上。大觀四年，以龔丘縣為龔縣。

Gong, upper grade. In the fourth year of Daguan (1110) Gongqiu County was shortened to Gong County.

178

仙源，中上。魏曲阜縣。大中祥符五年改。

Xianyuan, upper-middle grade. Under Wei it was Qufu County. Renamed in the fifth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1012).

179

萊蕪，中。

Laiwu, middle grade.

180

鄒。下。熙寧五年，省為鎮，入仙源。元豐七年復。

Zou. Lower grade. In the fifth year of Xining (1072) it was reduced to a town and placed under Xianyuan. Restored in the seventh year of Yuanfeng (1084).

181

監一，萊蕪。主鐵冶。

One supervisory office: Laiwu. It oversaw iron smelting.

182

徐州，大都督，彭城郡，武寧軍節度。本屬京東路，元豐元年，割屬京東西路。崇甯戶六萬四千四百三十，口一十五萬二千二百三十七。貢雙絲綾、槹、絹。縣五：彭城，望。

Xuzhou, a metropolitan prefecture; seat of Pengcheng Commandery and the Wuning Army commission. Originally part of Jingdong Circuit; in the first year of Yuanfeng (1078) it was placed under Jingdong Western Circuit. Under Chongning it registered 64,430 households and 152,237 persons. Its tribute included double-twined damask, pounding pestles, and silk. Five counties: Pengcheng, major grade.

183

沛，望。

Pei, major grade.

184

蕭，望。

Xiao, major grade.

185

滕，緊。

Teng, close grade.

186

豐。緊。

Feng. Close grade.

187

監二：寶豐，元豐六年置，鑄銅錢，八年廢。

Two intendancies: Baofeng, established in the sixth year of Yuanfeng (1083) to mint copper cash and abolished in the eighth year (1085).

188

利國。主鐵冶。

Liguo. It oversaw iron smelting.

189

乘氏，緊。

Chengshi, close grade.

190

南華。上。

Nanhua. Upper grade.

191

東平府，東平郡，天平軍節度。本鄆州。慶曆二年，初置京東西路安撫使。大觀元年，升大都督府。政和四年，移安撫使于應天府。宣和元年，改為東平府。崇甯戶一十三萬三百五，口三十九萬六千六十三。貢絹、阿膠。縣六：須城，望。陽穀，望。景德三年，徙孟店。

Dongping Superior Prefecture, seat of Dongping Commandery and the Tianping Army commission. Originally Yanzhou. In the second year of Qingli (1042) the Jingdong Western Circuit pacification commissioner was first established. In the first year of Daguan (1107) it was raised to a metropolitan prefecture. In the fourth year of Zhenghe (1114) the pacification commissioner was moved to Yingtian Superior Prefecture. In the first year of Xuanhe (1119) it was renamed Dongping Superior Prefecture. Under Chongning it registered 130,305 households and 396,063 persons. Its tribute included silk and donkey-hide gelatin. Six counties: Xucheng, major grade. Yanggu, major grade. In the third year of Jingde (1006) the seat was moved to Mengdian.

192

中都，緊。

Zhongdu, close grade.

193

壽張，上。

Shouzhang, upper grade.

194

東阿，緊。

Dong'e, close grade.

195

平陰。上。

Pingyin. Upper grade.

196

監一，東平。宣和二年復置。政和三年罷。

One supervisory office: Dongping. Re-established in the second year of Xuanhe (1120). Abolished in the third year of Zhenghe (1113).

197

濟州，上，濟陽郡，防禦。戶五萬七百一十八，口一十五萬九千一百三十七。貢阿膠。縣四：钜野，望。

Jizhou, upper grade; seat of Jiyang Commandery; a defense prefecture. It registered 50,718 households and 159,137 persons. Its tribute included donkey-hide gelatin. Four counties: Juye, major grade.

198

任城，望。

Rencheng, major grade.

199

金鄉，望。

Jinxiang, major grade.

200

鄆城，望。

Yancheng, major grade.

201

單州，上，碭郡，建隆元年，升為團練，崇甯戶六萬一千四百九，口一十一萬六千九百六十九。貢蛇床、防風。縣四：單父，望。

Shanzhou, upper grade, seat of Dang Commandery; in the first year of Jianlong (960) it was raised to regiment-and-drill status; under Chongning it registered 61,409 households and 116,969 persons. Its tribute included cnidium fruit and saposhnikovia root. Four counties: Shanfu, major grade.

202

碭山，望。

Dangshan, major grade.

203

成武，緊

Chengwu, close grade.

204

魚台。上。

Yutai. Upper grade.

205

濮州，上，濮陽郡，團練。崇甯戶三萬一千七百四十七，口五萬二千六百八十一。貢絹。縣四：鄄城，望。

Puzhou, upper grade; seat of Puyang Commandery; a regiment-and-drill prefecture. Under Chongning it registered 31,747 households and 52,681 persons. Its tribute included silk. Four counties: Juancheng, major grade.

206

雷澤，緊。

Leize, close grade.

207

臨濮，上。

Linpu, upper grade.

208

範。上。

Fan. Upper grade.

209

拱州，保慶軍節度。本開封府襄邑縣。崇寧四年建為州，賜軍額，為東輔。以開封之考城、太康，南京之甯陵、楚丘、柘城來隸。大觀四年，廢拱州，復為襄邑縣，還隸開封。政和四年，復為州，又復為輔郡。宣和二年，罷輔郡，仍隸京東西路，以襄邑、太康、寧陵為屬縣，餘歸舊隸。六年，又以甯陵歸南京，太康歸開封，復割柘城來隸。縣二：襄邑畿。

Gongzhou, seat of the Baoqing Army commission. Originally Xiangyi County under Kaifeng Superior Prefecture. In the fourth year of Chongning (1105) it was created a prefecture, granted an army commission, and made an eastern auxiliary capital circuit. Kaocheng and Taikang from Kaifeng, and Ningling, Qiuqiu, and Zhecheng from the Southern Capital were attached to it. In the fourth year of Daguan (1110) Gongzhou was abolished and Xiangyi County restored under Kaifeng. In the fourth year of Zhenghe (1114) it was again elevated to a prefecture and restored as an auxiliary capital district. In the second year of Xuanhe (1120) auxiliary status was removed; it stayed under Jingdong Western Circuit, with Xiangyi, Taikang, and Ningling as its counties while the rest reverted to former jurisdictions. In the sixth year (1124) Ningling returned to the Southern Capital, Taikang to Kaifeng, and Zhecheng was again cut off to Gongzhou. Two counties: Xiangyi, metropolitan grade.

210

柘城。畿。

Zhecheng. Metropolitan grade.

211

開封府，京東路，分為東西兩路，得兗、豫、青、徐之域，當虛、危、房、心、奎、婁之分，西抵大樑，南極淮、泗，東北至於海，有鹽鐵絲石之饒。其俗重禮義，勤耕糸任，浚郊處四達之會，故建為都。政教所出，五方雜居。睢陽當漕舟之路，定陶乃東運之沖，其後河截清水，頗涉艱阻。兗、濟山澤險迥，盜或隱聚。營丘東道之雄，號稱富衍，物產尤盛。登、萊、高密負海之北，楚商兼湊，民性愎戾而好訟鬥。大率東人皆朴魯純直，甚者失之滯固，然專經之士為多。下邳俗尚頗類淮楚焉。

Kaifeng Superior Prefecture: Jingdong Circuit was split into eastern and western routes, covering the domains of Yan, Yu, Qing, and Xu—aligned with the mansions Xu, Wei, Fang, Xin, Kui, and Lou—reaching west to Daliang, south to the Huai and Si Rivers, and northeast to the sea; the region abounded in salt, iron, silk, and stone. Customs there honored ritual and righteousness and diligent farming and weaving; the Bian suburbs sat where four major routes met, which is why a capital was built there. From it issued government and teaching, and peoples from all directions mingled. Suiyang stood on the grain-barge route; Dingtao was the choke point of eastern transport—later the Yellow River severed the Qing River canal, which made transport much harder. In Yan and Ji the mountains and marshes were rugged and remote, and bandits sometimes lurked there. Yingqiu was preeminent on the eastern route, famed for affluence and overflowing plenty, and its products were especially rich. Deng, Lai, and Gaomi, on the coast with Chu merchants crowding in as well, had people who were obstinate and quarrelsome and fond of lawsuits and brawls. Easterners were on the whole plain, honest, and direct; at the extreme they could seem rigid, yet men devoted to the classics were numerous. Xiapi's customs rather resembled those of the Huai and Chu regions.

212

京西路。舊分南、北兩路，後並為一路。熙寧五年，復分南、北兩路。

Jingxi Circuit. It had formerly been split into southern and northern routes, then merged into one. In the fifth year of Xining (1072) it was again divided into southern and northern routes.

213

南路。府一，襄陽。州七：鄧，隨，金，房，均，郢，唐。軍一，光化。縣三十一。

Southern Route. One superior prefecture: Xiangyang. Seven prefectures: Deng, Sui, Jin, Fang, Jun, Ying, and Tang. One army: Guanghua. Thirty-one counties.

214

襄陽府，望，襄陽郡，山南東道節度。本襄州。宣和元年，升為府。崇甯戶八萬七千三百七，口一十九萬二千六百五。貢麝香、白穀、漆器。縣六：襄陽，緊。

Xiangyang Superior Prefecture, major grade, seat of Xiangyang Commandery and the Shannan East Circuit military commission. It had formerly been Xiangzhou. In the first year of Xuanhe (1119) it was elevated to superior-prefecture status. Under Chongning it registered 87,307 households and 192,605 persons. Its tribute included musk, white grain, and lacquerware. Six counties: Xiangyang, close grade.

215

鄧城，望。

Dengcheng, major grade.

216

穀城，緊。

Gucheng, close grade.

217

宜城，中下。

Yicheng, medium-lower grade.

218

中盧，中下。隋義清縣。太平興國元年改。紹興五年，省入南漳。

Zhonglu, medium-lower grade. It had been Yiqing County under the Sui. The name was changed in the first year of Taiping Xingguo (976). In the fifth year of Shaoxing (1135) it was abolished and absorbed into Nanzhang County.

219

南漳。中下。

Nanzhang. Medium-lower grade.

220

鄧州，望，南陽郡，武勝軍節度。舊為上郡。政和二年，升為望郡。建隆初，廢臨瀨縣。崇甯戶一十一萬四千一百二十七，口二十九萬七千五百五十。貢白菊花。縣五：穰，上。

Dengzhou, major grade, seat of Nanyang Commandery and the Wusheng Army military commission. It had formerly ranked as an upper-grade prefecture. In the second year of Zhenghe (1112) it was raised to major-grade status. At the opening of the Jianlong era (960) Linlai County was abolished. Under Chongning it registered 111,427 households and 297,550 persons. Its tribute included white chrysanthemum. Five counties: Xiang, upper grade.

221

南陽，中下。慶曆四年，廢方城縣為鎮入焉；元豐元年，改為縣，隸唐州。

Nanyang, medium-lower grade. In the fourth year of Qingli (1044) Fangcheng County was abolished and reduced to a town under its jurisdiction; in the first year of Yuanfeng (1078) it was restored as a county subordinate to Tangzhou.

222

內鄉，中下。

Neixiang, medium-lower grade.

223

順陽。中下。太平興國六年，升順陽鎮為縣。

Shunyang. Medium-lower grade. In the sixth year of Taiping Xingguo (981) Shunyang Town was elevated to county status.

224

淅川。中下。

Xichuan. Medium-lower grade.

225

隨州，上，漢東郡，崇信軍節度。乾德五年，升為崇義軍節度。太平興國元年，改今名。崇甯戶三萬八百四，口六萬七千二十一。貢絹、綾、葛、覆盆子。縣三：隨，上。熙甯元年，廢光化縣為鎮入焉。

Suizhou, upper grade, seat of Handong Commandery and the Chongxin Army military commission. In the fifth year of Qiande (967) it was raised to the Chongyi Army military commission. In the first year of Taiping Xingguo (976) it received its present name. Under Chongning it registered 30,804 households and 67,021 persons. Its tribute included silk, damask, hemp cloth, and raspberries. Three counties: Sui, upper grade. In the first year of Xining (1068) Guanghua County was abolished and reduced to a town under its jurisdiction.

226

唐城，中下。

Tangcheng, medium-lower grade.

227

棗陽。中下。

Zaoyang. Medium-lower grade.

228

金州，上，安康郡，乾德五年，改昭化軍節度。崇甯戶三萬九千六百三十六，口六萬五千六百七十四。貢麩金、麝香、枳殼實、杜仲、白膠香、黃檗。縣五：西城，下。

Jinzhou, upper grade and seat of Ankang Commandery; in the fifth year of Qiande (967) it was assigned the Zhaohua Army military commission. Under Chongning it registered 39,636 households and 65,674 persons. Its tribute included placer gold, musk, dried citrus hull, eucommia bark, white storax, and phellodendron bark. Five counties: Xicheng, lower grade.

229

洵陽，中。乾德四年，廢淯陽縣入焉。

Xunyang, medium grade. In the fourth year of Qiande (966) Yuyang County was abolished and absorbed into it.

230

漢陰，中。

Hanyin, medium grade.

231

石犎ㄏ隆＃┢嚼诶ㄏ隆Ｎ蹌脔炍輳罎∥玽潁礆胛鞽恰Ｔv復。

Shiquan, lower grade. Pingli, lower grade. In the sixth year of Xining (1073) Pingli was abolished and reduced to a town under Xicheng; under Yuanyou it was restored.

232

房州，下，房陵郡，保康軍節度。開寶中，廢上庸、永清二縣。雍熙三年並為軍。崇甯戶三萬三千一百五十一，口四萬七千九百四十一。貢麝香、糸寧布、鐘乳石、筍。縣二：房陵，上。

Fangzhou, lower grade, seat of Fangling Commandery and the Baokang Army military commission. During the Kaibao era (968–976) Shangyong and Yongqing counties were abolished. In the third year of Yongxi (986) they were merged into a single army command. Under Chongning it registered 33,151 households and 47,941 persons. Its tribute included musk, ramie cloth, stalactite, and bamboo shoots. Two counties: Fangling, upper grade.

233

竹山。下。

Zhushan. Lower grade.

234

均州，上，武當郡，武當軍節度。本防禦。乾德六年，移入上州防禦。宣和元年，賜軍額。崇甯戶三萬一百七，口四萬四千七百九十六。貢麝香。縣二：武當，上。

Junzhou, upper grade, seat of Wudang Commandery and the Wudang Army military commission. It had originally been a defense prefecture. In the sixth year of Qiande (968) it was reassigned to the upper-grade defense category. In the first year of Xuanhe (1119) it was granted an army designation. Under Chongning it registered 30,107 households and 44,796 persons. Its tribute included musk. Two counties: Wudang, upper grade.

235

鄖鄉。上。

Yunxiang. Upper grade.

236

郢州，上，富水郡，防禦。崇甯戶四萬七千二百八十一，口七萬八千七百二十七。貢白紵。縣二：長壽，上。

Yingzhou, upper grade, seat of Fushui Commandery and a defense commission. Under Chongning it registered 47,281 households and 78,727 persons. Its tribute included white ramie cloth. Two counties: Changshou, upper grade.

237

京山。下。

Jingshan. Lower grade.

238

唐州，上，淮安郡，建隆元年，升為團練。開寶五年，廢平氏縣。崇甯戶八萬九千九百五十五，口二十萬二千一百七十二。貢絹。縣五：泌陽，中下。

Tangzhou, upper grade and seat of Huai'an Commandery; in the first year of Jianlong (960) it was raised to regimental-training status. In the fifth year of Kaibao (972) Pingshi County was abolished. Under Chongning it registered 89,955 households and 202,172 persons. Its tribute included silk. Five counties: Biyang, medium-lower grade.

239

湖陽，中下。有銀場。

Huyang, medium-lower grade. It had a silver-mining bureau.

240

比陽，中下。

Bi-yang, medium-lower grade.

241

桐柏，下。開寶六年，移治淮瀆故廟。

Tongbai, lower grade. In the sixth year of Kaibao (973) the seat was moved to the old shrine of the Huai River's channel deity.

242

方城。下。後魏縣。慶曆四年，廢為鎮，入鄧州南陽縣，元豐元年，復為縣，隸州。

Fangcheng. Lower grade. It had been a county of the Later Wei. In the fourth year of Qingli (1044) it was abolished and reduced to a town under Nanyang County in Dengzhou; in the first year of Yuanfeng (1078) it was restored as a county under this prefecture.

243

光化軍，同下州。乾德二年，以襄州陰城鎮建為軍，析穀城縣三鄉，置乾德縣隸焉。熙寧五年廢軍，改乾德為光化縣，隸襄州。元祐初，復為軍。縣一，乾德。望。

Guanghua Army, with the standing of a lower-grade prefecture. In the second year of Qiande (964) Yincheng Town in Xiangzhou was made an army command; three townships were split off from Gucheng County to establish Qiande County under its jurisdiction. In the fifth year of Xining (1072) the army was abolished, Qiande was renamed Guanghua County, and it was placed under Xiangzhou. At the opening of the Yuanyou era (1086) it was restored as an army command. One county: Qiande. Major grade.

244

北路。府四：河南，潁昌，淮寧，順昌。州五：鄭，滑，孟，蔡，汝。軍一，信陽。縣六十三。

Northern Route. Four superior prefectures: Henan, Yingchang, Huaining, and Shunchang. Five prefectures: Zheng, Hua, Meng, Cai, and Ru. One army: Xinyang. Sixty-three counties.

245

河南府，洛陽郡，因梁、晉之舊為西京。熙寧五年，分隸京西北路。崇甯戶一十二萬七千七百六十七，口二十三萬三千二百八十。貢蜜、蠟、瓷器。縣十六：河南，赤。

Henan Superior Prefecture, seat of Luoyang Commandery; following the Liang and Jin it was the Western Capital. In the fifth year of Xining (1072) it was assigned to the Northwest Capital Circuit. Under Chongning (1102–1106) it had 127,767 households and 233,280 registered mouths. Tribute items: honey, wax, and porcelain. Sixteen counties: Henan, imperial grade.

246

洛陽，赤。熙寧五年，省入河南，元祐二年復。永安，赤。奉陵寢。景德四年，升鎮為縣。

Luoyang, imperial grade. In the fifth year of Xining (1072) it was abolished and merged into Henan County; in the second year of Yuanyou (1087) it was restored. Yong'an, imperial grade. It maintains the imperial tombs. In the fourth year of Jingde (1007) the town was promoted to a county.

247

偃師，畿。慶曆二年廢，四年復，熙寧五年，省入緱氏，八年，復置，省緱氏縣為鎮隸焉。

Yanshi, metropolitan grade. It was abolished in the second year of Qingli (1042) and restored in the fourth (1044); in the fifth year of Xining (1072) it was abolished and merged into Gou County, in the eighth year (1075) restored, and Gou County was reduced to a town under it.

248

潁陽，畿。廢曆二年，廢為鎮，四年，復。熙寧二年，省入登封，元祐二年，復置。

Yingyang, metropolitan grade. In the second year of Qingli (1042) it was abolished and reduced to a town; in the fourth year (1044) it was restored. In the second year of Xining (1069) it was abolished and merged into Dengfeng County; in the second year of Yuanyou (1087) it was restored.

249

鞏，畿。

Gong, metropolitan grade.

250

密，畿。崇寧四年，割隸鄭州，宣和二年，還隸府。

Mi, metropolitan grade. In the fourth year of Chongning (1105) it was detached and placed under Zheng Prefecture; in the second year of Xuanhe (1120) it returned to the superior prefecture.

251

新安，畿。

Xin'an, metropolitan grade.

252

福昌，畿。熙寧五年，省入壽安，元祐元年，復為縣。

Fuchang, metropolitan grade. In the fifth year of Xining (1072) it was abolished and merged into Shou'an County; in the first year of Yuanyou (1086) it was again made a county.

253

伊陽，畿。熙甯二年，割欒川冶鎮入虢州盧氏縣。五年，廢伊闕縣為鎮入河南，六年，改隸伊陽。

Yiyang, metropolitan grade. In the second year of Xining (1069) Luanchuan Smeltery Town was detached and placed in Lushi County of Guo Prefecture. In the fifth year (1072) Yique County was abolished and made a town under Henan; in the sixth year (1073) it was reassigned to Yiyang.

254

澠池，畿。景祐四年，改鐵門鎮曰延禧。

Mianchi, metropolitan grade. In the fourth year of Jingyou (1037) Iron Gate Town was renamed Yanxi.

255

永寧，畿。

Yongning, metropolitan grade.

256

長水。畿。

Changshui. Metropolitan grade.

257

壽安，畿。慶曆三年，廢為鎮，四年，復。

Shou'an, metropolitan grade. In the third year of Qingli (1043) it was abolished and reduced to a town; in the fourth year (1044) it was restored.

258

河清，畿。開寶元年，移治白波鎮。熙寧八年閏四月，置鐵監。

Heqing, metropolitan grade. In the first year of Kaibao (968) the seat was moved to Baibo Town. In the intercalary fourth month of the eighth year of Xining (1075) an iron smeltery was established.

259

登封。畿。

Dengfeng. Metropolitan grade.

260

監一，阜財。熙寧七年置，鑄銅錢。

One smeltery: Fucai. Established in the seventh year of Xining (1074); it casts copper cash.

261

潁昌府，次府，許昌郡，忠武軍節度。本許州。元豐三年，升為府。崇甯四年，為南輔，隸京畿。大觀四年，罷輔郡。政和四年，復為輔郡，隸京畿。宣和二年，復罷輔郡，依舊隸京西北路。崇甯戶六萬六千四十一，口一十六萬一百九十三。貢絹、藨席。縣七：長社，次赤。熙甯四年，省許田縣為鎮入焉。

Yingchang Superior Prefecture, a secondary superior prefecture, seat of Xuchang Commandery and the Zhongwu Army military commission. It was formerly Xu Prefecture. In the third year of Yuanfeng (1080) it was promoted to a superior prefecture. In the fourth year of Chongning (1105) it became the southern auxiliary capital and was placed under the Jingji. In the fourth year of Daguan (1110) auxiliary status was removed. In the fourth year of Zhenghe (1114) it was again made an auxiliary prefecture under the Jingji. In the second year of Xuanhe (1120) auxiliary status was again removed; it reverted to the Northwest Capital Circuit as before. Under Chongning (1102–1106) it had 66,041 households and 161,193 registered mouths. Tribute items: silk and sedge matting. Seven counties: Changshe, secondary imperial grade. In the fourth year of Xining (1071) Xutian County was abolished and made a town merged into it.

262

郾城，次畿。

Yancheng, secondary metropolitan grade.

263

陽翟，次畿。

Yangzhai, secondary metropolitan grade.

264

長葛，次畿。

Changge, secondary metropolitan grade.

265

臨潁，次畿。

Linying, secondary metropolitan grade.

266

舞陽，次畿。

Wuyang, secondary metropolitan grade.

267

郟。中。元隸汝州，崇寧四年來隸。

Jia. Medium grade. Formerly subordinate to Ru Prefecture; in the fourth year of Chongning (1105) it came under this prefecture.

268

鄭州，輔，滎陽郡，奉寧軍節度。熙寧五年，廢州，以管城、新鄭隸開封府；省滎陽、滎澤縣為鎮入管城，原武縣為鎮入陽武。元豐八年，復州。元祐元年，還舊節；復以滎陽、滎澤、原武為縣，與滑州並隸京西路。崇寧四年，建為西輔。大觀四年，罷輔郡。政和四年，又復。宣和二年，又罷。崇甯戶三萬九百七十六，口四萬一千八百四十八。貢絹、麻黃。縣五：管城，望。

Zheng Prefecture, an auxiliary capital prefecture, seat of Xingyang Commandery and the Fengning Army military commission. In the fifth year of Xining (1072) the prefecture was abolished; Guancheng and Xinzheng were placed under Kaifeng Superior Prefecture; Xingyang and Xingze counties were reduced to towns merged into Guancheng, and Yuanwu County was reduced to a town merged into Yangwu. In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085) the prefecture was restored. In the first year of Yuanyou (1086) the former military commission was restored; Xingyang, Xingze, and Yuanwu were again made counties, and together with Hua Prefecture they were placed under the Jingxi Circuit. In the fourth year of Chongning (1105) it was made the western auxiliary capital. In the fourth year of Daguan (1110) auxiliary status was removed. In the fourth year of Zhenghe (1114) it was restored. In the second year of Xuanhe (1120) it was again removed. Under Chongning (1102–1106) it had 39,076 households and 41,848 registered mouths. Tribute items: silk and hemp. Five counties: Guancheng, major grade.

269

滎澤，中。

Xingze, medium grade.

270

原武，上。

Yuanwu, upper grade.

271

新鄭，上。

Xinzheng, upper grade.

272

滎陽。緊。

Xingyang. Close grade.

273

滑州，輔，靈河郡，太平興國初，改武成軍節度。熙寧五年，廢州，縣並隸開封府。元豐四年，復舊，縣復來隸。元祐元年，還舊節度。崇甯戶二萬六千五百二十二，口八萬一千九百八十八。貢絹。縣三：白馬，中。熙寧三年，廢靈河縣隸焉。

Hua Prefecture, an auxiliary capital prefecture, seat of Linghe Commandery; at the beginning of Taiping Xingguo (976) it was changed to the Wucheng Army military commission. In the fifth year of Xining (1072) the prefecture was abolished; the counties were all placed under Kaifeng Superior Prefecture. In the fourth year of Yuanfeng (1081) the former arrangement was restored and the counties again came under it. In the first year of Yuanyou (1086) the former military commission was restored. Under Chongning (1102–1106) it had 26,522 households and 81,988 registered mouths. Tribute items: silk. Three counties: Baima, medium grade. In the third year of Xining (1070) Linghe County was abolished and merged into it.

274

韋城，望。

Weicheng, major grade.

275

胙城。緊。

Zuo. Close grade.

276

孟州，望。河陽三城節度。政和二年，改濟源郡。崇甯戶三萬三千四百八十一，口七萬一百六十九。貢梁米。縣六：河陽，望。

Meng Prefecture, major grade. Heyang Three Cities military commission. In the second year of Zhenghe (1112) it was changed to Jiyuan Commandery. Under Chongning (1102–1106) it had 33,481 households and 70,169 registered mouths. Tribute: Liang rice. Six counties: Heyang, major grade.

277

濟源，望。

Jiyuan, major grade.

278

溫，望。

Wen, major grade.

279

汜水，上。熙寧五年，省入河陰。元豐二年復置。大中祥符四年，改武牢關曰行慶。

Sishui, upper grade. In the fifth year of Xining (1072) it was abolished and merged into Heyin County. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079) it was restored. In the fourth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1011) Wulao Pass was renamed Xingqing.

280

河陰，中。

Heyin, medium grade.

281

王屋。中。熙甯五年，自河南來隸。

Wangwu. Medium grade. In the fifth year of Xining (1072) it was transferred from Henan and placed under this prefecture.

282

蔡州，緊，汝南郡，淮康軍節度。崇甯戶九萬八千五百二，口十八萬五千一十三。貢綾。縣十：汝陽，上。

Cai Prefecture, close grade, seat of Runan Commandery and the Huaikang Army military commission. Under Chongning (1102–1106) it had 98,502 households and 185,013 registered mouths. Its tribute included damask. Ten counties: Ruyang, upper grade.

283

上蔡，上。

Shangcai, upper grade.

284

新蔡，中。

Xincai, medium grade.

285

褒信，中。

Baoxin, medium grade.

286

遂平，中。

Suiping, medium grade.

287

新息，中。

Xinxi, medium grade.

288

確山，中。隋朗山縣。大中祥符五年改。

Queshan, medium grade. Formerly Langshan County under the Sui. It was renamed in the fifth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1012).

289

真陽，中。

Zhenyang, medium grade.

290

西平，中。

Xiping, medium grade.

291

平輿。中。

Pingyu. Medium grade.

292

項城，上。

Xiangcheng, upper grade.

293

商水，中。

Shangshui, medium grade.

294

西華，中。南頓。中。熙寧六年，省為鎮，入商水、項城二縣。元祐元年復。

Xihua, medium grade. Nandun. Medium grade. In the sixth year of Xining (1073) it was reduced to a town and merged into Shangshui and Xiangcheng counties. In the first year of Yuanyou (1086) it was restored.

295

順昌府，上，汝陰郡，舊防禦，後為團練。開寶六年，復為防禦。元豐二年，升順昌軍節度。舊潁州，政和六年，改為府。崇甯戶七萬八千一百七十四，口一十六萬六百二十八。貢槹、絁、綿。縣四：汝陰，望。開寶六年，移治于州城東南十里。

Shunchang Superior Prefecture, upper grade, seat of Ruyin Commandery; formerly a defense prefecture, later with regimental-training status. In the sixth year of Kaibao (973) it again became a defense prefecture. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079) it was raised to the Shunchang Army military commission. It was formerly Ying Prefecture; in the sixth year of Zhenghe (1116) it was promoted to a superior prefecture. Under Chongning (1102–1106) it had 78,174 households and 160,628 registered mouths. Its tribute included pounding pestles, plain gauze, and cotton floss. Four counties: Ruyin, major grade. In the sixth year of Kaibao (973) the county seat was moved ten li southeast of the prefectural city.

296

泰和，望。

Taihe, major grade.

297

潁上，緊。

Yingshang, close grade.

298

沈丘。緊。

Shenqiu. Close grade.

299

汝州，輔，臨汝郡，陸海軍節度。本防禦州。政和四年，賜軍額。崇甯戶四萬一千五百八十七，口一十四萬一千四百九十五。貢絁、絹。縣五：梁，中。

Ru Prefecture, an auxiliary capital prefecture, seat of Linru Commandery and the Luhai Army military commission. It was originally a defense prefecture. In the fourth year of Zhenghe (1114) it was granted an army designation. Under Chongning (1102–1106) it had 41,587 households and 141,495 registered mouths. Its tribute included plain gauze and silk. Five counties: Liang, medium grade.

300

襄城，緊。

Xiangcheng, close grade.

301

葉，上。

Ye, upper grade.

302

魯山，中

Lushan, medium grade

303

信陽軍，同下州。開寶九年，降為義陽軍，廢鐘山縣。太平興國元年，改為信陽軍。崇寧戶九千九百五十四，口二萬五十，貢糸寧布。縣二：信陽，中下。

Xinyang Army, with the standing of a lower-grade prefecture. In the ninth year of Kaibao (976) it was reduced to Yiyang Army and Zhongshan County was abolished. In the first year of Taiping Xingguo (976) it was renamed Xinyang Army. Under Chongning (1102–1106) it had 9,954 households and 20,050 registered mouths; its tribute included ramie cloth. Two counties: Xinyang, medium-lower grade.

304

羅山。中下。開寶九年廢，雍熙二年復置。

Luoshan. Medium-lower grade. It was abolished in the ninth year of Kaibao (976) and restored in the second year of Yongxi (985).

305

京西南、北路，本京西路，蓋《禹貢》冀、豫、荊、兗、梁五州之域，而豫州之壤為多，當井、柳、星、張、角、亢、氐之分。東暨汝、潁，西被陝服，南略鄢、郢，北抵河津。絲、枲、漆、纊之所出。而洛邑為天地之中，民性安舒，而多衣冠舊族。然土地褊薄，迫於營養。盟津、滎陽、滑台、宛丘、汝陰、潁川、臨汝在二京之交，其俗頗同。唐、鄧、汝、蔡率多曠田，蓋自唐季之亂，土著者寡。太宗遷晉、雲、朔之民於京、洛、鄭、汝之地，墾田頗廣，民多致富，亦由儉嗇而然乎！襄陽為汴南巨鎮，淮安、隨、棗陽、西城、武當、上庸、東梁、信陽，其習俗近荊楚。

The Jingxi Southwest and North circuits, formerly a single Jingxi Circuit, broadly span the domains of Ji, Yu, Jing, Yan, and Liang in the Canon of Yu, though most of the land falls within Yu Province; astronomically it lies in the divisions of Jing, Liu, Xing, Zhang, Jiao, Kang, and Di. To the east it reaches the Ru and Ying rivers; to the west it extends into Shaan; to the south it takes in Yan and Ying; to the north it reaches the Yellow River fords. It produces silk, hemp, lacquer, and fine ramie. Luoyang stands at the center of Heaven and Earth; the people are easygoing by nature, and many old gentry families remain. Yet the land is narrow and poor, barely able to sustain its population. Mengjin, Xingyang, Huatai, Wancheng, Ruyin, Yingchuan, and Linru stand where the two capitals meet, and their customs are much alike. Tang, Deng, Ru, and Cai are mostly wasteland, for since the turmoil of the late Tang there have been few native inhabitants. Emperor Taizong relocated people from Jin, Yun, and Shuo to the capital region, Luoyang, Zheng, and Ru; reclaimed fields expanded greatly and many grew wealthy—perhaps frugality had something to do with it as well! Xiangyang is the great stronghold south of Bian; Huai'an, Sui, Zaoyang, Xicheng, Wudang, Shangyong, Dongliang, and Xinyang have customs close to those of Jing and Chu.

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