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淮郡諸水
The Waters of the Huai Circuit
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淮郡諸水：紹興初，以金兵蹂踐淮南，猶未退師，四年，詔燒毀揚州灣頭港口閘、泰州薑堰、通州白莆堰，其餘諸堰，並令守臣開決焚毀，務要不通敵船； 又詔宣撫司毀拆真、揚堰閘及真州陳公塘，無令走入運河，以資敵用。 五年正月，詔淮南宣撫司，募民開浚瓜洲至淮口運河淺澀之處。
The waters of the Huai circuit: At the beginning of the Shaoxing era, Jin troops were still ravaging Huainan and had not yet withdrawn. In the fourth year, an edict ordered the burning and destruction of the sluice at Yangzhou's Wantou harbor, the Jiangyan weir at Taizhou, and the Baipu weir at Tongzhou; all other weirs were likewise to be breached and burned by the local officials, so that enemy vessels could by no means pass through. Another edict directed the Pacification Commission to demolish the weirs and sluices at Zhen and Yang and Chen Gong Pond at Zhenzhou, lest water be channeled into the Grand Canal for the enemy's benefit. In the first month of the fifth year, an edict instructed the Huainan Pacification Commission to recruit civilians to dredge the shallow, silted sections of the canal from Guazhou to the mouth of the Huai.
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乾道二年，以和州守臣言，開鑿姥下河，東接大江，防捍敵人，檢制盜賊。 六年，淮東提舉徐子寅言：「淮東鹽課，全仰河流通快。 近運河淺澀，自揚州灣頭港口至鎮西山光寺前橋垛頭，計四百八十五丈，乞發五千餘卒開浚。」 從之。 七年二月，詔令淮南漕臣，自洪澤至龜山淺澀之處，如法開撩。
In the second year of Qiandao, on the report of the prefect of Hezhou, they excavated the Laoxia River, joining it on the east to the Great River to repel enemies and restrain bandits. In the sixth year, Xu Ziyin, intendant of Huainan East, said: "The salt revenues of eastern Huainan depend entirely on swift passage along the river. The canal has recently grown shallow and silted. From Yangzhou's Wantou harbor to the bridge head before Xiguang Temple west of Zhen, the distance is four hundred and eighty-five zhang in all. I beg that more than five thousand troops be sent to dredge it." The request was granted. In the second month of the seventh year, an edict directed the transport commissioners of Huainan to dredge the shallow stretches from Hongze Lake to Guishan by the established method.
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淳熙三年四月，詔築泰州月堰，以遏潮水。 從守臣張子正請也。 八年，提舉淮南東路常平茶鹽趙伯昌言：「通州、楚州沿海，舊有捍海堰，東距大海，北接鹽城，袤一百四十二里。 始自唐黜陟使李承實所建，遮護民田，遮罩鹽灶，其功甚大。 歷時既久，頹圮不存。 至本朝天聖改元，范仲淹為泰州西溪鹽官日，風潮泛溢，渰沒田產，毀壞亭灶，有請於朝，調四萬餘夫修築，三旬畢工。 遂使海瀕沮洳瀉鹵之地，化為良田，民得奠居，至今賴之。 自後浸失修治，才遇風潮怒盛，即有沖決之患。 自宣和、紹興以來，屢被其害。 阡陌洗蕩，廬舍漂流，人畜喪亡，不可勝數。 每一修築，必請朝廷大興工役，然後可辦。 望令淮東常平茶鹽司：今後捍海堰如有塌損，隨時修葺，務要堅固，可以經久。」 從之。
In the fourth month of the third year of Chunxi, an edict ordered the construction of the Yue Weir at Taizhou to hold back the tide. This followed a petition from the prefect Zhang Zizheng. In the eighth year, Zhao Bochang, intendant of Ever-Normal Tea and Salt on the Huainan East Circuit, said: "Along the coasts of Tongzhou and Chuzhou there was formerly a sea wall running east to the open ocean and north to Yancheng, one hundred and forty-two li in length. It was first built by Li Chengsi, the Tang transport and discipline commissioner, to shelter farmland and shield the salt works, and its achievement was very great. After long years it had crumbled away and no longer stood. In our dynasty, at the inaugural year of Tiansheng, when Fan Zhongyan was salt commissioner at Xixi in Taizhou, wind and tide overflowed, inundating fields and destroying the salt pans. He petitioned the court, and more than forty thousand laborers were mobilized to rebuild the wall; the work was finished in thirty days. Thus the salt flats and boggy ground along the shore were turned into fertile fields; the people could settle in peace, and to this day they rely upon it. Afterward maintenance was gradually neglected, and whenever wind and tide surged violently there was risk of breach. From the Xuanhe and Shaoxing eras onward the region suffered harm again and again. Field paths were washed clean away, houses were swept off, and the loss of people and livestock was beyond counting. Each time it was repaired, the court had to be petitioned for a major labor levy before the work could be done. I hope the Huainan East Ever-Normal Tea and Salt office may be ordered that whenever the sea wall suffers collapse or damage hereafter, it be repaired promptly and made solid enough to endure for the long term." The request was granted.
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九年，淮南漕臣錢沖之言：「真州之東二十里，有陳公塘，乃漢陳登浚源為塘，用救旱饑。 大中祥符間，江、淮制置發運置司真州，歲藉此塘灌注長河，流通漕運。 其塘周回百里，東、西、北三面，倚山為岸，其南帶東，則系前人築壘成堤，以受啟閉。 廢壞歲久，見有古來基趾，可以修築，為旱乾溉田之備。 凡諸場鹽綱、糧食漕運、使命往還，舟艦皆仰之以通濟，其利甚博。 本司自發卒貼築周回塘岸，建置斗門、石鹈達各一所，乞於揚子縣尉階銜內帶'兼主管陳公塘'六字，或有損壞，隨時補築，庶幾久遠，責有所歸。」
In the ninth year, Qian Chongzhi, transport commissioner of Huainan, said: "Twenty li east of Zhenzhou lies Chen Gong Pond. In Han times Chen Deng excavated its source to form this pond and used it to relieve drought and famine. During the Dazhong xiangfu era, when the Jiang-Huai transport commission established its office at Zhenzhou, each year it relied on this pond to feed the long channel and keep the grain transport flowing. The pond's circumference is one hundred li. On the east, west, and north its banks lean against the mountains; on the south and east the predecessors built ramparts into a dike to receive the opening and closing of the sluices. It has long lain in ruin, but the ancient foundations can still be seen and may be rebuilt as a reserve for irrigating fields in drought. All salt convoys, grain transport, and missions traveling to and fro depend upon it for passage, and the benefit is very great. This office has already dispatched troops to reinforce the banks all around the pond and has built one sluice gate and one stone barrage. I beg that the six characters 'Concurrent Supervisor of Chen Gong Pond' be added to the Yangzi county captain's title, so that if there is damage it may be repaired at once and responsibility may rest somewhere for the long term."
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十二年，和州守臣請於千秋澗置斗門，以防麻澧湖水泄入大江，遇歲旱灌溉田疇，實為民利。 十四年，揚州守臣熊飛言：「揚州運河，惟藉瓜洲、真州兩閘瀦積。 今河水走泄，緣瓜洲上、中二閘久不修治，獨潮閘一坐，轉運、提鹽及本州共行修整，然迫近江潮，水勢沖激，易致損壞； 真州二閘，亦復損漏。 令有司葺理上、下二閘，以防走泄。」 從之。
In the twelfth year, the prefect of Hezhou requested a sluice at Qianqiu Ravine to keep the waters of Maoli Lake from draining into the Great River, so that in years of drought fields might be irrigated—a real benefit to the people. In the fourteenth year, Xiong Fei, prefect of Yangzhou, said: "The Yangzhou stretch of the Grand Canal depends solely on impoundment at the two sluices of Guazhou and Zhenzhou. The river water now runs off, because the upper and middle sluices at Guazhou have long gone without repair. Only the Tide Sluice remains; the transport office, the salt intendant, and the prefecture have jointly undertaken repairs, but it lies close to the river tide and the current strikes it hard, so damage comes easily; and the two sluices at Zhenzhou are leaking again as well. Let the authorities repair the upper and lower sluices to prevent the water from running off." The request was granted.
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紹熙五年，淮東提舉陳損之言：「高郵、楚州之間，陂湖渺漫，茭葑彌滿，宜創立堤堰，以為瀦泄，庶幾水不至於泛溢，旱不至於乾涸。 乞興築自揚州江都縣至楚州淮陰縣三百六十里，又自高郵、興化至鹽城縣二百四十里，其堤岸傍開一新河，以通舟船。 仍存舊堤以捍風浪，載柳十余萬株，數年後堤岸亦牢，其木亦可備修補之用。 兼揚州柴墟鎮，舊有堤閘，乃泰州泄水之處，其閘壞久，亦于此創立斗門。 西引盱眙、天長以來眾湖之水，起自揚州江都，經由高郵及楚州寶應、山陽，北至淮陰，西達於淮； 又自高郵入興化，東至鹽城而極於海； 又泰州海陵南至揚州泰興而徹于江：共為石鹈達十三，斗門七。 乞以紹熙堰為名，鑱諸堅石。」 淮田多沮洳，因損之築堤捍之，得良田數百萬頃。 奏聞，除直秘閣、淮東轉運判官。
In the fifth year of Shaoxi, Chen Sunzhi, intendant of Huainan East, said: "Between Gaoyou and Chuzhou the lakes and ponds stretch wide and water shield and sedge choke them full. Dikes and weirs should be newly built for impoundment and release, so that in flood the water may not spread unchecked and in drought it may not run dry. I beg that construction be undertaken for three hundred and sixty li from Jiangdu county in Yangzhou to Huaiyin county in Chuzhou, and for two hundred and forty li from Gaoyou and Xinghua to Yancheng county, with a new canal opened along the dikes for the passage of boats. The old dike should be kept to withstand wind and waves, and more than a hundred thousand willows should be planted. In a few years the banks will be firm, and the timber may also serve for repairs. At Chaiyu town in Yangzhou there was formerly a dike sluice where Taizhou drains its water; the sluice has long been ruined, and a new gate-sluice should be built there as well. Waters from the many lakes west of Xuyi and Tianchang would be led out, starting from Jiangdu in Yangzhou, passing through Gaoyou and through Baoying and Shanyang in Chuzhou, north to Huaiyin and west to the Huai; again from Gaoyou into Xinghua, east to Yancheng and on to the sea; and again from Hailing in Taizhou south to Taixing in Yangzhou and through to the Yangtze—in all thirteen stone barrages and seven gate-sluices. I beg that it be named the Shaoxi Weir and the name carved on hard stone." The fields of the Huai region were mostly boggy; by building dikes to hold them back he gained several million qing of good farmland. When the memorial was reported, he was appointed to the Direct Secretariat and made vice commissioner of transport on the Huainan East Circuit.
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浙江通大海，日受兩潮。 梁開平中，錢武肅王始築捍海塘，在候潮門外。 潮水晝夜沖激，版築不就，因命強弩數百以射潮頭，又致禱胥山祠。 既而潮避錢塘，東擊西陵，遂造竹器，積巨石，植以大木。 堤岸既固，民居乃奠。
The Zhe River opens to the great sea and receives two tides each day. In the Kaiping era of Liang, King Qian Liu first built a sea wall outside Chaozhao Gate. Day and night the tide struck and rammed construction could not hold. He therefore ordered several hundred powerful crossbows to shoot at the tidal bore and also sent prayers to the shrine on Xu Mountain. Presently the tide turned aside from Qiantang and struck Xiling to the east. He then made bamboo frames, piled great stones, and set large timbers among them. Once the bank was firm, the people's dwellings were settled.
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逮宋大中祥符五年，杭州言浙江擊西北岸益壞，稍逼州城，居民危之。 即遣使者同知杭州戚綸、轉運使陳堯佐畫防捍之策。 綸等因率兵力，籍梢楗以護其沖。 七年，綸等既罷去，發運使李溥、內供奉官盧守懃經度，以為非便。 請復用錢氏舊法，實石於竹籠，倚疊為岸，固以樁木，環亙可七里。 斬材役工，凡數百萬，逾年乃成； 而鉤末壁立，以捍潮勢，雖湍湧數丈，不能為害。
By the fifth year of Dazhong xiangfu in Song, Hangzhou reported that the Zhe River was striking the northwest bank with growing damage and pressing gradually upon the prefectural city, so that the people were in peril. The court at once sent envoys together with Qi Lun, vice prefect of Hangzhou, and Chen Yaozuo, transport commissioner, to devise measures of defense. Lun and the others then led troops and deployed fascines and piles to shield the point of impact. In the seventh year, after Lun and the others had left office, Li Pu, transport commissioner, and Lu Shouqin, inner palace attendant, surveyed the works and judged the method unsuitable. They asked to restore the old method of the Qian house: stones packed in bamboo cages, piled as a bank and secured with piles, encircling about seven li. Timber was cut and labor mobilized to the sum of several million, and only after more than a year was the work finished; with the hooked ends standing upright to resist the tide, so that even when the surge rose several zhang it could do no harm.
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至景祐中，以浙江石塘積久不治，人患墊溺，工部郎中張夏出使，因置捍江兵士五指揮，專採石修塘，隨損隨治，眾賴以安。 邦人為之立祠，朝廷嘉其功，封甯江侯。
By the Jingyou era the stone embankment along the Zhe had long gone without repair and the people feared drowning. Zhang Xia of the Ministry of Works went on inspection and established five river-defense commands of soldiers devoted to quarrying stone and repairing the embankment, mending damage as it occurred, so that the people lived in security. The people of the region built a shrine to him, and the court praised his achievement and enfeoffed him as Marquis Who Pacifies the River.
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及高宗紹興末，以錢塘石岸毀裂，潮水漂漲，民不安居，令轉運司同臨安府修築。 孝宗乾道九年，錢塘廟子灣一帶石岸，復毀於怒潮。 詔令臨安府築填江岸，增砌石塘，淳熙改元，復令有司：「自今江岸沖損，以乾道修治為法。」
By the end of Gaozong's Shaoxing era the Qiantang stone bank was shattered, the tide flooded upward, and the people could not dwell in peace; the transport office and the Lin'an prefecture were ordered to repair it jointly. In the ninth year of Qiandao under Xiaozong, the stone bank along Miaozi Bay at Qiantang was again destroyed by the raging tide. An edict directed the Lin'an prefecture to fill the river bank and add stone facing to the embankment. At the inaugural year of Chunxi the authorities were again instructed: "Henceforth, whenever the river bank suffers rush damage, the repairs of Qiandao shall serve as the model."
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理宗寶祐二年十二月，監察御史兼崇政殿說書陳大方言：「江潮侵齧堤岸，乞戒飭殿、步兩司帥臣，同天府守臣措置修築，留心任責，或有潰決，咎有攸歸。」
In the twelfth month of the second year of Baoyou under Lizong, Chen Dafang, investigating censor and lecturer at the Chongzheng Hall, said: "The river tide is eating away the banks. I beg that the commanders of the Palace and Step guards be warned, together with the capital prefectural officials, to arrange repairs, keep responsibility in mind, and know that if there is a breach blame will have somewhere to fall."
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三年十一月，監察御史兼崇政殿說書李衢言：「國家駐蹕錢塘，今逾十紀。 惟是浙江東接海門，胥濤澎湃，稍越故道，則沖齧堤岸，蕩析民居，前後不知其幾。 慶曆中，造捍江五指揮，兵士每指揮以四百人為額。 今所管才三百人，乞下臨安府拘收，不許占破。 及從本府收買樁石，沿江置場樁管，不得移易他用。 仍選武臣一人習于修江者，隨其資格，或以副將，或以路分鈐轄系銜，專一鈐束修江軍兵，值有摧損，隨即修補； 或不勝任，以致江潮沖損堤岸，即與責罰。」
In the eleventh month of the third year, Li Qu, investigating censor and lecturer at the Chongzheng Hall, said: "The state has made its residence at Qiantang for more than ten reign-periods already. Yet the Zhe River on the east meets the sea gate, and the Xu tidal bore surges forth. Slightly off the old channel, it gnaws the banks and scatters the people's houses—how many times before and after, one cannot say. In the Qingli era five river-defense commands were created, each command with a quota of four hundred soldiers. Those now under command are only three hundred. I beg that Lin'an be ordered to muster them and forbid their being diverted elsewhere. Let the prefecture also purchase piles and stone, set up riverside depots to manage them, and not allow them to be shifted to other uses. Select one martial official skilled in river works and, according to his rank, attach him as vice general or route seal controller, exclusively to command the river-repair troops, so that whenever damage occurs it may be patched at once; and if he is not equal to the task and the tide damages the banks, let him bear punishment."
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臨安西湖周回三十里，源出於武林泉。 錢氏有國，始置撩湖兵士千人，專一開浚。 至宋以來，稍廢不治，水涸草生，漸成葑田。
West Lake at Lin'an measures thirty li in circuit; its source is the Wulin spring. When the house of Qian held the realm, a thousand lake-dredging soldiers were first established for exclusive dredging. Since Song times it has been gradually neglected; the water fell low, grass grew, and it slowly turned into fields of water shield.
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元祐中，知杭州蘇軾奏謂：「杭之為州，本江海故地，水泉咸苦，居民零落。 自唐李泌始引湖水作六井，然後民足于水，井邑日富，百萬生聚，待此而食。 今湖狹水淺，六井盡壞，若二十年後，盡為葑田，則舉城之人，復飲咸水，其勢必耗散。 又放水溉田，瀕湖千頃，可無凶歲。 今雖不及千頃，而下湖數十里間，茭菱谷米，所獲不貲。 又西湖深闊，則運河可以取足於湖水，若湖水不足，則必取足于江潮。 潮之所過，泥沙渾濁，一石五鬥，不出三載，輒調兵夫十余萬開浚。 又天下酒官之盛，如杭歲課二十余萬緡，而水泉之用，仰給於湖。 若湖漸淺狹，少不應溝，則當勞人遠取山泉，歲不下二十萬工。」 因請降度牒減價出賣，募民開治。 禁自今不得請射、侵佔、種植及臠葑為界。 以新舊菱蕩課利錢送錢塘縣收掌，謂之開湖司公使庫，以備逐年雇人開葑撩淺。 縣尉以「管勾開湖司公事」系銜。 軾既開湖，因積葑草為堤，相去數里，橫跨南、北兩山，夾道植柳，林希榜曰「蘇公堤」，行人便之，因為軾立祠堤上。
In the Yuanyou era Su Shi, prefect of Hangzhou, memorialized: "Hangzhou as a prefecture was originally ground of river and sea; its springs were brackish and bitter and the people were sparse. From Tang times Li Bi first drew lake water to make six wells; afterward the people had enough water, the towns grew daily richer, and a million souls gathered who depend on this to live. The lake is now narrow and shallow and the six wells are all ruined. If in twenty years it all becomes fields of water shield, then the people of the whole city will again drink brackish water and the population will inevitably scatter. Releasing water also irrigates fields: a thousand qing along the lake may be free of famine years. Though it is now less than a thousand qing, within several tens of li of the lower lake the yield of water chestnuts, lotus, and grain is beyond reckoning. Again, if West Lake is deep and broad the canal may draw fully from the lake; if the lake is insufficient it must draw fully from the tidal river. Where the tide passes the mud and sand are turbid—five dou of mud in every stone—and within three years more than a hundred thousand soldiers and laborers must be mobilized for dredging. Again, of the great wine monopolies under heaven, Hangzhou alone levies more than two hundred thousand strings a year, and its water supply depends on the lake. If the lake grows gradually shallow and narrow and falls even slightly short of the channels, people must be sent far to fetch mountain springs at a cost of no less than two hundred thousand work-days a year. He therefore asked that ordination certificates be issued and sold at reduced price to recruit the people for dredging. It was forbidden henceforth to petition for claims, encroach, plant crops, or stake out boundaries with cut water shield. The tax profits from old and new water-chestnut ponds were sent to Qiantang county to be held in what was called the Open Lake Office public treasury, to provide for hiring men each year to clear water shield and dredge the shallows. The county captain bore the attached title "Officer in Charge of Open Lake Office Affairs." After Shi had opened the lake, he piled the dredged water shield into a dike several li in length spanning the southern and northern hills, with willows planted along the road. Lin Xi posted a placard naming it "Lord Su's Embankment." Travelers found it convenient, and a shrine to Shi was built upon the dike.
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紹興九年，以張澄奏請，命臨安府招置廂軍兵士二百人，委錢塘縣尉兼領其事，專一浚湖； 若包占種田，沃以糞土，重寘於法。 十九年，守臣湯鵬舉奏請重開。 乾道五年，守臣周淙言：「西湖水面唯務深闊，不容填溢，並引入城內諸井，一城汲用，尤在涓潔。 舊招軍士止有三十餘人，今宜增置撩湖軍兵，以百人為額，專一開撩。 或有種植茭菱，因而包占，增疊堤岸，坐以違制。」
In the ninth year of Shaoxing, on Zhang Cheng's petition, Lin'an was ordered to recruit two hundred garrison soldiers, with the Qiantang county captain placed in charge to dredge the lake exclusively; if anyone encroached to farm and enriched the soil with manure, heavy penalties were imposed. In the nineteenth year the prefect Tang Pengju memorialized requesting that it be opened anew. In the fifth year of Qiandao the prefect Zhou Cong said: "The surface of West Lake must be kept deep and broad and must not be filled or allowed to overflow. It also feeds the wells within the city; the whole city's drawing of water depends above all on its being pure. The soldiers formerly recruited number only a little more than thirty. Lake-dredging troops should now be increased to a quota of one hundred men for exclusive dredging. If anyone plants water chestnuts or lotus and thereby encroaches and builds up the banks, let him be punished for violation of regulations."
17
九年，臨安守臣言：「西湖冒佃侵多，葑茭蔓延，西南一帶，已成平陸。 而瀕湖之民，每以葑草圍裹，種植荷花，駸駸不已。 恐數十年後，西湖遂淤，將如越之鑒湖，不可復矣。 乞一切芟除，務令淨盡，禁約居民，不得再有圍裹。」 從之。
In the ninth year the prefect of Lin'an said: "Encroachments on West Lake through reckless tenancy are many; water shield and sedge have spread, and the whole southwestern stretch has already become level ground. The people along the lake continually wrap plots with water-shield grass and plant lotus, pressing on without cease. I fear that in several decades West Lake will silt up and become like Mirror Lake in Yue, beyond recovery. I beg that all of it be cut away and cleared completely and that the residents be forbidden to enclose plots again." The request was granted.
18
臨安運河在城中者，日納潮水，沙泥渾濁，一汛一淤，比屋之民，委棄草壤，因循填塞。 元祐中，守臣蘇軾奏謂：「熙寧中，通判杭州時，父老皆云苦運河淤塞，率三五年常一開浚。 不獨勞役兵民，而運河自州前至北郭，穿闤闠中蓋十四五里，每將興工，市肆洶動，公私騷然。 自胥吏、壕砦兵級等，皆能恐喝人戶，或云當於某處置土、某處過泥水，則居者皆有失業之憂。 既得重賂，又轉而之他。 及工役既畢，則房廊、邸舍，作踐狼籍，園圃隙地，例成丘阜，積雨蕩濯，復入河中，居民患厭，未易悉數。 若三五年失開，則公私壅滯，以尺寸水行數百斛舟，人牛力盡，跬步千里，雖監司使命，有數日不能出郭者。 詢其所以頻開屢塞之由，皆云龍山浙江兩閘，泥沙渾濁，積日稍久，便及四五尺，其勢當然，不足怪也。 尋剗刷捍江兵士及諸色廂軍，得一千人，七月之間，開浚茅山、鹽橋二河，各十餘里，皆有水八尺。 自是公私舟船通利，三十年以來，開河未有若此深快者。 然潮水日至，淤塞猶昔，則三五年間，前功復棄。 今于鈐轄司前置一閘，每遇潮上，則暫閉此閘，候潮平水清復開，則河過闤闠中者，永無潮水淤塞、開淘騷擾之患。」 詔從其請，民甚便之。
The stretch of the Grand Canal within Lin'an receives the tide daily; the sand and mud are turbid, and each tide brings silt. The people of every neighboring house cast away grass and soil and, by slow degrees, fill and block the channel. In the Yuanyou era the prefect Su Shi memorialized: "During the Xining era, when I was vice prefect of Hangzhou, the elders all said they suffered from the canal's silting and that dredging was needed every three to five years as a rule. Not only did this toil soldiers and civilians, but the canal from before the prefecture to the North Suburb runs fourteen or fifteen li through the market lanes, and whenever work was about to begin the shops were thrown into turmoil and public and private affairs alike were thrown into uproar. Even clerks, moat-garrison troops, and men of that rank could intimidate and shake down households—claiming that earth had to be dumped here or that muddy water had to be routed there—until every resident feared for his livelihood. Once they had pocketed a hefty bribe, they moved on to the next victim. When the work ended, verandas and lodging houses lay trampled and chaotic; gaps in gardens and empty lots had routinely been heaped into mounds, and when heavy rains came the spoil washed back into the canal—so many grievances among the residents that they cannot all be told. If the canal went three or five years without dredging, public and private traffic stalled entirely. Vessels of hundreds of hu had to be poled through water scarcely deeper than a finger's breadth; men and oxen strained to the limit, every step an ordeal; even commissioners on urgent business sometimes could not leave the city outskirts for days. Asked why dredging had to be done again and again, everyone said that at the Longshan and Qiantang sluices the silt was so turbid that in only a few days it piled four or five chi deep—a natural result, nothing surprising. He soon assembled a thousand river-defense soldiers and metropolitan garrison troops and, within the seventh month, dredged the Mao and Salt Bridge canals, each more than ten li long, to a depth of eight chi throughout. From then on public and private vessels passed freely—the deepest and most satisfactory dredging in thirty years. Yet the tide still came daily and silting resumed as before, so that within three or five years the earlier labor would be undone. He proposed placing a sluice before the Controller-General's office: whenever the tide rose, the gate would be shut until the tide fell and the water cleared; the stretch of canal running through the markets would then forever be spared tidal silting and the turmoil of repeated dredging. The request was granted by edict, to the great convenience of the people.
19
紹興三年十一月，宰臣奏開修運河淺澀，帝曰：「可發旁郡廂軍、壯城、捍江之兵，至於廩給之費，則不當吝。」 宰臣朱勝非等曰：「開河非今急務，而饋餉艱難，為害甚大。 時方盛寒，役者良苦，臨流居人，侵塞河道者，悉當遷避； 至於畚閘所經，沙泥所積，當預空其處，則居人及富家以僦屋取貲者皆非便，恐議者以為言。」 帝曰：「禹卑宮室而盡力於溝洫，浮言何恤焉！」 八年，又命守臣張澄發廂軍、壯城兵千人，開浚運河堙塞，以通往來舟楫。
In the eleventh month of the third year of Shaoxing the chief ministers memorialized to dredge the shallow, silted stretches of the Grand Canal. The emperor said: "Dispatch metropolitan garrison, stronghold, and river-defense troops from the neighboring prefectures. As for grain rations, do not be stinting." Chief Ministers Zhu Shengfei and others replied: "Dredging the canal is not the most urgent business now, yet the difficulty of supplying provisions would cause great harm. The season was bitterly cold and the laborers would suffer greatly; residents along the canal who had encroached on and blocked the channel would all have to be relocated; and wherever dredging and sluice work would pass, sand and mud would have to be stored—requiring that sites be cleared in advance, to the great inconvenience of residents and of wealthy families who earned rents from leased houses. Critics would surely object." The emperor said: "Yu kept his palace humble and poured his strength into canals—why heed idle talk!" In the eighth year the prefect Zhang Cheng was again ordered to dispatch a thousand metropolitan garrison and stronghold troops to dredge the silted canal and restore passage for boats.
20
隆興二年，守臣吳芾言：「城裏運河，先已措置北梅家橋、仁和倉、斜橋三所作壩，取西湖六處水口通流灌入。 府河積水，至望仙橋以南至都亭驛一帶，河道地勢，自昔高峻。 今欲先於望仙橋城外保安閘兩頭作壩，卻于竹車門河南開掘水道，車戽運水，引入保安門通流入城，遂自望仙橋以南開至都亭驛橋，可以通徹積水，以備緩急。 計用工四萬。」 從之。
In the second year of Longxing the prefect Wu Bi said: "For the canal within the city, dams had already been built at North Meijia Bridge, Renhe Granary, and Xie Bridge, drawing water from six West Lake outlets. The prefectural canal held water, but from south of Wangxian Bridge to Duting Post the bed had always been high and steep. We now propose first building dams at both ends of Bao'an Sluice outside Wangxian Bridge, then excavating a channel south of Zhuche Gate River and using chain pumps to lift water in through Bao'an Gate, and opening the bed from Wangxian Bridge south to Duting Post Bridge so that pooled water can be fully drained in an emergency. Labor was estimated at forty thousand work-days. The request was granted.
21
乾道三年六月，知荊南府王炎言：「臨安居民繁夥，河港堙塞，雖屢開導，緣裁減工費，不能迄功。 臣嘗措置開河錢十萬緡，乞候農暇，特詔有司，用此專充開河支費，庶幾河渠復通，公私為利。」 上俞其請。 四年，守臣周淙出公帑錢招集遊民，開浚城內外河，疏通淤塞，人以治辦稱之。
In the sixth month of the third year of Qiandao Wang Yan, prefect of Jingnan, said: "Lin'an is densely populated and its channels are choked. Dredging has been attempted many times, but cuts to the budget kept the work from completion. I have set aside one hundred thousand strings for dredging. I beg that when the farming season slackens Your Majesty issue a special edict directing the offices to use these funds solely for dredging, so that the waterways may be restored to the benefit of all." The emperor approved his request. In the fourth year Prefect Zhou Cong spent government funds to recruit migrant laborers, dredged the rivers inside and outside the city, cleared the silt, and won renown for effective administration.
22
淳熙二年，兩浙漕臣趙磻老言：「臨安府長安閘至許村巡檢司一帶，漕河淺澀，請出錢米，發兩岸人戶出力開浚。」 又言：「欲于通江橋置板閘，遇城中河水淺涸，啟板納潮，繼即下板，固護水勢，不得通舟； 若河水不乏，即收閘板，聽舟楫往還為便。」
In the second year of Chunxi the Two-Zhe transport commissioner Zhao Panlao said: "From Chang'an Sluice to the Xucun inspection post the transport canal is shallow and silted. I request funds and grain to mobilize households on both banks for dredging." He also proposed: "Place a board sluice at Tongjiang Bridge: when the city river runs low, raise the boards to admit the tide and then lower them at once to hold the water level—boats would not pass while the boards were down; when the river is full, remove the boards and allow vessels to pass freely."
23
七年，守臣吳淵言：「萬松嶺兩旁古渠，多被權勢及有司公吏之家造屋侵佔，及內砦前石橋、都亭驛橋南北河道，居民多拋糞土瓦礫，以致填塞，流水不通。 今欲分委兩通判監督，地分廂巡，逐時點檢，勿令侵佔並拋颺糞土。 秩滿，若不淤塞，各減一年磨勘； 違，展一年，以示勸懲。」
In the seventh year Prefect Wu Yuan said: "The ancient canals flanking Wansong Ridge have largely been built over by powerful families and by officials' households; at the stone bridge before the inner encampment and along the channel north and south of Duting Post Bridge residents dump dung, earth, and rubble until the flow is choked off. He proposed placing two assistant prefects in charge, with ward patrols to inspect regularly and forbid encroachment and dumping. At term's end, if the channels remained unblocked, each would receive one year credit on his merit review; if not, one year would be added—a reward and a penalty."
24
十四年七月，不雨，臣僚言：「竊見奉口至北新橋三十六里，斷港絕潢，莫此為甚。 今宜開浚，使通客船，以平谷直。」 從之。
In the seventh month of the fourteenth year, during a drought, a courtier said: "From Fengkou to Beixin Bridge, thirty-six li of waterway are cut off and choked—nowhere worse. It should be dredged so that passenger boats can pass and freight rates may be reduced." The request was granted.
25
鹽官海水
The Seawaters of Yanguan
26
鹽官海水：嘉定十二年，臣僚言：「鹽官去海三十餘里，舊無海患，縣以鹽灶頗盛，課利易登。 去歲海水泛漲，湍激橫沖，沙岸每一潰裂，嘗數十丈。 日復一日，浸入鹵地，蘆州港瀆，蕩為一壑。 今聞潮勢深入，逼近居民。 萬一春水驟漲，怒濤奔湧，海風佐之，則呼吸蕩出，百里之民，寧不俱葬魚腹乎？ 況京畿赤縣，密邇都城。 內有二十五里塘，直通長安閘，上徹臨平，下接崇德，漕運往來，客船絡繹，兩岸田畝，無非沃壤。 若海水徑入於塘，不惟民田有咸水渰沒之患，而裏河堤岸，亦將有潰裂之憂。 乞下浙西諸司，條具築捺之策，務使捍堤堅壯，土脈充實，不為怒潮所沖。」 從之。
The seawaters of Yanguan: In the twelfth year of Jiading a courtier said: "Yanguan lies more than thirty li from the sea and had never known coastal disaster; with its salt pans thriving, tax revenue was easily collected. Last year the sea surged and tore across the shore; each breach of the sand bank ran several tens of zhang. Day by day it ate into the salt flats; Lu Harbor and its channels were scoured into a single hollow. Now the tide is said to have driven inland and to be pressing upon the settlements. If spring floods should suddenly rise and raging surf, aided by sea winds, should sweep inland in a breath, would not every soul for a hundred li be drowned together? Moreover this is a privileged county of the capital region, close beside the court. Within the county runs the Twenty-five-li Embankment, linking Chang'an Sluice, reaching Linping above and Chongde below; grain transport and passenger traffic move in constant stream, and the fields on both banks are all rich farmland. If the sea should break directly into the embankment, not only would the fields face inundation by salt water, but the inner river's dikes would be in danger of giving way. I beg that the Western Zhe offices be ordered to submit plans for embankment works, so that the sea dikes may stand firm and solid and not be shattered by raging tides." The request was granted.
27
十五年，都省言：鹽官縣海塘沖決，命浙西提舉劉垕專任其事。 既而垕言：
In the fifteenth year the Secretariat reported that the sea wall at Yanguan had been breached and appointed Liu Huang, Western Zhe intendant, to take sole charge. Huang soon reported:
28
縣東接海鹽，西距仁和，北抵崇德、德清，境連平江、嘉興、湖州； 南瀕大海元與縣治相去四十餘里。 數年以來，水失故道，早晚兩潮，奔沖向北，遂致縣南四十餘里盡淪為海。 近縣之南，元有捍海古塘亙二十里。 今東西兩段，並已淪毀，侵入縣兩旁又各三四里，止存中間古塘十餘里。 萬一水勢沖激不已，不惟鹽官一縣不可復存，而向北地勢卑下，所慮咸流入蘇、秀、湖三州等處，則田畝不可種植，大為利害。
East the county adjoins Haiyan, west it borders Renhe, north it reaches Chongde and Deqing, and its territory links Pingjiang, Jiaxing, and Huzhou; south it faced the open sea, once more than forty li from the county seat. In recent years the water lost its old channels; morning and evening tides charged north, and more than forty li south of the county have been wholly lost to the sea. South of the county seat there had once been an ancient sea wall twenty li long. Its eastern and western sections have now been destroyed; the sea has eaten three or four li into each side of the county, and only some ten li of the central stretch remain. If the sea should keep driving inland, not only would Yanguan cease to exist; to the north the land lies low, and salt water might reach Suzhou, Xiuzhou, and Huzhou so that fields could no longer be cultivated—a calamity of the first magnitude.
29
詳今日之患，大概有二：一曰陸地淪毀，二曰鹹潮泛溢。 陸地淪毀者，固無力可施； 鹹潮泛溢者，乃因捍海古塘沖損，遇大潮必盤越流注北向，宜築土塘以捍鹹潮。 所築塘基址，南北各有兩處：在縣東近南則為六十里鹹塘，近北則為袁花塘； 在縣西近南亦曰鹹塘，近北則為淡塘。
Today's disasters fall broadly into two: loss of land to the sea, and the spreading of salt tides. For land already lost to the sea nothing can be done; but the salt tides spread because the ancient sea wall has been breached—great tides spill over and pour north. An earthen embankment should be built to hold them back. For new embankments there are two sites on each flank: east of the county, to the south the Sixty-li Salt Embankment and to the north Yuanhua Embankment; west of the county, the southern site is likewise the Salt Embankment and the northern the Freshwater Embankment.
30
亦嘗驗兩處土色虛實，則袁花塘、淡塘差勝鹹塘，且各近裏，未至與海潮為敵。 勢當東就袁花塘、西就淡塘修築，則可以禦縣東鹹潮盤溢之患。 其縣西一帶淡塘，連縣治左右，共五十餘里，合先修築。 兼縣南去海一里余，幸而古塘尚存，縣治民居，盡在其中，未可棄之度外。 今將見管樁石，就古塘稍加工築疊一里許，為防護縣治之計。 其縣東民戶，日築六十里鹹塘。 萬一又為海潮沖損，當計用樁木修築袁花塘以捍之。
Tests of the soil showed Yuanhua and Freshwater embankments to be somewhat better than the Salt Embankment, and both lie farther inland, not yet fully exposed to the open tide. The east should be reinforced at Yuanhua Embankment and the west at Freshwater Embankment, which would hold back the salt tides surging from the east. The Freshwater Embankment west of the county, running fifty-odd li along both sides of the seat, should be repaired first. Moreover the county seat lies scarcely more than a li from the sea; fortunately the ancient wall still stands and the seat and settlements all lie within it—this must not be neglected. Available timber and stone will be used to strengthen the ancient wall for about one li to shield the county seat. East of the county the households are daily raising the Sixty-li Salt Embankment. If the sea should breach it again, piles and timber should be used to build up Yuanhua Embankment as a second line of defense.
31
上以為然。
The emperor approved.
32
明州水
The Waters of Ming Prefecture
33
明州水：紹興五年，明州守臣李光奏：「明、越陂湖，專溉農田。 自慶曆中，始有盜湖為田者，三司使切責漕臣，嚴立法禁。 宣和以來，王仲薿守越，樓異守明，創為應奉，始廢湖為田，自是歲有水旱之患。 乞行廢罷，盡復為湖。 如江東、西之圩田，蘇、秀之圍田，皆當講究興復。」 詔逐路轉運司相度聞奏。
The waters of Ming Prefecture: In the fifth year of Shaoxing Prefect Li Guang of Ming memorialized: "The reservoir lakes of Ming and Yue exist solely to irrigate farmland. From the Qingli era people began encroaching on the lakes for fields; the commissioner of the Three Departments rebuked the transport officials and imposed strict prohibition. Under Xuanhe, Wang Zhongyi as prefect of Yue and Lou Yi as prefect of Ming launched corvée tribute projects, first draining the lakes for fields—after which flood and drought returned year after year. I beg that these projects be abolished and the lakes fully restored. The polders of Jiangdong and Jiangxi and the embanked fields of Suzhou and Xiuzhou should likewise be reviewed for restoration. An edict directed the transport commissions of each circuit to investigate and report.
34
乾道五年，守臣張津言：「東錢湖容受七十二溪，方圓廣闊八百頃，傍山為固，疊石為塘八十里。 自唐天寶三年，縣令陸南金開廣之。 國朝天禧元年，郡守李夷庚重修之。 中有四閘七堰，凡遇旱涸，開閘放水，溉田五十萬畝。 比因豪民於湖塘淺岸漸次包占，種植菱荷，障塞湖水。 紹興十八年，雖曾檢舉約束，盡罷請佃。 歲久菱根蔓延，滲塞水脈，致妨蓄水； 兼塘岸間有低塌處，若不淘浚修築，不惟浸失水利，兼恐塘埂相繼摧毀。 乞候農隙趁時開鑿，因得土修治埂岸，實為兩便。」 從之。
In the fifth year of Qiandao Prefect Zhang Jin said: "East Qian Lake collects seventy-two streams, covers eight hundred qing, is braced by mountains, and is enclosed by a stone embankment eighty li long. It was opened and enlarged in the third year of Tianbao of Tang by Magistrate Lu Nanjin. In the first year of Tianxi of our dynasty Prefect Li Yigeng rebuilt it. It has four sluices and seven weirs; in drought the gates are opened to irrigate five hundred thousand mu of fields. Lately powerful families have gradually encroached on the shallow shores, planting water chestnuts and lotus and choking the lake. In the eighteenth year of Shaoxing encroachments were investigated and all leases were revoked. Over the years water-chestnut roots have spread, choking the channels and impairing storage; and there are sunken stretches along the embankment. Without dredging and repair, irrigation will fail and the dikes may collapse one after another. I beg that dredging be done in the farming slack season, using the spoil to repair the banks—a double benefit." The request was granted.
35
鄞縣水
The Waters of Yin County
36
鄞縣水：嘉定十四年，慶元府言：「鄞縣水自四明諸山溪澗會至他山，置堰小涇，下江入河。 所入上河之水，專溉民田，其利甚博。 比因淤塞，堰上山觜少有溪水流入上河。 自春徂夏不雨，令官吏發卒開淘沙觜及浚港汊，又於堰上壘疊沙石，逼使溪流兗入上河。 其他山水入府城南門一帶，有碶閘三所：曰烏金，曰積瀆，曰行春。 烏金碶又名上水碶，昔因倒損，遂捺為壩，以致淤沙在河，或遇溪流聚湧，時復沖倒所捺壩，走泄水源。 行春橋又名南石碶，碶面石板之下，歲久損壞空虛，每受潮水，演溢奔突，山于石縫，以致鹹潮盡入上河。 其縣東管有道士堰，至白鶴橋一帶，河港堙塞； 又有朱賴堰，與行春等碶相連，堰下江流通徹大海。 今春闕雨，上河乾淺，堰身塌損，以致鹹潮透入上河，使農民不敢車注溉田。 乞修砌上水、烏金諸處壩堰，仍選清強能幹職官，專一提督。」
The waters of Yin County: In the fourteenth year of Jiading Qingyuan prefecture reported: "Yin County's water gathers from the Siming mountains at Tashan, where a weir and small channel direct it down to the river. The water entering the upper channel irrigates the fields alone, to great benefit. Lately silting has left only a trickle from the mountain spur above the weir into the upper channel. With no rain from spring through summer, officials dispatched laborers to scour the sand spur and dredge the branches, and piled sand and stone on the weir to force the stream into the upper channel. Other mountain streams entering by the south gate of the prefectural city pass three sluice-gates: Wujin, Jidu, and Xingchun. Wujin Sluice, also called Upper-water Sluice, once collapsed and was blocked into a dam, leaving the channel silted; when streams surge they sometimes burst the dam and waste the headwaters. Xingchun Bridge, also called South Stone Sluice, has hollow slabs beneath its face; each tide wells up through the cracks and salt water floods the upper channel. East of the county at Daoshi Weir the channels as far as Baihe Bridge are choked; and Zhulai Weir, linked to Xingchun and the other gates, whose channel below runs clear to the sea. This spring's drought left the upper channel shallow and the weirs broken, so salt tide seeps in and farmers dare not lift water to irrigate. I beg that the dams and weirs at Upper-water, Wujin, and elsewhere be rebuilt, and a capable official appointed to supervise."
37
潤州水
The Waters of Run Prefecture
38
潤州水：紹興七年，兩浙轉運使向子諲言：「鎮江府呂城、夾岡，形勢高仰，因春夏不雨，官漕艱勤。 尋遣官屬李澗詢究練湖本末，始知此湖在唐永泰間已廢而復興。 今堤岸弛禁，致有侵佃冒決，故湖水不能瀦蓄，舟楫不通，公私告病。 若夏秋霖潦，則丹陽、金壇、延陵一帶良田，亦被渰沒。 臣已令丹陽知縣朱穆等增置二斗門、一石鹈達，及修補堤防，盡復舊跡，庶為永久之利。」 乾道七年，以臣僚言：「丹陽練湖幅員四十里，納長山諸水，漕渠資之，故古語云：'湖水寸，渠水尺。」 在唐之禁甚嚴，盜決者罪比殺人。 本朝浸緩其禁以惠民，然修築嚴甚。 春夏多雨之際，瀦蓄盈滿，雖秋無雨，漕渠或淺，但泄湖水一寸，則為河一尺矣。 兵變以後，多廢不治，堤岸圮闕，不能貯水； 強家因而專利，耕以為田，遂致淤澱。 歲月既久，其害滋廣。 望責長吏浚治堙塞，立為盜決侵耕之法，著於令。 庶幾練湖漸復其舊，民田獲灌溉之利，漕渠無淺涸之患。」 詔兩浙漕臣沈度專一措置修築。
The waters of Run Prefecture: In the seventh year of Shaoxing the Two-Zhe transport commissioner Xiang Ziyin said: "At Lücheng and Jiagang in Zhenjiang the bed lies high; with no rain through spring and summer, official grain transport has grown arduous. He soon sent Li Jian to investigate Lian Lake and learned that it had been abandoned and restored as early as the Yongtai era of Tang. Now prohibitions on the embankments have lapsed, encroachments and illicit breaches abound, the lake can no longer hold water, boats cannot pass, and public and private interests alike suffer. When summer and autumn bring torrential rains, the fertile land around Danyang, Jintan, and Yanling is flooded as well. I have ordered Magistrate Zhu Mu of Danyang and others to install two sluice-gates and one stone barrage, repair the embankments, and restore the works to their former state for lasting benefit." In the seventh year of Qiandao, officials reported: "Lian Lake at Danyang spans forty li around, gathering the streams of Mount Chang and elsewhere to feed the grain canal—hence the proverb, 'An inch on the lake, a foot in the channel.' Under the Tang the ban was severe: anyone who breached the lake illegally was punished as for murder. Our dynasty has eased the prohibition over time to benefit the people, yet upkeep of the works remains rigorously enforced. Through the rainy spring and summer the lake fills; even in a rainless autumn, when the canal runs low, releasing an inch of lake water raises the channel by a foot. After the military upheavals much was left unrepaired; the embankments crumbled and the lake could no longer hold water; powerful families seized the advantage, farming the bed for themselves, until silt choked the lake. With the passing years the damage has only spread. We ask that senior officials be made responsible for dredging the blockages, that laws against illegal breaches and encroaching cultivation be enacted, and that these be written into statute. Then Lian Lake may gradually be restored, the people's fields will receive irrigation, and the grain canal will be spared shallow and dry seasons." The throne ordered the Two-Zhe transport commissioner Shen Du to take sole charge of the repairs.
39
慶元五年，兩浙轉運、浙西提舉言：「以鎮江府守臣重修呂城兩閘畢，再造一新閘以固堤防，庶為便利。」 從之。
In the fifth year of Qingyuan the Two-Zhe transport office and the Zhexi intendant reported: "The Zhenjiang prefect has finished rebuilding the two gates at Lücheng; a new gate should be added to strengthen the embankments for greater benefit." The request was granted.
40
浙西運河，自臨安府北郭務至鎮江江口閘，六百四十一里。 淳熙七年，帝因輔臣奏金使往來事，曰：「運河有淺狹處，可令守臣以漸開浚，庶不擾民。」 至十一年冬，臣僚言：「運河之浚，自北關至秀州杉青，各有堰閘，自可瀦水。 惟沿河上塘有小堰數處，積久低陷，無以防遏水勢，當以時加修治。 兼沿河下岸涇港極多，其水入長水塘、海鹽塘、華亭塘，由六里堰下，私港散漫，悉入江湖，以私港深、運河淺也。 若修固運河下岸一帶涇港，自無走泄。 又自秀州杉青至平江府盤門，在太湖之際，與湖水相連； 而平江閶門至常州，有楓橋、許墅、烏角溪、新安溪、將軍堰，亦各通太湖。 如遇西風，湖水由港而入，皆不必浚。 惟無錫五瀉閘損壞累年，常是開堰，徹底放舟； 更江陰軍河港勢低，水易走泄。 若從舊修築，不獨瀦水可以通舟，而無錫、晉陵間所有陽湖，亦當積水，而四傍田畝，皆無旱墻之患。 獨自常州至丹陽縣，地勢高仰，雖有奔牛、呂城二閘，別無湖港瀦水； 自丹陽至鎮江，地形尤高，雖有練湖，緣湖水日淺，不能濟遠，雨晴未幾，便覺乾涸。 運河淺狹，莫此為甚，所當先浚。」 上以為然。
The Zhexi transport canal runs six hundred forty-one li from the North Outer Station of Lin'an to the river-mouth gate at Zhenjiang. In the seventh year of Chunxi, when his ministers reported on the passage of Jin envoys, the emperor said: "Where the canal is shallow or narrow, let the prefects dredge it step by step so the people are not unduly burdened." In the winter of the eleventh year officials reported: "From North Pass to Shanqing in Xiuzhou the canal already has weirs and gates at each section and can hold water by itself. Only several small weirs on the upper embankments along the route have sunk over time and can no longer hold back the water; these should be repaired on schedule. Along the lower banks there are also countless branch channels draining into Changshui, Haiyan, and Huating ponds; below Liuli Weir private creeks spill in every direction into the rivers and lakes because the private channels run deeper than the canal. If the branch channels along the canal's lower banks are repaired and secured, the water will no longer escape. From Shanqing in Xiuzhou to Pan Gate in Pingjiang the canal lies on Tai Lake and is fed by its waters; and from Chang Gate in Pingjiang to Changzhou, Fengqiao, Xushu, Wujiao Stream, Xin'an Stream, and Jiangjun Weir each connect to Tai Lake as well. When the west wind blows, lake water enters through these channels and dredging is unnecessary. Only at Wuxie's Wuxie Gate, damaged for years, the weir is kept open and boats pass through freely; while the river channels at Jiangyin lie lower still and water escapes easily. If the old works are restored, stored water will not only float the boats but Yang Lake between Wuxi and Jinling will fill again, and the surrounding fields will be spared drought. Only from Changzhou to Danyang does the bed rise high; though Benniu and Lücheng have gates, no lake or harbor there can hold water; from Danyang to Zhenjiang the bed is higher still; Lian Lake exists, but its water grows shallower daily and cannot carry traffic far—within days of clear weather the channel runs dry. Nowhere is the canal shallower or narrower; this stretch should be dredged first." The emperor agreed.
41
至嘉定間，臣僚又言：「國家駐蹕錢塘，綱運糧餉，仰給諸道，所系不輕。 水運之程，自大江而下至鎮江則入閘，經行運河，如履平地，川、廣巨艦，直抵都城，蓋甚便也。 比年以來，鎮江閘口河道淤塞，不復通舟，乞令漕臣同淮東總領及本府守臣，公共措置開撩。」
During the Jiading era officials again reported: "With the court seated at Qiantang, grain convoys depend on every circuit—a matter of no small weight. By water, cargo descends the Yangtze to Zhenjiang, enters the lock, and sails the canal as on level ground; great ships from Sichuan and Guangdong reach the capital directly—a great convenience. In recent years the channel at Zhenjiang's lock has silted shut; we ask that the transport commissioner, the Huaidong chief steward, and the prefect work together to dredge it open."
42
越州水
The Waters of Yue Prefecture
43
越州水：鑒湖之廣，周回三百五十八里，環山三十六源。 自漢永和五年，會稽太守馬臻始築塘，溉田九千餘頃，至宋初八百年間，民受其利。 歲月浸遠，浚治不時，日久堙廢。 瀕湖之民，侵耕為田，熙寧中，盜為田九百餘頃。 嘗遣廬州觀察推官江衍經度其宜，凡為湖田者兩存之，立碑石為界，內者為田，外者為湖。 政和末，為郡守者務為進奉之計，遂廢湖為田，賦輸京師。 自時奸民私占，為田益眾，湖之存者亡幾矣。 紹興二十九年十月，帝諭樞密院事王綸曰：「往年宰執嘗欲盡幹鑒湖，雲可得十萬斛米。 朕謂若遇歲旱，無湖水引灌，則所損未必不過之。 凡事須遠慮可也。」
The waters of Yue Prefecture: Mirror Lake spans three hundred fifty-eight li around, fed by thirty-six mountain streams. In the fifth year of Yonghe of Han, Prefect Ma Zhen of Kuaiji first built the embankment and irrigated more than nine thousand qing; for eight hundred years until the early Song the people prospered by it. As the years passed dredging fell behind until the lake was choked and abandoned. Shore dwellers encroached and farmed the bed; in the Xining era more than nine hundred qing were illegally reclaimed. Jiang Yan, investigating censor of Luzhou, was once sent to survey the lake; encroachers were allowed to keep half their fields, and stone markers were set—land within was field, land without was lake. At the end of Zhenghe the prefect, eager to curry favor with tribute, drained the lake for fields and sent the revenue to the capital. Since then unscrupulous men have seized more land for fields, and little of the lake remains. In the tenth month of the twenty-ninth year of Shaoxing the emperor told Wang Lun of the Bureau of Military Affairs: "Years ago the chief ministers wished to drain Mirror Lake entirely, promising a hundred thousand hu of rice. I said that in a drought year, without lake water for irrigation, the loss might exceed the gain. In all things one must look to the long term."
44
隆興元年，紹興府守臣吳芾言：「鑒湖自江衍所立碑石之外，今為民田者，又一百六十五頃，湖盡堙廢。 今欲發四百九十萬工，于農隙接續開鑿。 又移壯城百人，以備撩灑浚治，差強幹使臣一人，以'巡轄鑒湖堤岸'為名。」
In the first year of Longxing Prefect Wu Bi of Shaoxing reported: "Beyond the markers Jiang Yan set, another one hundred sixty-five qing have become farmland; the lake is wholly choked. We propose to mobilize 4.9 million work-days and dredge in succession during the farming slack season. We will also assign one hundred garrison troops for dredging and appoint a capable commissioner titled 'Patrol Superintendent of Mirror Lake Embankments.'"
45
二年，芾又言：「修鑒湖，全藉斗門、堰閘蓄水，都泗堰閘尤為要害。 凡遇約運及監司使命舟船經過，堰兵避免車拽，必欲開閘通放，以致啟閉無時，失泄湖水。 且都泗堰因高麗使往來，宣和間方置閘，今乞廢罷。」 其後芾為刑部侍郎，復奏：「自開鑒湖，溉廢田二百七十頃，復湖之舊。 又修治斗門、堰閘十三所。 夏秋以來，時雨雖多，亦無泛溢之患，民田九千餘頃，悉獲倍收，其為利較然可見。 乞將江衍原立禁牌，別定界至，則堤岸自然牢固，永無盜決之虞。」
In the second year Bi again reported: "Restoring Mirror Lake depends entirely on sluice-gates and weirs to hold water; the Dusi gate is the critical point. Whenever tribute convoys or official missions passed, the weir guards, eager to avoid hauling carts, would open the gates at will, so the lake water drained away without restraint. The Dusi gate was installed in Xuanhe only for Goryeo envoys; we ask that it now be removed." Later, as vice minister of justice, Bi memorialized again: "Since reopening Mirror Lake we have irrigated two hundred seventy qing of abandoned fields and restored the lake. We have also repaired thirteen sluice-gates and weirs. Through summer and autumn, though rains have been heavy, there has been no flooding; more than nine thousand qing of fields have doubled their yield—the benefit is plain. We ask that Jiang Yan's prohibition markers be used to fix new boundaries; then the embankments will hold firm and illicit breaches will cease forever."
46
紹興初，高宗次越，以上虞縣梁湖堰東運河淺澀，令發六千五百餘工，委本縣令、佐監督浚治。 既而都省言，余姚縣境內運河淺澀，壩閘隳壞，阻滯綱運，遂命漕臣發一萬七千餘卒，自都泗堰至曹娥塔橋，開撩河身、夾塘，詔漕司給錢米。
Early in Shaoxing, when Gaozong resided at Yue, the canal east of Lianghu Weir in Shangyu was found shallow; he ordered more than 6,500 work-days and charged the county magistrate and assistants with dredging it. The central secretariat then reported that within Yuyao the canal was shallow, the dams and gates ruined, and convoys blocked; the transport commissioner was ordered to deploy more than seventeen thousand laborers from Dusi Weir to Cao'e Pagoda Bridge to dredge the channel and banks, with funds and grain from the transport office.
47
蕭山縣西興鎮通江兩閘，近為江沙壅塞，舟楫不通。 乾道三年，守臣言：「募人自西興至大江，疏沙河二十里，並浚閘裏運河十三里，通使綱運，民旅皆利。 復恐潮水不定，復有填淤，且通江六堰，綱運至多，宜差注指使一人，專以'開撩西興沙河'系銜，及發捍江兵士五十名，專充開撩沙浦，不得雜役，仍從本府起立營屋居之。」
At Xixing in Xiaoshan, the two river gates have lately been choked by sand and boats cannot pass. In the third year of Qiandao the prefect reported: "We hired laborers to clear twenty li of sandy channel from Xixing to the Yangtze and dredged thirteen li of canal inside the gate, easing convoys and travelers alike. We fear the tides will silt it again; with six river weirs and heavy convoy traffic, one officer should be appointed solely to dredge the Xixing sandy channel, with fifty river-defense troops assigned exclusively to that work and barracks built for them by the prefecture."
48
常州水
The Waters of Chang Prefecture
49
常州水：隆興二年，常州守臣劉唐稽言：「申、利二港，上自運河發流，經營回復，至下流析為二道，一自利港，一自申港，以達于江。 緣江口每日潮汐帶沙填塞，上流遊泥淤積，流泄不通； 而申港又以江陰軍釘立標楬，拘攔稅船，每潮來，則沙泥為木標所壅，淤塞益甚。 今若相度開此二河，但下流申、利二港，並隸江陰軍，若議定深闊丈尺，各於本界開淘，庶協力皆辦。 又孟瀆一港在奔牛鎮西，唐孟簡所開，並宜興縣界沿湖舊百瀆，皆通宜興之水，藉以疏泄。 近歲阻于吳江石塘，流行不快，而沿湖河港所謂百瀆，存者無幾。 今若開通，委為公私之便。」 至乾道二年，以漕臣薑詵等請，造蔡涇閘及開申港上流橫石，次浚利港以泄水勢。
The waters of Chang Prefecture: In the second year of Longxing Prefect Liu Tangji of Changzhou reported: "The Shen and Li harbors, fed from the transport canal above, have been restored; below they split into two channels—Li Harbor and Shen Harbor—reaching the Yangtze. At the mouth daily tides deposit sand; upstream silt accumulates and the channels no longer drain; At Shen Harbor Jiangyin has driven in marker posts to intercept tax boats; each tide deposits sand against the posts and the silting grows worse. If we survey and reopen these channels, the lower Shen and Li harbors both lie under Jiangyin; once depth and width are agreed, each jurisdiction can dredge its section and the work can be finished together. Mengdu Harbor west of Benniu, opened by Meng Jian of Tang, and the old Hundred Creeks along Yixing's lakeshore all connect Yixing's waters for drainage. In recent years Wujiang's stone embankment has impeded them; of the Hundred Creeks along the lake, few survive. If they are reopened now, the benefit to public and private interests alike will be real." In the second year of Qiandao, at the request of Transport Commissioner Jiang Shen and others, the Caijing Gate was built, the barrier stones at the upper Shen Harbor were removed, and Li Harbor was dredged to release the water.
50
六年三月，又命兩浙運副劉敏士、浙西提舉芮輝於新涇塘置閘堰，以捍海潮； 楊家港東開河置閘，通行鹽船。 仍差閘官一人，兵級十五人，以時啟閉挑撩。 五月，又以兩折轉運司並常州守臣言，填築五瀉上、下兩閘，及修築閘裏堤岸。 仍于郭瀆港口舜郎廟側水聚會處，築捺硬壩，以防走泄運水。 委無錫知縣主掌鑰匣，遇水深六尺，方許開閘，通放客舟。
In the third month of the sixth year the Two-Zhe transport vice commissioner Liu Minshi and the Zhexi intendant Rui Hui were ordered to build a gate-weir at Xinjing Pond against the sea tide; east of Yangjia Harbor a channel was opened and a gate installed for salt boats. One gate officer and fifteen soldiers were assigned to open, close, and dredge the works on schedule. In the fifth month, on petition from the Two-Zhe transport office and the prefect of Changzhou, the upper and lower Wuxie gates were rebuilt and the embankments within them repaired. At Guodu Harbor beside Shunlang Temple, where the waters meet, a hard-packed dam was also built to keep canal water from escaping. The magistrate of Wuxi was charged with the keys; the gate was to open for passenger boats only when the water stood six chi deep.
51
淳熙五年，以漕臣陳峴言，於十月募工開浚無錫縣以西橫林、小井及奔牛、呂城一帶地高水淺之處，以通漕舟。
In the fifth year of Chunxi, on the report of Transport Commissioner Chen Xian, labor was hired in the tenth month to dredge west of Wuxi at Henglin, Xiaojing, Benniu, and Lücheng where the bed runs high and shallow, so grain boats could pass.
52
九年，知常州章沖奏：
In the ninth year Zhang Chong, prefect of Changzhou, memorialized:
53
常州東北曰深港、利港、黃田港、夏港、五鬥港，其西曰灶子港、孟瀆、泰伯瀆、烈塘，江陰之東曰趙港、白沙港、石頭港、陳港、蔡港、私港、令節港，皆古人開導以為溉田無窮之利者也； 今所在堙塞，不能灌溉。
Northeast of Changzhou lie Shen Harbor, Li Harbor, Huangtian Harbor, Xia Harbor, and Wudou Harbor; to the west are Zaozi Harbor, Mengdu, Taibo Creek, and Lietang; east of Jiangyin are Zhao Harbor, Baisha Harbor, Shitou Harbor, Chen Harbor, Cai Harbor, Si Harbor, and Lingjie Harbor—all ancient channels opened for the endless benefit of irrigation; Today they are choked everywhere and can no longer irrigate.
54
臣嘗講求其說，抑欲不勞民，不費財，而漕渠旱不幹，水不溢，用力省而見功速，可以為悠久之利者，在州之西南曰白鶴溪，自金壇縣洮湖而下，今淺狹特七十餘里，若用工浚治，則漕渠一帶，無乾涸之患； 其南曰西蠡河，自宜興太湖而下，止開浚二十餘里，若更令深遠，則太湖水來，漕渠一百七十餘里，可免浚治之擾。 至若望亭堰閘，置於唐之至德，而徹於本朝之嘉祐，至元祐七年復置，未幾又毀之。 臣謂設此堰閘，有三利焉：陽羨諸瀆之水奔趨而下，有以節之，則當潦歲，平江三邑必無下流淫溢之患，一也。 自常州至望亭一百三十五里，運河一有所節，則沿河之田，旱歲資以灌溉，二也。 每歲冬春之交，重綱及使命往來，多苦淺涸； 今啟閉以時，足通舟楫，後免車畝灌注之勞，三也。
I have studied how to spare the people expense yet keep the canal from drying in drought or overflowing in flood, with little labor and quick results for lasting benefit: southwest of the prefecture lies Baihe Stream, flowing from Tao Lake in Jintan—now shallow and narrow for more than seventy li; if dredged, the canal stretch will be spared drought; South lies Xili River from Tai Lake at Yixing—only twenty-odd li have been dredged; if deepened further, Tai Lake water would feed one hundred seventy li of canal and spare repeated dredging. As for the Wangting weir-gate, built in the Zhide era of Tang, removed in Jiayou of our dynasty, restored in the seventh year of Yuanyou, and soon destroyed again. I hold that restoring this weir-gate brings three benefits: first, the creeks of Yangxian rush down unchecked—regulated here, the three districts of Pingjiang will be spared downstream flooding in wet years. Second, along the one hundred thirty-five li from Changzhou to Wangting, fields beside the canal could draw irrigation in drought years if the water were held back. Third, each winter and spring heavy convoys and official missions suffer from shallow water; timely opening and closing would float the boats and spare the labor of hauling water by cart and scoop.
55
詔令相度開浚。
The throne ordered a survey and dredging.
56
嘉泰元年，守臣李玨言：
In the first year of Jiatai Prefect Li Jue reported:
57
州境北邊揚子大江，南並太湖，東連震澤，西據滆湖，而漕渠，界乎其間。 漕渠兩傍曰白鶴溪、西蠡河、南戚氏、北戚氏、直湖州港，通於二湖； 曰利浦、孟瀆、烈塘、橫河、五瀉諸港，通于大江，而中間又各自為支溝斷汊，曲繞參錯，不以數計。 水利之源，多於他郡，而常苦易旱之患，何哉？
The prefecture borders the Yangtze on the north, Tai Lake on the south, Lake Zhen on the east, and Ge Lake on the west, with the grain canal running between. Beside the canal lie Baihe Stream, Xili River, South Qishi, North Qishi, and Zhihuzhou Harbor, linking the two lakes; and Li Pu, Mengdu, Lietang, Heng River, Wuxie, and other harbors reach the Yangtze, while between them branch channels and cut-offs wind and cross beyond number. Water sources here exceed those of other prefectures, yet drought afflicts it constantly—why?
58
臣嘗詢訪其故：漕渠東起望亭，西上呂城，一百八十餘里，形勢西高東下。 加以歲久淺淤，自河岸至底，其深不滿四五尺。 常年春雨連綿、江湖泛漲之時，河流忽盈驟減； 連歲雨澤愆闕，江湖退縮，渠形尤亢； 間雖得雨，水無所受，旋即走泄，南入於湖，北歸大江，東徑注於吳江； 晴未旬日，又復乾涸，此其易旱一也。 至若兩傍諸港，如白鶴溪、西蠡河、直湖、烈塘、五瀉堰，日為沙土淤漲，遇潮高水泛之時，尚可通行舟楫； 若值小汐久晴，則俱不能通。 應自余支溝別港，皆已堙塞，故雖有江湖之浸，不見其利，此其易旱二也。 況漕渠一帶，綱運於是經由，使客於此往返。 每遇水澀，綱運便阻； 一入冬月，津送使客，作壩車水，科役百姓，不堪其擾； 豈特溉田缺事而已。
I have inquired into the cause: the canal runs more than one hundred eighty li from Wangting in the east to Lücheng in the west, sloping down from west to east. Years of silting have left it shallow—from bank to bottom scarcely four or five chi deep. In normal years, when spring rains fall and the rivers and lakes rise, the channel fills suddenly and drains away just as fast; in years of drought, when the rivers and lakes fall, the channel bed stands especially high; even when rain falls, nothing holds the water; it runs off at once south into the lakes, north to the Yangtze, and east straight into Wujiang; within ten clear days it is dry again—this is the first cause of drought. As for the harbors on either side—Baihe Stream, Xili River, Zhihu, Lietang, and Wuxie Weir—daily silting chokes them; only at high tide can boats pass; at low tide after prolonged fair weather, none of them can be used. Meanwhile the branch channels and lesser harbors are all choked, so though rivers and lakes surround the prefecture, their benefit is lost—this is the second cause of drought. Moreover, the transport canal carries grain convoys through this region, and envoys and travelers pass back and forth along it. Whenever the water runs shallow, grain transport is blocked; Once winter comes, ferrying and escorting envoys and guests requires building dams and operating water wheels, with corvée levied on the common people until they cannot bear the harassment; This harm is far more than deficient field irrigation alone.
59
望委轉運、提舉常平官同本州相視漕渠，並徹江湖之處，如法浚治，盡還昔人遺跡，及於望亭修建上、下二閘，固護水源。
I ask that the transport commissioner and the intendant for ever-normal granaries be ordered to inspect the transport canal together with this prefecture, including where it reaches lakes and rivers, dredge it according to regulation, fully restore what former generations left, and at Wangting build upper and lower sluices to secure the water source.
60
從之。
The court approved the request.
61
升州水
Waters of Sheng Prefecture
62
升州水：乾道五年，建康守臣張孝祥言：「秦淮之水流入府城，別為兩派：正河自鎮淮新橋直注大江； 其為青溪，自天津橋出柵砦門，亦入于江。 緣柵砦門地，近為有力者所得，遂築斷青溪水口，創為花圃。 每水流暴至，則泛溢浸蕩，城內居民，尤被其害。 若訪古而求，使青溪直達大江，則建康永無水患矣。」 既而汪澈奏於西園依異時河道開浚，使水通柵門入。 從之。
Waters of Sheng Prefecture: In the fifth year of Qiandao, Zhang Xiaoxiang, defender of Jianye, reported: "The Qinhuai enters the prefectural city and divides into two branches: the main channel from the new Zhenhuai Bridge runs straight into the great river; The other is the Qing Stream, which leaves through the Zhazhai Gate at Tianjin Bridge and also enters the river. Land near the Zhazhai Gate was lately seized by men of power, who dammed the Qing Stream mouth and made a flower garden. Whenever floodwaters surged, overflow spread and washed the city; residents within the walls suffered above all. If one follows antiquity and restores the Qing Stream to reach the great river directly, Jianye would be free of flood calamity forever. Later Wang Che memorialized that the Western Garden should be excavated along the former channel so water could pass through the barrier gate. The court approved the request.
63
先是，孝祥又言：「秦淮水三源，一自華山由句容，一自廬山由溧水，一自溧水由赤山湖，至府城東南，合而為一，縈回綿亙三百餘里，溪、港、溝、澮之水盡歸焉。 流上水門，由府城入大江。 舊上、下水門展闊，自兵變後，砌疊稍狹，雖便於一時防守，實遏水源，流通不快。 兼兩岸居民填築河岸，添造屋宇。 若禁民不許侵佔，秦淮既復故道，則水不泛溢矣。 又府東門號陳二渡，有順聖河，正分秦淮之水，每遇春夏天雨連綿，上源奔湧，則分一派之水，自南門外直入于江，故秦淮無氾濫之患。 今一半淤塞為田，水流不通，若不惜數畝之田，疏導之以復古跡，則其利尤倍。」
Earlier Xiaoxiang had also reported: "The Qinhuai has three sources—one from Mount Hua through Jurong, one from Mount Lu through Lishui, one from Lishui through Chishan Lake. At the southeast of the prefectural city they merge into one channel winding more than three hundred li; the waters of streams, harbors, ditches, and canals all drain into it. It passes the upper water gate and enters the great river from the prefectural city. Formerly the upper and lower water gates were widened; after the military upheaval they were built up narrower. Though convenient for momentary defense, they actually choke the source and slow the flow. Moreover, residents on both banks filled in the riverbanks and added houses. If encroachment is forbidden and the Qinhuai recovers its old course, the waters will not overflow. Again, the prefecture's east gate, called Chen'er Ford, has the Shunsheng River, which properly divides Qinhuai water. Whenever spring and summer rains are continuous and the upper reaches surge, one branch enters the river straight from outside the south gate, so the Qinhuai does not flood. Now half is silted into fields and water cannot pass. If several mu of fields are not spared to dredge and restore the ancient course, the benefit would be doubled."
64
其後汪澈言：「水潦之害，大抵緣建康地勢稍低，秦淮既泛，又大江湍漲，其勢湓溢，非由水門窄狹、居民侵築所致。 且上水門砌疊處正不可闊，闊則春水入城益多。 自今指定上、下水門砌疊處不動，夾河居民之屋亦不毀除，止去兩岸積壞，使河流通快。 況城中系行宮東南王方，不宜開鑿。」 從之。
Later Wang Che said: "Flooding comes largely because Jianye's terrain is somewhat low. When the Qinhuai floods and the great river too runs turbulent and swollen, the momentum surges over—not because the water gates are narrow or residents have built out on the banks. Moreover the upper water gate's built-up section truly cannot be widened; widened, spring floodwaters entering the city would increase yet more. From now on designate the upper and lower water-gate built sections unmoved, and likewise do not destroy houses of riverside residents—only remove accumulated ruin on both banks so the river flows swiftly. Moreover, within the city lies the traveling palace's southeastern precinct—excavation should not be opened." The court approved the request.
65
嘉定五年，守臣黃度言：「府境北據大江，是為天險。 上自採石，下達瓜步，千有餘里，共置六渡：一曰烈山渡，籍于常平司，歲有河渡錢額； 五曰南浦渡、龍灣渡、東陽渡、大城堽渡、岡沙渡，籍于府司，亦有河渡錢額。 六渡歲為錢萬餘緡。 歷時最久，舟楫廢壞，官吏、篙工，初無廩給，民始病濟，而官漫不省。 遂至奸豪冒法，別置私渡，左右旁午。 由是官渡濟者絕少，乃聽吏卒苛取以充課。 徒手者猶憚往來，而車簷牛馬幾不敢行，甚者扼之中流，以邀索錢物。 竊以為南北津渡，務在利涉，不容簡忽而但求征課。 臣已為之繕治舟艦，選募篙梢，使遠處巡檢兼監渡官。 于諸渡月解錢則例，量江面闊狹，計物貨重輕，斟酌裁減，率三之一或四之一； 自人車牛馬，皆有定數，雕榜約束，不得過收邀阻。 乞覓裒一歲之入，除烈山渡常平錢如額解送，其餘諸渡，以二分充修船之費，而以其餘給官吏、篙梢、水手食錢。 令監渡官逐月照數支散，有餘則解送府司，然後盡絕私渡，不使奸民逾禁。」 從之。
In the fifth year of Jiading, Huang Du, defender of the prefecture, reported: "Our prefecture borders the great river to the north—this is heaven's strategic barrier. From Caishi upstream to Guabu downstream, more than a thousand li, six fords are established in all. The first is Lieshan Ford, registered with the Ever-Normal Office, with an annual river-ferry revenue quota; The other five—Nanpu, Longwan, Dongyang, Dacheng'gang, and Gangsha fords—are registered with the prefectural office and likewise have river-ferry revenue quotas. The six fords together yield more than ten thousand strings of cash annually. Over the longest time boats fell into ruin; clerks and boatmen at first had no grain rations. The people first suffered in crossing while officials paid no heed. Eventually powerful ruffians broke the law and set up private ferries crowding on every side. Because of this official-ferry traffic was exceedingly light, and clerks and soldiers were allowed to exact harshly to meet their quotas. Even those on foot still feared to come and go, while carts, sedan chairs, oxen, and horses scarcely dared cross. The worst seized travelers midstream to extort money and goods. I hold that north-south ferries must serve safe crossing and cannot be neglected while only seeking tax revenue. I have already repaired the boats, selected boatmen, and assigned remote patrol inspectors to serve concurrently as ferry overseers. Regarding the monthly quota payments from the fords, measuring river breadth and the weight of goods, I have reduced them by deliberation to roughly one-third or one-fourth; for persons, carts, oxen, and horses there are fixed rates, carved on placards as restrictions, forbidding excess collection and obstruction. I beg to gather one year's revenue: except Lieshan Ford's Ever-Normal quota, which should be forwarded as required, for the rest use two-tenths for boat repairs and the remainder for grain money for clerks, boatmen, and sailors. Let ferry overseers disburse monthly by the tally; surplus goes to the prefectural office. Then private ferries may be utterly abolished so wicked men cannot overstep the prohibition." The court approved the request.
66
秀州水
Waters of Xiu Prefecture
67
秀州水：秀州境內有四湖：一曰柘湖，二曰澱山湖，三曰當湖，四曰陳湖。 東南則柘湖，自金山浦、小官浦入於海。 西南則澱山湖，自蘆曆浦入於海。 西北則陳湖，自大姚港、朱裏浦入于吳松江。 其南則當湖，自月河、南浦口、澉浦口亦達於海。 支港相貫。
Waters of Xiu Prefecture: Within the prefecture are four lakes: Zhe Lake, Dianshan Lake, Dang Lake, and Chen Lake. To the southeast, Zhe Lake enters the sea through Jinshan Harbor and Xiaoguan Harbor. To the southwest, Dianshan Lake enters the sea through Luli Harbor. To the northwest, Chen Lake enters the Wusong River through Dayao Harbor and Zhuli Harbor. To the south, Dang Lake likewise reaches the sea through Moon River, Nanpu Mouth, and Gan Harbor Mouth. Branch harbors connect through one another.
68
乾道二年，守臣孫大雅奏請，于諸港浦分作閘或斗門，及張涇堰兩岸創築月河，置一閘，其兩柱金口基址，並以石為之，啟閉以時，民賴其利。
In the second year of Qiandao, Defender Sun Daya memorialized requesting sluices or flash gates at various harbor mouths, and at Zhangjing Weir on both banks a moon channel with one sluice—the two pillar golden mouths and foundations all in stone, opened and closed in season—on which the people relied for benefit.
69
十三年，兩浙轉運副使張叔獻言：「華亭東南枕海，西連太湖，北接松江，江北復控大海。 地形東南最高，西北稍下。 柘湖十有八港，正在其南，故古來築堰以禦鹹潮。 元祐中，於新涇塘置閘，後因沙淤廢毀。 今除十五處築堰及置石鹈達外，獨有新涇塘、招賢港、徐浦塘三處，見有鹹潮奔沖，渰塞民田。 今依新涇塘置閘一所，又於兩旁貼築鹹塘，以防海潮透入民田。 其相近徐浦塘，元系小派，自合築堰。 又欲於招賢港更置一石鹈達。 兼楊湖歲久，今稍淺澱，自當開浚。」 上曰：「此閘須當為之。 方今邊事寧息，惟當以民事為急。 民事以農為重，朕觀漢文帝詔書，多為農而下。 今置閘，其利久遠，不可憚一時之勞。」
In the thirteenth year, Zhang Shuxian, vice transport commissioner for the Two Zhe circuit, reported: "Huating in the southeast abuts the sea, west joins Lake Tai, north meets Songjiang, and north of the river again commands the great sea. The terrain is highest in the southeast and somewhat lower in the northwest. Zhe Lake has eighteen harbors lying just to its south; since antiquity weirs were built there to repel the salt tide. In the Yuanyou era a sluice was placed at Xinjing embankment; later sand silted it shut and it was ruined. Now besides fifteen places where weirs were built and stone pelican sluices installed, only Xinjing embankment, Zhaoxian Harbor, and Xupu embankment still suffer salt tide rushing in and flooding the people's fields. Now, following the model of Xinjing embankment, build one sluice, and on both sides attach salt embankments to keep the sea tide from penetrating into the people's fields. Nearby Xupu embankment was originally a small branch and ought to have a weir built as well. I also wish to place another stone pelican sluice at Zhaoxian Harbor. Moreover Yang Lake, after many years, has grown somewhat shallow and silted and should be dredged. The emperor said: "This sluice truly must be built. Now that border affairs are peaceful, only the people's affairs should be urgent. Among the people's affairs, farming is foremost. I observe that Emperor Wen of Han's edicts often defer to agriculture. Building this sluice now will bring lasting benefit—one must not shrink from a moment's labor."
70
十五年，以兩浙路轉運判官吳坰奏請，命浙西常平司措置錢谷，勸諭人戶，于農隙並力開浚華亭等處沿海三十六浦堙塞，決泄水勢，為永久利。
In the fifteenth year, on the memorial of Wu Qi, transport judge of the Two Zhe circuit, the Zhexi Ever-Normal Office was ordered to arrange funds and exhort households to dredge jointly in agricultural slack the thirty-six coastal harbors silted shut at Huating and elsewhere, releasing the water's force for lasting benefit.
71
乾道七年，秀州守臣丘崈奏：「華亭縣東南大海，古有十八堰，捍禦鹹潮。 其十七久皆捺斷，不通裏河； 獨有新涇唐一所不曾築捺，海水往來，遂害一縣民田。 緣新涇舊堰迫近大海，潮勢湍急，其港面闊，難以施工，設或築捺，決不經久。 運港在涇塘向裏二十里，比之新涇，水勢稍緩。 若就此築堰，決可永久，堰外凡管民田，皆無鹹潮之害。 其運港止可捺堰，不可置閘。 不惟瀕海土性虛燥，難以建置； 兼一日兩潮，通放鹽運，不減數十百艘，先後不齊，比至通放盡絕，勢必晝夜啟而不閉，則鹹潮無緣斷絕。 運港堰外別有港汊大小十六，亦合興修。」 從之。
In the seventh year of Qiandao, Qiu Kai, defender of Xiu, memorialized: "Huating County in the southeast faces the great sea. Anciently there were eighteen weirs holding back the salt tide. Seventeen have long since been dammed shut and no longer connect to the inner river; only at Xinjing embankment was one place never dammed, so sea water came and went and harmed the entire county's fields. Because the old weir at Xinjing lies close to the sea, the tide runs swift and the harbor mouth is wide, making work difficult; even if dammed, it would not endure. Yun Harbor lies twenty li inland from Jing embankment; compared with Xinjing, its water runs somewhat slower. If a weir is built here it can be permanent, and all fields beyond the weir would be free of salt-tide harm. At Yun Harbor one can only build a dammed weir; a sluice cannot be placed. Not only is coastal soil loose and dry, making construction difficult; moreover twice daily tides carry salt transport—not fewer than tens or hundreds of boats, arriving out of order. By the time passage is finished the gates would have to stand open day and night, and the salt tide could never be shut out. Beyond Yun Harbor weir are sixteen more harbor branches, large and small, that should likewise be improved. The court approved the request.
72
八年，崈又言：「興築捍海塘堰，今已畢工，地理闊遠，全藉人力固護。 乞令本縣知、佐兼帶'主管塘堰職事'系銜，秩滿，視有無損壞以為殿最。 仍令巡尉據地分巡察。」 詔特轉丘崈左承議郎，令所築華亭捍海塘堰，趁時栽種蘆葦，不許樵采。
In the eighth year Kai again reported: "The sea-barring embankment weirs are now complete. The terrain is broad and remote and wholly depends on human labor to maintain. I beg that this county's magistrate and aides bear the concurrent title 'Supervisor of Embankment-Weir Duties,' and that at term's end damage or preservation be weighed for their merit rating. Also order patrol constables to inspect by district. An edict specially promoted Qiu Kai to Left Gentleman for Managing Affairs and ordered that the Huating sea-barring embankment weirs plant reeds in season, with fuel-cutting forbidden.
73
九年，又命華亭縣作監閘官，招收土軍五十人，巡邏堤堰，專一禁戢，將卑薄處時加修捺。 令知縣、縣尉並帶'主管堰事'，則上下協心，不致廢壞。
In the ninth year the court also ordered Huating to establish supervising sluice officials, recruit fifty local soldiers to patrol the dikes and enforce prohibitions, and strengthen thin places in season. The magistrate and county lieutenant were also ordered to bear the title 'Supervisor of Weir Duties,' so that above and below would cooperate and prevent ruin.
74
淳熙九年，又命守臣趙善悉發一萬工，修治海鹽縣常豐閘及八十一堰壩，務令高牢，以固護水勢，遇旱可以瀦積。 十年，以浙西提舉司言，命秀州發卒浚治華亭鄉魚祈塘，使接松江太湖之水； 遇旱，即開西閘堰放水入泖湖，為一縣之利。
In the ninth year of Chunxi the court again ordered Defender Zhao Shanxi to mobilize ten thousand workers to repair Changfeng sluice and eighty-one weir dams at Haiyan County, striving to make them high and firm to secure the water's force and store water against drought. In the tenth year, on the word of the Zhexi intendant's office, the court ordered Xiu to send troops to dredge Yuji embankment pond in Huating township so it would connect with Songjiang and Lake Tai waters; in drought, open the west sluice weir to release water into Mao Lake for the benefit of the whole county.
75
蘇州水
Waters of Su Prefecture
76
黃岩縣水：淳熙十二年，浙東提舉勾昌泰言：「黃岩縣舊有官河，自縣前至溫嶺，凡九十里。 其支流九百三十六處，皆以溉田。 元有五閘，久廢不修。 今欲建一閘，約費二萬餘緡，乞詔兩浙運司于窠名錢內支撥。」 明年六月，昌泰復言：「黃岩縣東地名東浦，紹興中開鑿，置常豐閘。 名為決水入江，其實縣道欲令舟船取徑通過，每船納錢，以充官費。 一日兩潮，一潮一淤，才遇旱乾，更無灌溉之備。 已將此閘築為平陸，乞戒自今永不得開鑿放入江湖，庶絕後患。」
Waters of Huangyan County: In the twelfth year of Chunxi, Gou Changtai, intendant for eastern Zhe, reported: "Huangyan's old official river runs from before the county seat to Wenling—ninety li in all. Its branch streams number nine hundred thirty-six, all used to irrigate fields. Originally there were five sluices, long abandoned and unrepaired. Now I wish to build one sluice, costing about twenty thousand-odd strings of cash. I beg an edict that the Two Zhe transport office disburse the sum from its named revenue accounts." The following year, in the sixth month, Changtai again reported: "East of Huangyan, at a place called Dongpu, a channel was excavated in the Shaoxing era and Changfeng sluice was placed. It was named as releasing water into the river, but in fact the county wanted boats to take a shortcut through it, each boat paying cash to meet official costs. Twice daily tides came; each tide silted it once. When drought came, there was no irrigation provision. This sluice has now been built level. I beg that hereafter it never again be opened to release water into rivers and lakes, ending later trouble."
77
荊、襄諸水：紹興二十八年，監察御史都民望言：「荊南江陵縣東三十里，沿江北岸古堤一處，地名黃潭。 建炎間，邑官開決，放入江水，設以為險阻以禦盜。 既而夏潦漲溢，荊南、復州千餘里，皆被其害。 去年因民訴，始塞之。 乞令知縣遇農隙隨力修補，勿致損壞。」 從之。
Waters of Jing and Xiang: In the twenty-eighth year of Shaoxing, Censor Du Minwang reported: "Thirty li east of Jiangling County in Jingnan, along the north bank of the river, is an old embankment at a place called Huangtan. During the Jianyan era local officials opened it to admit river water, making it a barrier against bandits. Then summer floodwaters swelled and overflowed, and Jingnan and Fuzhou for more than a thousand li all suffered harm. Last year, on the people's complaint, it was blocked again. I beg that the magistrate be ordered, in agricultural slack, to repair it according to his means and not let it fall into ruin. The court approved the request.
78
淳熙八年，襄陽府守臣郭杲言：「本府有木渠，在中廬縣界，擁漹水東流四十五里，入宜城縣。 後漢南郡太守王寵，嘗鑿之以泄蠻水，謂之木裏溝，可溉田六千餘頃。 歲久堙塞，乞行修治。」 既而杲又修護城堤以捍江流，繼築救生堤為二閘，一通于江，一達於濠。 當水涸時，導之入濠； 水漲時，入之于江。 自是水雖至堤，無湍悍氾濫之患焉。 十年五月，詔疏木渠，以渠旁地為屯田。 尋詔民間侵耕者就給之，毋復取。
In the eighth year of Chunxi, Guo Gao, defender of Xiangyang, reported: "This prefecture has the Wooden Channel, on the border of Zhonglu County, holding back shallow water flowing east forty-five li into Yicheng County. Wang Chong, chief of Nan commandery in Later Han, once excavated it to release the Mán River's water. It is called the Wooden Lane Ditch and could irrigate more than six thousand qing. After years it had silted shut. I beg that it be repaired. Later Gao also repaired the city wall embankment to hold back the river, then built a life-saving embankment with two sluices—one opening to the river, one reaching the moat. When the water ran low, it was channeled into the moat; when the water rose, it was released into the river. From then on, though water reached the embankment, there was no calamity of violent flooding. In the fifth month of the tenth year, an edict ordered the Wooden Channel dredged and the land beside it made into garrison fields. Soon another edict granted the land to those among the people who had encroached to farm it, without further levy.
79
慶元二年，襄陽守臣程九萬言：「募工修作鄧城永豐堰，可防金兵衝突之患，且為農田灌溉之利。」 三年，臣僚言：「江陵府去城十餘里，有沙市鎮，據水陸之沖，熙甯中，鄭獬作守，始築長堤捍水。 緣地本沙渚，當蜀江下流，每遇漲潦奔沖，沙水相蕩，摧圮動輒數十丈，見存民屋，岌岌危懼。 乞下江陵府同駐紮副都統制司發卒修築，庶幾遠民安堵，免被墊溺。」 從之。
In the second year of Qingyuan, Cheng Jiuwan, defender of Xiangyang, reported: "I wish to hire labor to repair Dengcheng's Yongfeng Weir. It can guard against Jin forces' rush attacks and also benefit farmland irrigation." In the third year, officials reported: "More than ten li from Jiangling prefecture is Shashi market town, at the crossroads of water and land routes. In the Xining era, when Zheng Xie served as defender, he first built a long embankment to hold back the water. Because the ground was originally sandy shoals on the lower reach of the Shu River, whenever floodwaters surged and rushed, sand and water battered each other and tens of zhang collapsed at a stroke. The houses that remain stand in perilous fear. I beg that Jiangling prefecture, together with the stationed deputy commander-in-chief's office, be ordered to send troops to build and repair it, so that distant people may dwell in peace and escape drowning." The court approved the request.
80
廣西水
Waters of Guangxi
81
廣西水：靈渠源即離水，在桂州興安縣之北，經縣郭而南。 其初乃秦史祿所鑿，以下兵于南越者。 至漢，歸義侯嚴出零陵離水，即此渠也； 馬伏波南征之師，饟道亦出於此。 唐寶曆初，觀察使李渤立斗門以通漕舟。 宋初，計使邊翊始修之。 嘉祐四年，提刑李師中領河渠事重辟，發近縣夫千四百人，作三十四日，乃成。
Waters of Guangxi: The Ling Canal takes its source from the Li River, north of Xing'an County in Gui Prefecture, and passes through the county seat southward. At first it was excavated by Shi Lu of Qin to move troops south against Nanyue. In Han, Marquis Yan of Returned Allegiance came out from Lingling via the Li River—this is that canal; The army of Ma Yuan the Wave-Queller on his southern campaign also drew its supply route from here. Early in the Tang Baoli era, Observation Commissioner Li Bo established flash gates to pass transport boats. Early in the Song, Fiscal Commissioner Bian Yi first repaired it. In the fourth year of Jiayou, Judicial Intendant Li Shizhong, overseeing river-canal affairs, reopened it, mobilizing fourteen hundred laborers from nearby counties for thirty-four days before the work was complete.
82
紹興二十九年，臣僚言：「廣西舊有靈渠，抵接全州大江，其渠近百餘里，自靜江府經靈川、興安兩縣。 昔年並令兩知縣系銜'兼管靈渠'，遇堙塞以時疏導，秩滿無闕，例減舉員。 兵興以來，縣道苟且，不加之意； 吏部差注，亦不復系銜，渠日淺澀，不勝重載。 乞令廣西轉運司措置修復，俾通漕運，仍俾兩邑今系銜兼管，務要修治。」 從之。
In the twenty-ninth year of Shaoxing, officials reported: "Guangxi formerly had the Ling Canal, connecting to Quanzhou's great river. The canal runs nearly a hundred-odd li from Jingjiang prefecture through Lingchuan and Xing'an counties. Formerly both magistrates bore the concurrent title 'also supervising the Ling Canal.' When it silted they dredged it in season, and if at term's end nothing was lacking, their nomination quotas were reduced by rule. Since the wars began, county officials have been slipshod and paid no heed; the Ministry of Personnel no longer assigns the concurrent title either. The canal grows shallower daily and cannot bear heavy loads. I beg that the Guangxi transport office be ordered to arrange repairs so grain transport may pass, and that the two county magistrates again bear the concurrent supervisory title and strive to maintain it." The court approved the request.