1
禮十七 〈（嘉禮五）〉
Rites Seventeen (Ceremonial Rites, Part Five)
2
○巡幸養老視學賜進士宴幸秘書省進書儀大射儀鄉飲酒禮
○ Imperial tours; nurturing the elderly; inspecting the schools; banquets for newly minted jinshi; banquets during imperial visits to the Directorate of Archives; procedures for presenting books; the great archery ceremony; and the village drinking ceremony.
3
巡幸之制，唐《開元禮》有告至、肆覲、考制度之儀，《開寶通禮》因之。
Regulations for imperial tours were set out in the Tang dynasty's Kaiyuan Rites, which prescribed ceremonies for announcing the emperor's arrival, receiving homage, and reviewing local institutions; the Song Kaibao Comprehensive Rites adopted these same protocols.
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太祖幸西京，所過賜夏、秋田租之半。 真宗朝諸陵及舉大禮，途中皆服折上巾、窄袍，出京、過京城，服靴袍、具鸞駕。 群臣公服係鞋，供奉班及內朝官前導。 凡從官並日赴行宮，合班起居，晚朝視事，群臣不赴。 中頓侍食，百官就宿頓迎駕訖，先發，或道途隘遠，則免迎駕。 將進發，近臣、諸軍賜裝錢。 出京，留司馬、步諸軍夾道左右，至新城門外奉辭，留守辭於門內，百官、父老辭於苑前，召留守等賜飲苑中。 州縣長吏、留司官待於境。 所過賜巡警兵、守津梁行郵治道卒時服錢履，父老綾袍、茶帛，途中賜衛士緡錢。 所幸寺、觀，賜道、釋茶帛，或加紫衣、師號。 吏民有以饔餼、酒果、方物獻者，計值答之。 命官籍所過係囚、逋負者，日引對，多原釋。 仍采訪民間疾苦，振恤鰥、寡、孤、獨。 車服、度量、權衡有不如法，則舉儀制禁之。 有奇材、異德及政事尤異者，孝子、順孫、義夫、節婦為鄉里所稱者，其不守廉隅、昧於正理者，並條析以聞。 官吏知民間疾苦者，亦許錄奏。 所過州、府，結彩為樓，陳音樂百戲。 道、釋以威儀奉迎者，悉有賜。 東京留守遣官表請還京，優詔答之。 駕還京，大陳兵衛以入。
When Taizu toured the Western Capital, he halved the summer and autumn land rents for every district he passed through. Under Zhenzong, whenever the court visited the imperial tombs or held a major ceremony, the emperor wore a folded cap and close-fitting robe while still on the road; only when he left the capital or entered it did he don state boots and robes and take up the full imperial palanquin escort. The ministers wore court dress with tied shoes, while the attendance corps and inner-court officials went ahead as guides. All accompanying officials reported daily to the traveling palace, where they formed ranks to greet the emperor and held evening audiences to conduct state business; the rest of the ministry did not attend. At midday halts the emperor dined, and officials at the next overnight station, once they had finished welcoming the procession, set out ahead; if the route was narrow or remote, the welcoming ceremony was omitted. Before departure, the emperor's close attendants and the various military units received travel stipends. On leaving the capital, the capital commandant and infantry lined both sides of the road. At the outer New City gate they bade farewell; the acting governor did so inside the gate, while officials and local elders did so before the imperial park. The acting governor and his staff were then summoned and treated to wine in the park. Prefectural and county magistrates and officials left behind in the capital waited at the border to receive him. Along the route he gave patrol troops, ferry guards, postal couriers, and road maintenance workers seasonal clothing, cash, and shoes; to local elders he gave damask robes, tea, and silk; and to his guards he distributed strings of cash along the way. At temples and monasteries he visited, he bestowed tea and silk on Daoist and Buddhist clergy, and sometimes added purple robes and honorific master titles. When officials or commoners presented food, wine, fruit, or local products, he paid them back at assessed value. He ordered officials to register prisoners and debtors in each district he passed through, then summoned them daily for audience and, in most cases, pardoned and released them. He also inquired into popular hardships and provided relief to widowers, widows, orphans, and those living alone. Where carriage insignia, dress, measures, or weights and balances failed to meet the code, he invoked ritual regulations to forbid them. Men of extraordinary talent or virtue, officials whose governance stood out, filial sons, obedient grandsons, righteous husbands, and chaste wives praised in their communities, as well as those who lacked integrity or failed to grasp proper conduct—all were catalogued and reported to the throne. Officials who were aware of popular hardships were also allowed to submit written reports. In every prefecture and superior prefecture along the route, people erected decorated towers and staged music and variety shows. Daoist and Buddhist clergy who welcomed him with full ceremonial pomp all received rewards. The acting governor of the Eastern Capital sent an official with a memorial asking the emperor to return; the court answered with a gracious edict. On returning to the capital, the emperor entered with a full display of military guards.
5
凡行幸，太祖、太宗不常其數。 自咸平中，車駕每出，金吾將軍帥士二百人，執楇周繞，謂之禁圍，春、夏緋衣，秋、冬紫衣。 郊祀、省方並增二百，服錦襖，出京師則加執劍。 親王、中書、樞密、宣徽行圍內，餘官圍外。 大禮備儀衛，則有司先布土為黃道，自宮至祀所，左右設香台、畫甕、青繩闌干。 〈（巡省在途則不設。）〉 凡巡省，翰林進號傳詩付樞密院，每夕摘字，令衛士相應為識。 東京舊城城門、西京皇城司並契勘，內外城、宮廟門並勘箭，出入皆然。 入藩鎮外城、子城門亦勘箭。 朝陵定扈從官人數，入柏城者，僕射以上三人，丞、郎以上二人，餘各一人。 東封，定仗內導駕官從人數，親王、中書、樞密、宣徽、三司使四人，學士、尚書丞郎、節度使三人，大兩省、大卿監、三司副使、樞密承旨、客省閣門使副、金吾大將軍押仗鳴珂、內殿崇班以上二人，餘各一人。 命諸司巡察之。 自後舉大禮，皆循此制。
Under Taizu and Taizong, imperial tours were not held on any fixed schedule. From the Xianping era on, whenever the emperor went out, the Jinwu general led two hundred soldiers with staffs to form a cordon around the carriage—the "forbidden perimeter"—wearing scarlet in spring and summer and purple in autumn and winter. For suburban sacrifices and provincial tours, another two hundred men were added, dressed in brocade jackets; when leaving the capital they also carried swords. Imperial princes and the heads of the Secretariat, Military Affairs Commission, and Palace Service walked inside the cordon; all other officials walked outside it. For major ceremonies with full ceremonial guards, the relevant offices first laid out an earthen "yellow path" from the palace to the sacrificial site, flanked by incense platforms, painted urns, and blue-rope railings. (On provincial tours while still on the road, these were not set up.) On every provincial tour, the Hanlin Academy submitted numbered cipher poems to the Military Affairs Commission; each evening a character was chosen, and guardsmen had to respond with the matching sign as identification. The gates of the Eastern Capital's old city and the Western Capital imperial city office all kept tally records; gates of the inner and outer cities and of palaces and temples all verified tally arrows on entry and exit alike. Entry through a prefectural outer or inner city gate likewise required tally-arrow verification. For visits to the imperial tombs, the number of attendants was fixed: three officials of vice director rank or above, two of assistant director rank or above, and one each for all others might enter the cypress enclosure. For the eastern Fengshan rite, the number of officials in the inner escort who guided the imperial carriage was fixed: four each for imperial princes and the heads of the Secretariat, Military Affairs Commission, Palace Service, and Three Departments; three each for Hanlin academicians, Secretariat vice directors, and military commissioners; two each for grand secretaries of both provinces, grand directors, Three Departments vice commissioners, Military Affairs commissioners, Reception and Gate Bureau commissioners and deputies, Jinwu great generals escorting the guard with jade clappers, and inner-palace honor guards and above; and one each for all others. He ordered the relevant offices to inspect and enforce compliance. Thereafter, every major ceremony followed this same system.
6
三年，幸杭州，自杭州幸江寧府，尋幸浙西，自浙西幸浙東。 乃下詔曰：“國家遭金人侵逼，無歲無兵。 朕纂承以來，深軫念慮，謂父兄在難，而吾民未撫，不欲使之陷於鋒鏑。 故包羞忍恥，為退避之謀，冀其逞志而歸，稍得休息。 自南京移淮甸，自淮甸移建康而會稽，播遷之遠，極於海隅。 卑詞厚禮，使介相望。 以至願去尊稱，甘心貶屈，請用正朔，比於藩臣，遣使哀祈，無不曲盡。 假使金石無情，亦當少動。 累年卑屈，卒未見從。 生民嗷嗷，何時寧息？ 今諸路之兵聚於江、浙之間，朕不憚親行，據其要害。 如金人尚容朕為汝兵民之主，則朕於事大之禮，敢有不恭！ 或必用兵窺我行在，傾我宗社，塗炭生靈，竭取東西金帛、子女，則朕亦何愛一身，不臨行陣，以踐前言，以保群生。 朕已取十一月二十五日移蹕，前去浙西，為迎敵計。 惟我將士人民，念國家涵養之恩，二聖拘縻之辱，悼殺戮焚殘之禍。 與其束手待斃，曷若並計合謀，同心戮力，奮勵而前，以存家國！ ”乃詔御前應奉官司自合扈從外，內太常寺據實用人數扈從，餘接續起發。 四年正月，次台州。 二月，次溫州。 三月，幸浙西。
In the third year he toured Hangzhou, then from Hangzhou to Jiangning Prefecture, then soon afterward to western Zhejiang, and from there to eastern Zhejiang. He then issued an edict: "Our state has suffered invasion and coercion by the Jin; not a year passes without war. Since I took the throne I have brooded deeply on this, thinking that while my father and elder brother remain in peril, my people are still unrested, and I do not wish to see them fall to spear and blade. So I swallowed shame and endured humiliation, adopting a strategy of retreat in the hope that they might satisfy their ambitions and withdraw, giving us a little respite. We moved from Nanjing to the Huai region, from the Huai region to Jiankang and then to Kuaiji; our flight has carried us to the very edge of the sea. With humble words and lavish gifts, our envoys followed one upon another without pause. We were willing to relinquish our honorific titles, accept degradation, adopt their calendar, and rank ourselves as vassal ministers; we sent envoys in tearful supplication and bent ourselves in every way imaginable. Even metal and stone ought to have been moved a little. Years of humble submission have won us nothing in return. The people cry out in distress—when will they know peace? Now the armies of every circuit are gathered between the Yangzi and Zhejiang; I do not shrink from going in person to hold the strategic points myself. If the Jin are still willing to let me remain your sovereign over soldiers and people, then in the rites of serving a greater power, how could I dare be disrespectful! But if they insist on sending troops against my traveling palace, overturn our altars of state, reduce the people to ruin, and strip us of all gold, silk, sons, and daughters from east to west—then what would I cherish of my own life? I will not fail to take the field, to keep my earlier pledge, and to preserve the lives of the people. I have set the twenty-fifth day of the eleventh month to move the court westward into Zhejiang to meet the enemy. My generals, soldiers, and people: remember the nurturing grace of the state, the humiliation of our two captive emperors, and mourn the calamity of slaughter, burning, and ruin. Rather than waiting with bound hands to die, join your plans, unite your strength, rouse yourselves, and advance together to preserve our family and state! " He then decreed that, apart from the Imperial Front Service offices that were to accompany as appropriate, the Directorate of Ritual Music should accompany with only the personnel actually required, while the rest were to set out in succession. In the first month of the fourth year he halted at Taizhou. In the second month he halted at Wenzhou. In the third month he toured western Zhejiang.
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紹興元年，詔移蹕臨安府。 六年，詔周視軍師，車駕進發，遣官奏告天地、社稷、宗廟。 自臨安幸平江，尋幸建康。 八年二月，還臨安。 三十一年九月，詔：“金人背盟失信，今率精兵百萬，躬行天討，用十二月十日車駕進發，應行宮臨安府文武百僚城北奉辭。 ”其日，應文武百僚先詣城北幕次，俟車駕御舟將至，御史台、閣門、太常寺分引文武百僚立班定，兩拜訖，俟御舟過，班退。 三十二年正月，詔：“視師江上，北騎遁去，兩淮無警，已委重臣統護諸將經畫進討。 今暫還臨安，畢恭文祔廟之禮。 宜令有司增修建康百官吏舍、諸軍營砦，以備往來巡幸，可擇日進發。 ”車駕還宮。
In the first year of Shaoxing, an edict moved the court to Lin'an Prefecture. In the sixth year an edict ordered a comprehensive inspection of the armies; the emperor set out, and officials were dispatched to report to Heaven and Earth, the altars of soil and grain, and the ancestral temples. From Lin'an he toured Pingjiang, and soon afterward Jiankang. In the second month of the eighth year he returned to Lin'an. In the ninth month of the thirty-first year an edict declared: "The Jin have betrayed the alliance and broken faith. I now lead a million elite troops to undertake Heaven's punitive campaign in person. On the tenth day of the twelfth month the imperial carriage will set out, and all civil and military officials of the traveling palace at Lin'an shall bid farewell north of the city. " On that day all civil and military officials first went to the tent compound north of the city. When the emperor's boat was about to arrive, the Censorate, Gate Bureau, and Directorate of Ritual Music led the officials into formation; after two bows they waited until the imperial boat had passed, then withdrew. In the first month of the thirty-second year an edict said: "While inspecting the armies on the Yangzi, the northern cavalry have fled and the two Huai regions are secure. I have entrusted senior ministers to oversee the generals and plan the advance. I now return temporarily to Lin'an to complete the rites of enshrining Emperor Gongwen in the collateral temple. Let the relevant offices expand the official quarters and army camps at Jiankang to prepare for future tours, and choose a day to set out when ready. " The emperor returned to the palace.
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養老於太學，皇帝服通天冠、絳紗袍，乘金輅，至太學酌獻文宣王。 三祭酒，再拜，歸御幄。 比車駕初出，量時刻，遣使迎三老、五更於其第。 三老、五更俱服朝服，乘安車，導從至太學就次； 國老、庶老，有司預戒之，各服朝服，集於其次。 大樂正帥工人、二舞入，立於庭。 東上閣門、御史台、太常寺、客省、四方館自下分引百官、宗室、客使、學生等，以次入就位，如視學班。 太常博士讚三老、五更俱出次，引國老、庶老立於後，重行異位。
To nurture the elderly at the Imperial Academy, the emperor wore the Tongtian crown and crimson gauze robe, rode the golden carriage, and arrived at the academy to pour libation and offer sacrifice to Confucius. The three libationers each bowed twice and returned to the imperial canopy. As soon as the imperial carriage set out, envoys were dispatched at the appointed time to welcome the Three Elders and Five Watchmen at their homes. The Three Elders and Five Watchmen all wore court dress, rode secure carriages, and with escorts arrived at the Imperial Academy and took their stations; the State Elders and Common Elders, whom the relevant offices had notified in advance, each wore court dress and assembled at their stations. The grand director of music led the musicians and both dance troupes into the courtyard and took their positions. The Eastern Upper Gate Bureau, Censorate, Directorate of Ritual Music, Reception Bureau, and Four Directions Office led officials, imperial clansmen, guest envoys, students, and others in turn to their places, following the same formation used when inspecting the schools. The Ritual Music academician announced that the Three Elders and Five Watchmen should leave their stations, then led the State Elders and Common Elders to stand behind them in double rows at separate positions.
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禮直官、通事舍人引左輔奏請中嚴，少頃，又奏外辦，皇帝出大次，侍衛如常儀。 大樂正令撞黃鍾之鍾，右五鍾皆應，協律郎跪，俯伏，舉麾興，宮架《乾安之樂》作，皇帝即御坐，樂止。 典儀曰“再拜”，在位官皆再拜。 三老、五更杖而入，各左右二人夾扶，太常博士前引，史臣執筆以從。 三老、五更入門，宮架《和安之樂》作，至宮架北，北向立，以東為上。 奉禮郎引群老隨入，位於其後，樂止。 博士揖進，三老在前，五更在後，仍杖夾扶，宮架《和安之樂》作，至西階下，樂止。 博士揖三老、五更自西階升堂，國老、庶老立堂下。 三老、五更當御坐揖，群老亦揖，皇帝為興。 次奉禮郎揖國老升堂，博士引三老、五更，奉禮郎引國老以下，各於席後立。 典儀讚各就坐，讚者承傳，宮架《尊安之樂》作，三老、五更就坐。 三公授幾、九卿正履訖，殿中監、尚食奉御進珍羞及黍稷等，先詣御坐前進呈，遂設於三老前，樂止。 尚食奉御詣三老坐前，執醬而饋訖。 尚醞奉御詣酒尊所，取爵酌酒，奉御執爵，奉於三老。 次太官、良醞令以次進珍羞酒食於五更、群老之前，皆食。 大樂正引工人升，登歌奏《惠安之樂》，三終。 史臣既錄三老所論善言、善行，宮架作《申安之樂》。 《憲言成福之舞》畢，文舞退，作《受成告功之舞》，畢，三老以下降筵，博士引三老、五更於堂下，當御坐前，奉禮郎引群老復位，俱揖，皇帝為興。 三老、五更降階至堂下，宮架《和安之樂》作，出門，樂止。 禮直官、通事舍人引左輔前奏禮畢，退，復位。 典儀讚拜訖，皇帝降坐，太常卿導還大次，百僚以次退，車駕還宮。 三老、五更升安車，導從還，翼日詣闕表謝。
The ritual duty officer and communications chamberlain led the left assistant to request inner solemnity; shortly afterward they reported that outer preparations were complete, and the emperor emerged from the great tent with guards of honor following the usual protocol. The grand director of music ordered the yellow bell struck; the five bells to the right answered in turn; the pitch regulator knelt, prostrated himself, raised his baton to signal the rise, and the palace orchestra performed the Qian'an music as the emperor took his seat; then the music stopped. The master of ceremonies called "Bow twice," and all officials in attendance bowed twice. The Three Elders and Five Watchmen entered leaning on staffs, each supported by two attendants on either side, led by the Ritual Music academician while historiographers followed with brushes in hand. As the Three Elders and Five Watchmen entered the gate, the palace orchestra played the He'an music; they halted north of the orchestra, faced north, and took position with the east as the place of honor. Ritual attendants led the assembly of elders in behind them; the music then ceased. The academician bowed and led them forward, the Three Elders ahead and the Five Watchmen behind, still supported on their staffs, while the palace orchestra played the He'an music until they reached the foot of the western steps, where the music stopped. The academician bowed, and the Three Elders and Five Watchmen ascended the hall by the western steps while the State Elders and Common Elders remained below. Facing the imperial seat, the Three Elders and Five Watchmen bowed, as did the assembly of elders, and the emperor rose in response. Next ritual attendants bowed the State Elders up the hall; the academician led the Three Elders and Five Watchmen, while attendants led the State Elders and those below, each taking position behind his mat. The master of ceremonies announced that each should take his seat, the announcement was relayed, the palace orchestra played the Zun'an music, and the Three Elders and Five Watchmen sat down. The Three Excellencies presented armrests; the Nine Ministers adjusted their footwear; the palace director and imperial food commissioner brought delicacies, millet, and glutinous grain, first presenting them before the imperial seat and then setting them before the Three Elders; the music ceased. The imperial food commissioner went before the Three Elders' seats, held the sauce, and completed the feeding ceremony. The imperial wine commissioner went to the wine vessels, filled a goblet, and presented it to the Three Elders. Next the grand provisioner and fine-wine commissioner in turn set delicacies, wine, and food before the Five Watchmen and the assembly of elders, and all ate. The grand director of music led the musicians up, and the elevated chorus performed the Hui'an music three times through. After the historiographers had recorded the good words and good deeds offered by the Three Elders, the palace orchestra performed the Shen'an music. When the Xianyan chengfu dance ended, the civil dancers withdrew and the Shoucheng gaogong dance was performed. When it ended, the Three Elders and those below left their mats; the academician led the Three Elders and Five Watchmen below the hall before the imperial seat; ritual attendants led the assembly of elders back into position; all bowed, and the emperor rose in response. The Three Elders and Five Watchmen descended to the foot of the hall while the palace orchestra played the He'an music; they went out through the gate, and the music ceased. The ritual duty officer and communications chamberlain led the left assistant forward to announce that the rites were complete, then withdrew to their positions. The master of ceremonies announced that the bows were complete; the emperor left his seat; the Director of Ritual Music led him back to the great tent; officials withdrew in order; and the emperor returned to the palace. The Three Elders and Five Watchmen mounted their secure carriages and returned with their escorts; the next day they came to the palace gate to present their thanks.
10
視學。 哲宗始視學，遂幸國子監，詣至聖文宣王殿行釋奠禮，一獻再拜。 御敦化堂，召從官賜坐，禮部、太常寺、本監官承事郎以上侍立，承務郎以下、三學生坐於東西廡，侍講吳安詩執經，祭酒豐稷講《尚書》《無逸》終篇，復命宰臣以下至三學生坐，賜茶，豐稷賜三品服，本監官、學官等賜帛有差。 遂幸昭烈武成王廟，酌獻肅揖。
Inspecting the schools. When Zhezong first inspected the schools, he visited the Directorate of Education and went to the Hall of the Sagely King Wenxuan to perform the libation ceremony with one offering and two bows. He proceeded to the Dunhua Hall and summoned his attendants to sit. Officials of the Ministry of Rites, Directorate of Ritual Music, and the directorate at the rank of Assistant Director and above stood in attendance, while those below that rank and students of the three schools sat in the eastern and western corridors. Lecturing attendant Wu Anshi held the classic while libationer Feng Ji lectured through the final chapter of the Documents' "Against Dissipation." The emperor then ordered the chief ministers and students to sit and granted tea; Feng Ji received third-rank robes, and directorate and school officials received silk in varying amounts. He then visited the Temple of the Illustrious Martial King Wucheng, poured libation, and offered sacrifice with a solemn bow.
11
徽宗幸太學，遂幸辟雍，奠獻如上儀。 詔司業吳絪等轉官改秩，循資賜章服，文武學生授官，免省試、文解，賜帛有差。 所司預設次於敦化堂後，又於堂上稍北當中兩間設次，南向設御坐。 又設從官及講筵講書、執經官並太學官坐御坐之南，東西重行異位。 太學生坐於兩廡，相向並北上。 宰臣以下從官之次，設於中門外。
Huizong visited the Imperial Academy and then the Piyong, offering libation and sacrifice according to the same protocol. An edict promoted Vice Director Wu Yin and others, granted robes and insignia according to qualification, appointed civil and military students to office, exempted them from the provincial examination and civil qualifying examination, and granted silk in varying amounts. The relevant offices set up the imperial tent behind the Dunhua Hall and in the two central bays slightly north on the hall floor, with the imperial seat facing south. Seats were also arranged south of the imperial seat for attending officials, lecturers, classic-holders, and Imperial Academy officials in double rows east and west. Imperial Academy students sat in the two corridors, facing one another and aligned toward the north. Stations for the chief ministers and their attendants were set outside the central gate.
12
皇帝酌獻文宣王畢，幸太學，降輦入次，簾垂更衣。 禮直官、通事舍人引講官與侍立官入就堂下，皆係鞋。 講書、執經官、學生各立堂下，東西相向。 俟報班齊，皇帝升坐，班首奏萬福，在位者皆應喏訖，閣門使承旨臨階宣升堂，通事舍人喝拜，應在位者再拜訖，分左右升堂，各就位少立。 起居郎、舍人分左右侍立。 禮直官、通事舍人引講書及執經官就北向位，班首奏萬福，閣門使宣升堂，舍人喝再拜訖，分東西升堂，立於御坐左右。 講書官在西，東向； 執經官在東，西向； 學生就北向位。 舍人喝拜，在位者皆再拜，立於東西兩廡。 內侍進書案，以經授執經官，稍前，進於案上。 舍人喝拜就坐，宰臣以下並堂上坐，如閣門所進坐位圖。 講書畢，通事舍人曰“可起”，群臣皆起，降階立。 執經官降，講書官於御坐前致辭訖，亦降。 舍人喝拜，如有宣答，即再喝拜。 閣門宣坐賜茶，舍人喝拜訖，宰臣以下升堂，各立於位後，學生各就北向位。 舍人喝拜，在位者俱拜訖，各分東西廡，以北為上下。 舍人喝就坐，上下皆就坐。 賜茶畢，禮直官、通事舍人引堂上官降階就位，舍人喝拜，在位者俱拜訖，禮直官引之以次出。 學生就位，舍人喝拜，學生俱再拜，退。
After pouring libation to King Wenxuan, the emperor visited the Imperial Academy, descended from his carriage into the tent, and changed dress behind lowered curtains. The ritual duty officer and communications chamberlain led lecturers and standing attendants to their positions below the hall, all with tied shoes. Lecturers, classic-holders, and students each stood below the hall, facing one another east and west. When the ranks were reported complete, the emperor took his seat. The rank leader called "Ten thousand blessings," and all in attendance answered. The Gate Bureau commissioner announced from the steps that they might ascend the hall; the communications chamberlain called for bows; those present bowed twice, then ascended left and right and took their positions. The attendance recorder and chamberlain stood in attendance to left and right. The ritual duty officer and communications chamberlain led lecturers and classic-holders to north-facing positions. The rank leader called "Ten thousand blessings," the Gate Bureau commissioner announced they might ascend, and the chamberlain called for two bows. They then ascended east and west and stood to either side of the imperial seat. The lecturer stood on the west, facing east; the classic-holder on the east, facing west; and the students took north-facing positions. The chamberlain called for bows; all present bowed twice and stood in the eastern and western corridors. An inner attendant brought the book desk, handed the classic to the classic-holder, who stepped forward and placed it on the desk. The chamberlain called for bows and seating; the chief ministers and others sat in the hall according to the seating chart submitted by the Gate Bureau. When the lecture ended, the communications chamberlain said "You may rise," and the ministers all rose and descended the steps to stand. The classic-holder descended; the lecturer delivered closing remarks before the imperial seat and then descended as well. The chamberlain called for bows, and if there was an imperial response, called for bows again. The Gate Bureau announced seating and the granting of tea. After bows, the chief ministers ascended the hall and stood behind their seats while students took north-facing positions. The chamberlain called for bows; all present bowed, then divided into the eastern and western corridors with north as the place of honor. The chamberlain called them to sit, and all took their seats. When tea had been served, the ritual duty officer and communications chamberlain led hall officials down the steps. After bows, the ritual duty officer led them out in order. The students took their positions; the chamberlain called for bows; the students all bowed twice and withdrew.
13
紹興十三年七月，國學大成殿告成，奉安廟像。 明年二月，國子司業高閌請幸學，上從之。 詔略曰：“偃革息民，恢儒建學。 聲明丕闡，輪奐一新。 請既方堅，理宜從欲。 將款謁於先聖，仍備舉於舊章。 ”三月，上服靴袍，乘輦入監，止輦於大成殿門外。 入幄，群臣列班於庭。 帝出幄，升東階，跪上香，執爵三祭酒，再拜，群臣皆再拜，上降入幄。 分奠從祀如常儀。 尚舍先設次於崇化堂之後，及堂上之中南向設御坐。 閣門設群臣班於堂下，如月朔視朝之儀。 宰輔、從臣次於中門之外。 上乘輦幸太學，降輦於堂，入次更衣。 講官入就堂下講位，北向； 執經官、學生皆立於堂下，東西相向。 帝出次，升御坐，群臣起居如儀。 乃命三公、宰輔以下升堂，皆就位，左右史侍立。 講書及執經官北面起居再拜，皆命之升立於御坐左右。 學生北面再拜，分立兩廡北上。 內侍進書案牙簽，以經授執經官，賜三公、宰輔以下坐。 講畢，群臣皆起，降階，東西相向立。 執經官降，講官進前致詞，乃降，皆北面再拜，左右史降。 乃賜茶，三公以下北面再拜，升，各立於位後。 學生北面再拜，分兩廡立，上下就坐。 賜茶畢，三公以下降階，學生自兩廡降階，北面再拜，群臣以次出。 上降坐還次，乘輦還宮。 時命禮部侍郎秦熺執經、司業高閎講《易》之《泰》，遂幸養正、持志二齋，賜閌三品服，學官遷秩，諸生授官免舉，賜帛有差。
In the seventh month of the thirteenth year of Shaoxing, the Dacheng Hall of the National University was completed and temple images were installed. In the second month of the following year, National University Vice Director Gao Kan requested an imperial visit to the school, and the emperor agreed. An edict in summary said: "Lay aside weapons and give the people rest; restore Confucian learning and establish schools. Our reputation and teachings shine forth anew, and the halls have been wholly renewed. Your request is earnest, and it is only right that I grant it. I shall pay a sincere visit to the former Sage and perform the ceremonies according to the old regulations. " In the third month the emperor wore boot-robes, rode his palanquin into the directorate, and halted outside the Dacheng Hall gate. He entered the tent while ministers formed ranks in the courtyard. The emperor emerged, ascended the eastern steps, knelt to offer incense, poured libation three times from the goblet, and bowed twice; the ministers all bowed twice, and the emperor returned to the tent. Distributed offerings to collateral sacrifices followed the usual protocol. The Palace Provisioners set up the imperial tent behind the Chonghua Hall and placed the imperial seat in the center of the hall facing south. The Gate Bureau arranged the ministers' ranks below the hall as at the first-of-month court audience. Chief ministers and attending officials waited outside the central gate. The emperor rode to the Imperial Academy, descended at the hall, and changed dress in the tent. The lecturer took the lecture position below the hall, facing north; the classic-holder and students stood below the hall, facing one another east and west. The emperor emerged and took his seat; the ministers greeted him according to protocol. He then ordered the Three Excellencies, chief ministers, and others to ascend the hall and take their positions, with the left and right historiographers standing in attendance. The lecturers and classic-holders, facing north, greeted him and bowed twice, then were ordered to ascend and stand to either side of the imperial seat. The students bowed twice facing north and divided to stand in the two corridors toward the north. An inner attendant brought the book desk with ivory tally slips and handed the classic to the classic-holder; the Three Excellencies, chief ministers, and others were granted seats. When the lecture ended, the ministers all rose, descended the steps, and stood facing one another east and west. The classic-holder descended; the lecturer advanced to deliver closing remarks and descended; all bowed twice facing north, and the left and right historiographers descended. Tea was then granted; the Three Excellencies and others bowed twice facing north, ascended, and stood behind their seats. The students bowed twice facing north, divided into the two corridors, and all took their seats. When tea had been served, the Three Excellencies and others descended the steps; students descended from the corridors, bowed twice facing north, and the ministers withdrew in order. The emperor left his seat, returned to the tent, and rode back to the palace. At the time he appointed Ministry of Rites Vice Director Qin Xi to hold the classic and Vice Director Gao Kan to lecture on the "Tai" hexagram of the Changes, then visited the Yangzheng and Chizhi studios. Gao Kan received third-rank robes; school officials were promoted; students were appointed to office and exempted from examinations; and silk was granted in varying amounts.
14
上既奠拜，注視貌象，翼翼欽慕，覽唐明皇及太祖、真宗、徽宗所製讚文，命有司悉取從祀諸讚，皆錄以進。 帝遂作先聖及七十二子讚，冠以序文，親灑翰墨，以方載之，五月丙辰，登之彩殿，備儀衛作樂，命監學之臣，自行宮北門迎置學宮，揭之大成殿上及二廡。 序曰：“朕自睦鄰息兵，首開學校。 教養多士，以遂忠良。 繼幸太學，延見諸生。 濟濟在庭，意甚嘉之。 因作《文宣王讚》。 機政餘閑，曆取顏回而下七十二人，亦為製讚。 用廣列聖崇儒右文之聲，復知‘師弟子間纓弁森森、覃精繹思’之訓，其於世道人心庶幾焉。 ”二十六年十二月，言者謂：“陛下崇儒重道，製為讚辭，刻宸翰於琬琰，光昭往古。 寰宇儒紳，敦不顧瞻《雲漢》之章？ 請奉石刻於國子監，以碑本遍賜郡學。 ”從之。
After completing the libation and bows, the emperor gazed reverently at the image and reviewed encomia composed by Tang Minghuang and by Taizu, Zhenzong, and Huizong. He ordered the relevant offices to gather all encomia for collateral sacrifices and submit them for the record. The emperor then composed encomia for the Former Sage and the seventy-two disciples, prefaced with his own brushwork, mounted on square tablets. On the bingchen day of the fifth month they were displayed in the Colored Hall with full ceremonial guards and music, then carried from the traveling palace's north gate to the academy and posted above the Dacheng Hall and in both corridors. The preface read: "Since I made peace with our neighbors and ceased warfare, I have first opened schools. I nurture and teach many scholars to bring forth loyal and worthy men. I then visited the Imperial Academy and received the students in audience. They filled the courtyard in splendid array, and I was deeply pleased. Therefore I composed the "Encomium for King Wenxuan." In the leisure left from state affairs, I took in turn Yan Hui and the seventy-two disciples below him and composed encomia for each. Thus I extend the reputation of successive sages who honored Confucian learning and valued literature, and restore the teaching that 'between teacher and disciples caps and gowns stand in dense ranks, deeply refining and elaborating thought'—perhaps thereby the ways of the age and the hearts of men may be somewhat improved. " In the twelfth month of the twenty-sixth year a memorialist said: "Your Majesty honors Confucian learning and esteems the Way, composing encomia and carving your imperial brush upon fine stone to illuminate the past. Confucian gentry throughout the realm—how could they fail to gaze upon these lofty compositions? I request that stone inscriptions be installed at the Directorate of Education and that rubbings be distributed to prefectural schools throughout the realm. " The request was granted.
15
淳熙四年，孝宗幸太學，如紹興之儀。 命禮部侍郎李燾執經、祭酒林光朝講《大學》。 尋幸武學，如太學之儀。 帝肅揖武成王，不拜。 嘉泰三年正月，寧宗幸太學，如淳熙之儀。 淳祐元年正月，理宗幸太學，宗、武兩學官屬、生員並赴太學陪位，候車駕至學，詣先聖文宣王位，三上香，執爵三祭酒，俯伏，興，再拜，在位官皆再拜。 皇帝至崇化堂，宰臣、使相、執政並起居。 執經官由東階、講官由西階並升堂，於御前分東西相向立。 次引國子監三學學官、學生一班北面再拜，讚各就坐，賜茶。 俟講書畢，起，立班再拜。 禮成，執經官、講書官、國子監三學官、生員各推恩轉官有差。 咸淳三年正月戊辰，度宗幸太學祗謁，禮部尚書陳宗禮執經，國子祭酒雷宜中講《中庸》，餘並如儀。
In the fourth year of Chunxi, Xiaozong visited the Imperial Academy following the Shaoxing protocol. He appointed Ministry of Rites Vice Director Li Tao to hold the classic and Libationer Lin Guangchao to lecture on the Great Learning. He soon visited the Military Academy following the same protocol as at the Imperial Academy. The emperor made a solemn bow to King Wucheng but did not perform the full prostration. In the first month of the third year of Jiatai, Ningzong visited the Imperial Academy following the Chunxi protocol. In the first month of the first year of Chunyou, Lizong visited the Imperial Academy. Officials and students of the National University and Military Academy all attended at the Imperial Academy. When the imperial carriage arrived, he went to the Former Sage King Wenxuan, offered incense three times, poured libation three times from the goblet, prostrated himself, rose, and bowed twice; all officials in attendance bowed twice. The emperor proceeded to the Chonghua Hall, where chief ministers, commissioners, and chief councilors all greeted him. The classic-holder ascended by the eastern steps and the lecturer by the western, then stood before the emperor facing one another east and west. Next one formation of school officials and students of the three schools bowed twice facing north, were announced to take their seats, and were granted tea. When the lecture ended, they rose, formed ranks, and bowed twice. When the rites were complete, the classic-holder, lecturers, school officials of the three schools, and students each received promotions and rewards in varying degrees. On the wuchen day of the first month of the third year of Xianchun, Duzong visited the Imperial Academy in reverent audience. Ministry of Rites Director Chen Zongli held the classic and National University Libationer Lei Yizhong lectured on the Doctrine of the Mean; the rest followed protocol.
16
賜貢士宴，名曰“聞喜宴”。 《政和新儀》：押宴官以下及釋褐貢士班首初入門，《正安之樂》作，至庭中望闕位立，樂止。 預宴官就位，再拜訖。 押宴官西向立，中使宣曰“有敕”，在位者皆再拜訖。 中使宣曰“賜卿等聞喜宴”，在位者皆再拜，搢笏，舞蹈，又再拜。 次引押宴官稍前謝坐再拜，在位者皆再拜。 若賜敕書，即引貢士班首稍前，中使宣曰“有敕”，貢士再拜。 中使宣曰“賜卿等敕書”，班首稍前，搢笏，跪，中使授敕書訖，少退，班首以敕書加笏上，俯伏，興，歸位再拜，在位者皆再拜。 凡預宴官分東西升階就坐，貢士以齒。 酒初行，《賓興賢能之樂》作，飲訖、食畢，樂止。 酒再行，《於樂辟廱之樂》作。 酒三行，《樂育人材之樂》作。 酒四行，《樂且有儀之樂》作。 酒五行，《正安》之樂作。 再坐，酒行、樂作，節次如上儀。 皆飲訖、食畢，樂止。 押宴官以下俱興，就次，賜花有差。 少頃，戴花畢，次引押宴官以下並釋褐貢士詣庭中望闕位立，謝花再拜，復升就坐，酒行、樂作，飲訖、食畢，樂止。 酒四行訖，退。 次日，預宴官及釋褐貢士入謝如常儀。
Banquets were granted to presented scholars, called the "Hearing Joy Banquet." The Zhenghe New Protocols: when the banquet presiding officials and the rank leader of the newly robed presented scholars first entered the gate, the Zheng'an music was performed; they halted in the courtyard facing the palace gate, and the music ceased. The banquet participants took their positions and bowed twice. The presiding banquet official stood facing west. The palace envoy announced "There is an edict," and all present bowed twice. The palace envoy announced "I grant you the Hearing Joy Banquet." All present bowed twice, inserted their tablets, performed the dance, and bowed twice again. Next the presiding banquet official was led slightly forward to thank for the seats and bow twice; all present bowed twice. If an edict document was granted, the rank leader of the presented scholars was led slightly forward; the palace envoy announced "There is an edict," and the presented scholars bowed twice. The palace envoy announced "I grant you an edict document." The rank leader stepped forward, inserted his tablet, and knelt. The palace envoy handed over the document, then withdrew slightly. The rank leader placed the document atop his tablet, prostrated himself, rose, returned to position, and bowed twice; all present bowed twice. All banquet participants ascended the steps east and west to take their seats; presented scholars were seated by seniority. When wine was first served, the "Guest-Rising Worthy Talent" music was performed; when drinking and eating were finished, the music ceased. When wine was served a second time, the "In Music at the Piyong" music was performed. When wine was served a third time, the "Music Nurturing Human Talent" music was performed. When wine was served a fourth time, the "Music and Moreover There Is Ritual" music was performed. When wine was served a fifth time, the Zheng'an music was performed. They sat again; wine was served and music performed in the same sequence as above. All finished drinking and eating, and the music ceased. The presiding banquet officials and all others rose and went to their stations; flowers were granted in varying amounts. Shortly afterward, once the flowers had been donned, the presiding banquet officials and newly robed presented scholars were led to the courtyard to stand facing the palace gate, thanked for the flowers, and bowed twice. They then ascended again and took their seats; wine was served and music performed until drinking and eating were finished and the music ceased. After the fourth round of wine was complete, they withdrew. The next day, the banquet participants and newly robed presented scholars came to give thanks according to the usual protocol.
17
寧宗慶元五年五月，賜新及第進士曾從龍以下聞喜宴於禮部貢院，上賜七言四韻詩，秘書監楊王休以下繼和以進，自後每舉並如之。
In the fifth month of the fifth year of Qingyuan, Ningzong granted the Hearing Joy Banquet at the Ministry of Rites Examination Academy to the newly passed jinshi, beginning with Zeng Conglong. The Emperor bestowed a seven-character quatrain, and Supervising Secretary Yang Wangxiu and others successively composed matching poems and presented them. Thereafter, this was done at every examination.
18
幸秘書省。 紹興十四年七月，新建秘書省成，秘書少監遊操等援宣和故事，請車駕臨幸，詔從之。 二十七日，幸秘書省，至右文殿降輦，頒手詔曰：“蓋聞周建外史，掌三皇、五帝之書； 漢選諸儒，定九流、《七略》之奏。 文德之盛，後世推焉。 仰惟祖宗建開冊府，凡累朝名世之士，由是以興，而一代致治之原，蓋出於此。 朕嘉興與學士大夫共宏斯道，乃一新史觀，新御榜題，肆從望幸之忱，以示右文之意。 嗚呼！ 士習為空言，而不為有用之學久矣。 爾其勉修術業，益勵猷為，一德一心，以共赴亨嘉之會，用丕承我祖宗之大訓，顧不善歟！ ”遂陳累朝御書、御製、晉唐書畫、三代古器，次宣皇太子、宰臣以下觀訖，退。 遂賜宴於右文殿，酒五行，群臣再拜退。 車駕還內，賜少監遊操三品服、御書扇，餘官筆墨，館閣官各轉一官。 淳熙五年九月十三日，孝宗幸秘書省，如紹興十四年之儀，帝賦詩，群臣皆屬和。
Imperial visits to the Directorate of Archives. In the seventh month of the fourteenth year of Shaoxing, the newly built Directorate of Archives was completed. Vice Director You Cao and others cited the Xuanhe precedent and requested an imperial visit; the Emperor approved. On the twenty-seventh day, the Emperor visited the Directorate of Archives. Arriving at Youwen Hall, he descended from the palanquin and issued a handwritten edict: "I have heard that the Zhou established outer scribes to keep the books of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors; the Han selected various Confucian scholars and fixed the memorial on the Nine Schools and the "Seven Summaries." The flourishing of literary virtue is praised by later ages. I reflect that our forefathers established this archive, from which eminent men of successive reigns rose, and that the source of an age's good governance lies here. I rejoice to promote learning together with scholar-officials and to advance this Way. I have therefore renovated the archive hall and newly inscribed the imperial plaque, and I now fulfill the long-held wish for an imperial visit to show my intent to honor literature. Alas! For too long scholars have cultivated empty words rather than useful learning. Earnestly cultivate your arts and professions, further your plans and deeds, and with united virtue and purpose together meet this prosperous and auspicious age, thereby greatly inheriting our forefathers' great teaching—surely this is good! "Imperial writings and compositions of successive reigns, Jin and Tang calligraphy and painting, and antiquities of the Three Dynasties were then displayed. The Crown Prince, chief ministers, and others were summoned to view them; when they had finished, they withdrew. A banquet was then granted at Youwen Hall with five rounds of wine; the ministers bowed twice and withdrew. The imperial carriage returned to the palace. Vice Director You Cao was granted third-rank dress and an imperial calligraphy fan; the other officials received brush and ink; and each archives and institute official was promoted one rank. On the thirteenth day of the ninth month of the fifth year of Chunxi, Xiaozong visited the Directorate of Archives according to the Shaoxing fourteenth-year protocol. The Emperor composed a poem, and all the ministers composed matching verses.
19
進書儀。 紹興二十年五月八日，進呈《中興聖統》，太常博士丁屢明言：“乞比附進呈玉牒行禮。 ”二十四年，進呈《徽宗御集》，禮部言：“昨紹興十年，徽宗御製，擬以‘敷文’名閣，今乞權安奉於天章閣，續俟崇建。 ”二十六年十月，進呈《太后回鑾事實》。 二十七年三月，宰臣沈該言：“玉牒所官陳康伯等先次編修太祖皇帝玉牒，自誕聖至即位，自建隆元年至開寶九年，通修一十七年開基玉牒，舊制以梅紅羅麵簽金字，今欲題曰《皇宋太祖皇帝玉牒》。 又編修今上皇帝玉牒，自誕聖之後聖德祥瑞、建大元帥府事跡，至即帝位二十餘年，又自即位後編修至紹興二年，通修二十六年中興玉牒，今欲題曰《皇宋今上皇帝玉牒》。 宣祖、太祖、太宗、魏王下各宗《仙源類譜》、五世昭穆，今已修寫進本，乞擇日進呈。 ”詔從其請。
Protocol for presenting books. On the eighth day of the fifth month of the twentieth year of Shaoxing, "The Restoration Sacred Lineage" was presented. Doctor of the Grand Ceremonial Office Ding Lüming said, "I request that the ceremony follow the protocol for presenting the jade register. "In the twenty-fourth year, "Collected Writings of Emperor Huizong" was presented. The Ministry of Rites said, "Previously in the tenth year of Shaoxing, Huizong's imperial compositions were proposed to name a pavilion 'Spreading Literature.' I now request that they be provisionally enshrined at the Heavenly Writings Pavilion, pending later grand construction. "In the tenth month of the twenty-sixth year, "True Record of the Empress Dowager's Return to the Capital" was presented. In the third month of the twenty-seventh year, Chief Minister Shen Gai said, "Chen Kangbo and other officials of the Jade Register Office have first compiled the jade register of Emperor Taizu, from his birth to his accession and from the first year of Jianlong through the ninth year of Kaibao—a total of seventeen years of the founding jade register. Under the old system the labels used plum-red silk with gold characters; we now wish to inscribe it "Imperial Song Jade Register of Emperor Taizu." They have also compiled the jade register of the present Emperor, from after his birth through his sagely virtue, auspicious signs, and the deeds of establishing the Grand Marshal's headquarters, to more than twenty years upon his accession, and from accession through the second year of Shaoxing—a total of twenty-six years of the Restoration jade register. We now wish to inscribe it "Imperial Song Jade Register of the Present Emperor." For each lineage descended from Progenitor Xuan, Taizu, Taizong, and Prince Wei, the "Immortal Source Genealogy Compendium" and five generations of zhao-mu ranking have now been compiled and copied for presentation. I request that a day be chosen for the ceremony. "An edict approved the request.
20
前期，儀鸞司、臨安府於玉牒殿上南向，設權安奉玉牒、類譜並《中興聖統》幄次； 又至玉牒所向外，設騎從官及文武百官等侍班幕次； 又於景靈宮內外，設騎從官幕次。 進呈前一日，俟朝退，玉牒所提領官、都大提舉、諸司官、承受官、玉牒所官等赴本所幕次宿衛。 俟儀仗樂人等排立，御史台、閣門、太常寺分引玉牒所官詣玉牒殿下，北向立。 禮直官引提領官詣玉牒殿下，北向立。 禮直官揖、躬、拜，提領官拜，在位官皆再拜訖。 次引提領官詣香案前，搢笏，三上香，執笏退，復位，皆再拜訖，班退，歸幕次宿衛。 儀仗樂人作樂，晝夜更互排立。
In advance, the Ceremonial Guard Office and Lin'an Prefecture set up south of Jade Register Hall, facing south, provisional enshrinement canopies for the jade registers, genealogy compendia, and "The Restoration Sacred Lineage"; and beyond the Jade Register Office they also set up waiting-canopies for mounted escort officials and civil and military officials on attendance duty; and inside and outside Jingling Palace they set up canopies for mounted escort officials. On the day before the presentation, after court was dismissed, the supervising official, grand supervisor, various office officials, receiving officials, and other Jade Register Office officials went to the office canopy to stand night guard. When the ceremonial guards and musicians had been arrayed, the Censorate, Gate Command, and Grand Ceremonial Office separately led Jade Register Office officials to below Jade Register Hall, where they stood facing north. The protocol officer led the supervising official to below Jade Register Hall, where he stood facing north. The protocol officer bowed with clasped hands, inclined his body, and bowed; the supervising official bowed; and all officials present bowed twice. Next the supervising official was led to the incense table. He inserted his tablet, offered incense three times, withdrew holding his tablet, and returned to position; all bowed twice. The formation withdrew and returned to the canopy for night guard. The ceremonial guards and musicians performed music and stood guard in alternating shifts day and night.
21
其日五更，御史台、閣門、太常寺分引提領官、宰執、使相、侍從、台諫、兩省官、知閣、禮官、南班宗室詣玉牒殿，北向立。 禮直官揖、躬、拜，提領官拜，在位官皆再拜訖。 次引提領官詣玉牒、類譜香案前，搢笏，三上香，執笏，退，復位。 禮直官引提領官詣幄前，西向立。 次騎從官分左右乘馬，俟玉牒所率輦官奉擎玉牒、類譜，腰輿進行，樂人作樂，儀衛、儀仗迎引。 次引提領官、宰執、使相、侍從、台諫、兩省官、知閣、禮官、南班宗室騎從，至和寧門下馬，執笏步從玉牒、類譜至垂拱殿門外幄次，步從官權歸幕次，樂止。 儀衛、樂人等並於幄次前排立，俟進呈玉牒、類譜，並如閣門儀訖。
At the fifth watch that day, the Censorate, Gate Command, and Grand Ceremonial Office separately led the supervising official, chief ministers, envoys with emblems, close attendants, censorial remonstrators, officials of the two Secretariat offices, Gate Command officials, ritual officials, and southern-branch imperial clansmen to Jade Register Hall, where they stood facing north. The protocol officer bowed with clasped hands, inclined his body, and bowed; the supervising official bowed; and all officials present bowed twice. Next the supervising official was led to the incense table for the jade registers and genealogy compendia. He inserted his tablet, offered incense three times, withdrew holding his tablet, and returned to position. The protocol officer led the supervising official to before the canopy, where he stood facing west. Next the mounted escort officials divided left and right and mounted their horses, awaiting the Jade Register Office palanquin officers bearing the jade registers and genealogy compendia. The sedan chairs proceeded, musicians performed, and ceremonial guards and escorts welcomed and led them. Next the supervising official, chief ministers, envoys with emblems, close attendants, censorial remonstrators, officials of the two Secretariat offices, Gate Command officials, ritual officials, and southern-branch imperial clansmen rode in escort. At Hening Gate they dismounted and, holding their tablets, walked escorting the jade registers and genealogy compendia to the canopy outside Chuigong Hall gate. The walking escort officials temporarily returned to the waiting-canopy, and the music ceased. The ceremonial guards and musicians all arrayed before the canopies, awaiting the presentation of the jade registers and genealogy compendia, all according to Gate Command protocol.
22
俟玉牒、類譜出殿門，御史台、閣門、太常寺分引提領官、宰執、使相、侍從、台諫、兩省官、知閣、禮官、南班宗室分左右執笏步從，儀衛樂人前引，迎奉出皇城北宮門，步從等官上馬騎從，至和寧門外。 前引將至玉牒所，御史台、閣門、太常寺分引文武百官於玉牒所門內殿門外立班，內文臣厘務通直郎以上及承務郎見任寺監主簿執事官以上，武臣修武郎以上，迎拜訖。 如值雨，地下沾濕，迎拜官吏不迎拜。 騎從官至玉牒所，並下馬執笏步從，詣玉牒殿下，分東西相向立。 禮直官引提領官詣玉牒、類譜幄前，西向立定。
When the jade registers and genealogy compendia exited the hall gate, the Censorate, Gate Command, and Grand Ceremonial Office separately led the supervising official, chief ministers, envoys with emblems, close attendants, censorial remonstrators, officials of the two Secretariat offices, Gate Command officials, ritual officials, and southern-branch imperial clansmen to divide left and right, holding their tablets and walking in escort. Ceremonial guards and musicians led the way, welcoming and escorting them out the northern palace gate of the Imperial City. The walking escort officials mounted their horses and rode in escort to outside Hening Gate. As they approached the Jade Register Office, the Censorate, Gate Command, and Grand Ceremonial Office separately led civil and military officials to form ranks inside the Jade Register Office gate and outside the hall gate—including civil officials of Commissioner for Drafting and above on active duty and incumbent executive officials of Registrar rank and above in directorates and supervisorates, and military officials of Master-at-Arms and above—who greeted and bowed. If it was raining and the ground was wet, the officials who would have greeted and bowed did not do so. When the mounted escort officials arrived at the Jade Register Office, they all dismounted and, holding their tablets, walked in escort to below Jade Register Hall, where they divided east and west and stood facing each other. The protocol officer led the supervising official to before the canopy for the jade registers and genealogy compendia, where he stood facing west in fixed position.
23
俟玉牒所率輦官奉擎玉牒、類譜入幄，儀仗、儀衛、輦官、樂人更互排立。 提領官、宰執、使相、侍從、台諫、兩省官、知閣、禮官、南班宗室及玉牒所官、分官赴景靈宮，迎奉《皇帝中興聖統》赴玉牒殿，同時安奉。
When the Jade Register Office palanquin officers bearing the jade registers and genealogy compendia entered the canopy, the ceremonial escorts, guards, palanquin officers, and musicians were arrayed in alternating shifts. The supervising official, chief ministers, envoys with emblems, close attendants, censorial remonstrators, officials of the two Secretariat offices, Gate Command officials, ritual officials, southern-branch imperial clansmen, and Jade Register Office officials and subordinate officials went to Jingling Palace, welcomed and escorted "The Emperor's Restoration Sacred Lineage" to Jade Register Hall, and enshrined them simultaneously.
24
俟安奉時將至，設香案畢，次御史台、閣門、太常寺分引文武百官詣玉牒殿下，並北向立班定。 禮直官引提領官詣幄前西立，俟日官報時及。 次玉牒所安奉玉牒、類譜訖。 次引提領官復位，北向立定。 禮直官揖、躬、拜，提領官拜，在位官皆再拜訖。 禮直官引提領官詣香案前，搢笏，三上香，執笏退，復位立定，在位皆再拜訖，退。 儀衛、樂人等以次退。 自是，凡進書並仿此，惟進太上皇聖政，則有詣德壽宮之儀。
When the time of enshrinement was about to arrive and the incense table had been set up, the Censorate, Gate Command, and Grand Ceremonial Office separately led civil and military officials to below Jade Register Hall, where they all formed ranks facing north. The protocol officer led the supervising official to stand west of the canopy, awaiting the time official's report that the hour had arrived. Next the Jade Register Office enshrined the jade registers and genealogy compendia. Next the supervising official was led back to position and stood facing north in fixed position. The protocol officer bowed with clasped hands, inclined his body, and bowed; the supervising official bowed; and all officials present bowed twice. The protocol officer led the supervising official to the incense table. He inserted his tablet, offered incense three times, withdrew holding his tablet, and returned to fixed position; all present bowed twice, then withdrew. The ceremonial guards, musicians, and others withdrew in order. From this point on, all book presentations followed this model; only when presenting the Retired Emperor's Sacred Policies was there a separate protocol for going to Deshou Palace.
25
淳祐五年二月十二日，進孝宗、光宗兩朝御集、《寧宗實錄》及《理宗玉牒日曆》。 其日，皇帝御垂拱殿，提舉官、禮儀使、宗室、使相、宰執以下，赴實錄院、右文殿、玉牒所、經武閣並行燒香禮畢，奉迎諸書至和寧門，步導至垂拱殿，以俟班齊，各隨腰輿入殿下，東西向立。
On the twelfth day of the second month of the fifth year of Chunyou, the collected writings of the Xiaozong and Guangzong reigns, "Veritable Record of Ningzong," and "Jade Register and Daily Calendar of Lizong" were presented. That day the Emperor presided at Chuigong Hall. Supervising officials, ritual commissioners, imperial clansmen, envoys with emblems, chief ministers, and others went to the Veritable Records Academy, Youwen Hall, Jade Register Office, and Military Essentials Pavilion and performed incense offerings. When finished, they welcomed and escorted the various books to Hening Gate and walked leading them to Chuigong Hall. Awaiting the formations to be complete, each followed the sedan chairs into below the hall and stood facing east and west.
26
皇帝服靴袍出宮，殿下鳴鞭，禁衛、諸班直、親從等並入內省執骨朵使臣，國史實錄院、日曆所、編修經武要略所、玉牒所點檢文字以下並腰輿下人，並迎駕，自讚常起居。 〈（內擎腰輿人不拜，止應喏。）〉 皇帝即御坐。 先知閣門官以下，各班起居如常儀。
The Emperor came out from the palace in boot-robes. Below the hall the whip was sounded. Palace guards, various duty shifts, close attendants, inner-palace mace-bearing envoys, text inspectors and below from the National History Veritable Records Academy, Daily Calendar Office, Compilation Office for Military Essentials, and Jade Register Office, and the sedan-chair bearers all welcomed the imperial progress as the announcer praised the usual greeting. (Those bearing sedan chairs within did not bow, only responded yes.) The Emperor then took the imperial seat. First the Gate Command officials and others; each formation performed greetings according to the usual protocol.
27
次入內官下殿，各取合進呈書匣升殿，於殿上東壁各置案上，以南為上。 知閣門官二員，自御坐前導皇帝起詣三朝諸書香案前褥位，東向立。 閣門提點奏請上香，三上香訖，又奏請皇帝再拜訖，知閣門官前導皇帝復歸御坐。 知閣門官歸東朵殿上侍立，儀鑾司徹香案、拜褥，降束朵殿。
Next the inner-palace officials descended the hall, each took the appropriate presentation book case and ascended the hall, and on the east wall of the hall placed each on a table, with south as the superior position. Two Gate Command officials guided the Emperor from before the imperial seat to the cushion before the incense table for the books of the three reigns, where he stood facing east. The Gate Command inspector reported a request to offer incense; after three offerings of incense, he again reported a request for the Emperor to bow twice. Gate Command officials then guided the Emperor back to the imperial seat. The Gate Command officials returned to the east hall to attend standing. The Ceremonial Guard Office removed the incense table and bowing cushion and lowered the east hall screen.
28
次舍人請國史實錄院以下提舉官、禮儀使、宰執並進讀官升殿，於御坐東面西立。 〈（國史實錄院、國史日曆所、編修經武要略所、玉牒所官，殿下依舊立。）〉 俟入內官進御案，《孝宗御集》提舉官並進讀御集官稍前立，分進讀御集官於御前過，西壁麵東立。 御集提舉諸司官於《孝宗御集》匣前，搢笏、啟封、開鑰訖，出笏，歸侍立位。 御集承受官搢笏，於御集匣內取冊，轉授提舉官搢笏接訖，承受出笏，提舉官奉冊置御案上，出笏。 皇帝起前立，提舉諸司官、承受官分東西相向立，並搢笏揭冊訖，各出笏。 進讀御集官搢笏稍前，取篦子指讀， 〈（逐版揭冊指讀，並如上儀。 俟進讀畢，皇帝復坐，進讀御集官置篦子於御案上，出笏，卻於御前東壁麵西立以俟。 提舉官搢笏、收冊，復授承受官搢笏接訖，提舉官出笏，稍後立。） 承受官奉冊入匣訖，出笏，提舉諸司官搢笏、鎖匣訖，出笏，歸侍立位。 次讀《光宗御集》、《寧宗實錄》、《光宗經武要略》，並同上儀。
Next the usher requested the supervising officials of the National History Veritable Records Academy and below, the ritual commissioners, chief ministers, and presentation-reading officials to ascend the hall, where they stood east of the imperial seat facing west. (Officials of the National History Veritable Records Academy, National History Daily Calendar Office, Compilation Office for Military Essentials, and Jade Register Office remained standing below the hall as before.) When the inner-palace officials brought the imperial table, the supervising officials of "Collected Writings of Xiaozong" and the presentation-reading officials stepped slightly forward and stood. The presentation-reading officials were divided to pass before the imperial seat and stood on the west wall facing east. The collected-writings supervising officials at the case of "Collected Writings of Xiaozong" inserted their tablets, unsealed it, and opened the lock; when finished, they withdrew their tablets and returned to their attendant standing positions. The collected-writings receiving official inserted his tablet, took the volume from within the case, and handed it to the supervising official, who inserted his tablet and received it. The receiving official withdrew his tablet; the supervising official held the volume, placed it on the imperial table, and withdrew his tablet. The Emperor rose and stood before them. The supervising officials and receiving officials divided east and west and stood facing each other; all inserted their tablets and lifted the volume; when finished, each withdrew his tablet. The presentation-reading official inserted his tablet, stepped slightly forward, took the pointer, and read aloud, (For each leaf, lifting the volume and pointing while reading, all as in the protocol above. When the reading was finished, the Emperor sat again. The presentation-reading official placed the pointer on the imperial table, withdrew his tablet, and returned to stand facing west on the east wall before the imperial seat to await. The supervising official inserted his tablet, collected the volume, and handed it again to the receiving official, who inserted his tablet and received it. The supervising official withdrew his tablet and stood slightly back.) The receiving official placed the volume into the case and withdrew his tablet. The supervising officials inserted their tablets, locked the case, withdrew their tablets, and returned to their attendant standing positions. Next they read "Collected Writings of Guangzong," "Veritable Record of Ningzong," and "Guangzong Military Essentials," all following the same protocol.
29
次玉牒提舉官並進讀玉牒官稍前立，分進讀玉牒官於御前過，西壁麵東立。 玉牒提舉諸司官於玉牒匣前搢笏、啟封鑰訖，出笏，歸侍立位。 玉牒承受官搢笏取冊，授提舉官置御案上，進讀亦如前儀，讀畢鎖匣，出笏，歸侍立位。 次日曆提舉官並進讀日曆官啟封鑰，進讀亦同。
Next the jade-register supervising officials and presentation-reading officials stepped slightly forward and stood. The presentation-reading officials were divided to pass before the imperial seat and stood on the west wall facing east. The jade-register supervising officials at the jade-register case inserted their tablets, unsealed the lock, withdrew their tablets, and returned to their attendant standing positions. The jade-register receiving official inserted his tablet, took the volume, and handed it to the supervising official, who placed it on the imperial table. The reading followed the same protocol as before; when reading was finished they locked the case, withdrew their tablets, and returned to their attendant standing positions. Next the daily-calendar supervising officials and presentation-reading officials unsealed the lock; the reading likewise followed the same protocol.
30
俱畢，入內官徹案，） 承受官奉冊入匣訖，出笏，提舉諸司官搢笏、鑰匣訖，出笏，歸侍立位。 儀鸞司徹卓子，降束朵殿。 奉書匣下殿，各置腰輿上。 國史實錄院、日曆所、編修經武要略所、玉牒所提舉官，禮儀使，宰執並降東階下殿，東壁麵西立。 舍人引各官及禮儀使一班當殿麵北立定，引各直身出班、斂身稱謝訖，歸位立，揖，躬身讚拜，兩拜訖。 讚各祗候直身立宣答，御藥下殿宣答，提舉官、禮儀使並斂身聽宣答訖，） 御藥升殿。 揖，躬身讚拜，兩拜訖。 讚各祗候直身立，舍人引赴東壁麵西立。
When all were finished, the inner-palace officials removed the tables.) The receiving official placed the volume into the case and withdrew his tablet. The supervising officials inserted their tablets, locked the case with the key, withdrew their tablets, and returned to their attendant standing positions. The Ceremonial Guard Office removed the tables and lowered the east hall screen. They carried the book cases down from the hall and placed each on a sedan chair. The supervising officials of the National History Veritable Records Academy, Daily Calendar Office, Compilation Office for Military Essentials, and Jade Register Office, the ritual commissioners, and chief ministers all descended the east steps and stood on the east wall facing west. The usher led each official and the ritual commissioner in one formation before the hall facing north. He led each to straighten his body, leave formation, and with constrained body express thanks, then return to position. They bowed with clasped hands and inclined their bodies as the announcer praised the bow; they bowed twice. The announcer praised each attendant to stand straight; the imperial reply was announced. The imperial medicine official descended the hall and announced the reply; the supervising officials and ritual commissioners all listened with constrained body,) The imperial medicine official ascended the hall. They bowed with clasped hands and inclined their bodies as the announcer praised the bow; they bowed twice. The announcer praised each attendant to stand straight; the usher led them to the east wall, where they stood facing west.
31
次引國史實錄院、日曆所、編修經武要略所、玉牒所官一班首直身出班、斂身稱謝訖，歸位立，揖，躬身讚拜，兩拜訖，讚各祗候直身立。 如傳旨謝恩，知閣門官承旨訖，於折檻東面西立，傳與舍人承旨訖，再揖，躬身讚謝恩拜，兩拜訖，讚各祗候直身立。） 不該賜茶官先退。
Next the officials of the National History Veritable Records Academy, Daily Calendar Office, Compilation Office for Military Essentials, and Jade Register Office were led forward. The rank leader of one formation straightened his body, left formation, and with constrained body expressed thanks, then returned to position. They bowed with clasped hands and inclined their bodies as the announcer praised the bow; they bowed twice, and the announcer praised each attendant to stand straight. If a decree of thanks for grace was transmitted, the Gate Command official received the decree and stood east of the folding railing facing west, then transmitted it to the usher, who received it. They again bowed with clasped hands and inclined their bodies as the announcer praised the thanks-for-grace bow; they bowed twice, and the announcer praised each attendant to stand straight.) Officials not entitled to granted tea withdrew first.
32
次引國史實錄院、日曆所、編修經武要略所、玉牒所提舉諸司官並承受官以下一班當殿麵北立定，揖，躬身讚謝恩拜，兩拜訖，讚各祗候直身立，各歸位立。
Next the supervising officials and receiving officials and below from the National History Veritable Records Academy, Daily Calendar Office, Compilation Office for Military Essentials, and Jade Register Office were led in one formation before the hall facing north. They bowed with clasped hands and inclined their bodies as the announcer praised the thanks-for-grace bow; they bowed twice, the announcer praised each attendant to stand straight, and each returned to position.
33
次引國史實錄院、日曆所、編修經武要略所、玉牒所點檢文字以下一班當殿麵北立定，揖，躬身，讚謝恩拜，兩拜訖，讚各祗候直身立，各歸位立。 傳旨宣坐賜茶訖，舍人奏閣門無公事，皇帝起還宮，百官導送，奏安兩朝《御集》、《實錄》於天章閣，《經武要略》於經武閣、《玉牒》於玉牒所、《日曆》於秘閣如儀。
Next the text inspectors and below from the National History Veritable Records Academy, Daily Calendar Office, Compilation Office for Military Essentials, and Jade Register Office were led in one formation before the hall facing north. They bowed with clasped hands and inclined their bodies as the announcer praised the thanks-for-grace bow; they bowed twice, the announcer praised each attendant to stand straight, and each returned to position. After a decree ordered those present to be seated and granted tea was finished, the usher reported that the Gate Command had no further business. The Emperor rose and returned to the palace as the hundred officials escorted him. The two reigns' "Collected Imperial Writings" and "Veritable Records" were installed at the Heavenly Writings Pavilion, "Military Essentials" at the Military Essentials Pavilion, the "Jade Register" at the Jade Register Office, and the "Daily Calendar" at the Secret Pavilion, all according to protocol.
34
大謝之禮，廢於五季，太宗始命有司草定儀注。 其群臣朝謁如元會。 酒三行，有司言“請賜王、公以下射”，侍中稱制可。 皇帝改服武弁，布七埒於殿下，王、公以次射，開樂縣東西廂，設熊虎等侯。 陳賞物於東階，以賚能者； 設豐爵於西階，以罰否者。 並圖其冠冕、儀式、表著、埻埒之位以進。 帝覽而嘉之，謂宰臣曰：“俟弭兵，當與卿等行之。”
The rite of Great Thanksgiving had been abandoned during the Five Dynasties; Taizong was the first to order the relevant offices to draft its protocol. The ministers' court audience followed the same protocol as the New Year's assembly. After the third round of wine, the relevant office said, "We request that princes, dukes, and those below them be granted to shoot." The Palace Secretariat Chief announced the imperial assent: "Approved." The Emperor changed into a military cap and laid out seven archery butts below the hall. Princes and dukes shot in turn while the eastern and western wings of the music registers were opened and bear, tiger, and other targets were set up. Rewards were displayed on the east steps to bestow on those who performed well; Full goblets were placed on the west steps to penalize those who missed the mark. They also illustrated the caps and robes, ceremonial forms, display garments, and the positions of the mound and butts, and presented the diagrams. The Emperor reviewed them with approval and said to the chief ministers, "When hostilities cease, I shall perform this ceremony with you.
35
凡遊幸池苑，或命宗室、武臣射，每帝射中的，從官再拜奉觴、貢馬為賀。 預射官中者，帝為之解，賜襲衣、金帶、散馬，不解則不賜。 苑中皆有射棚、畫暈的。 射則用招箭班三十人，服緋紫繡衣、帕首，分立左右，以唱中否。 節序賜宴，則宗室、禁軍大校、牧伯、諸司使副皆令習射，遂為定制。 外國使入朝，亦令帥臣伴，賜射於園苑。
Whenever the Emperor toured pools and gardens, or ordered imperial clansmen and military ministers to shoot, each time he hit the target his accompanying officials bowed twice, presented a cup of wine, and offered horses in congratulation. When a participating archer hit the target, the Emperor removed the arrow for him and granted formal robes, a gold belt, and loose horses as gifts; if the arrow was not removed, nothing was granted. Every garden had archery sheds and painted concentric target rings. For shooting, a thirty-man arrow-retrieval corps wore scarlet-purple embroidered robes and headwraps, stood divided to left and right, and announced hits and misses. At seasonal banquets granted by the court, imperial clansmen, senior commanders of the capital guard, regional governors, and deputy commissioners of various offices were all required to practice archery, and this became fixed regulation. When foreign envoys came to court, commanding ministers were also ordered to accompany them and grant them archery in the garden parks.
36
政和宴射儀：皇帝御射殿，侍宴官公服、係鞋，射官窄衣，奏聖躬萬福，再拜升殿。 酒三行，引射官降，皆執弓矢，謝恩再拜，三公以下在右，射官在左，不射者依坐次分立。
Zhenghe banquet-archery protocol: The Emperor presided at the Archery Hall. Banquet-attending officials wore public dress with tied shoes, archery officials wore narrow robes, they reported the Emperor's myriad blessings, bowed twice, and ascended the hall. After the third round of wine, the archery officials were led down. All held bow and arrow, thanked the Emperor for his grace, and bowed twice. The Three Dukes and those below them stood on the right, the archery officials on the left, and those not shooting stood separately according to seating order.
37
皇帝初射中，舍人讚拜，凡左右祗應臣僚，除內侍外，並階上下再拜。 行門、禁衛、諸班、親從、諸司祗應人並自讚再拜。 招箭班殿上躬奏訖，跪進碗。 射官先傳弓箭與殿侍，側立。 內侍接碗訖，就拜，起，降階再拜。 有司進御茶床，天武引進奉馬列射垛前，員僚奏聖躬萬福，東上閣門官詣御前，躬奏班首姓名以下進酒。 班首以下橫行立，讚再拜，班首奉酒進，樂作，飲畢，殿上臣僚再拜。 舍人讚各賜酒，群官俱再拜，讚各就坐，群官皆立席後，引進司官臨階，宣進奉出，天武奉馬出，樂合，復讚就坐，飲訖，揖，興，諸司收坐物等。 射官左側臨階，取弓箭侍立。 皇帝再射中的或雙中，如上儀。） 進酒臨時取旨，得旨進酒，更不進奉中扁碗。 及解中，更不賀、不進酒。
When the Emperor first hit the target, the usher praised the bow. All attendant officials to left and right, except eunuchs, bowed twice both above and below the steps. Gate guards, imperial guards, various ranks, personal attendants, and attendants of various offices all announced themselves and bowed twice. The arrow-retrieval corps, inclining their bodies on the hall, finished their report, knelt, and presented the bowl. The archery officials first passed their bows and arrows to hall attendants and stood to one side. The eunuch received the bowl, performed obeisance, rose, descended the steps, and bowed twice. The relevant office brought forward the imperial tea table. Tianwu led forward-presented horses to line up before the shooting butt. Staff officials reported the Emperor's myriad blessings, and the East Upper Gate Command official went before the imperial seat and, inclining his body, reported that the rank leader and those below him were presenting wine. The rank leader and those below him stood in a horizontal line. The announcer praised the bow, the rank leader advanced with wine, music was performed, and when the drinking was finished the officials on the hall bowed twice. The usher praised the granting of wine to each, and all officials bowed twice together. He praised each to take his seat while all officials stood behind their mats. Forwarding Office officials came to the steps and announced the forwarding of presented items; Tianwu led the horses out; the music combined; the usher again praised taking seats; when drinking was finished they bowed with clasped hands and rose, and the various offices collected the seating items and the like. The archery officials on the left side came to the steps, took up their bows and arrows, and stood in attendance. If the Emperor again hit the target or scored a double hit, the same protocol was followed.) Presenting wine awaited the Emperor's decree at the moment; once the decree was received, wine was presented, and the hit-mark flat bowl was no longer forward-presented. Once the arrow was removed from the target, there was no further congratulation or presentation of wine.
38
臣僚射中，引降階再拜訖，殿下側立。 御箭解中，招箭班進碗，如上儀。 舍人再引射，中官當殿揖，躬宣“有敕，賜窄衣、金帶”。 跪受，箱過再拜，過殿側服所賜訖，再引當殿再拜，更不謝。）〉 如宣再射，或更賜箭令射，如未退，即就位再拜。 如再射中，御箭再解中，賜鞍轡馬如上儀。 臣僚射中，御箭不解，引降階再拜，立。 招箭班殿上躬奏訖，下殿，舍人宣“有敕，賜銀碗”。 跪受執碗並箭，就拜，起，再拜。 如合賜散馬，即同宣賜，宣“有敕，賜銀碗，兼賜散馬若干匹”。 射訖，進御茶床，諸司復陳坐物等，群官各立席後，讚就坐，群官俱坐。 酒五行，宣示盞、宣勸如儀，皆作樂。 宴畢，內侍舉御茶床，三公以下降階再拜，退。
When a minister hit the target, he was led down the steps; after bowing twice, he stood to one side below the hall. When the imperial arrow was removed from the target, the arrow-retrieval corps presented the bowl according to the same protocol as before. The usher again led the shooting. The official who had hit bowed with clasped hands before the hall and, inclining his body, announced, "There is an edict: granting a narrow robe and gold belt." He knelt and received the gift; when the case passed by, he bowed twice; he passed to the side of the hall and donned what had been granted; then he was again led before the hall and bowed twice, without further thanks.) If an edict ordered further shooting, or additional arrows were granted and he was ordered to shoot again, and he had not yet withdrawn, he then took his position and bowed twice. If he hit again on the second round of shooting, the imperial arrow was again removed from the target, and saddled and bridled horses were granted according to the same protocol as before. When a minister hit the target but the imperial arrow was not removed, he was led down the steps, bowed twice, and stood. The arrow-retrieval corps, inclining their bodies on the hall, finished their report and descended the hall. The usher announced, "There is an edict: granting a silver bowl." He knelt, received the gift, and held the bowl together with the arrow; he performed obeisance, rose, and bowed twice. If loose horses were also to be granted, the announcement was made together: "There is an edict: granting a silver bowl, and also granting a certain number of loose horses." When the shooting was finished, the imperial tea table was brought forward. The various offices again displayed the seating items and the like, each official stood behind his mat, the announcer praised taking seats, and all officials sat. Wine was served five times; presenting cups and urging guests to drink were announced according to protocol, all accompanied by music. When the banquet was finished, eunuchs raised the imperial tea table. The Three Dukes and those below them descended the steps, bowed twice, and withdrew.
39
乾道二年二月四日，車駕幸玉津園，皇帝射訖，次命皇太子，次慶王，次恭王，次管軍臣僚等射，如是者三。 每射四發，帝前後四中的。
On the fourth day of the second month of the second year of Qiandao, the imperial carriage visited Jade Ford Garden. The Emperor finished shooting, then ordered the Crown Prince, then the Prince of Qing, then the Prince of Gong, then the commanding ministers and others to shoot—thus for three rounds. Each participant shot four arrows; the Emperor hit the target four times in all.
40
鄉飲之禮有三：《周禮》，鄉大夫，三年大比，興賢者、能者，鄉老及鄉大夫帥其吏，與其眾寡，以禮賓之，一也； 黨正，國索鬼神而祭祀，則禮屬民而飲酒於序，以正齒位，二也； 州長，春秋習射於序，先行鄉飲禮，三也。 後世臘蠟百神、春秋習射、序賓飲酒之儀，不行於郡國，唯貢士日設鹿鳴宴，猶古者賓興賢能，行鄉飲之遺禮也。 然古禮有賓主，僎介，與今之禮不同。 器以尊俎，與今之器不同。 賓坐於西北，介坐於西南，主人坐東南，僎坐東北，與今之位不同。 主人獻賓，賓酢主人，主人酬賓，次主人獻介，介酢主人，次主人獻眾賓，與今之儀不同。 今制，州、軍貢士之月，以禮飲酒，且以知州、軍事為主人，學事司所在，以提舉學事為主人，其次本州官入行，上舍生當貢者，與州之群老為眾賓，亦古者序賓、養老之意也。 是月也，會凡學之士及武士習射，亦古者習射於序之意也。
The village drinking rite had three forms. In the "Rites of Zhou," the district grandee, at the great triennial comparison, promoted the worthy and the capable; the district elder and district grandee led their clerks and their multitude, greater and lesser, to receive them as guests with ceremony—the first form; The ward chief, when the state entered mourning for the spirits and performed sacrifice, treated the people with ceremony and drank wine at the school hall to establish ranks by age—the second form; The district chief, in spring and autumn, practiced archery at the school hall and first performed the village drinking rite—the third form. In later ages the rites of the winter wax offering to the hundred spirits, spring and autumn archery practice, and ordering guests to drink at the school hall were not performed in the commanderies and states. Only on the day of presenting scholars was the Deer Call Banquet held—still a remnant of the ancient rite of guest-promotion of the worthy and capable and of village drinking. Yet the ancient rite distinguished guest and host, assistant host and secondary guest, in ways that differ from today's rite. The vessels used were zun and zu stands, differing from those used today. The guest sat in the northwest, the secondary guest in the southwest, the host in the southeast, and the assistant host in the northeast—differing from the seating positions used today. The host presented wine to the guest, the guest returned a toast to the host, and the host reciprocated to the guest; next the host presented to the secondary guest, who returned a toast to the host; next the host presented to the multitude of guests—differing from today's protocol. Under present regulation, in the month when a prefecture or army presents scholars, wine is drunk according to rite. The military prefect or prefectural governor serves as host; where the school affairs office is located, the school affairs intendant serves as host. Next come local officials of the prefecture, upper-hall students who are to be presented, and the prefecture's group of elders as the multitude of guests—reflecting the ancient intent of ordering guests and honoring the aged. In that month all students were assembled and military officers practiced archery—also reflecting the ancient intent of practicing archery at the school hall.
41
唐貞觀所頒禮，惟明州獨存，淳化中會例行之。 政和禮局定飲酒祭降之節，與舉酒作樂器用之屬，並參用辟廱宴貢士儀，其有古樂處，令用古樂。 既又以河北轉運判官張孝純之言：“《周官》以六藝教士，必射而後行。 古者諸侯貢士，天子試諸射宮，請詔諸路州郡，每歲宴貢士於學，因講射禮。 ”於是禮官參定射儀：鄉飲酒前一日，本州於射亭東西序，量地之宜，設提舉學事諸監司、知州、通判、州學教授、應赴鄉飲酒官貢士幕次，本州兵馬教諭備弓矢應用物，設樂。 其日初筵，提舉學事、知州軍、通判帥應赴鄉飲酒官貢士詣射亭，執弓矢，揖人射，乘矢若中，則守帖者舉獲唱獲，執算者以算投壺畢，多算勝少算。 射畢，讚者讚揖，酬酢如儀畢，揖退飲，如鄉飲酒。
The rites promulgated in the Tang Zhenguan era survived only in Ming Prefecture; during Chunhua they were once carried out according to precedent. The Zhenghe Rites Bureau fixed the stages of wine-drinking and offering descent, together with presenting wine, performing music, and the use of vessels and the like, all drawing on the imperial academy banquet for presented scholars. Where ancient music was available, they ordered that ancient music be used. Further, on the recommendation of Hebei Transport Vice Commissioner Zhang Xiaochun: "The Offices of Zhou teaches knights through the six arts; archery must come before one may proceed. In antiquity, when feudal lords presented scholars, the Son of Heaven tested them at the Archery Palace. I request an edict to the various routes, prefectures, and districts that each year, at the banquet for presented scholars at the school, the archery rite be expounded. "Thereupon the rites officials jointly fixed the archery protocol. On the day before the village wine-drinking ceremony, the prefecture, at the east and west wings of the archery pavilion and according to the fitness of the ground, set up tent positions for the school affairs intendant, various supervisory commissioners, the prefect, vice prefect, prefectural school professor, officials attending the village wine-drinking, and presented scholars. The prefecture military instructor prepared bows, arrows, and requisite items, and music was set up. On that day at the first mat, the school affairs intendant, prefect or army commander, and vice prefect led the officials attending the village wine-drinking and the presented scholars to the archery pavilion. They took up bow and arrow, bowed, and entered to shoot. If the nocked arrow hit, the target attendants raised the capture and sang "capture"; the score keepers cast tallies into the pot, and when finished, more tallies defeated fewer. When the shooting was finished, the announcer praised the bow. Reciprocal toasts were completed according to protocol; then they bowed, withdrew, and drank as in the village wine-drinking ceremony.
42
紹興七年，郡守仇悆置田以供費。 十三年，比部郎中林保乞修定鄉飲儀制，遍下郡國，於是國子祭酒高閎草具其儀上之，僎介之位，皆與古制不合，諸儒莫解其指意。
In the seventh year of Shaoxing, Prefect Qiu Yu set aside fields to cover the expenses. In the thirteenth year, Bureau of Review Section Chief Lin Bao requested that the village drinking protocol be revised and fixed, and it was sent down to all commanderies and states. Thereupon National University Sacrificial Wine Gao Hong drafted the protocol and submitted it, but the positions of assistant host and secondary guest all failed to accord with the ancient system, and the Confucian scholars could not understand its intent.
43
慶元中，朱熹以《儀禮》改定，知學者皆尊用之，主賓、僎介之位，始有定說。 其主，則州以守、縣以令，位於東南； 賓，以裏居年高及致仕者，位於西北僎，則州以倅、縣以丞或簿，位東北； 介，以次長，位西南。 三賓，以賓之次者； 司正，以眾所推服者； 相及讚，以士之熟於禮儀者。 其日質明，主人率賓以下，先釋菜於先聖先師，退各就次，以俟肅賓。 介與眾賓既入，主人序賓祭酒，再拜，詣罍洗洗觶，至酒尊所酌實觶，授執事者，至賓席前跪以獻賓，賓酬主人，主人酬介，介酬眾賓，賓主以下各就席坐訖。 酒再行，次沃洗，讚者請司正揚觶致辭，司正復位，主人以下復坐。 主人興，復至阼俯僎從賓介復至西階下立，三賓至西階立，並南向。 主人拜，賓介以下再拜。 賓介與眾賓先自西趨出，主人少立，自東出。 賓以下立於庠門外之右，東鄉； 主人立於門外之左，西鄉。 僎從主人再拜，賓介以下皆再拜，退。
During the Qingyuan era, Zhu Xi revised the rite according to the "Ceremonial Rites," and those versed in ritual all honored and adopted it. At last there was a fixed interpretation of the positions of host, guest, assistant host, and secondary guest. The host was the prefect in a prefecture and the magistrate in a district, seated in the southeast; The guest was drawn from the oldest resident locally or from retired officials and was seated in the northwest; the assistant host was the vice prefect in a prefecture and the assistant magistrate or registrar in a district, seated in the northeast; The secondary guest was the next in seniority and was seated in the southwest. The three guests were those next in rank after the guest; The protocol director was one whom the assembly respected and deferred to; The assistant and announcer was a member of the gentry skilled in ceremonial rites. On that day at dawn, the host led the guest and those below him first to perform the vegetable offering before the former sages and former masters. They withdrew, each took his station, and awaited the formal reception of the guest. When the secondary guest and the multitude of guests had entered, the host ordered the guests and the libation wine and bowed twice. He went to the wine jar to wash the cup, then to the wine vessel to fill the cup, and handed it to attendants. He came before the guest's mat and knelt to present wine to the guest. The guest reciprocated to the host, the host to the secondary guest, and the secondary guest to the multitude of guests. The guest, host, and those below each took their seats and sat down. After the second round of wine came the pouring of washing water. The announcer requested the protocol director to raise his cup and deliver the address. The protocol director returned to his position, and the host and those below sat again. The host rose and again came to the host's east side. The assistant followed the guest and secondary guest again to the foot of the west steps to stand, and the three guests came to the west steps to stand, all facing south. The host bowed, and the guest, secondary guest, and those below bowed twice. The guest, secondary guest, and multitude of guests first hurried out from the west. The host stood briefly, then came out from the east. The guest and those below him stood to the right outside the school gate, facing east; The host stood to the left outside the gate, facing west. The assistant followed the host and bowed twice. The guest, secondary guest, and those below all bowed twice and withdrew.