1
禮二十一 〈（賓禮三）〉 ○朝儀班序百官轉對百官相見儀製
Rites 21 (Guest Rites 3) ○ Court audience formation order; rotating audiences by officials; regulations governing how officials greet one another
2
朝儀班序。 太祖建隆三年三月，有司上合班儀：太師，太傅，太保，太尉，司徒，司空，太子太師、太傅、太保，嗣王，郡王，左、右僕射，太子少師、少傅、少保，三京牧，大都督，大都護，御史大夫，六尚書，常侍，門下、中書侍郎，太子賓客，太常、宗正卿，御史中丞，左右諫議大夫，給事中，中書舍人，左、右丞，諸行侍郎，秘書監，光祿、衛尉、太僕、大理、鴻臚、司農、太府卿，國子祭酒，殿中、少府、將作監，前任節度使，開封、河南、太原尹，太子詹事，諸王傅，司天監，五府尹，國公，郡公，中都督，上都護，下都督，太子左右庶子，五大都督府長史，中都護，下都護，太常、宗正少卿，秘書少監，光祿等七寺少卿，司業，三少監，三少尹，少詹事，左右諭德、家令、率更令、仆，諸王府長史、司馬，司天少監，起居舍人，侍御史，殿中侍御史，左右補闕、拾遺，監察御史，郎中、員外郎，太常博士，五府少尹，五大都督府司馬，通事舍人，國子博士，五經博士，都水使者，四赤令，太常、宗正、秘書丞，著作郎，殿中丞，尚食、尚藥、尚舍、尚乘、尚輦奉御，大理正，太子中允、讚善、中舍、洗馬，諸王友、諮議參軍，司天五官正。 凡雜坐者，以此為準。 詔曰：「尚書中台，萬事之本，而班位率次兩省官； 節度使出總方面，古諸侯也，又其檢校兼守官多至師傅三公，而位居九寺卿監之下，甚無謂也。 其給事、諫議、舍人宜降於六曹侍郎之下，補闕次郎中，拾遺、監察次員外郎，節度使升於六曹侍郎之上、中書侍郎之下，餘悉如故。」
Court audience formation order. In March of the third year of Jianlong, the responsible offices presented the order for joint seating at court: beginning with the Grand Preceptor, Grand Tutor, and Grand Guardian, then the Three Excellencies of state, the heir apparent's tutors, imperial and commandery princes, the left and right grand counselors, governors of the three capitals, commanders and protectors-general, the censor-in-chief and six ministers, secretariat and remonstrance officials, directors of the various courts and former military commissioners, metropolitan and provincial governors, tutors and household officers of the imperial sons, on through attending and investigating censors, ministry directors and vice directors, doctors and commissioners, palace attendants, and the lowest officers in the sequence, down to the rectifier of the five officers of astronomy. For all informal seating arrangements, this order was to serve as the standard. An edict stated: "The Secretariat is the central administration and the foundation of all government business, yet in formation its rank generally came after the officials of the two provinces; a military commissioner goes out to govern a region like the feudal lords of old, and many who hold concurrent inspection or acting appointments rise as high as grand tutor or the three excellencies, yet they were ranked below the directors of the nine courts and directorates—an arrangement that made little sense. The supervising drafters, remonstrance officials, and secretariat drafters should rank below the vice ministers of the six ministries; supplementation officials should follow directors; selection and investigating censors should follow vice directors; military commissioners should rank above the six-ministry vice ministers but below the central secretariat vice ministers; everything else should remain unchanged."
3
開寶六年九月，詔曰：「周之宗盟，異姓為後，此先王所以睦九族而和萬邦也。 晉王親賢莫二，位望俱崇，方資夾輔之功，俾先三事之列，宜位宰相上。」 九年十一月，詔齊王廷美、武功郡王德昭位在宰相上。
In the ninth month of the sixth year of Kaibao, an edict declared: "In the Zhou system of clan alliances, those of a different surname could be made successors—this was how the former kings harmonized the nine kindred and brought the myriad states into accord. The Prince of Jin was without peer in kinship and merit, and both his standing and prestige were supreme; as he was now to be entrusted with supporting the throne, he should take precedence over the three chief ministers and rank above the chief counselors. In the eleventh month of the ninth year, an edict placed the Prince of Qi, Tingmei, and the Prince of Wugong Commandery, Dezhao, above the chief counselors.
4
四年閏三月，太常禮院、閣門言：「準詔同詳定閣門使李端愨所奏閣門儀製，宰臣與親王立班坐位分左右各為班首，宰臣、樞密使帶使相，或帶郡王並使相作一行，總為中書門下班。 其親王獨行一班者，準封爵令。 兄弟皇子皆封國，謂之親王，所以他官不可參綴。 檢會坐次圖，直將宗室使相輒綴親王，蓋更張之時未見親王，遂致失於講求。 近見朝拜景靈宮，東陽郡王顥亦綴親王班，竊恐未安。 今取到閣門儀製，其合班宰臣、使相在東，親王在西，分班立。 又祥符元年宴坐次圖，宰臣王旦與使相石保吉在東，寧王元偓、舒王元偁、廣陵郡王元儼、節度使惟吉在西，分班坐。 其元儼、惟吉是郡王與節度使，許綴親王班，竊慮當時出自特旨。 今來檢尋元初文字不見，在先朝隻依祥符元年宴坐次圖子，親王及帶使相郡王在西為一班。 臣等參詳，請依閣門儀製，親王在西，獨為一班，宗室郡王帶使相許綴親王立班坐次，即係臨時特旨。」 從之。
In the intercalary third month of the fourth year, the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and the Gate Office reported: "Pursuant to an edict to examine jointly the gate regulations submitted by Gate Commissioner Li Duankai, when chief counselors and imperial princes form ranks and take their seats, each side has its own head of rank; chief counselors and commissioners of military affairs who hold the commissioner rank, or who hold both a commandery prince title and commissioner rank in one row, together constitute the Central Secretariat and Gate Office rank. When an imperial prince stands in a rank by himself, that follows the regulations on enfeoffment and titles. The emperor's brothers and sons who receive state enfeoffments are called imperial princes; for that reason no other office may be inserted into their rank. On examining the seating-order charts, one finds that imperial-clan commissioners were simply intercalated with imperial princes—likely because when the charts were redrawn no imperial princes were present, and the matter was never properly reviewed. Recently, at the audience worshiping at Jingling Palace, the Prince of Dongyang Commandery, Hao, was also placed in the imperial-prince rank, which we fear is improper. We have now obtained the gate regulations: at joint formation the chief counselors and commissioners stand on the east, the imperial princes on the west, each in separate ranks. Again, in the seating chart for the banquet of the first year of Xiangfu, Chief Counselor Wang Dan and Commissioner Shi Baoji sat on the east; the Prince of Ning, Yuanwei, the Prince of Shu, Yuanzheng, the Prince of Guangling Commandery, Yuanyan, and Military Commissioner Weiji sat on the west, each in separate ranks. Yuanyan and Weiji were a commandery prince and a military commissioner who were allowed to join the imperial-prince rank—we suspect that at the time this came from a special directive. On searching the original documents, none can be found; in the former court one relied only on the seating chart for the Xiangfu banquet of the first year, with imperial princes and commandery princes holding the commissioner rank on the west as one rank. We your subjects have examined the matter in detail and request that, following the gate regulations, imperial princes stand on the west in a rank by themselves; commandery princes of the imperial clan who hold the commissioner rank may join the imperial princes in rank and seating only when there is a temporary special directive. The request was approved.
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熙寧二年四月，國信所言：「大遼賀同天節左番使耶律奭赴文德殿拜表，言南使到北朝綴翰林學士班，今來卻在節度使之下。 館伴者諭之，始就班。 時下御史臺、閣門同詳定，奏稱人使不知本朝翰林學士班自在節度使之下，如遇合班即節度使在翰林學士之西差前，別為一班立，俱不相壓。 欲且依久來儀製體例。」 詔依所定。 是月，編修閣門儀製所言：「慶曆中，改文明殿學士為觀文殿學士，又置大學士。 按文明殿即今文德殿，乃正衙前殿也，後唐始置學士，序位樞密副使之下，每遇紫宸殿坐朝，則升殿侍立。 蓋文德、紫宸通謂之前殿，故學士侍立為宜。 其觀文殿深在禁中，乃與資政、端明殿相類，而資政、端明學士並不侍立。 竊詳慶曆所改職名，雖用舊之班著，而殿之次序與舊義理不同。 其觀文殿大學士自今遇紫宸殿坐朝，請更不升殿侍立。」 從之。
In the fourth month of the second year of Xining, the Office of Credentials reported: "The left envoy of the Great Liao, Yelü Shi, coming to offer felicitations on the Shared Heaven Festival, presented his memorial at Wende Hall and said that when southern envoys arrive at the northern court they join the Hanlin Academician rank, but on this occasion he has been placed below the military commissioner. The host official instructed him, and only then did he take his proper place in rank. At the time the Censorate and the Gate Office jointly examined the matter and reported that the envoy did not know that in this court the Hanlin Academician rank naturally stands below the military commissioner; when ranks are combined, the military commissioner stands slightly ahead to the west of the Hanlin academician, each in a separate rank, and neither supersedes the other. They proposed to follow the long-standing ritual precedent for the time being. An edict approved what had been determined. That month, those compiling the gate regulations reported: "In the Qingli era the Wénmíng Hall Academician title was changed to Guānwén Hall Academician, and a Grand Academician post was also established. According to precedent, the Wénmíng Hall is today's Wende Hall, the main front hall of the outer court; the Hanlin Academy was first established in the Later Tang, ranked below the vice commissioner of military affairs; whenever there was audience at Zichen Hall they ascended the hall to attend standing. Since Wende and Zichen are both commonly called the front halls, it is appropriate that academicians attend standing there. The Guānwén Hall lies deep within the inner palace and is of the same type as the Zīzhèng and Duānmíng Halls, yet academicians of those halls do not attend standing. On careful examination, the titles changed in Qingli used the old rank order, but the sequence of the halls and the original rationale no longer matched. Henceforth, when there is audience at Zichen Hall, the Guānwén Hall Grand Academician should no longer ascend the hall to attend standing. The request was approved.
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元祐元年五月，詔：「太師平章軍國重事文彥博，已降旨令獨班起居。 自今赴經筵、都堂同三省、樞密院奏事，並序位在宰臣之上。」
In the fifth month of the first year of Yuanyou, an edict stated: "Grand Preceptor and Director of State Affairs Wen Yanbo has already been ordered by special edict to form a rank alone at audience. From now on, when he attends the classics lecture or reports affairs in the chief hall together with the Three Departments and the Bureau of Military Affairs, his order of rank shall be above the chief counselors."
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百官轉對。 自建隆詔內殿起居日，令百官以次轉對，限以二人。 其封章於閣門通進，復鞠躬自奏，宣徽使承旨宣答，拜舞而出，著為閣門儀製。
Rotating audience by officials. From the Jianlong era, an edict on days of inner-hall audience ordered officials to offer rotating audience in turn, limited to two persons at a time. Their sealed memorials were forwarded through the Gate Office; they bowed again and reported in person; the commissioner of the palace directorate received the edict and announced the reply; they bowed, performed the dance of obeisance, and withdrew—this was established as gate regulation.
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淳化二年，詔：自今內殿起居日，復令常參官二人次對，閣門受其章。 大中祥符末，罷不復行。
In the second year of Chunhua, an edict ordered that from then on, on days of inner-hall audience, regular-attendance officials should again offer second audience two at a time, with the Gate Office receiving their memorials. At the end of the Dazhong Xiangfu era the practice was abolished and not revived.
9
景德三年，復詔：「群臣轉對，其在外京官內殿崇班以上，候得替，先具民間利害實封，於閣門上進，方得朝見。」
In the third year of Jingde, an edict restored the practice: "When ministers offer rotating audience, outer capital officials of Inner Hall Distinguished Class and above, when awaiting replacement, must first prepare a sealed report on popular benefits and harms and submit it at the Gate Office before they may be granted audience."
10
治平中，命御史臺每遇起居日，令百官轉對。 御史臺言：「舊制，起居日，輪兩省及文班秩高者二員轉對。 若兩省宮有充學士、待制，則綴樞密班起居，內朝臣僚不與。」 尋詔遇轉對日，增二員。
In the Zhiping era, the Censorate was ordered that on every audience day officials should offer rotating audience. The Censorate reported: "Under the old system, on audience days two officials of the two provinces and of the civil rank with the highest precedence offered rotating audience. If among officials of the two provinces some held concurrent posts as academician or attendant draftsman, they joined the Military Affairs rank at audience; inner-court officials did not participate. Shortly afterward an edict ordered that on days of rotating audience two additional persons be added.
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熙寧初，閣門言：「舊制，中書省、樞密院奏事退，再引三班，假日則兩班，或再禦後殿引對，多及午刻，遇開經筵，即至申末，恐久勞聖躬。 請遇經筵日，自二府奏事外，止引一班，或有急奏及言事官請對即取旨，俟罷經筵日仍舊。」 又言：「假日禦崇政殿，每遇辰時，則隔班過延和殿再引，不待進食，至巳刻隔班取旨，尚許引對。 請自今隔班過延和殿，俟已進食再引。 遇寒暑、大風雨雪即令次日引對。」 詔：「自今授外任者許令轉對訖朝辭。」 監察御史裏行張戩、程顥言：「每欲奏事，必俟朝旨，或朝政有闕及聞外事而機速後時，則已無所及； 況往復俟報，必由中書，萬一事幹政府，則或致阻格。 請依諫官例，牒閣門求對，或有急奏，即許越次登對，庶幾遇事入告，無憂失時。」 又以編修閣門儀製所言，三衙有急奏，許於後殿登對，若別有奏陳，則報閣門如常制，或假日禦崇政殿，則於已得旨對班後續引，且許兩製以上同班奏事。
At the beginning of Xining, the Gate Office reported: "Under the old system, after the Central Secretariat and Bureau of Military Affairs finished reporting affairs, three ranks were again introduced; on holidays two ranks; audiences in the rear hall often extended to noon; when the classics lecture was held they could last until late afternoon—we fear this would overtax Your Majesty. We request that on days when the classics lecture is held, apart from reports from the Two Departments, only one rank be introduced; if there are urgent memorials or officials requesting audience, take instructions accordingly, and after the lecture day resume the former practice. They also reported: "On holidays when Chongzheng Hall is used for audience, whenever the chen hour arrives one rank passes through Yanhe Hall and is introduced again without waiting for the meal; by the si hour, when ranks pass to receive instructions, audience is still permitted. We request that from now on, when a rank passes through Yanhe Hall, introduction should wait until after the meal has been taken. In cases of extreme cold, heat, high wind, rain, or snow, audience should be deferred to the next day. An edict stated: "From now on those receiving outer appointments are permitted to offer rotating audience and then take leave at audience. Investigating Censor-in-Training Zhang Jian and Cheng Hao said: "Whenever we wish to report affairs we must await court instruction; if there is a defect in court governance or news from abroad and the moment for swift action passes, then nothing can be done; moreover, going back and forth awaiting a reply must pass through the Central Secretariat; if by chance the matter touches the government, it may be blocked. We request that, following the remonstrance officials' precedent, we may notify the Gate Office to request audience; if there is an urgent memorial, we should be permitted to ascend for audience out of turn, so that when matters arise we may report in time without fear of missing the moment. Again, according to those compiling the gate regulations, the Three Commands may ascend for audience in the rear hall when there is urgent business; for other reports they notify the Gate Office under the regular system; on holidays when Chongzheng Hall is used for audience, after the rank that has received instructions is introduced, further introduction continues, and officials of the Two Drafts and above in the same rank may report affairs.
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元豐中，詔：「尚書侍郎同郎官一員奏事，郎中、員外郎番次隨之，不許獨留身。 侍郎以下，亦不許獨請奏事。 其左右選非尚書通領者，聽侍郎以上郎官自隨。 秘書、殿中省、諸寺監長官視尚書，貳丞以下視侍郎。」 又詔：「三省、樞密院獨班奏事日。 無得過三班。 若三省俱獨班，則樞密院當請奏事。 其見任官召對訖，次日即朝辭回任聽旨。」
In the Yuanfeng era, an edict stated: "Vice ministers of a ministry report affairs together with one bureau official; directors and vice directors follow in rotation and may not remain alone. Those below vice minister likewise may not request audience alone. For the left and right selection bureaus not under the general supervision of a ministry, vice ministers and above may have bureau officials follow as they choose. Directors of the Secretariat, Palace Administration, and the various courts and directorates are treated like ministers; deputies and assistants below are treated like vice ministers. Another edict stated: "On days when the Three Departments and Bureau of Military Affairs report affairs in separate ranks. No more than three ranks may pass. If all three departments report in separate ranks, the Bureau of Military Affairs should request to report affairs. For incumbent officials summoned for audience, on the next day they take leave at audience and return to their posts to await instructions."
13
元祐中，宰臣呂大防言：「昨垂簾聽政，惟許台諫以二人同對，故不正之言無得以入。 今陛下初見群臣，請對者必眾。 既人人得進，則善惡相雜，故於采納尤難。」 帝曰：「人君以納諫為上，然邪正則不可不辨。」 遂詔上殿班當直牒及帥臣、國信使副，許依元豐八年以前儀製。
In the Yuanyou era, Chief Counselor Lü Dagong said: "Yesterday, during regency behind the curtain, only remonstrance and censor officials were permitted to report two together, so improper words could not enter. Now Your Majesty is first meeting the host of ministers, and those requesting audience will certainly be numerous. Since everyone may advance, good and evil are mixed together, making it especially difficult to adopt sound counsel. The Emperor said: "For a ruler, receiving remonstrance is paramount, yet the wicked and the upright cannot go undistinguished. Thereupon an edict ordered that those on duty at the upper-hall rank, military commanders, and deputy envoys of credentials might follow the regulations before the eighth year of Yuanfeng.
14
紹聖初，臣僚言：「文德殿視朝輪官轉對，蓋襲唐制，故祖宗以來，每遇轉對，侍從之臣亦皆與焉。 元祐間因言者免侍從官轉對，續詔職事官權侍郎以上並免，自此轉對止於卿、監、郎官而已。 請自今視朝轉對依元豐以前條製。」 又詔：「自今三省、樞密院進擬在京文臣開封府推判官、武臣橫行使副、在外文臣諸路監司藩郡知州、武臣知州軍已上，取旨召對。」 臣僚言：「每緣職事請對，待次旬日，遇有急奏，深恐失事。 請自今後許依六曹、開封例，先次挑班上殿，仍不隔班。」 又言：「諸路監司，朝廷所選，以推行法令，省問風俗，朝辭之日，當令上殿。」 六曹尚書如有職事奏陳，許獨員上殿。 其群臣請對，雖遇休假，特禦便殿聽納。 既又詔：「應節鎮郡守往令陛辭，歸許登對，不特審觀人材，亦所以重外任也。 可於監司不許免對條下，增入節鎮郡守依此。」
At the beginning of Shaosheng, a subject said: "At Wende Hall audience officials rotate in turn—this follows the Tang system; therefore since the founding ancestors, whenever there was rotating audience, attendant ministers also participated. In the Yuanyou era, because remonstrators exempted attendant ministers from rotating audience, a subsequent edict also exempted functional officials acting as vice ministers and above; from then on rotating audience was limited to directors, supervisors, and bureau officials only. We request that from now on audience rotation follow the regulations before Yuanfeng. Another edict stated: "From now on the Three Departments and Bureau of Military Affairs, when nominating civil officials in the capital such as push judges of Kaifeng Prefecture, military officials such as deputy envoys of the horizontal commission, civil officials outside the capital such as circuit supervisors and prefects of feudatory commanderies, and military officials such as prefects of prefectures and armies and above, shall seek instructions and summon them for audience. A subject said: "Whenever one requests audience on official business, one waits in queue for ten days; if there is urgent business, we deeply fear missing the moment. We request that hereafter permission be granted, following the precedent of the Six Ministries and Kaifeng, to advance first in rank to ascend the hall, and still without separating ranks. They also said: "Circuit supervisors are chosen by the court to enforce laws and ordinances and to inquire into local customs; on the day of audience leave they should be ordered to ascend the hall. Ministers of the Six Ministries, if they have official business to report, are permitted to ascend the hall alone. When ministers request audience, even on a holiday, the Emperor specially holds audience in the convenient hall to receive them. Again an edict stated: "Formerly military commissioners and prefects were ordered to take leave at audience; on return they were permitted to ascend for audience—not only to examine personnel, but also to show the weight given to outer appointments. Under the article that circuit supervisors may not be exempt from audience, add military commissioners and prefects following this rule."
15
百官相見儀製。 乾德二年，詔曰：「國家職位肇分，軌儀有序，冀等威之斯辨，在品式之惟明。 矧著位之庶官及內司之諸使，以至軒墀引籍，州縣命官，凡進見於宰相，或參候於長吏，既為總攝，合異禮容，稽於舊儀，且無定法。 或傳晉天福、周顯德中，以廷臣、內職、賓從、將校，比其品數，著為綱條，載於刑統，未為詳悉。 宜令尚書省集台省官、翰林、秘書、國子司業、太常博士等詳定內外群臣相見之儀。」
Regulations for how officials greet one another. In the second year of Qiande, an edict declared: "The state's offices were first divided and ritual order arranged, so that distinctions of rank and authority would be clear and grades and patterns made plain. How much more for officials holding established posts and the various commissioners of the inner service, down to those presented at the hall balustrade and appointees of prefectures and counties—whenever they go in to see the chief counselor or call on a superior official, since they are under general supervision, a different ritual bearing is fitting; on examining old ritual, there was as yet no fixed law. It is said that in the Tianfu era of Jin and the Xiande era of Zhou, court ministers, inner-service officials, guests and followers, and generals and officers were compared by grade and set forth as guidelines, recorded in the penal code, but not in full detail. It is fitting to order the Ministry of Personnel to assemble officials of the central platform, Hanlin, Secretariat, director of education, doctors of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, and others to fix in detail the ritual for inner and outer officials meeting one another."
16
翰林學士承旨陶穀等奏：
Hanlin Academician and Drafter-in-Chief Tao Gu and others memorialized:
17
兩省官除授、假使出入，並參宰相，起居郎以下參同舍人。 五品以上官，遇於途，斂馬側立，須其過。 常侍以下遇三公、三師、尚書令，引避； 其值僕射，斂馬側立。 御史夫夫、中丞皆分路行。 起居郎以下避僕射，遇大夫，斂馬側立； 中丞，分路。 尚書丞郎、郎中、員外並參三師、三公、令、仆，郎中、員外兼參左右丞、本行尚書、侍郎及本轄左右司郎中、員外。 御史大夫以下參三師、三公、尚書令，中丞兼參大夫，知雜事參中丞，三院御史兼參知雜及本院之長。 大夫避尚書令以上，遇僕射，斂馬側立而避。 大夫遇尚書丞郎、兩省官諸司三品以上、金吾大將軍、統軍上將軍，皆分路。 餘官遇中丞，悉引避。 知雜兼避中丞，遇左右丞斂馬側立，餘皆分路。 郎中及少卿監、大將軍以下，皆避知雜。 三院同行，如知雜之例。 少卿監並參本司長官，丞參少卿。 諸司三品遇僕射於途，皆引避。 諸衛大將軍參本衛上將軍。 東宮官參隔品。 凡參者若遇於途，皆避。
Officials of the two provinces, on appointment, temporary assignment, or going out and in, all call on the chief counselor; attendant gentlemen and below call on their colleagues in the secretariat. Officials of the fifth rank and above, when meeting on the road, rein in the horse and stand to the side, waiting until the other has passed. Regular attendants and below, when meeting the three excellencies, three preceptors, or director of affairs, draw aside; when meeting the vice grand counselor, they rein in the horse and stand to the side. The censor-in-chief and vice censor-in-chief all travel by separate routes. Attendant gentlemen and below avoid the vice grand counselor; when meeting the censor-in-chief, they rein in the horse and stand to the side; the vice censor-in-chief travels by a separate route. Assistants and directors of the ministry, directors and vice directors, all call on the three preceptors, three excellencies, director, and vice grand counselor; directors and vice directors also call on the left and right vice ministers, the minister and vice minister of their own ministry, and the left and right bureau directors and vice directors of their jurisdiction. From censor-in-chief downward all call on the three preceptors, three excellencies, and director of affairs; the vice censor-in-chief also calls on the censor-in-chief; the supervisor of miscellaneous affairs also calls on the vice censor-in-chief; censors of the three bureaus also call on the supervisor of miscellaneous affairs and the head of their own bureau. The censor-in-chief avoids those from the director of affairs upward; when meeting the vice grand counselor, he reins in the horse, stands to the side, and avoids. When the censor-in-chief meets assistants and directors of the ministry, officials of the two provinces of the third rank and above, the Golden Crow grand general, and the commander-in-chief of the army, all travel by separate routes. All remaining officials, when meeting the vice censor-in-chief, all draw aside. The supervisor of miscellaneous affairs, when also avoiding the vice censor-in-chief, when meeting the left and right vice ministers reins in the horse and stands aside; all others take separate routes. Directors and junior directors of courts and directorates, grand generals and below, all avoid the supervisor of miscellaneous affairs. When the three bureaus travel together, they follow the supervisor of miscellaneous affairs' precedent. Junior directors all call on the director of their own office; assistants call on the junior director. Third-rank officials of the various offices, when meeting the vice grand counselor on the road, all draw aside. Grand generals of the various guards call on the superior general of their own guard. Eastern Palace officials call on those one grade apart. Whenever officials who call on one another meet on the road, all observe avoidance.
18
公參之禮，列拜堂上，位高受參者答焉。 四赤縣令初見尹，趨庭，受拜後升廳如客禮。 內客省使謁宰相、樞密使以客禮，閣門使以上列拜，皆答，客省副使至通事舍人、諸司使、樞密承旨不答焉。 自樞密使副、宣徽使皆差降其禮，供奉官、殿直、教坊使副、辭令官、伎術官並趨庭，倨受。 諸司副使參大使，通事舍人參閣門使，防禦、團練、刺史謁本道節帥，節度、防禦、團練副使謁本使，並具軍容趨庭，延以客禮。 少尹、幕府於本院長官悉拜。 防禦、團練判官謁本道節帥，並趨庭。 上佐、州縣官見宰相、樞密使及本屬長官，並拜於庭 〈（天長、雄武等軍使見宰相、樞密亦知之）〉。 參本府賓幕官及曹掾，縣簿、尉參令，皆拜。 王府官見親王如賓職見使長，府縣官兼三館職者見大尹同。 赤縣令、六品以下未嘗參官，見宰相、樞密及本司長官，並拜階上。 流外見流內品官，並趨庭。
In the ritual of public calling, they arrange bows in the hall; the higher-ranking official receives the call and the caller responds. Magistrates of the Four Scarlet Counties, on first meeting the governor, hurry into the courtyard; after receiving the bow they ascend the hall with guest ritual. Commissioners of the Inner Guests Bureau call on the chief counselor and commissioner of military affairs with guest ritual; from gate commissioner upward they arrange bows in rank and all receive a response; deputy commissioners of the guests bureau down to the herald master, commissioners of the various offices, and the military affairs drafter-in-chief receive no response. From the deputy commissioner of military affairs and commissioner of the palace directorate downward their ritual is progressively reduced; supply officials, palace attendants, deputy commissioners of the music office, masters of ceremony, and technical officials all hurry into the courtyard and receive bows while standing aloof. Deputy commissioners of the various offices call on the chief commissioner; herald masters call on the gate commissioner; defense and training commissioners and prefects call on the military commissioner of their circuit; deputy military, defense, and training commissioners call on their own commissioner—all with full military bearing hurry into the courtyard and are received with guest ritual. Junior governors and staff of the administrative commission all bow to the director of their own office. Defense and training judge-advocates call on the military commissioner of their circuit and all hurry into the courtyard. Senior administrators and prefectural and county officials, when meeting the chief counselor, commissioner of military affairs, and their own superior officials, all bow in the courtyard (Commissioners of armies such as Tianchang and Xiongwu, when meeting the chief counselor and Military Affairs, are treated likewise) Staff of one's own prefecture and administrative assistants, county registrars and assistants calling on the magistrate, all bow. Officials of princes' households, when meeting an imperial prince, follow the same etiquette as guest staff meeting a commissioner; prefectural and county officials who concurrently hold Three Institutes posts follow the same rule when meeting the metropolitan governor. Magistrates of scarlet counties and officials of the sixth rank and below who have never called, when meeting the chief counselor, Military Affairs, and the director of their own office, all bow on the steps. Those outside the regular roster, when meeting officials within the roster by rank, all hurry into the courtyard.
19
諸司非相統攝，皆稱移牒。 分路者不得籠街及占中道，依秩序以分左右。 遇於驛舍，非相統攝及名位縣隔，先至者居之。 台省官當通官嗬止者，如舊式。 文武官不得假借呼稱，以紊朝製。 當避路者，若被宣召及有所捕逐，許橫度焉。
Offices not under mutual supervision all address one another by official memorandum. Those traveling by separate routes may not block the street or occupy the middle of the road; according to order they take the left and right sides. When meeting at a post station, if not under mutual supervision and if names and ranks are far apart, whoever arrives first occupies it. For censorate and secretariat officials who should call out to halt passing officials, follow the old form. Civil and military officials may not borrow and use improper titles of address, lest court regulations be confused. Those who should avoid on the road, if summoned by edict or engaged in pursuit and capture, are permitted to cross the road directly.
20
又令：「諸司使、副使、通事舍人見宰相、樞密使，升階、連姓通名展拜，不答拜。 其見樞密副使、參知政事、宣徽使，以客禮展拜。」
Another order stated: "Commissioners, deputy commissioners, and herald masters of the various offices, when meeting the chief counselor and commissioner of military affairs, ascend the steps, announce their full surname and given name in rank, and perform the extended bow; no bow in return is given. When meeting the deputy commissioner of military affairs, participant in governance, or commissioner of the palace directorate, they use guest ritual and perform the extended bow."
21
太平興國以後，又製京朝官知令錄者，見本使州長吏以客禮，三司判官、推官、主判官見本如郎中、員外見尚書丞郎之儀。
After Taiping Xingguo, regulations were also made that capital officials serving as magistrates and registrars, when meeting the military commissioner and prefect of their circuit, used guest ritual; judges, push officials, and chief judges of the Three Commissions, when meeting their own superiors, followed the ritual of directors and vice directors calling on ministry assistants and directors.
22
咸平中，又詔：開封府左右軍巡使、京官知司錄及諸曹參軍到畿縣見京尹，並趨庭設拜。 六年，命翰林學士梁顥等詳定閣門儀製，成六卷，因上言：「三司副使序班、朝服比品素無定列，至道中，筵會在知制誥後、郎中前。 今請同諸司、少卿監，班位在上。 如官至給諫、卿監者，自如本品，朝會大宴隨判使赴長春殿起居引駕。 其朝會引駕至前殿，與諸司使同退。」
In the Xianping era, an edict also ordered that military patrol commissioners of the left and right of Kaifeng Prefecture, capital officials serving as registrar and the various bureau military commissioners, when arriving at capital counties and meeting the metropolitan governor, all hurry into the courtyard and perform the bow. In the sixth year, Hanlin Academician Liang Hao and others were ordered to fix the gate regulations in detail, completing six scrolls, and reported: "Deputy commissioners of the Three Commissions have no fixed rank order or court dress by grade; in the Zhidao era at banquets they stood after drafters-in-chief and before directors. We now request that they follow the various offices and junior directors of courts, with rank position above. If rank reaches supervising drafter, remonstrance official, or director of a court, they follow their own grade; at court audience and great banquets they follow the chief commissioner to Changchun Hall for audience and to lead the imperial procession. At court audience, when leading the procession to the front hall, they withdraw together with commissioners of the various offices."
23
大中祥符五年，復命翰林學士李宗諤等詳定儀製：文武百官遇宰相、樞密使、參知政事，並避。 起居郎以下遇給、舍以上，斂馬。 御史大夫遇東宮三師、尚書丞郎、兩省侍郎，分路而行。 中丞遇三師、三少、太常卿、金吾上將軍，並分路而行。 知雜御史遇尚書侍郎、諸司三品、金吾大將軍、統軍、諸衛上將軍，分路而行。 三院同行如知雜例，不同行，遇左右丞則避。 尚書丞郎、郎中、員外遇三師、三公、尚書令，則避。 郎中、員外遇丞郎，則避。 太常博士以下朝官遇本司長官、三師、三公、僕射、尚書丞郎、大夫、中丞、知雜御史，並避，權知判者不避，遇兩省給舍以上，斂馬。 京官遇丞郎、給舍、大卿監、祭酒以上及本寺少監卿、司業，並避。 諸軍衛大將軍以下遇上將軍、統軍，亦避。 詹事遇上台官，如卿監之例。 庶子、少詹事至太子仆遇東宮三師、三少，並避； 遇上台官，如少卿監例。 中允以下遇東宮三師、三少，並避； 遇賓客、詹事，斂馬； 遇上台官，如太常博士例。 應合避尚書者，並避三司使。 其權知開封府如本官品避。 其台省官雖不合避，而職在統臨者，並避。 武班、內職並依此品。
In the fifth year of Dazhong Xiangfu, Hanlin Academician Li Zong'e and others were again ordered to fix the regulations in detail: when civil and military officials of the myriad ranks meet the chief counselor, commissioner of military affairs, or participant in governance, all avoid. Attendant gentlemen and below, when meeting supervising drafters and above, rein in the horse. The censor-in-chief, when meeting the three preceptors of the Eastern Palace, ministry assistants and directors, and vice ministers of the two provinces, travels by separate routes. The vice censor-in-chief, when meeting the three preceptors, three juniors, minister of rites, and Golden Crow superior general, all travels by separate routes. The supervisor of miscellaneous affairs, when meeting vice ministers of the ministry, third-rank officials of the various offices, Golden Crow grand general, commander-in-chief, and superior generals of the various guards, travels by separate routes. When the three bureaus travel together they follow the supervisor's precedent; when not traveling together, when meeting the left and right vice ministers they avoid. Ministry assistants and directors, directors and vice directors, when meeting the three preceptors, three excellencies, and director of affairs, avoid. Directors and vice directors, when meeting assistants and directors, avoid. Doctors of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and court officials below, when meeting the director of their own office, the three preceptors, three excellencies, vice grand counselor, ministry assistants and directors, censor-in-chief, vice censor-in-chief, and supervisor of miscellaneous affairs, all avoid; acting directors do not avoid; when meeting supervising drafters and above of the two provinces, they rein in the horse. Capital officials, when meeting assistants and directors, supervising drafters, grand directors of courts, director of education, and above, and the junior director and director of their own court, vice director of education, all avoid. Grand generals of the various guards and below, when meeting superior generals and commanders-in-chief, also avoid. The grand steward, when meeting upper-platform officials, follows the precedent of directors of courts. Subordinates, junior grand steward down to masters of the Eastern Palace, when meeting the three preceptors and three juniors of the Eastern Palace, all avoid; when meeting upper-platform officials, they follow the precedent of junior directors. Junior attachés and below, when meeting the three preceptors and three juniors of the Eastern Palace, all avoid; when meeting the guest and grand steward, they rein in the horse; when meeting upper-platform officials, they follow the precedent of doctors of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. Those who should avoid the ministry director all avoid the Three Commissions commissioner as well. Those acting as metropolitan governor of Kaifeng follow avoidance according to their substantive grade. Censorate and secretariat officials who should not avoid, but whose duties involve supervision, all avoid. Military ranks and inner-service officials all follow these grades.
24
大觀二年，定王、嘉王府侍講沈錫等奏：「二王出就外學，其初見及侍王禮儀、講說疏數之節，請如故事。」 手詔：「按祥符故事，記室翊善見諸王，皆下拜。 真宗特以張士遜為王友，命王答拜，以示賓禮。 今講讀輔翊之官，職在訓道，亦王友傅也，可如例，令王答拜。」 群臣赴台參、謝、辭者 〈（新授、加恩、出使者）〉 ，尚書侍郎則三院御史各一員、中丞、大夫皆對拜 〈（三院仍班迎，不坐班即不赴）〉。 節度使、賓客、太常宗正卿則御史一員、中丞、大夫皆對拜。 兩使留後至刺史、秘書監至五官正、上將軍至郎將、四廂都指揮使及內職軍校遙郡以上、樞密都承旨及內職帶正員官者、四赤縣令、三京司錄、節度行軍至團練副使、幕職官任憲銜者，皆御史一員對拜，中丞、大夫對揖 〈（亦令揖訖進言，得參風憲，再揖而退）〉。 若曾任中書、門下及左右丞皆不赴。 加階勳、食邑、章服，館閣三司、開封府職事及內職轉使額、軍額，亦不赴台謝。 僕射過正衙日，台官大夫以下與百官，並詣幕次致賀 〈（文官一品、二品曾任中書、樞密院者不赴）〉。 大夫、中丞則郎中、少卿監、大將軍以下亦然 〈（本官約止則不赴，僕射赴上都省者罷此儀）〉。
In the second year of Daguan, lecturers of the Prince of Ding and Prince of Jia palaces, Shen Xi and others, memorialized: "When the two princes go forth to outer study, their first meeting, the ritual of attending the prince, lecture frequency, and number of sessions—we request that they follow precedent." A handwritten edict stated: "According to the Xiangfu precedent, recorders and companions, when meeting the princes, all bow down. Emperor Zhenzong specially made Zhang Shixun the prince's friend and ordered the prince to return the bow, to show guest ritual. Now lecturers and assisting officials, whose duty is instruction, are also friends and tutors of the prince; they may follow the precedent, with the prince returning the bow. When ministers go to the Censorate to call, give thanks, or take leave (newly appointed, granted favor, or dispatched on mission) , vice ministers of the ministry then have one censor from each of the three bureaus; the vice censor-in-chief and censor-in-chief all exchange bows facing one another (the three bureaus still form ranks to welcome; if not seated in rank they do not attend) Military commissioners, guests, and ministers of rites and imperial clan then have one censor; the vice censor-in-chief and censor-in-chief all exchange bows facing one another. Two commissioners' acting commissioners down to prefect, director of secretariat down to rectifier of the five officers, superior general down to commandant, commanders of the four wings and inner-service military commissioners of remote commanderies and above, military affairs chief coordinator and inner-service officials holding regular posts, magistrates of the four scarlet counties, registrars of the three capitals, military commissioners of circuits down to deputy training commissioner, administrative staff holding censorial titles—all have one censor exchanging bows facing one another; the vice censor-in-chief and censor-in-chief exchange bows with hands joined (they are also ordered to bow with hands joined, then advance to speak, may participate in censorial oversight, bow joined again and withdraw) If formerly serving in the Central Secretariat, Gate Secretariat, or as left and right vice minister, they do not attend. For added rank honors, food fiefs, regalia, Three Institutes and Three Commissions posts, Kaifeng functional posts, and inner-service transfers of commissioner titles and army titles, they also do not go to the Censorate to give thanks. On days when the vice grand counselor passes the main outer court, censorate officials from vice censor-in-chief downward together with the myriad officials all go to the tent to offer congratulations (civil officials of the first and second rank who formerly served in the Central Secretariat or Bureau of Military Affairs do not attend) The censor-in-chief and vice censor-in-chief likewise treat directors, junior directors, grand generals and below the same way (if one's substantive office approximates stopping, they do not attend; when the vice grand counselor goes to the upper Secretariat this ritual is suspended)