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卷一百四十三 志第九十六 儀衞一

Volume 143 Treatises 96: Ceremonial Guards 1

Chapter 143 of 宋史 · History of Song
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1
殿
Ceremonial Guards, Part 1: Guard Formations in the Palace Courtyard
2
簿 殿 使 簿
Of all honor under Heaven, there is only one person. Therefore he sits encompassed [by attendants] and moves forth with full accoutrements: the civil aspect is called ceremony (yi), the martial aspect is called guard (wei). In one respect to clarify institutions and display graded majesty; in another to be careful in going out and coming in and to keep danger and suspicion at a distance. The Book of Documents records cap and halberd, ceremonial cap and tassels, tiger guards, and the imperial carriage. In the Rites of Zhou, the host of tiger guards: when the king went out or in, they grasped shields to flank the royal chariot. The form of court ceremony was already fully elaborated. Down through the Qin and Han, there first appeared the grandeur of perimeter guards, hall halberds, imperial processional trains, gold-root chariots, grand carriage entourages, and law-carriage processions with thousands of chariots and myriads of horsemen. Successive dynasties followed this; though they sometimes reduced or augmented it, it amounted to nothing more than making it more imposing. At the beginning of the Song, following the precedents of Tang and the Five Dynasties, they studied and repaired the system, making it especially detailed and complete. For ceremony in the palace hall courtyard, there were the great yellow-banner guard formation, half yellow-banner formation, corner yellow-banner formation, and detailed yellow-banner formation. For New Year's Day, the winter solstice, and the grand court assembly on the first day of the fifth month, and for great celebrations, investiture book ceremonies, receipt of felicitations, and receipt of homage, the great formation was deployed; for the monthly new-moon audience, the half formation was deployed; when envoys from foreign states came, the corner formation was deployed; when issuing the investiture book and conferring the seal, the detailed formation was deployed. The grades of the imperial processional train were four: first, the grand carriage entourage, used for suburban sacrifice and great feasts; second, the law carriage, used for the square mound altar, Bright Hall, ancestral temple, and plowing ceremony; third, the small carriage entourage, used for attending the imperial tombs, sealing-off sacrifices, and presenting thanks; fourth, the yellow-banner guard train, used when the emperor personally campaigned or returned to the capital after touring the realm. After the move south across the Yangzi, the court strove for simplification and economy. This is the general outline. As for temporary additions and reductions, with differing deployment, the National History, Essential Documents, and ritual compilations record them fully. Here what is recorded is selected. Its outlines are gathered into this "Treatise on Ceremonial Guards."
3
殿 殿 殿 宿 宿宿宿宿 鹿 鹿
Court guard formations in the hall courtyard were originally the system for filling the courtyard. In Tang ritual, in the hall courtyard and at the gate where troops were stationed, each guard unit deployed the yellow-banner great formation. When the Song arose, Taizu newly added brocaded and embroidered banners together with pennants and streamers, recorded in the Comprehensive Rituals; on New Year's Day, the solstice, and the first of the fifth month, when he held court in the main hall, these were displayed. One Azure Dragon banner and one White Tiger banner each, positioned left and right; five Five Sacred Peaks banners on the left, five Five Stars banners on the right; twenty-five dragon banners of the five directions on the left, twenty-five phoenix banners of the five directions on the right; twenty-eight Red Gate spirit banners, divided left and right; one Vermilion Bird banner and one True Warrior banner each, positioned left and right; twelve black great banners, divided left and right. (The above: Jinwu Guard.) One Heaven One banner and one Grand One banner each, positioned left and right; two Sheti banners, divided left and right; five Five Chronograms banners and one Northern Dipper banner, divided left and right; (Wood, fire, and the Northern Dipper on the left; metal, water, and earth on the right.) one banner for each of the Twenty-eight Lodges, (From the Horn lodge to the Wall lodge on the left; from the Stride lodge to the Chariot lodge on the right.) one Wind Lord banner and one Rain Master banner each, positioned left and right; two each of the White Marsh, tame elephant, immortal deer, jade rabbit, tame rhinoceros, golden parrot, auspicious wheat, peacock, wild horse, and yak banners, divided left and right; one Sun-and-Moon Joined Disk banner, on the left; one Five Stars Linked as Pearls banner, on the right; one Thunder Duke banner and one Lightning Mother banner each, positioned left and right; six Military Duke banners, divided left and right; two each of the yellow deer, flying qilin, rhinoceros, zouya, white wolf, dark crow, ward-off-evil, net, and pi banners, divided left and right; twenty-two trust pennants, divided left and right; twelve transmit-teaching banners and twelve halt banners each, divided left and right; two yellow banners, divided left and right. (The above: Ministry of War.) one sun banner and one moon banner each, positioned left and right; one "My Lord, Ten Thousand Years" banner on the left; one "Great Peace Under Heaven" banner, on the right; two lion banners, divided left and right; one golden luan banner and one golden phoenix banner each, positioned left and right; one dragon banner for each of the five directions. (Azure and red on the left; yellow, white, and black on the right. The above: dragon terrace.) five dragon-lord banners and five tiger-lord banners each, positioned left and right; five red leopard banners and five yellow bear banners each, positioned left and right; one small yellow dragon banner, on the left; one heaven horse banner, on the right; five official-soldier banners and five strongman banners each, positioned left and right; four heaven king banners, divided left and right; twelve Grand Year banners, divided left and right; six heaven horse banners, divided left and right; sixty gate-clearing banners, divided left and right; five rows of pennants and streamers on the left and right, seventy-five per row; two great yellow dragon banners, divided left and right; six great spirit banners, divided left and right. (The above: Six Armies.)
4
殿 殿 殿 殿輿 輿輿 西
In the second year of Yuanfeng under Emperor Shenzong, the office for detailed regulations stated: "For holding court on New Year's Day, the yellow-banner guard formation should be used. According to the Tang Kaiyuan Rituals, the winter solstice court assembly, the crown prince's receipt of the investiture book and capping, the appointment by book of kings and great ministers, court feasts for foreign states—all likewise used it. By precedent, when the emperor received from the hundred officials an upward honorific title, each guard unit led its subordinates and deployed its section at the garrison gate and in the hall courtyard as guard formations. At present only the New Year's Day ritual regulations were revised, while the rest had not yet been addressed. We ask that the winter assembly and other ceremonies likewise be fully detailed and fixed. "An edict approved this. They also stated: "For ritual accoutrements when holding court, there were three yellow-banner pennants but no yellow banner. We request that one great banner be made, with yak tail affixed to the pole head, following the Xia system; yellow in color, following the Han system; using twelve panels, following the Tang system; using one tassel, following the present system of dragon-terrace flags. It would be erected before the wing where the emperor faced court, as a marker. Behind the wing where the emperor faced court, two yellow-banner pennants would be erected. The emperor said to Cai Que and others: "The yellow-banner system still had doubtful points. To carve it out now and plant it in the great courtyard, for barbarians and Chinese alike to behold, might invite ridicule from the widely learned—this would not be good; it would be better to leave it out for the time being. "The plan was then dropped. In the third year, the office for detailed regulations stated: "When the court assembly diagram was fixed yesterday, north of the cross street at Great Celebration Hall only the great palanquin, leisure palanquin, and flat palanquin were displayed, but the sedans had not yet been shown. South of the great palanquin, one waist sedan and one small sedan should be added. In antiquity, fans and canopies were all woven in sequence from pheasant feathers or tails; hence in writing the character follows "feather." The Tang Kaiyuan Rituals changed these to peacock [feathers]; at every great court assembly, one hundred fifty-six were displayed, divided between left and right. Our dynasty restored the name "pheasant tail," yet on four sides it was slightly in the shape of feathers, with a pair of peacocks embroidered in the center; there were also paired coiled-dragon fans—all without clear precedent. "They therefore redesigned the partial fans and round square fans into three grades, embroidered with pheasants. At every court assembly, the flat palanquin and leisure palanquin were displayed together on the dragon terrace east and west.
5
殿
In the third year of Zhenghe under Emperor Huizong, the Office for Discussing Rituals submitted the ceremonial guard for the great court assembly at Great Celebration Hall:
6
竿
The great yellow-banner guard formation: five thousand twenty-five persons. At the head of the guard formation, each left and right wing had two sections and ten crimson guide pennants. (Each [item] held by one person.) First section: one great general of the Left and Right Lead Army Guards each; second section: assault commanders of the Left and Right Lead Army Guards, one drum beater, and ten troop-leading officers. Next, twelve rows of the section bearing ritual blades, ten holders in each row: (The rear sections and guard formation were the same.) First row: four-corner streamers with yellow chickens; (All streamers were held on dragon-head poles.) Second: five-colored pennants with ritual gongs; Third: five-corner streamers with azure peacocks; Fourth: black halberds; Fifth: six-corner streamers with scarlet phoenixes; Sixth: fine bows and arrows; Seventh: four-corner streamers with white geese; Eighth: swords with vermilion-cord net shields; Ninth: six-corner streamers with black geese; Tenth: fine bows and arrows; Eleventh: spears; Twelfth: swords with green-cord net shields. Two reveal drums and two drum beaters. (Same in the rear section.) The above were arrayed in the left and right wings. Each first section stood south of its military officer, positioned slightly ahead of the first section of the next wing. Each second section stood behind its first section, facing one another.
7
Each wing next had three sections on left and right: first, the Left and Right Garrison Guards; second, the Left and Right Martial Guards, each with a great general; third, generals of the Left and Right Guards: one officer each. First: stalwart officers; second and third: assault commanders, one officer each. They stood south of the first section of each wing at the head of the guard formation, facing one another. Two persons holding yellow-banner pennants stood separately before the wing where the emperor faced court. At each side of the facing hall wing, one section each: one stalwart officer of the Left and Right Guards apiece, divided left and right before the jade carriage, all facing north.
8
西 西
Next, each rear wing had three sections on left and right: first, generals of the Left and Right Martial Guards; second, assault commanders of the Left and Right Lead Army Guards; third, stalwarts of the Left and Right Lead Army Guards: one officer each. The first section was divided slightly to the rear on the left and right of the facing hall wing; the second section stood west behind the gold carriage on the left and east behind the elephant carriage on the right; the third section stood west behind the leather carriage on the left and east behind the wood carriage on the right, all facing north.
9
西 鹿 西
Next, each left and right wing had three sections: first, generals of the Left and Right Martial Guards; second, generals of the Left and Right Garrison Guards; third, assault commanders of the Left and Right Lead Army Guards: one officer each. Each stood before the net, hawk-chicken, and pi banners, facing east and west. Each wing had twelve teams of foot soldiers in armor: first team, stalwarts of the Left and Right Guards; second, the Left and Right Guards; fourth, the Left and Right Martial Guards; sixth, again the Left and Right Martial Guards; eighth, the Left and Right Garrison Guards; tenth and twelfth, the Left and Right Lead Army Guards—all with assault commanders; third, the Left and Right Martial Guards; fifth, again the Left and Right Martial Guards; seventh, the Left and Right Garrison Guards; ninth and eleventh, the Left and Right Lead Army Guards—all with stalwart officers, one each. Each team had one banner: pi, hawk-chicken, immortal deer, golden parrot, auspicious wheat, peacock, wild horse, yak, sweet dew, or net. (The banner of the twelfth team was the same as that of the first team.) Swords and shields alternated with bows and arrows in twelve teams of thirty persons each, in five ranks. The first through sixth teams stood north of the second section at the head of the guard formation; the seventh through twelfth stood south of that second section, facing east and west.
10
<> 殿西
Each rear section of the left and right wings had twelve teams: first and second, the Left and Right Guards; fifth through seventh, the Left and Right Martial Guards; tenth through twelfth, the Left and Right Lead Army Guards—all with assault commanders. Third and fourth: the Left and Right Martial Guards; eighth and ninth: the Left and Right Garrison Guards—all with stalwart officers. Each team had two banners: horn, horn variant, red bear, rhinoceros, Great Peace, tame rhinoceros, owl, zouya, dark crow, white wolf, dragon horse, and golden ox. Next, crossbows in columns of five; bows and arrows in two ranks of ten; spears in four ranks of twenty. The above stood outside the gate of Great Celebration Hall: the first through fourth teams in front, the fifth through eighth behind them, and the ninth through twelfth still farther back, facing east and west.
11
True Warrior team: one assault-commander captain of the Golden Guard, and one each of the immortal child, True Warrior, flying serpent, and divine turtle banners, (each held by one person.) two bearers of violent spears; crossbows in columns of five; bows and arrows in four ranks of twenty; spears in five ranks of twenty-five. The above were arrayed on the central path outside Great Celebration Gate, facing north.
12
殿 輿 輿 輿西 西
The Imperial Sedan Office of the Palace Directorate displayed forty peacock fans outside the curtain. (Each held by one person.) Sedans and carriages were displayed on the dragon terrace. The great palanquin stood in the eastern section, with two hundred twenty-two escorts, bearers, and lifters; the waist sedan to the south, with seventeen persons; the small sedan still farther south, with twenty-five persons—all facing west. The flat palanquin stood on the west, the leisure palanquin to the south—thirty-seven persons in all, all facing east. Umbrellas and fans were deployed on the sand terrace: two square umbrellas, divided left and right; (Four commanders holding umbrellas.) four coiled-dragon fans, divided left and right; (Four chief generals holding fans.) One hundred square pheasant-tail fans, behind the umbrellas and fans, in five rows. (One hundred persons in the long formation holding fans.) Two attendants on escort duty each stood north of the coiled-dragon fans. Two Golden Guard officers leading the imperial carriage stood separately south of the round fans.
13
殿殿 殿 殿 殿 殿 殿 竿 西 西 西 西 殿 殿西退
For the system of entering the privy chamber at Wende Hall, only the Palace Directorate's fine guard formation was used, with the ranked officials of the two provinces on tribute duty in the courtyard. In the third year of Chunhua under Emperor Taizong, the yellow-banner guard was increased by two hundred fifty persons. In the third year of Xining under Emperor Shenzong, when revising the ritual system of the Gate Office, Song Minqiu stated: "In our dynasty the emperor held court at Wende Hall only when entering the privy chamber. Now that the privy-chamber ritual is no longer used, Wende Hall accordingly lacks the rite of viewing court. We ask that the two drafting offices and the Grand Ritual Court be instructed, following the Tang system for holding court at Xuanzheng Hall, to fix and decide regulations so as to provide the rite of viewing court at the main hall on the new and full moon. "An edict ordered the Academy of Scholarly Worthies to detail and fix it. Academician Han Wei and others submitted its ritual: on the day before the new moon, the responsible officials would supply and display [the formation] in the courtyard of Wende Hall. On the east: one officer of the Left Golden Guard leading the imperial carriage, two four-color officers, each bearing a ritual blade. One Heaven Martial officer in gold armor, one judge of the Palace Directorate, and one array officer. Two fans and one square umbrella. Twelve azure-brocade [items] of the Golden Guard guard, each bearer holding a ritual blade. One duty attendant for arraying the Ministry of War ritual accoutrements and two member aides escorting the team. One yellow-banner pennant; eight each of halt, teaching, and trust pennants; fifty dragon-head poles and fifty halberds. On the west, the right Golden Guard lead-imperial-carriage officer and those below him were all as on the east. Heaven Martial officers totaled one hundred persons east and west. Standing guard outside the gate: on the east, one Azure Dragon banner, five Five Peaks banners, and ten five-dragon banners; on the west, one White Tiger banner, five Five Stars banners, and ten five-phoenix banners. Imperial horses: five on each side; two attendants per horse and four imperial-dragon officers. The imperial canopy was set up in the privy chamber behind the hall. That day the Left and Right Golden Guard generals in ordinary dress escorted their own guard formations; Palace Directorate officials escorted the fine guard; they stood facing each other east and west until the emperor had received court, left the seat, and the guard was dismissed—then they withdrew.
14
殿
In the third year of Zhenghe under Emperor Huizong, the Office for Discussing Rituals submitted the system for viewing court at Wende Hall:
15
殿西 西 西
Half yellow-banner guard formation: two thousand two hundred sixty-five persons in all. Within the hall, at the head of the guard: each wing had one section of one hundred twenty-four persons south of the Golden Guard formation, facing each other east and west. Ten crimson guide pennants, (Each held by one person.) divided north and south within the section into five ranks. The left and right sections at the facing hall wing were the same: the left section stood east of the lead-troop officer and the right section west of him, each in ten ranks. One great general each of the Left and Right Lead Army Guards stood in the middle of the section. (The next wing's first, second, and third sections on left and right were the same.) One drum beater stood behind the great general. (Next wing left right first section and facing-hall-wing left right sections: next stalwarts; next wing left right second and third sections: next assault commanders; next rear wing left right sections: next generals.) Ten lead-troop officers, divided north and south within the section into five ranks—north of the southern crimson guide pennants and south of the northern crimson guide pennants. The first, second, and third sections of the next wing stood north and south within the section; the left section of the facing hall wing and rear wing stood east of the yellow streamer and the right section west of it.
16
西 竿 竿 西 殿西 殿 西 西 殿西 <>
Ten rows in the section bearing ritual blades, ten persons per row, two rows per color, forming five ranks. (The next wing's first, second, and third sections on left and right were the same. At the facing hall wing and rear wing left and right sections, one row per color, forming ten ranks. The left section took the east as its head and the right section the west as its head, all next to the lead-troop officer.) First row: four-corner streamers with yellow chickens on dragon-head poles; (All streamers were held on dragon-head poles.) Second: five-colored pennants with ritual gongs; Third: five-corner streamers with azure peacocks; Fourth: black halberds; Fifth: six-corner streamers with scarlet phoenixes; Sixth: fine bows and arrows; Seventh: four-corner streamers with white geese; Eighth: swords with vermilion-cord net shields; Ninth: six-corner streamers with black geese; Tenth: spears. Two reveal drums and two persons to beat them. (Standing separately behind the middle of the scarlet streamer and black halberd rows; same for the next wing's first, second, and third sections; at the facing hall wing and rear wing, one [drum] between the ritual gong and azure streamer and one between the bows and white streamer, aligned with the rear row.) Each next wing had three sections of one hundred fifteen persons each, south of the head sections of the left and right wings, facing each other. First section: one great general and one stalwart each of the Left and Right Garrison Guards. Second section: great generals of the Left and Right Martial Guards; third section: one general each of the Left and Right Guards and one assault commander each. Two yellow-banner pennants stood separately in the middle before the left and right wings where the emperor faced court, facing north. At the facing hall wing, one section on each side of one hundred twenty-four persons each stood within the hall gate on the central path, divided east and west, all facing north. (The next rear wing's left and right sections were the same. At Great Celebration Hall they were arrayed south of the music stands.) One stalwart each of the Left and Right Guards. (The left stood west of the section and the right east of it. Generals of the next rear left and right wings followed this rule.) Each rear wing had one section of one hundred fourteen persons south of the facing hall wing, with one general each of the Left and Right Martial Guards. Each wing had six teams of foot soldiers, (the first team thirty-three persons each; the second through sixth teams twenty-seven persons each.) divided east and west behind the guard teams. First: the Left and Right Guards; third: the Left and Right Martial Guards; fifth: the Left and Right Lead Army Guards—all with stalwart officers, one each. second: the Left and Right Martial Guards; fourth: the Left and Right Garrison Guards; sixth: the Left and Right Lead Army Guards—all with assault commanders, one each. Each team had two banners: pi, golden parrot, auspicious wheat, yak, sweet dew, and hawk-chicken. (Each held by one person.) Swords and shields alternated with bows and arrows; numbers and ranks were as before. Foot soldiers of the left and right wings: outside the hall gate, each rear section of each wing had six teams of thirty-eight persons behind the personal followers below the section, facing each other. First team: the Left and Right Guards; third: the Left and Right Martial Guards; fifth: the Left and Right Lead Army Guards—with assault commanders, one each; second: the Left and Right Martial Guards; fourth and sixth: the Left and Right Garrison Guards—all with stalwart officers, one each. Two each of the horn, horn variant, Great Peace, tame rhinoceros, zouya, white wolf, dark crow, and similar banners; crossbows in columns of five; bows and arrows in two ranks of ten; spears in four ranks of twenty.
17
殿殿 殿殿
True Warrior team: fifty-seven persons on the central path inside Duanli Gate, facing north. (At Great Celebration Hall, outside the hall gate.) In front were one assault-commander captain of the Golden Guard; one each of the immortal child, True Warrior, flying serpent, and divine turtle banners; two bearers of violent spears; crossbows in columns of five; bows and arrows in four ranks of twenty; spears in five ranks of twenty-five. Six duty attendants for arraying the guard teams stood among the teams—four within the hall and two outside.
18
殿殿 輿輿西殿輿輿西 殿 西 殿
The Imperial Sedan Office of the Palace Directorate displayed twenty fans outside the curtain, with twenty hall attendants holding fans. Waist and small sedans were displayed in the eastern and western side halls—the waist sedan on the east and the small sedan on the west—with one chief general each for personnel and forty sedan officers in all. Umbrellas and fans were displayed below the hall: two square umbrellas and four coiled-dragon fans, flanking the umbrellas left and right. (Each fan held by one person—a commander or section chief.) Sixty square pheasant-tail fans in three ranks behind the umbrellas and fans. One person in the long formation for sedan officers; one general each of the Left and Right Golden Guards—slightly forward, south of the umbrellas and fans. Four four-color officers; two stood south of the generals in one row with the umbrellas and fans. Two officers to announce the edict and release the guard stood south of the lead-imperial-carriage officers. Two lead-imperial-carriage officers bearing ritual blades stood behind the personal-follower officers. Twenty-four persons in the long formation stood south of the four-color officers. Two array officers stood south of the long formation. Next, two Heaven Martial officers in gold armor stood south of the long formation. All the above stood facing each other, divided east and west. Flags were deployed outside the hall gate: one Azure Dragon banner on the left; one each of the Five Peaks spirit banners next; then one each of the five-direction colored dragon banners, and again one each of the five-direction colored dragon banners. One White Tiger banner on the right; one each of the Five Stars spirit banners next; then one each of the five-direction colored phoenix banners, and again one each of the five-direction colored phoenix banners.
19
殿殿
An edict ordered that it be promulgated and put into practice. (For investiture by book of kings and great ministers at Great Celebration Hall, the yellow-banner guard followed the Wende Hall court-audience standard.)
20
西 殿 西 西 西西 西 西
During the Zhenghe era, standing guard at the great sacrificial feast: one great yellow dragon bearing-diagram banner, two hundred bearers, displayed in the gate courtyard slightly west of the red dragon banner and north of the great yellow dragon banner. At the winter sacrifice in the Xuanhe era, they were displayed before the inner palace. One great yellow dragon banner with sixty bearers, displayed outside Xuande Gate at each palace halt, south of the great yellow dragon bearing-diagram banner. In the Xuanhe era, below this banner there were also twenty-one banners in all: sun, moon, Five Stars Linked as Pearls, Northern Dipper, Twinkling, azure dragon, white tiger, vermilion bird, black warrior, My Lord Ten Thousand Years, lion, golden luan, golden phoenix, five-direction dragons, Great Peace Under Heaven, and others. The same arrangement applied for receiving court on New Year's Day and the winter solstice. Dragon-terrace banners were displayed in the hall courtyard; at the Grand Ancestral Temple, south of the road outside the west Lattice Star Gate, slightly north of the red dragon banner; at the Green City, outside the Great Submission Gate, and for the summer great rite outside the Bright Submission Gate. south of the red dragon banner. (For the great rite of ancestral sacrifice and joint feast, the great yellow dragon bearing-diagram banner and great yellow dragon banner were not deployed.) Six great spirit banners, ninety bearers each, displayed south of the great yellow dragon banner at Xuande Gate and Great Submission Gate, facing each other east and west; at the Grand Temple, outside the west Lattice Star Gate, slightly southwest of the great yellow dragon banner, in rows measured against the red dragon banner, facing each other north and south. Dragon-terrace banners: twelve bearers each; to left and right, one sun banner and one moon banner each. Next, one My Lord Ten Thousand Years banner—east of the road at Xuande Gate and Great Submission Gate; at the Grand Temple, south of the road outside the gate. Next, two lion banners; to left and right, one golden luan banner and one golden phoenix banner each. Next, one dragon banner for each of the five directions: azure, yellow, and vermilion dragon banners east at Xuande and Great Submission Gates and south at the Grand Temple; black and white dragon banners west at Xuande and Great Submission Gates and north at the Grand Temple. Next, one Great Peace Under Heaven banner—west of the road at Xuande and Great Submission Gates; at the Grand Temple, north of the road. All the above banners were within the guard formation deployed before the imperial carriage. Bearers all wore brocade caps, five-colored gauze shirts embroidered with treasure flowers, iron arm guards, and leather belts.
21
使殿 殿 殿 竿 竿 殿 <> 殿西
During Zhenghe, when Liao envoys attended court at Purple Hall Hall, the yellow-banner corner guard was used—one thousand fifty-six persons in all. Within the hall, two yellow-banner pennants stood south of the four-color officers, divided left and right. At the head of the guard, each wing had one section of one hundred forty persons, slightly south of the side halls. Ten crimson guide pennants, divided north and south within the section, each into five ranks. One great general each of the Left and Right Lead Army Guards stood slightly south of the center of the section. (The next wing's first and second sections on left and right were the same.) One drum beater stood behind the great general. (Next wing left right first section: next stalwarts; second section: next assault commanders.) Ten lead-troop officers, divided north and south within the section, (North of the southern crimson guide pennants and south of the northern crimson guide pennants. The next wing's first and second sections stood north and south within the section.) each into five ranks. Nine rows in the section bearing ritual blades, ten holders in each row. First: four-corner streamers with yellow chickens on dragon-head poles; (All held on dragon-head poles.) Second: five-colored pennants with ritual gongs; Third: five-corner streamers with azure peacocks; Fourth: black halberds; Fifth: six-corner streamers with scarlet phoenixes; Sixth: fine bows and arrows; Seventh: four-corner streamers with white geese; Eighth: spears; Ninth: six-corner streamers with mound geese. One person to beat the reveal drum stood behind the scarlet streamer and black halberd rows. (The next wing's first and second sections on left and right were the same.) Each next wing had two sections of one hundred five persons each, south of the head sections of the left and right wings. First section: one great general and one stalwart each of the Left and Right Garrison Guards; second: one great general and one assault commander each of the Left and Right Martial Guards. From the drum beater down to the reveal-drum personnel, the numbers were the same as at the head of the guard. Outside the hall, each wing had three teams of armored foot soldiers, thirty-three persons per team. First: the Left and Right Guards; third: the Left and Right Martial Guards—all with stalwart officers; second: the Left and Right Martial Guards with assault commanders—one each. Two each of the pi, golden parrot, and auspicious wheat banners, distributed in order among the three teams. Thirty with swords and shields, in five ranks. (Within the second team: bows and arrows.) Each rear section of the left and right wings had three teams, (the first team thirty-eight persons each; the second team thirty-three persons each.) First: the Left and Right Guards; third: the Left and Right Martial Guards—all with assault commanders; second: the Left and Right Martial Guards with stalwart officers. Two each of the horn, horn variant, Great Peace, and tame rhinoceros banners, distributed in order among the three teams. Crossbows in columns of five; bows and arrows in two ranks of ten; (the second and third teams in one column.) spears in four ranks of twenty. Two duty attendants for arraying the guard teams stood south of the second section of the next wing, divided left and right. All guard teams inside and outside the hall were arrayed facing each other east and west.
22
殿輿西殿西 西 殿
The Imperial Sedan Office displayed carriages and sedans in the eastern and western side halls—the flat palanquin on the east, facing west; the leisure palanquin on the west, facing east. Umbrellas and fans were deployed below the hall: two square umbrellas, divided left and right; four coiled-dragon fans, divided left and right, flanking the square umbrellas. Twenty-four square pheasant-tail fans, divided left and right in two ranks each, behind the umbrellas and fans. One four-color officer of the Golden Guard.
23
殿 殿西 殿西西 退 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 宿 宿 宿 鹿 鹿 <> 宿 宿 西 西 殿西 西 西 殿西 西
During Zhenghe, when issuing the investiture book at Wende Hall, the fine yellow-banner guard was used—one thousand four hundred two persons in all. One each of the sun, My Lord Ten Thousand Years, lion, golden luan, azure dragon, and vermilion dragon banners were deployed east of the eastern steps of the hall, taking west as the place of honor; one each of the moon, Great Peace Under Heaven, lion, golden phoenix, white dragon, and black dragon banners west of the western steps, taking east as the place of honor; (Four persons to hold and guide each banner.) All stood facing north. Two attendants on escort duty stood left and right south of the sun and moon banners. Next, two square umbrellas and four coiled-dragon fans flanking the square umbrellas. Next, two upper generals of the Golden Guard, four generals, and four lead-imperial-carriage officers. Next, two persons in gold armor. Next, six four-color officers—two holding court tablets, the rest holding gold and copper ritual blades. Next, twenty-four in azure brocade, including six on each side bearing gold and copper ritual blades, at the north. Next, two chief escort officers stood south of the azure brocade, slightly to the rear. Next, twelve black great banners, (Five persons to hold and guide each banner.) One member aide each from the Left and Right Golden Guard guard offices escorted the banners, standing south of the flags. Next, one Azure Dragon banner on the east and one White Tiger banner on the west, (Six persons to hold and guide each banner.) Two member aides escorted the flags, standing north of them. All the above were divided left and right, facing east and west. Next, twenty-five dragon banners of the five directions on the east and twenty-five phoenix banners of the five directions on the west. Every five banners alternated, each arrayed according to its directional color. Next, five Five Peaks spirit banners on the east and five Five Stars spirit banners on the west, each arrayed according to directional position. (Three persons to hold and guide each banner.) Next, one Vermilion Bird banner on the east and one True Warrior banner on the west. (Six persons to hold and guide each banner.) All the above faced north. Two member aides escorted the flags, standing south of them, divided left and right. Next, twenty-eight Red Gate banners, divided left and right. (Two persons to hold and guide each banner.) Next, six banners for Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, and Wei, on the east; six banners for Shen, You, Xu, Hai, Zi, and Chou, on the west. Four Heaven King banners, divided left and right, flanking the Chen banner. Next, five each of the dragon lord, red leopard, and official-soldier banners—each banner in its own column on the east, each column with one heaven horse banner at its tail, arrayed in order on the east. Next, five each of the tiger lord, yellow bear, and strongman banners—each in its own column on the west, each with one heaven horse banner at its tail, arrayed in order on the west. (Three persons to hold and guide each banner.) Six member aides escorted the guard, each standing separately before a flag. Next, four member aides escorted the flags, divided left and right in one column east and west. (One officer per column.) Left wing, first team: one column of one each of the hawk-chicken, white marsh, jade horse, pi, and Four Streams banners; (The flag rows and columns of the teams below the ninth followed this pattern.) Second team: one each of the Horn, Succeeding, Base, Room, and Heart lodge banners; Third team: one each of the Emptiness, Rooftop, House, Wall, and Stride lodge banners; Fourth team: one each of the Three, Well, Ghost, and Willow lodge banners and the swift colt banner; Fifth team: one each of the triangle beast, yellow deer, juwen, tame elephant, and flying qilin banners; Sixth team: one each of the ward-off-evil, jade rabbit, auspicious profit, immortal deer, and auspicious cloud banners; Seventh team: one each of the flower phoenix, flying yellow, wild horse, golden parrot, and auspicious wheat banners; Eighth team: one each of the peacock, rhinoceros, sweet dew, net, and horn banners, each in its own column; Ninth team: one yak banner, deployed behind the peacock banner. Right wing, first team: the same as the left wing's first team; second team: one each of the Tail, Winnow, Dipper, Ox, and Woman lodge banners; third team: one each of the Bond, Stomach, Hairy, Net, and Beak lodge banners; fourth team: one each of the Star, Extended, Wing, and Chariot lodge banners and the swift colt banner; fifth through eighth teams: the same as the left wing's fifth through eighth; ninth team: two each of the zouya and dark crow banners, alternating in one column. (Three persons to hold and guide each banner.) All faced north. Two member aides escorted the yellow banner, standing north of the dragon and phoenix banners. East and west of the five-colored dragon and phoenix banners of each wing, two yellow-banner pennants were deployed. Next, five each of halt, teaching, and trust pennants; next, two crimson-banner pennants; next, five crimson guide pennants. Five member aides escorted the yellow banner, standing slightly east of north of the dragon and phoenix banners. Thirty gate-clearing banners, arrayed east and west from the yellow-banner pennants, in order toward the south, (Three persons to hold and guide each banner.) All faced north. Thirty stirrup staffs and thirty Geshu [poles] each, arrayed in the two wings east and west of the hall. Stirrup staffs began from the north with Geshu between them, all facing each other east and west. Seventy-five bearers of white ke spears on each wing, facing each other east and west. Again south of the zouya banner one great yellow dragon banner was deployed slightly west inside the hall gate, with twenty bearers. One small yellow dragon banner slightly west behind the great yellow dragon banner, with three bearers. Next, six great spirit banners, divided left and right. Four duty attendants of the Court of Imperial Insignia for on-duty ritual accoutrements; two direct officers for deploying the guard; two great generals; two section chiefs; six inspectors; and one each of the on-duty attendants and array officers of the Left and Right Golden Guard guard offices. Duty attendants, great generals, and inspectors. For all great court assembly ceremonial guards, the responsible offices displayed them according to the prescribed decree forms.
24
Initially under the Song system there were the great, half, corner, and fine yellow-banner guard formations. After the move south, ceremonial guards were especially simplified: only the half, corner, and fine yellow-banner formations were made, and the great formation was no longer deployed. For great court assemblies after the Restoration, of four court occasions only one full ceremony was held—that of the new-year dawn on the first day of the first month in the fifteenth year of Shaoxing. Yet even this used only two-thirds of the great guard—three thousand three hundred fifty persons. From this, great court felicitations on New Year's Day and the winter solstice were both waived, becoming fixed precedent.
25
殿 殿輿 殿
The half yellow-banner guard, deployed when receiving court on New Year's Day at Great Celebration Hall and when the two palaces presented investiture seals, used two thousand four hundred fifteen persons. Within it were one thousand eight hundred three ritual-accoutrement military officials; five Ministry of War duty attendants; and two overall command officers—all in futou, official robes, waist belts, boots, and court tablets. Thirty-two persons of the Golden Guard office in azure brocade, with futou, azure-brocade shirts, and leather belts, bearing ritual blades. Two general officers in futou, scarlet forehead bands, purple embroidered silk robes with flying serpent on the back, and copper leather belts, bearing ritual blades. Ten side attendants in plain caps, purple gauze shirts, patterned shirts, and yellow waist sashes, bearing copper staffs. Two in gold and copper armor, with helmets, armored shirts, and brocade arm wraps, bearing gold and copper battle-axes. Ten crimson guide pennants; two each of halt, teaching, and trust pennants—all pennant bearers in martial caps, scarlet treasure-flower shirts, and waist sashes. Two yellow-banner pennants—bearers in martial caps, yellow treasure-flower shirts, and copper leather belts. Three hundred small marching flags: plain caps, five-colored forehead bands, scarlet treasure-flower shirts, and waist sashes. Three hundred small streamers of five colors; forty ritual gongs—all in patterned caps, five-colored treasure-flower shirts, and waist sashes. Twelve with gold nodes: martial caps, azure treasure-flower shirts, and copper leather belts. Thirty with shu forks: plain caps, five-colored treasure-flower shirts, and waist sashes. Two hundred ten with green spears: plain caps, scarlet treasure-flower shirts, and waist sashes. Two hundred ten with black halberds: patterned caps, scarlet treasure-flower shirts, and waist sashes. Sixty with white ke spears: plain caps, silver-brown treasure-flower shirts, and waist sashes. Two hundred seventy with ritual bows: patterned caps, azure treasure-flower shirts, and waist sashes. Sixty with ritual crossbows: flat kerchief caps, scarlet treasure-flower shirts, and waist sashes. Twenty with copper staffs: plain caps, purple gauze shirts, and yellow waist sashes. One hundred eighty-four with ritual blades: flat kerchief caps and scarlet treasure-flower shirts. Within the great banners were six hundred twelve persons: thirty-four great banners; ten dragon and ten phoenix banners; five each of Five Stars and Five Peaks banners; one each of Azure Dragon, White Tiger, Vermilion Bird, and Black Warrior banners—seventeen support-and-guide persons per banner and one frame-material worker—all in martial caps, five-colored treasure-flower shirts, and waist sashes. Outside this were one hundred thirty-three persons for sedans, carriages, umbrellas, and fans of the Palace Directorate—one leisure and one flat palanquin, eight personnel each, in caps, suitable-male patterned silk single shirts, and gilded-silver branch waist belts. Twenty-seven sedan officers in futou, white-lion patterned silk single shirts, gilded-silver sea-victory waist belts, and purple silk three-flap linings. Sixty-six umbrellas and fans on the central path; seventy sedan officers; forty-four with plain square umbrellas—all in bow-leg futou, azure-brocade shirts, gilded copper leather belts, and black leather shoes. Six embroidered purple square umbrellas; twelve flower round fans with eighteen persons; twenty-two pheasant-tail fans; four reserves—all in martial caps, scarlet treasure-flower robes, and copper leather belts. Twenty-two with phoenix fans: yellow forehead bands, yellow treasure-flower robes, and yellow waist sashes. Five duty attendants for arranging the ritual accoutrements stood behind the umbrellas and fans below the hall, in black leather caps with black borders, scarlet silk wide shirts, and white silk great belts.
26
殿殿 殿輿
Its small half yellow-banner guard, deployed when investing the crown prince by book at Great Celebration Hall and when the empress received the book at Muqing Hall, used one thousand four hundred ninety-nine persons. Within it were eight hundred eighty-seven ritual-accoutrement military officials; twelve Ministry of War duty attendants; thirty of the Golden Guard office in azure brocade; two crimson guide pennants and one each of halt, teaching, and trust pennants using fifteen persons; and one yellow-banner pennant with three persons. One hundred eighty small marching flags; one hundred eighty five-colored small streamers; twelve gold nodes; twenty-three ritual gongs and axes; seventy-five green spears; seventy-five black halberds; eighty-one white ke spears; sixty-three ritual bows; forty-five ritual crossbows; ten copper staffs; and sixty-seven ritual blades. Overall command officers, general officers, lead attendants, and gold-copper armor were all as in the front half guard. Six hundred twelve persons within the great banners and one hundred thirty-two for sedans, carriages, umbrellas, and fans of the Palace Directorate were all as in the front half guard.
27
殿殿殿使
Its yellow-banner corner guard, deployed for receiving court at the winter solstice at Great Celebration Hall, enthronement at Purple Hall Hall, felicitations for festivals and longevity at the two palaces, and reception of Jin envoys at Purple Hall Hall, used one thousand fifty-six persons. Within it: two Golden Guard officers to release the guard; one overall command officer; six acting great generals; five side attendants; one yellow-banner pennant with three persons; eight crimson guide pennants with twenty-four persons; twelve gold nodes; seventy ritual bows; fifty ritual crossbows; seventy ritual blades; thirteen ritual gongs and axes; thirty white ke spears; seventy green spears; seventy black halberds; three hundred small marching flags; three hundred five-colored small streamers; and thirty copper staffs.
28
殿殿
Its fine yellow-banner guard was deployed when issuing the investiture book and presenting the national history at Great Celebration Hall and Wende Hall. At the Eastern Capital it used one thousand four hundred two persons; after the Restoration sometimes one hundred to five hundred persons, increased or decreased according to the occasion. Those bearing the guard included four types: small marching flags, five-colored small streamers, ritual blades, and copper staffs; and four types of dress: patterned caps, plain caps, flat kerchief caps, and martial caps, with five-colored treasure-flower shirts and waist sashes.
29
殿 使 西 便殿 殿殿殿殿殿 殿 殿殿 殿殿 殿 殿殿 殿殿 殿殿殿殿殿 殿殿 殿 殿 殿殿 殿殿殿
Outside great court assemblies there were daily attendance, fourfold attendance, sixfold attendance, new-moon attendance, and full-moon attendance. New-moon attendance used unblemished gentlemen and above, whether on or off case duties. Full-moon attendance used unblemished gentlemen and above on case duties. Proclaiming decrees and impromptu felicitations used full-moon attendance officers; the rest used new-moon attendance officers. Fourfold attendance officers comprised chief ministers, attendants, martial officials in regular appointments, and civil officials from ministers and supervisors through unblemished gentlemen and supervisory censors and above. When rain fell on fourfold attendance, it was changed to daily attendance. Those at capital palace abbeys on court invitation attended sixfold attendance. When Gaozong moved the court to Lin'an, the hall had no south corridor; in rain or snow, daily attendance officers paid their respects inside the south privy chamber. Chief ministers and envoy-chancellors stood beneath the eaves; attendants and censor-remonstrance officers of the two provinces and below stood inside the south privy chamber; ministers, supervisors, unblemished gentlemen, and martial grandees and below stood in the east and west corridors. In the tenth month of the twelfth year of Shaoxing, the responsible offices requested that the New Year and winter solstice court felicitation rites be performed and that the rituals of regular court, viewing court, main hall, and side hall under the ancestors be investigated. They then discussed viewing court at Wende Hall on the new moon; daily and full-moon attendance at Purple Hall Hall; daily and fourfold attendance at Chui Gong Hall; sitting at Chongzheng Hall on holidays; and the system for offering longevity at Chui Gong and Purple Hall Halls on the emperor's birthday. They asked to hold viewing court at the main hall first. In the eleventh month, Vice Minister of Rites Wang Shang stated: Receiving court with felicitations on New Year's Day, the winter solstice, and at Great Celebration involved holding court at Great Celebration Hall, which differed from the ritual systems of Wende, Purple Hall, and Chui Gong Halls. Viewing court on the monthly new moon was held at Wende Hall—the so-called front hall and main hall—with the half yellow-banner guard deployed. The rest—Purple Hall and Chui Gong—were separate halls where no ritual guard was deployed. Now the court assembly at Great Celebration Hall involved numerous ritual texts; we wish first to put into practice the system of viewing court at Wende Hall. At that time the traveling palace had only one hall, so Chongzheng and Chui Gong Halls were additionally built. The Censorate asked that the archery hall serve as Chongzheng Hall; that a tent gate be set up provisionally on new and full moons as Purple Hall Hall; that amnesty books, virtuous proclamations, and hemp edicts be proclaimed as at Wende Hall; and that officials bowing memorials and receiving imperial-note replies be handled provisionally at the east upper gate office of Wen Hall virtue. For fourfold attendance at Chui Gong Hall, position boards were deployed outside the hall gate. In the thirteenth year, viewing court began at Wende Hall, with the half yellow-banner guard of two thousand four hundred fifteen persons. In the sixth month, full-moon attendance at Purple Hall Hall deployed the yellow-banner corner guard of one thousand fifty-six persons. From this, when sitting in the rear hall or presenting official business in the archery hall, because the sun was already high, ten guard blue cool umbrellas were deployed following the old system. In the fourteenth year of Chunxi, an edict ordered that when presenting official business in the archery hall, imperial horses be arrayed outside the hall gate as in the rear-hall ritual.
30
殿殿殿 殿殿殿殿 殿西西殿殿殿 殿 輿殿西 殿西 殿 殿
Great court assembly ritual under the old system: a curtain was deployed at Chui Gong Hall and the palanquin halted above the hall; after the felicitation bowing ended, the emperor rode the palanquin, guided by Privy Council and gate-office officers and deputy chief attendants, with the commanding army leading the imperial carriage to the rear canopy of Great Celebration Hall to descend and change clothes. On the new-year dawn of the first month of the fifteenth year of Shaoxing, because the route between the two halls differed from the Eastern Capital, the hall where the emperor regularly held court served as Chui Gong Hall without halting the palanquin; curtains and a chair were deployed, and after felicitations the emperor passed to the rear canopy of Great Celebration Hall. Beforehand, the Ceremonial Guard Office placed the imperial couch in the center of Great Celebration Hall facing south; eastern and western rooms slightly north of the couch; eastern and western privy chambers behind the hall; a curtain on the front eaves; and an incense table below the hall. The Grand Ritual Office spread palace-frame music south of the cross street in the hall courtyard. That day the Imperial Palanquin Office displayed sedans, carriages, umbrellas, and fans below the hall, facing each other east and west. The Ministry of War displayed the five carriages outside the south gate of the imperial city, all facing north. The Fine Steed Office arrayed imperial horses outside the hall gate, facing each other east and west. The Ministry of War led its subordinates in deploying three thousand three hundred fifty persons of the yellow-banner guard inside and outside the hall gate. Because the hall was narrow, the palanquin exited through a side room without sounding the whip.
31
殿
On New Year's Day in the sixteenth year of Chunxi, the felicitation ritual was performed, comparable to the new-moon viewing-court ritual of the Five Rites of Zhenghe. The emperor presided at Great Celebration Hall in boots and robe, took the imperial seat, and received felicitations from the crown prince and the hundred civil and martial officials in ordinary dress, with the half yellow-banner guard of two thousand four hundred fifteen persons deployed. For the winter solstice court felicitation, the yellow-banner corner guard of one thousand fifty-six persons was deployed. This was recorded as a statute. As for the great court assembly ritual, it was no longer deployed after the fifteenth year of Shaoxing.
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