Volume 145 Treatises 98: Ceremonial Guards 3

儀衛三○國初鹵簿

Ceremonial Guards, Part 3: Imperial Procession Insignia in the Early Dynasty

國初鹵簿。太祖建隆四年，將郊祀，大禮使範質與鹵簿使張昭、儀仗使劉溫叟，同詳定大駕鹵簿之制，惟得唐長興《南郊鹵簿字圖》，校以令文，頗有闊略違戾者。禮儀使陶穀建議：「金吾及諸衛將軍導駕及押仗，舊服紫衣，請依《開元禮》各服本色繡袍。金吾以辟邪，左右衛以瑞馬，驍衛以雕虎，威衛以赤豹，武衛以瑞鷹，領軍衛以白澤，監門衛以師子，千牛衛以犀牛，六軍以孔雀為文。舊，執仗軍士悉衣五色畫衣，隨人數給之，無有準式，請以五行相生之色為次，黑衣先之，青衣次之，赤、黃、白又次之。大駕五輅，各有副車，近代浸廢，請依令文增造。又案明宗舊圖，導駕三引而儀仗法物人數多，周太祖鹵簿六引而人數少，請準令文用六引，其鹵簿各依本品以給。」從之。舊清遊隊有甲騎具裝，亡其制度，穀以其所記造之。又作大輦，皆率意定其制。穀又取天文大角、攝提列星之象，作攝提旗及北斗旗、二十八宿旗、十二辰旗、龍墀十三旗、五方神旗、五方鳳旗、四瀆旗。時有貢黃鸚鵡、白兔，及馴象自來，又作金鸚鵡、玉兔、馴象旗。太祖又詔別造大黃龍負圖旗一，大神旗六，日旗一，月旗一，君王萬歲旗一，天下太平旗一，師子旗二，金鸞旗一，金鳳旗一，五龍旗五，凡二十一旗，皆有架，南郊用之。大黃龍負圖旗陳於明德門前，餘二十旗悉立於宿頓宮前，遇朝會冊禮，亦皆陳於殿庭。凡馬步儀仗，共一萬一千二百二十二人，悉用禁軍。大將軍、將軍以軍主、都虞候攝事，中郎將、都尉以指揮使、副指揮使攝事，校尉、主帥以軍使、副兵馬使、都頭、副都頭、十將攝事。

Imperial procession insignia in the early dynasty. In the fourth year of the Jianlong era (963), as Emperor Taizu prepared for a suburban sacrifice, Grand Ceremony Commissioner Fan Zhi joined Procession Insignia Commissioner Zhang Zhao and Ceremonial Arms Commissioner Liu Wensou in drafting regulations for the great imperial procession. Their only guide was the Tang Changxing-era Diagram of Characters for the Southern Suburb Procession Insignia, and when they compared it with current statutes, they found many gaps and contradictions. Rites Commissioner Tao Gu proposed: "The Golden Guard and the generals of the various guards who lead the imperial carriage and supervise the arms escort have long worn purple robes. We ask that, following the Kaiyuan Rites, each instead wear an embroidered robe in his proper service color. The Golden Guard would bear the ward-off-evil beast, the Left and Right Guards the auspicious horse, the Valiant Guard a carved tiger, the Awesome Guard a red leopard, the Martial Guard an auspicious hawk, the Army-leading Guard the white ze, the Gate-keeping Guard a lion, the Thousand-Ox Guard a rhinoceros, and the Six Armies a peacock. Previously, every arms-bearing soldier wore painted garments in five colors, issued according to head count without any fixed standard. Tao Gu asked that the colors follow the generating sequence of the Five Phases: black first, then green, then red, yellow, and white. Each of the five chariots in the great imperial train once had an attendant chariot, but this practice had gradually lapsed in recent times. He asked that they be built anew according to statute. He also noted that under the Tang Emperor Mingzong's old diagram, the imperial escort used three sections but employed many men for ceremonial arms and ritual objects, whereas under the Zhou Emperor Taizu the procession used six sections with fewer men. He proposed adopting six sections as the statute prescribed, with each item of procession insignia supplied according to its proper grade." The court approved. The old Pure Excursion Detachment had included armored cavalry in full kit, but its regulations had been lost. Gu had new equipment made according to his own records. He also designed a great imperial palanquin, setting its specifications largely on his own authority. Gu also drew on the astral figures of the Great Horn and the Lodestar constellations to create the Lodestar Banner, the Northern Dipper Banner, banners for the twenty-eight lunar mansions and the twelve earthly branches, the thirteen Dragon Court banners, the Five Directions spirit and phoenix banners, and the Four Rivers banners. When a yellow parrot and a white hare were presented as tribute and a tame elephant arrived on its own, he added Golden Parrot, Jade Hare, and Tame Elephant banners as well. Emperor Taizu further ordered twenty-one additional banners, each mounted on a stand for use at the southern suburb: one Great Yellow Dragon Bearing the Chart banner, six Great Spirit banners, and one each of the Sun, Moon, Myriad Years to the Sovereign, and All Under Heaven at Peace banners, plus two Lion banners, one Golden Luan, one Golden Phoenix, and five Five-Dragon banners. The Great Yellow Dragon Bearing the Chart banner was set before the Gate of Illustrious Virtue; the other twenty stood before the lodging palace. At court assemblies and investiture ceremonies, all were displayed in the palace courtyard as well. The mounted and foot ceremonial escort totaled 11,222 men, all drawn from the palace guard. The ranks of grand general and general were filled by army commanders and chief adjutants; middle-ranking general and commandant by regimental commanders and their deputies; and company commander and squad leader by army inspectors, deputy cavalry inspectors, squad chiefs, deputy squad chiefs, and decurions.

乾德三年，蜀平，命左拾遺孫逢吉收蜀法物，其不中度者悉毀之。是歲，太祖親閱鹵簿。四年，始令改畫衣為繡衣，至開寶三年而成，謂之「繡衣鹵簿」。其後郊祀皆用之。軍衛羽儀，自是浸甚。每大祀，命大禮、禮儀、儀仗、鹵簿、橋道頓遞五使，鹵簿使專掌定字圖排列，儀仗使糾督之，大禮及餘使同按閱，致齋日巡仗。又命殿前大校管勾捧日、奉宸隊，侍衛大校勾當儀仗兵隊，捧日、天武廂主四人，編排捧日、奉宸隊及執仗人，內諸司使、副使三員同押儀仗，別二員編排導引官。六年，詔節度使已下，除在京巡檢及押儀仗外，並令服褲褶衣導引。

In the third year of Qiande (965), after the conquest of Shu, the court ordered Left Reminder Sun Fengji to collect Shu's ritual objects and destroy any that failed to meet standard. That same year Emperor Taizu personally inspected the procession insignia. In the fourth year of Qiande, the court ordered painted garments replaced with embroidered ones. The work was finished by the third year of Kaibao (970) and became known as the "Embroidered-Garment Procession." Thereafter it was used at every suburban sacrifice. From this point on, the military guards and feathered insignia grew steadily more elaborate. For every great sacrifice, five commissioners were appointed—for Grand Ceremony, Rites, Ceremonial Arms, Procession Insignia, and Bridge-Road Relay Stations. The Procession Insignia Commissioner fixed the diagram arrangements, the Ceremonial Arms Commissioner supervised execution, the Grand Ceremony Commissioner and the others jointly inspected the formation, and on the abstention day they patrolled the escort. A senior sergeant of the Palace Front was put in charge of the Sun-Bearing and Imperial Service detachments, and a senior sergeant of the Imperial Guard of the ceremonial arms troops. Four squad chiefs of the Sun-Bearing and Heavenly Martial sections arranged those detachments and the arms-bearers. Three inner-bureau commissioners and deputies jointly supervised the ceremonial arms, while two others arranged the guide officials. In the sixth year, an edict required military governors and all ranks below them—except those on capital patrol or supervising ceremonial arms—to wear trousers and short jackets when serving as procession guides.

太宗至道中，令有司以絹畫為圖，圖凡三幅，中幅車輅、六引及導駕官，外兩幅儀衛，其警場青城，又別為圖，圖成，以藏秘閣。凡仗內自行事官、排列職掌並捧日、奉宸、散手天武外，步騎一萬九千一百九十八人，此極盛也。

During Emperor Taizong's Zhidao era (995–997), the relevant offices were ordered to paint diagrams on silk—three scrolls in all, with chariots, the six sections, and guide officials on the center scroll and ceremonial guards on the outer two. The warning ground and Green City received a separate diagram. When finished, all were deposited in the Secret Repository. Apart from the acting officials, duty arrangers, and the Sun-Bearing, Imperial Service, and Unattached Heavenly Martial detachments, the foot and mounted forces within the escort reached 19,198 men—the high-water mark.

真宗咸平五年，詔南郊儀仗引駕官，不得多帶從人。宰臣，親王，樞密、宣徽使，參知政事，樞密副使，三司使，各四人。尚書，節度使，翰林學士、侍讀、侍講學士，各三人。給事，諫議，知制誥，大卿監，金吾大將軍，樞密都承旨、副承旨，客省閣門使、副使，諸司使、副使至內殿崇班，各二人。少卿監，諸行郎中已下，閣門祗候已下，各一人。又詔南郊引駕官，中書、樞密院一行在東，親王一行在西，餘依官次。大中祥符元年，改小駕為鸞駕。

In the fifth year of Xianping (1002), Emperor Zhenzong decreed that officials escorting the imperial carriage in the southern suburb procession could not bring large retinues. Chancellors, imperial princes, commissioners of the Bureau of Military Affairs and of the Palace Secretariat, vice grand councilors, vice commissioners of military affairs, and commissioners of the three fiscal departments were each limited to four attendants. Ministers, military governors, and Hanlin academicians, reading and lecturing attendants—each three attendants. Supervising secretaries, remonstrance officials, edict drafters, grand bureau directors, Golden Guard grand generals, chief and deputy military-affairs receivers, reception and gate commissioners and deputies, and bureau commissioners down to the Inner Hall Honored Class—each two attendants. Junior bureau directors, section chiefs and below, and gate ushers and below—each one attendant. A further decree placed the Secretariat and Bureau of Military Affairs in the eastern row, imperial princes in the western row, and all others according to rank. In the first year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1008), the lesser imperial carriage was renamed the Luan Imperial Carriage.

自太祖易繡衣鹵簿後，太宗、真宗皆增益之。仁宗即位，儀典多襲前世，宋綬定鹵簿，為《圖記》十卷上之，詔以付秘閣。凡大駕，用二萬六十一人，大率以太僕寺主車輅，殿中省主輿輦、傘扇、御馬，金吾主纛、槊、十六騎、引駕細仗、牙門，六軍主槍仗，尚書兵部主六引諸隊、大角、五牛旗，門下省主寶案，司天台主鍾漏，太常主鼓吹，朝服法物庫出旗器、名物、衣冠、幰蓋，軍器庫出箙、弩、矢，內弓箭庫出戎裝、雜仗。凡六引導駕、太僕卿、千牛將軍、殿中侍御史、司天監少府監僚佐局官、乘黃令、大將軍、金吾上將軍、將軍、六統軍，皆以京朝官內諸司使、副使以下攝事。仗內用禁軍諸班直：捧日、天武、拱聖、神勇、宣武、驍騎、武勝、寧朔、虎翼兵。大將軍、將軍以軍主、都虞候攝。中郎將、郎將、都尉以指揮使、副指揮使攝。校尉、主帥、旅帥、隊正以軍使、副兵馬使、都頭、副都頭、十將攝。餘法駕、鸞駕、黃麾仗，則遞減其數。

After Emperor Taizu introduced the embroidered-garment procession, both Taizong and Zhenzong enlarged it further. When Emperor Renzong acceded, ceremonial practice largely followed earlier reigns. Song Shou codified the procession insignia and presented a ten-scroll Illustrated Record, which the court ordered deposited in the Secret Repository. The great imperial procession employed 20,061 men in all. Broadly speaking, the Court of the Imperial Stud managed chariots; the Palace Department palanquins, umbrellas, fans, and imperial horses; the Golden Guard banners, spears, the sixteen riders, the fine escort arms, and gate guards; the Six Armies lances and arms; the Ministry of War the six sections and their detachments, the great horn, and five-ox banners; the Chancellery the imperial treasure table; the Directorate of Astronomy bells and clepsydrae; the Court of Imperial Sacrifices wind and percussion; the Court Robes and Ritual Objects Storehouse flags, vessels, regalia, and carriage canopies; the Armory quivers, crossbows, and arrows; and the Inner Archery Storehouse military dress and miscellaneous arms. The six escort sections, the director of the Imperial Stud, the thousand-ox general, the palace censor, assistant officials of the Directorate of Astronomy and Court of the Imperial Workshops, the director of the Imperial Stables, grand generals, Golden Guard senior generals and generals, and the six army commanders were all represented by capital officials—inner-bureau commissioners and deputies and below. The escort drew on the palace guard's direct companies: Sun-Bearing, Heavenly Martial, Bowing-to-Sageliness, Spirit-Brave, Proclaiming Martial, Valiant Cavalry, Martial Victory, Pacifying the North, and Tiger Wing. Grand generals and generals were represented by army commanders and chief adjutants. Middle-ranking generals, commanders, and commandants were represented by regimental commanders and their deputies. Company commanders, squad leaders, company chiefs, and platoon chiefs were represented by army inspectors, deputy cavalry inspectors, squad chiefs, deputy squad chiefs, and decurions. For the statutory carriage, luan carriage, and yellow-banner escort, the numbers were reduced proportionally.

景祐五年，賈昌朝言儀衛三事：

In the fifth year of Jingyou (1038), Jia Changchao raised three matters concerning ceremonial guards:

一曰南郊鹵簿，車駕出宮詣郊廟日，執球杖供奉官，於導駕官前分列迎引，至於齋宮。夫球杖非古，蓋唐世尚之，以資玩樂。其執之者皆褻服，錦繡珠玉，過於侈麗，既不足以昭文物，又不可以備軍容。常時豫遊，或宜施用。方今夙夜齋戒，親奉大祀，端冕顒昂，鼓吹不作，而乃陳戲賞之具，參簪紳之列，導迎法駕，入於祠宮。稽諸典儀，未為允稱。況導駕官兩省員數悉備，何煩更有此色供奉官，謂宜徹去球杖，俟禮畢還宮，鼓吹振作，即復使就列。

First, regarding the southern suburb procession: on the day the emperor left the palace for the suburban temple, tribute officials bearing ball-staves formed ranks ahead of the guide officials to welcome and escort the carriage as far as the abstention palace. Ball-staves are not an ancient institution; the Tang court favored them for amusement. Those who carried them wore informal dress adorned with brocade, embroidery, pearls, and jade—far too lavish to display ritual dignity and utterly unsuited to military bearing. They might be appropriate for ordinary pleasure outings. Yet now, after days of fasting and abstention, as the emperor personally conducts the great sacrifice in full regalia with wind and percussion silenced, these playthings are displayed among the officials, escorting the statutory carriage into the sacrificial palace. Measured against canonical ritual, this is hardly fitting. Moreover, both departments already field a full complement of guide officials—why keep these tribute officials at all? He proposed removing the ball-staves during the rite and restoring them to formation only after the ceremony, when the emperor returned to the palace and wind and percussion resumed.

二曰大駕鹵簿，有羊車前列。臣案羊車本漢、晉之代，乘於後宮。隋大業中，增金寶之飾，駕以小駟，馭以丱童，自是以來，遂為法從。唐制兼有輦車、副車之名，國朝因循，尚未改革。竊以郊祭天地，廟見祖宗，車服所陳，動必由禮。至於四望、耕根之屬，兼包歷代，皆或有因，豈容後宮所乘，參陪五輅。欲望大駕不用羊車，所冀肅恭，稽合典禮。

Second, the great imperial procession places a sheep carriage in the front ranks. Your subject notes that the sheep carriage originated in the Han and Jin eras as transport for the inner palace. Under the Sui in the Daye era, it was adorned with gold and jewels, drawn by small four-horse teams and driven by topknotted youths. Since then it has formed part of the statutory escort. Tang regulations also recognized palanquin and attendant carriages. Our dynasty has followed suit without reform. Your subject holds that in suburban sacrifices to Heaven and Earth and temple appearances before the ancestors, every carriage and garment on display must conform to ritual. Rites such as the Four Observations and Ploughing the Sacred Field draw on precedents from many dynasties—but how can a vehicle of the inner palace stand alongside the five imperial chariots? Your subject asks that the great imperial procession dispense with the sheep carriage, so that solemnity may accord with canonical ritual.

三曰南郊大駕鹵簿，儀衛甚眾，有司雖依典禮，名物次第，兵杖數目，預先分布，及五使量行案閱。其如被差執掌吏員兵伍，素不閑習，行列先後，多失次序；所持名物，亦或差互。押當官但以行事為名，從便趨進，失其處守。竊謂三載親郊，國之大事，旁陳象物，仰法乾行，四方之人，觀禮於是，宜詳制度，以示光華。請大駕鹵簿前後仗衛次第，於致齋前命儀仗、鹵簿使令有司執簿籍率押當官暨諸衛、諸省執仗士卒將領者，自殿門至郊廟分列之處，詳視先後及器仗名品，無令差忒。

Third, the southern suburb great imperial procession fields a vast ceremonial guard. Although the relevant offices distribute named objects, weapon counts, and formation order in advance according to canonical ritual, and the five commissioners inspect on the march— the clerks and soldiers assigned to take charge are by nature unpracticed, and ranks frequently fall out of order; the named objects they carry are sometimes wrong as well. Supervising officials treat the duty as a formality, advancing as convenient and abandoning their assigned posts. Your subject holds that the triennial personal suburban sacrifice is a great affair of state. Ritual objects displayed on every side model Heaven's motion, and observers from all directions watch here. The regulations ought to be made thorough enough to display the court's splendor. He asked that before the abstention day the Ceremonial Arms and Procession Insignia commissioners have the relevant offices lead supervising officials, guard and secretariat arms-bearers, and their commanders—with ledgers in hand—from the palace gate to the suburban temple, examining at each formation point the order of ranks and the names and grades of vessels and arms so that no error remained.

詔禮儀使宋綬與太常禮院同詳定以奏。綬奏：「鹵簿內有諸司供奉，蓋資備物，以奉乘輿。今昌朝言宿齋之時，不可陳玩樂之具。請郊祀前一日，應供奉官等令宿幕次，俟皇帝行禮畢降壇，導至青城，由青城前導歸大內。後漢劉熙《釋名》曰：「騾車、羊車，各以所駕名之也。」隋《禮儀志》曰：「漢氏或以人牽，或駕果下馬。」此乃漢代已有，晉武偶取乘於後宮，非特為掖庭製也。況歷代載於《輿服志》，自唐至今，著之禮令，宜且仍舊。其鹵簿儀仗，遇南郊前，五使預閱素備，願依昌朝所奏，下儀仗、鹵簿使加點閱，使之齊肅。」

The court ordered Rites Commissioner Song Shou and the Court of Imperial Sacrifices Rites Office to work out the details jointly and memorialize. Shou memorialized: "The procession includes tribute officials from the various bureaus who supply prepared objects for the imperial carriage. Changchao now argues that during the overnight abstention, playthings must not be displayed. He proposed that on the eve of the suburban sacrifice the tribute officials lodge in the tent quarters, then after the emperor completed the rites and descended the altar, guide him to the Green City and from there back to the inner palace. Liu Xi of Later Han writes in Explanation of Names: "The mule carriage and sheep carriage are each named for their draft animals." The Sui Treatise on Ritual records: "Under the Han it was sometimes drawn by men, sometimes by pony horses." This shows the carriage existed in Han times; Jin Emperor Wu happened to use it in the inner palace—it was not made solely for the women's quarters. Moreover, successive dynasties recorded it in the Treatise on Carriages and Dress, and from Tang to the present it has stood in ritual statutes. For now it should remain unchanged. As for the procession insignia and ceremonial arms, the five commissioners' preliminary inspection before the southern suburb is already established. He asked that, following Changchao's proposal, the Ceremonial Arms and Procession Insignia commissioners add inspection points to ensure order and solemnity."

皇祐二年，將享明堂，鹵簿使奏：「法駕減大駕三分之一，而兵部亡字圖故本，且文牘散逸，雖粗有名數，較之禮令，未有以裁其中。」詔禮官與兵部加考正，為圖以奏。及上圖，法駕鹵簿用萬有一千八十八人。嘉祐二年祫享，用禮儀使奏：「南郊仗，金吾上將軍、六統軍、左右千牛，皆服紫繡戎服，珂珮，騎而前；節度使亦衣褲褶導駕，如舊例。」是月，禮官奏：「南郊還，在禮當乘金輅，而或詔乘大輦，宜著於令，常以大輦從。」六年，幸睦親宅，內侍抱駕頭墮馬，駕頭壞。御史中丞韓絳奏請嚴儀衛，事下閣門、太常禮院議。遂合奏：「車駕出，請以閣門祗候及內侍各二員，扶駕頭左右，次扇筤，又以皇城親從兵二十人從其後。」

In the second year of Huangyou (1050), as the court prepared to worship at the Bright Hall, the Procession Insignia Commissioner reported: "The statutory carriage reduces the great imperial procession by one third, but the Ministry of War has lost the old character-diagram manuscript and many documents have been scattered. Although rough head counts exist, they cannot be reconciled with the ritual statutes." The court ordered ritual officials and the Ministry of War to verify and correct the records and present a diagram. When the diagram was submitted, the statutory carriage procession employed 10,088 men. At the collective offering in the second year of Jiayou (1057), the Rites Commissioner reported: "In the southern suburb escort, Golden Guard senior generals, the six army commanders, and the Left and Right Thousand-Ox all wear purple embroidered military dress with jade pendants, riding forward; military governors also wear trousers and short jackets to guide the carriage, as before." That month ritual officials reported: "On return from the southern suburb, ritual prescribes the golden chariot, yet edicts sometimes order the great palanquin instead. This should be written into statute: the great palanquin should normally follow." In the sixth year, during a visit to the Mansion of Cordial Kinship, an inner attendant holding the carriage head fell from his horse and the carriage head was broken. Censor-in-chief Han Jiang memorialized for stricter ceremonial guards. The matter was referred to the Gate Office and the Court of Imperial Sacrifices Rites Office. They jointly proposed: "When the imperial carriage goes out, two gate ushers and two inner attendants should support the carriage head on either side, followed by the fan rack, with twenty Imperial City personal guards behind."

神宗熙寧七年，詔太常看詳兵部大駕鹵簿字圖，遂奏言：「製器尚象，有其數者，必有其義。後世車駕儀仗，多雜秦、漢制度，當革其尤者。《周禮·車仆》：「凡師，共革車，各以其萃。」萃，副車也。諸輅之副，宜次正輅。羊車，前代宮中所乘；五牛旗，蓋古之五時副車也，以木牛載旗，用人輿之，失其本製：宜除去。」從之。

In the seventh year of Xining (1074), Emperor Shenzong ordered the Court of Imperial Sacrifices to review the Ministry of War's character diagram for the great imperial procession. They reported: "In making ritual vessels one values symbolic forms; where there are numbers, there must be meaning. Later imperial carriages and ceremonial arms mix in many Qin and Han practices; the worst excesses should be reformed. The Rites of Zhou, Master of Chariots, states: "Whenever the army marches, supply leather chariots, each with its attendant chariot." Cui means attendant chariot. Attendant chariots for each imperial chariot should follow immediately behind the main chariot. The sheep carriage was used in the inner palace in earlier ages; the five-ox banner was probably the five-season attendant chariot of antiquity. Carrying a banner on a wooden ox borne by men departs from the original design: both should be abolished." The court approved.

又禮文所言：

The ritual texts further state:

近製，金輅不以金飾諸末，象輅不以象飾諸末，革輅不鞔，木輅不漆，請改飾四輅。太常則繪三辰，加升龍、降龍，大旂則繪交龍、大赤鳥隼、大白熊虎、大麾龜蛇而去其雲龍，使之應禮。又古者，五輅皆載旗，謂之「道德之車。」《考工記》車戟崇於殳，酋矛崇於戟，各四赤，戟矛皆插車騎，謂之「兵車」。戰國尚武，故增插四戟，謂之闟戟」。則知德車、武車，固異用矣。漢鹵簿，前驅有鳳凰闟戟，猶未施於五輅。江左以來，五輅乃加棨戟於車之右，韜以黼繡之衣。後周司輅，左建旗，右建闟戟，闟戟方六尺，而被之以黼，皆戾於古。請去五輅闟戟，以應「道德」之稱，而建太常於車後之中央，升輅則由左。

Under recent practice the golden chariot lacks gold ornament at its extremities, the elephant chariot lacks ivory ornament, the leather chariot is not covered in leather, and the wooden chariot is not lacquered. They asked that all four chariots be properly adorned. The Court of Imperial Sacrifices banner should bear the three luminaries with ascending and descending dragons. The great banner should show intertwined dragons; the great red banner birds of prey; the great white bears and tigers; the great black-standard tortoise and serpent—with cloud-dragons removed—so that all accord with ritual. In antiquity all five chariots bore banners and were called "chariots of moral power." The Record of Crafts specifies that chariot halberds stand higher than shu polearms and chieftain spears higher than halberds—each four chi—with halberds and spears planted on the chariot flanks; these are called "military chariots." The Warring States prized martial display, so four additional halberds were added—called "closing halberds." Thus moral chariots and military chariots served distinct purposes from the outset. Han procession insignia placed phoenix closing-halberds in the vanguard but did not yet mount them on the five chariots. From the Eastern Jin onward, the five chariots bore halberd-poles on the right side, sheathed in brocade-embroidered covers. Under Later Zhou the Master of Chariots placed a banner on the left and closing-halberds on the right—six chi square and covered in fu-pattern brocade—all departing from ancient practice. They asked that closing-halberds be removed from the five chariots to match the title "chariots of moral power," that the Court of Imperial Sacrifices banner be mounted at the center rear of each chariot, and that one mount from the left.

又按《周禮》：「大馭，掌馭玉輅以祀。」則祀乘玉輅也。齋仆掌馭金輅，齋右充金輅之右，則齋乘金輅也。齋祀之車，異用而不相因。國朝親祠太廟，致齋文德殿，翌日即進玉輅，非製。請進金輅，俟太廟祠畢，翌日，禦玉輅詣郊。

They further cited the Rites of Zhou: "The Grand Charioteer drives the jade chariot for sacrifice." Thus one rides the jade chariot for the sacrifice. The Abstention Charioteer drives the golden chariot, and the Abstention Right occupies its right side—thus one rides the golden chariot during abstention. The chariots for abstention and sacrifice serve different purposes and should not be conflated. In our dynasty the emperor personally sacrifices at the Imperial Ancestral Temple after abstaining in the Hall of Literary Virtue, then advances the jade chariot the very next day—contrary to regulation. They asked that the golden chariot be advanced first and that, after the ancestral temple rites, the emperor ride the jade chariot to the suburb on the following day.

又《周禮》戎右職曰：「會同，充革車。」《儀禮》曰：「貳車畢乘。」《禮記》曰：「乘君之乘車，不敢曠左，左必式。」蓋古者後車餘輅，不敢曠空，必使人乘之，所以別曠左之嫌也。自秦兼九國車服，西漢因之，大駕屬車八十一乘。《後漢志》云：「尚書、御史所載。」揚雄曰：「鴟夷國器，托於屬車。」則是漢之屬車，非獨載人，又以載物，亦《儀禮》所謂「畢乘」之義也。國朝鹵簿，車十二乘，虛設於法駕之後，實近曠左之嫌。請令尚書、御史乘之，或以載乘輿服御。

The Rites of Zhou also assigns the Military Right: "At the assembly of feudal lords, occupy the leather chariot." The Ceremonies and Rites states: "The secondary chariot must be fully occupied." The Record of Rites adds: "When riding the ruler's carriage, one must not leave the left seat vacant; whoever occupies the left must bow with hands on the crossbar." In antiquity rear and surplus chariots could not be left empty; someone had to ride in each, precisely to avoid the impropriety of a vacant left seat. After Qin absorbed the nine states' carriage regalia, Western Han followed suit, assigning eighty-one attendant chariots to the great imperial train. The Treatise of Later Han records: "Carried by the Secretariat and the Censorate." Yang Xiong wrote: "The owl-vessel, a vessel of state, was entrusted to the attendant chariots." Thus Han attendant chariots carried not only passengers but also goods—the very sense of "fully occupied" in the Ceremonies and Rites. Our dynasty's procession places twelve empty chariots behind the statutory carriage—nearly the impropriety of a vacant left seat. They asked that the Secretariat and Censorate ride in them, or that the chariots carry the emperor's dress and regalia.

又言：「法駕之行，必有共輿者，蓋以承清問。《周官》有太僕、齋仆、道仆，所以御車，至參乘，則其禮益重。故道德之車則有齋右、道右，武車則有戎右，皆以士大夫為之。國朝之制，乘輿有太僕而無參乘，請增近臣一員，立車右。」

They further argued: "When the statutory carriage travels, someone must share the ride to receive the ruler's inquiries. The Offices of Zhou appoint a Grand Charioteer, Abstention Charioteer, and Procession Charioteer to drive the chariot; the co-rider's role is still more exalted. Moral chariots therefore have an Abstention Right and Procession Right; military chariots a Military Right—all held by scholar-officials. Our dynasty provides a Grand Charioteer but no co-rider for the imperial carriage. They asked that one close minister be added as Chariot Right."

其後，詔增製五輅及參乘，玉輅建太常，金輅建大旂，象輅建大赤，革輅建大白，木輅建大麾。諸輅之副，各次正輅，仍存闟戟焉。時大駕鹵簿，仗下官一百四十六員，執仗、押引從軍員、職掌諸軍諸司二萬二千二百二十一人。初，玉輅自唐顯慶中傳之，號「顯慶輅」。神宗更製新玉輅，六年正月，禦大慶殿受朝，先夕陳諸庭，夜半徹幕屋，壓焉。自是竟乘舊輅。

Thereafter an edict ordered new five chariots and co-riders: the jade chariot bore the Court of Imperial Sacrifices banner, the golden the great banner, the elephant the great red, the leather the great white, and the wooden the great black-standard. Each chariot's attendants followed immediately behind, though closing-halberds were retained. At that time the great imperial procession fielded 146 officials under the arms escort and 22,221 soldiers bearing arms, supervising guides, and staff from the various armies and bureaus. The jade chariot had been handed down from the Tang Xianqing era and was known as the "Xianqing Chariot." Emperor Shenzong ordered a new jade chariot built. On the eve of receiving court in the Hall of Great Celebration in the first month of the sixth year, it was displayed in the courtyard; at midnight workers removed the sheltering tent and the chariot was crushed. Thereafter he always rode the old chariot.

高宗初至南京，孟太后以乘輿服御及禦輦儀仗來進。建炎初，詔東京所屬起發祭器、法服、儀仗赴行在所。十一月，帝郊於揚州，儀仗用一千三百五十五人。倉卒渡江，皆為金兵所焚。紹興十二年，有司言：「天子起居，當備法駕，況太母回鑾，將奉郊迎。」遂令工部尚書莫將等檢會本朝文德、大慶殿舊儀，下太常定，用二千二百六十五人，於是始備黃麾仗，慶、冊、親饗皆用焉。是年冬，玉輅成。

When Emperor Gaozong first reached Nanjing, Empress Dowager Meng presented the imperial carriage's dress and regalia along with the imperial palanquin's ceremonial escort. Early in the Jianyan era, an edict ordered the Eastern Capital authorities to send ritual vessels, statutory dress, and ceremonial arms to the traveling court. In the eleventh month the emperor performed a suburban sacrifice at Yangzhou with a ceremonial escort of 1,355 men. In the hasty flight south across the river, Jin troops burned them all. In the twelfth year of Shaoxing (1142), the relevant offices reported: "The Son of Heaven's daily movements require a statutory carriage; moreover, the Grand Empress Dowager is returning to the capital and will be welcomed with a suburban ceremony." The court ordered Minister of Works Mo Jiang and others to collate the old rites of the Halls of Literary Virtue and Great Celebration and refer them to the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, fixing the escort at 2,265 men. The yellow-banner arms escort was thus first established and used for celebrations, investitures, and personal offerings. That winter the jade chariot was completed.

明年，郊，準國初大駕之數，一萬一千二百二十二人。內舊用錦襖子者以纈繒代，用銅革帶者以勒帛代。而指揮使、都頭仍舊用錦帽子、錦臂袖者，以方勝練鵲羅代；用絁者以綢代。禁衛班直服色，用錦繡、金銀、真珠、北珠者七百八十人，以頭帽、銀帶、纈羅衫代。旗物用繡者，以錯采代；車路院香鐙案、衣褥、睥睨，禦輦院華蓋、曲蓋及仗內幢角等袋用繡者，以生色代。殿前司仗內金槍、銀槍、旗幹，易以漆飾；而拂扇、坐褥以珠飾者去之。帝曰：「事天貴質，若惟事華麗，非初意矣。」十月，鹵簿器物及金象革木四輅、大安輦皆成。太常又奏，前後六引鼓吹八百八十四人，舊制騎。今路狹擁遏，欲止令步導。從之。十六年，始增捧日、奉宸隊，合一萬五千五十人。鹵簿之制備矣。三十一年九月，行明堂禮，儀物視郊祀省三之一，用一萬一千五人。

The following year, at the suburban sacrifice, the escort followed the founding-era great imperial count of 11,222 men. Brocade jackets were replaced with patterned silk, and copper leather belts with woven belts. Regimental commanders and squad chiefs who still wore brocade caps and arm-sleeves received square-motif silk with paired-magpie pattern instead; ramie garments were replaced with silk. For 780 palace-guard direct companies who had worn brocade, gold and silver, and pearls, head caps, silver belts, and patterned silk robes were substituted. Embroidered flags and objects were replaced with mixed-color versions; embroidered items from the Chariot Road and Imperial Palanquin offices—including incense-lamp tables, bedding, parapets, canopies, and banner-corner bags—were replaced with plain-dyed goods. Golden and silver spears and flagpoles in the Palace Front escort were given lacquer ornament instead; pearl ornament on whisk-fans and seat cushions was removed. The emperor said: "In serving Heaven, simplicity is paramount. To pursue splendor alone betrays our original intent." In the tenth month the procession vessels and the golden, elephant, leather, and wooden chariots and the Great Peace Palanquin were all completed. The Court of Imperial Sacrifices further reported that the front and rear six sections' wind and percussion corps numbered 884 men and had ridden by old regulation. Because the roads were narrow and congested, they asked that the musicians guide on foot only. The court approved. In the sixteenth year the Sun-Bearing and Imperial Service detachments were first enlarged, bringing the total to 15,050 men. The procession regulations were now complete. In the ninth month of the thirty-first year the Bright Hall rites used ceremonial objects one third fewer than the suburban sacrifice, with an escort of 11,500 men.

孝宗隆興二年正月，以鹵簿勞民，乃令有司條具其可省者。次年郊祀，止用六千八百八十九人，蓋減紹興二十八年人數之半也。乾道六年之郊，雖仍備五輅、大安輦、六象，而人數則如舊焉。自後，終宋之世，雖微有因革，大抵皆如乾道六年之制。若明堂，則四輅、大安輦皆省，止用三千三百十九人。故事，祀前二日詣景靈宮，皆備大駕儀仗、乘輅。中興後，以行都與東都不同，前二日止乘輦。次日，自太廟詣青城，始登輅，設鹵簿。自紹興十三年始也。車駕遇雨，玉輅施障，從駕臣僚賜雨具，中道遇晴則撤。郊壇遇雨，則就青城放禦仗，逍遙子還宮，導駕官免步導。

In the first month of the second year of Longxing (1164), Emperor Xiaozong, finding the procession a burden on the people, ordered the relevant offices to list what could be cut. At the suburban sacrifice the following year only 6,889 men were used—roughly half the Shaoxing twenty-eighth-year count. At the Qiandao sixth-year suburban sacrifice the five chariots, Great Peace Palanquin, and six elephants were still provided, but personnel remained at the reduced level. Thereafter, until the end of the Song, there were minor adjustments, but the practice largely followed the Qiandao sixth-year model. For the Bright Hall the four chariots and Great Peace Palanquin were omitted, with only 3,319 men. By precedent, two days before a sacrifice the emperor visited the Palace of Imperial Splendor with the full great imperial escort and chariots. After the restoration, because the traveling capital differed from the Eastern Capital, on those two days the emperor rode only the palanquin. The next day, proceeding from the Imperial Ancestral Temple to the Green City, the emperor first mounted the chariot and deployed the procession insignia. This practice began in the thirteenth year of Shaoxing. When rain fell, screens were hung on the jade chariot, accompanying officials received rain gear, and both were removed if the weather cleared en route. If rain fell at the suburban altar, the imperial escort was dismissed at the Green City, the emperor returned in the carefree palanquin, and guide officials were excused from foot escort.

大駕鹵簿。象六，中道，分左右。次六引，中道。第一，開封令；第二，開封牧；〈（駕從餘州縣出者，所在刺史、縣令導駕，準此。）〉第三，太常卿；第四，司徒；第五，御史大夫；第六，兵部尚書。〈（以上各用本品鹵簿。）〉次纛十二。〈（每纛一人持，一人托，四人扯，騎二人押。）〉次暴槊騎八，〈（押衙四人騎引。）〉左右金吾上將軍四人，將軍四人，大將軍各一人，折衝都尉一人。〈（大將軍、都尉並夾以暴槊二，每槊一人執，二人夾，纛槊皆中道。）〉

Great imperial procession insignia. Six elephants on the central way, divided left and right. Next, the six sections on the central way. First, the magistrate of Kaifeng; second, the prefect of Kaifeng; (When the imperial carriage departs from other prefectures and counties, the local prefect and magistrate guide the carriage by this precedent.) third, the director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices; fourth, the Minister of Education; fifth, the Censor-in-chief; sixth, the Minister of War. (Each of the above uses procession insignia of his proper grade.) Next, twelve great banners. (Each banner: one bearer, one supporter, four pullers, and two mounted supervisors.) Next, eight mounted men with bared spears, (Led by four mounted yamen guards.) Four Golden Guard senior generals of the left and right, four generals, one grand general each, and one Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant. (Grand generals and commandants are each flanked by two bared spears—one bearer and two flankers per spear; banners and spears all travel the central way.)

次清遊隊。〈（左右道。）〉白澤旗二，〈（一人執，二人引，二人夾，左右金吾折衝都尉各一人領。）〉弩八，弓箭三十二，槊四十。次左右金吾十六騎，〈（左右道，主帥各一人分領。）〉弩八，弓箭十二，槊十二。次夾道佽飛，騎。〈（左右金吾果毅都尉各二人分領。）〉虞候佽飛四十八人，鐵甲佽飛二十四人。

Next, the Pure Excursion Detachment. (On the left and right ways.) Two white ze banners, (One bearer, two guides, and two flankers per banner; each led by a Golden Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant on left and right.) eight crossbows, thirty-two bows with arrows, and forty spears. Next, sixteen Golden Guard horsemen left and right, (On the left and right ways, one squad leader commands each side.) eight crossbows, twelve bows with arrows, and twelve spears. Next, mounted flying guards along the flanking roads. (Each side commanded by two Golden Guard Resolute Valor commandants.) forty-eight scout flying guards and twenty-four iron-armored flying guards.

次前隊殳仗。〈（左右道。）〉左右領軍衛將軍各一人，暴槊四人，主帥四人，殳八十，叉八十；〈（相間。）〉左右武衛屯衛主帥各四人，殳各五十人，叉各五十人；左右驍衛主帥四人，殳四十，叉四十。次朱雀旗一，〈（中道，一人持，二人引，二人夾。）〉弩四，弓箭十六。次龍旗十二。〈（中道，並一人執，二人引，二人護後；副竿二，皆騎，左右金吾果毅都尉各一人領。）〉風伯、雨師旗各一，雷公、電母旗各一，木、火、土、金、水星旗各一，左、右攝提旗各一，北斗旗一。次指南、記裏鼓、白鷺、鸞旗、崇德、皮軒車。〈（左右金吾衛果毅都尉各一人，來往檢校。）〉次引駕十二重。〈（中道，並騎。）〉弩八，弓箭八，槊八。

Next, the front detachment's shu-pole arms. (On the left and right ways.) One general apiece from the Left and Right Army-leading Guards, plus four bared spears, four squad leaders, eighty shu-pole bearers, and eighty fork bearers; (In alternating order.) The Left and Right Martial and Garrison Guards each supplied four squad leaders, fifty shu-pole bearers, and fifty fork bearers; The Left and Right Valiant Guards had four squad leaders, forty shu-pole bearers, and forty fork bearers. Next came one Vermilion Bird banner, (On the central way, one man bore the banner, two guided it, and two flanked it.) four crossbows and sixteen archers. Next came twelve dragon banners. (On the central way, each banner had one bearer, two guides, and two rear guards; two secondary poles, all mounted, each led by a Golden Guard Resolute Valor commandant on left and right.) Next came banners for the Wind Earl and Rain Master, the Thunder Duke and Lightning Mother, the five elemental stars, left and right Lodestar emblems, and the Northern Dipper. Next came the south-pointing carriage, mile-counting drum, egret carriage, luan-banner carriage, Chongde carriage, and leather-canopy carriage. (Left and Right Golden Guard Resolute Valor commandants patrolled back and forth.) Next came twelve tiers of imperial escort. (All on the central way, mounted.) eight crossbows, eight archers, and eight spears.

次太常前部鼓吹。令二人，〈（府史四人從。）〉 鼓十二在左，〈（主帥四人騎領。）〉金鉦十二在右，〈（主帥四人騎領。）〉大鼓百二十，〈（主帥二十人騎領。）〉長鳴百二十，〈（主帥六人騎領。）〉鐃鼓十二，〈（主帥四人騎領。）〉歌二十四，拱宸管二十四，簫二十四，笳二十四，大橫吹百二十，〈（主帥十人騎領。）〉節鼓二，笛二十四，簫二十四，觱篥二十四，笳二十四，桃皮觱篥二十四； 鼓十二在左，〈（主帥二人騎領。）〉金鉦十二在右，〈（主帥二人騎領。）〉小鼓百二十，〈（主帥十人騎領。）〉中鳴百二十，〈（主帥六人騎領。）〉羽葆鼓十二，〈（主帥四人騎領。）〉歌二十四，拱宸管二十四，簫二十四，笳二十四。

Next came the Court of Imperial Sacrifices forward wind-and-percussion band. Two wind-and-percussion directors, (Followed by four office clerks.) Twelve carrying-drums stood on the left, (Led by four mounted squad leaders.) Twelve golden gongs stood on the right, (Led by four mounted squad leaders.) One hundred twenty great drums followed, (Led by twenty mounted squad leaders.) One hundred twenty long whistles followed, (Led by six mounted squad leaders.) Twelve cymbal-drums followed, (Led by four mounted squad leaders.) twenty-four singers, twenty-four Gongchen pipes, twenty-four panpipes, twenty-four horns, and one hundred twenty great horizontal-winds followed, (Led by ten mounted squad leaders.) then two rhythm drums, twenty-four flutes, twenty-four panpipes, twenty-four double-reed pipes, twenty-four horns, and twenty-four peach-skin double-reeds; Twelve carrying-drums stood on the left, (Led by two mounted squad leaders.) Twelve golden gongs stood on the right, (Led by two mounted squad leaders.) One hundred twenty small drums followed, (Led by ten mounted squad leaders.) One hundred twenty mid-whistles followed, (Led by six mounted squad leaders.) Twelve feather-canopy drums followed, (Led by four mounted squad leaders.) twenty-four singers, twenty-four Gongchen pipes, twenty-four panpipes, and twenty-four horns completed the section.

次司天監一人，騎，引相風、刻漏，〈（中道。令史一人，排列官二人，騎從。）〉相風烏輿一，〈（匠人一。）〉交龍鉦、鼓各一，〈（司晨、典事各一人騎從。）〉鍾樓、鼓樓各一，行漏輿一，〈（漏刻生四人從。）〉清道二人，十二神輿一。〈（司天官一人押。）〉

Next, the mounted Director of the Bureau of Astronomy led the wind-indicating and clepsydra instruments, (On the central way, one recording clerk and two formation officers followed on horseback.) followed by one wind-indicating bird carriage, (With one craftsman.) then one interlocking-dragon gong and one drum, (A timekeeper and a ritual officer each followed on horseback.) one bell-tower carriage, one drum-tower carriage, and one traveling clepsydra carriage followed, (Followed by four clepsydra students.) two road-clearers and one Twelve Spirits carriage completed the section. (Under the supervision of one astronomy official.)

次持鈒前隊。〈（中道。）〉左右武衛果毅都尉各一人分領，校尉二人。絳引幡一，金節十二，罕一在左，畢一在右，朱雀幢一，〈（叉一。）〉青龍、白虎幢各一，分左右。〈（叉各一。）〉導蓋一。〈（叉一。）〉稱長一人，鈒戟二百八十人，分左右；左右武衛將軍各一人，校尉四人，分左右。次殿中侍御史二人，黃麾一。〈（騎二夾。）〉

Next came the forward spear-bearer company. (On the central way.) One Left and Right Martial Guard Resolute Valor commandant commanded each side, assisted by two company commanders. One scarlet guide-banner, twelve golden staffs, Han on the left, Bi on the right, and one vermilion-bird banner followed, (With one fork.) one Azure Dragon banner and one White Tiger banner, placed left and right. (One fork apiece.) One guiding canopy followed. (With one fork.) One length-herald and two hundred eighty spear-and-halberd bearers were divided left and right; One Martial Guard general commanded each side, with four company commanders divided left and right. Next came two Palace attending censors and one yellow banner. (Flanked by two mounted men.)

次前部馬隊。〈（左右隊。）〉第一隊，角宿、亢宿、斗宿、牛宿旗各一，〈（執次同龍墀旗，角、亢在左，斗、牛在右，餘隊同此。）〉左右金吾衛折衝都尉各一人分領，弩十，弓箭二十，槊四十；〈（並分左右，餘隊皆同。）〉第二隊，氐宿、房宿、女宿、虛宿旗各一，左右領軍衛果毅都尉各三人分領；〈（兼第三、第四隊。）〉第三隊心宿、危宿旗各一；第四隊尾宿、室宿旗各一；第五隊箕宿、壁宿旗各一，左右領軍衛折衝都尉各一人分領；第六隊奎宿、井宿旗各一，左右屯衛折衝都尉各一人分領；第七隊婁宿、鬼宿旗各一，左右武衛果毅都尉各三人分領；〈（兼第八、第九隊。）〉第八隊胃宿、柳宿旗各一；第九隊昴宿、星宿旗各一；第十隊畢宿、張宿旗各一，左右驍衛折衝都尉各三人分領；〈（兼第十一、十二隊。）〉第十一隊觜宿、翼宿旗各一；第十二隊參宿、軫宿旗各一。

Next came the forward cavalry detachment. (In left and right companies.) The first company bore one banner each for the Horn, Neck, Dipper, and Ox lunar mansions, (The bearing order followed that of the Dragon Court banners, with Horn and Neck on the left and Dipper and Ox on the right; the other companies followed the same rule.) One Golden Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant commanded each side, with ten crossbows, twenty bowmen, and forty spearmen; (All were divided left and right; the remaining companies followed the same arrangement.) The second company bore one banner each for the Root, Room, Woman, and Emptiness lunar mansions, with three Army-leading Guard Resolute Valor commandants commanding each side; (Also in charge of the third and fourth companies.) The third company bore one banner each for the Heart and Rooftop lunar mansions; The fourth company bore one banner each for the Tail and Encampment lunar mansions; The fifth company bore one banner each for the Winnowing Basket and Wall lunar mansions, each side led by one Army-leading Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant; The sixth company bore one banner each for the Legs and Well lunar mansions, each side led by one Garrison Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant; The seventh company bore one banner each for the Bond and Ghost lunar mansions, with three Martial Guard Resolute Valor commandants on each side; (Also in charge of the eighth and ninth companies.) The eighth company bore one banner each for the Stomach and Willow lunar mansions; The ninth company bore one banner each for the Hairy Head and Star lunar mansions; The tenth company bore one banner each for the Net and Extended Net lunar mansions, with three Valiant Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandants on each side; (Also in charge of the eleventh and twelfth companies.) The eleventh company bore one banner each for the Turtle Beak and Wings lunar mansions; The twelfth company bore one banner each for the Three Stars and Chariot Axle lunar mansions.

次步甲前隊。〈（左右道。）〉暴槊四，左右領軍衛將軍各一人檢校。第一隊，鶡雞旗二，〈（引、執同馬隊。）〉左右領軍衛折衝都尉各一人分領，赤鍪甲、弓箭六十；第二隊，貔旗二，左右領軍衛果毅都尉各一人分領，赤鍪甲、刀盾六十；第三隊，玉馬旗二，左右領軍衛折衝都尉各一人分領，青鍪甲、弓箭六十；第四隊，三角獸旗二，左右領軍衛果毅都尉各一人分領，青鍪甲、刀盾六十；第五隊，黃鹿旗二，左右屯衛折衝都尉各一人分領，黑鍪甲、弓箭六十；第六隊，飛麟旗二，左右屯衛果毅都尉各一人分領，黑鍪甲、刀盾六十；第七隊，駃騠旗二，左右武衛折衝都尉各一人分領，白鍪甲、弓箭六十；第八隊，鸞旗二，左右武衛果毅都尉各一人分領，白鍪甲、刀盾六十；第九隊，麟旗二，左右驍衛折衝都尉各一人分領，黃鍪甲、弓箭六十；第十隊，馴象旗二，左右驍衛果毅都尉各一人分領，黃鍪甲、刀盾六十；第十一隊，玉兔旗二，左右衛折衝都尉各一人分領，黃鍪甲、弓箭六十；第十二隊，辟邪旗二，左右衛果毅都尉各一人分領，黃鍪甲、刀盾六十。

Next came the forward foot-armor detachment. (On the left and right ways.) Four bared spears were supervised by one Army-leading Guard general on each side. The first company had two pheasant-crest banners, (Guides and bearers followed the same arrangement as the cavalry companies.) One Army-leading Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant commanded each side, with red-crested armor and sixty archers; The second company bore two Pi banners, each side led by one Army-leading Guard Resolute Valor commandant with red-crested armor and sixty sword-and-shield bearers; The third company bore two jade-horse banners, each side led by one Army-leading Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant with green-crested armor and sixty archers; The fourth company bore two triangular-beast banners, each side led by one Army-leading Guard Resolute Valor commandant with green-crested armor and sixty sword-and-shield bearers; The fifth company bore two yellow-deer banners, each side led by one Garrison Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant with black-crested armor and sixty archers; The sixth company bore two flying-qilin banners, each side led by one Garrison Guard Resolute Valor commandant with black-crested armor and sixty sword-and-shield bearers; The seventh company bore two swift-camel banners, each side led by one Martial Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant with white-crested armor and sixty archers; The eighth company bore two luan banners, each side led by one Martial Guard Resolute Valor commandant with white-crested armor and sixty sword-and-shield bearers; The ninth company bore two qilin banners, each side led by one Valiant Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant with yellow-crested armor and sixty archers; The tenth company bore two tame-elephant banners, each side led by one Valiant Guard Resolute Valor commandant with yellow-crested armor and sixty sword-and-shield bearers; The eleventh company bore two jade-hare banners, each side led by one Imperial Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant with yellow-crested armor and sixty archers; The twelfth company bore two ward-off-evil banners, each side led by one Imperial Guard Resolute Valor commandant with yellow-crested armor and sixty sword-and-shield bearers.

次前部黃麾仗。〈（左右道。）〉絳引幡二十；第一部，左右領軍衛大將軍各一人檢校，〈（兼檢校第二部。）〉折衝都尉各一人分領，〈（主帥二人。）〉龍頭竿赤氅二十，揭鼓二，儀鍠五色幢二十，龍頭竿小孔雀氅二十，小戟二十，揭鼓二，龍頭竿五色鵝毛氅二十，弓箭二十，龍頭雞毛氅二十，朱縢盾二十，龍頭竿繡氅二十，弓箭二十，槊二十，揭鼓二，綠縢盾二十；第二部，左右領軍衛折衝都尉各一人分領；〈（主帥及氅鍠等並同第一部，餘準此。）〉第三部，左右屯衛大將軍各一人檢校，果毅都尉各一人分領；第四部，左右武衛大將軍各一人檢校，折衝都尉各一人分領；第五部，左右驍衛大將軍各一人檢校；〈（兼檢校第六部，折衝都尉各一人分領。）〉第六部，左右衛果毅都尉各一人分領。

Next came the forward yellow-banner ceremonial escort. (On the left and right ways.) Twenty scarlet guide-banners led the way; The first section was inspected by one Army-leading Guard grand general on each side, (Also supervising the second section.) with one Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant commanding each side, (Two squad leaders in all.) The section included twenty red-canopied dragon-head poles, two signaling drums, twenty five-color ceremonial axe-staff pennants, twenty small-peacock canopies on dragon-head poles, twenty small halberds, another pair of drums, twenty five-color goose-feather canopies, twenty archers, twenty chicken-feather canopies, twenty vermillion-cord shields, twenty embroidered canopies, twenty more archers, twenty spears, two more drums, and twenty green-cord shields; The second section was led on each side by one Army-leading Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant; (Squad leaders, canopies, axe-staffs, and the rest matched the first section; the remaining sections followed the same pattern.) The third section was inspected by one Garrison Guard grand general on each side and led by one Resolute Valor commandant per side; The fourth section was inspected by one Martial Guard grand general on each side and led by one Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant per side; The fifth section was inspected by one Valiant Guard grand general on each side; (Also supervising the sixth section, with one Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant commanding each side.) The sixth section was led on each side by one Imperial Guard Resolute Valor commandant.

次六軍儀仗。〈（中道，在殿中黃麾後。）〉左右神武軍統軍各一人，本軍旗二，〈（一人執，一人引，二人夾，都頭各一人騎押。）〉吏兵、力士旗各五，白幹槍五十，柯舒十，鐙仗八，〈（相間。）〉排闌旗二十，掩尾天馬旗二。左右羽林軍、左右龍武軍，並同神武軍。〈（惟羽林用赤豹、黃熊旗各五，龍武用龍君、虎君旗各五。）〉

Next came the Six Armies ceremonial escort. (On the central way, behind the Palace yellow banner.) One commander each of the Left and Right Divine Martial Armies, with two native-army banners apiece, (One bearer, one guide, and two flankers per banner, each escorted by a mounted squad chief.) five clerk-soldier and five strongman banners apiece, fifty white-shafted spears, ten Ke Shu poles, and eight stirrup staves, (Arranged in alternation.) Twenty barrier-line banners and two trailing heavenly-horse banners followed. The Left and Right Feathered Forest and Dragon Martial Armies followed the same arrangement as the Divine Martial Army. (Only the Feathered Forest added five red-leopard and five yellow-bear banners apiece; the Dragon Martial added five dragon-lord and five tiger-lord banners apiece.)

次引駕旗十六，〈（中道，執人同六軍旗。）〉十二辰旗各一，天王旗四。〈（排仗通直官二人騎領。）〉次龍墀旗十三，〈（中道，各一人執，二人引，二人夾，排仗將二人騎領。）〉天下太平旗一，青龍、赤龍、黃龍、白龍、黑龍旗各一，金鸞、金鳳旗各一，獅子旗二，日旗、月旗各一，君王萬歲旗一。

Next came sixteen imperial escort banners, (On the central way, with bearers arranged like the Six Armies banners.) one banner for each of the Twelve Branches and four heavenly-king banners. (Led by two mounted formation-arrangement direct-attendant officials.) Next came thirteen Dragon Court banners, (On the central way, each banner had one bearer, two guides, and two flankers, led by two mounted formation-arrangement generals.) There followed one All Under Heaven at Peace banner; one banner each for the azure, vermilion, yellow, white, and black dragons; one Golden Luan and one Golden Phoenix banner; two lion banners; one sun and one moon banner; and one Myriad Years to the Sovereign banner.

次御馬二十四匹，〈（中道，並以天武官二人執轡。）〉尚乘奉御二人從。次日月合璧旗一，次苣文旗二，次五星連珠旗一，次祥雲旗二。〈（以上並一人執，二人引，二人夾，佩橫刀，執弓箭。）〉次長壽幢一。次青龍、白虎旗各一。〈（左右道。）〉左右衛果毅都尉各一人分領七十騎，弩八，弓箭二十二，槊四十。

Next came twenty-four imperial horses, (On the central way, each horse's reins were held by two Heavenly Martial officials.) Two Palace Transport attendants followed behind. Next came one Sun-Moon Combined Disk banner, then two jade-pattern banners, one Five Stars in Alignment banner, and two auspicious-cloud banners. (For all the above, one bearer, two guides, and two flankers wore horizontal swords and carried bows and arrows.) Next came one longevity pennant. Next came one Azure Dragon banner and one White Tiger banner. (On the left and right ways.) One Imperial Guard Resolute Valor commandant commanded each side with seventy horsemen, eight crossbowmen, twenty-two archers, and forty spearmen.

次班劍儀刀隊。〈（左右道。）〉左右衛將軍各一人，親衛郎將各二人，班劍二百二十，為第一、第二行；勳衛郎將各二人，班劍二百二十，為第三、第四行；翊衛郎將各三人，儀刀三百七十八，為第五、第六、第七行；左右驍衛翊衛郎將各一人，儀刀一百三十四，為第八行；左右武衛翊衛郎將各一人，儀刀一百三十八，為第九行；左右屯衛翊衛郎將各一人，儀刀一百四十二，為第十行；左右領軍衛翊衛郎將各一人，儀刀一百四十六，為第十一行；左右金吾衛翊衛郎將各一人，儀刀一百五十，為第十二行。

Next came the court-sword and ceremonial-blade company. (On the left and right ways.) One Imperial Guard general on each side, two personal guard lieutenant-generals apiece, and two hundred twenty court swords formed the first and second ranks; Two Merit Guard lieutenant-generals apiece and two hundred twenty court swords formed the third and fourth ranks; Three Palace Attendant Guard lieutenant-generals apiece, three hundred seventy-eight ceremonial blades, and the fifth, sixth, and seventh ranks; One Valiant Guard Palace Attendant lieutenant-general on each side and one hundred thirty-four ceremonial blades formed the eighth rank; One Martial Guard Palace Attendant lieutenant-general on each side and one hundred thirty-eight ceremonial blades formed the ninth rank; One Garrison Guard Palace Attendant lieutenant-general on each side and one hundred forty-two ceremonial blades formed the tenth rank; One Army-leading Guard Palace Attendant lieutenant-general on each side and one hundred forty-six ceremonial blades formed the eleventh rank; One Golden Guard Palace Attendant lieutenant-general on each side and one hundred fifty ceremonial blades formed the twelfth rank.

次五仗。〈（左右道。）〉左右衛供奉中郎將各二人，親勳翊衛各二十四人，左右衛郎將各一人，散手翊衛各三十人，左右驍衛郎將各一人，翊衛各二十八人。

Next came the Five Guards ceremonial arms. (On the left and right ways.) Two palace-attending central commander-generals from each Imperial Guard, twenty-four personal merit palace attendants apiece, one Imperial Guard lieutenant-general on each side, thirty unattached palace attendants each, one Valiant Guard lieutenant-general per side, and twenty-eight palace attendants each followed.

次左右驍衛、翊衛三隊。第一隊，花鳳旗二，大將軍各一人，弩十，弓箭二十，槊四十；第二隊，飛黃旗二，將軍各一人，〈（弩、弓箭、槊同第一隊，下準此。）〉第三隊，吉利旗二，郎將各一人。

Next came three companies from the Valiant Guard and Palace Attendant Guard on left and right. The first company had two flower-phoenix banners, one grand general each, ten crossbowmen, twenty archers, and forty spearmen; The second company had two Flying Yellow banners and one general each, (Crossbows, archers, and spearmen as in the first company; the same rule applies below.) The third company had two auspicious banners, each led by a lieutenant-general.

次金吾細仗。殿中傘扇，千牛。〈（中道。）〉青龍、白虎旗各一，〈（一人執，三人引，騎二人押當。）〉五嶽神旗各一，五方神旗各一，五方龍旗二十五，五方鳳旗二十五，四瀆神旗各一。〈（各一人執，二人引，二人夾，四旗屬兵部，每行次五方鳳旗。）〉援寶三十二人，香案一，符寶郎一人，寶案一，寶輿一。〈（輿士十二人。）〉碧襴二十四人，騎，〈（內十四人，執儀刀。）〉方傘二，雉扇四，四色官六人，押仗二人，金甲天武官二人，進馬四人，千牛將軍一人，千牛八人，中郎將二人，長史二人，引駕官四人，天武官三百人。次球仗供奉官一百人。

Next came the Golden Guard detailed arms escort. The Palace Directorate supplied umbrellas and fans, with the Thousand-Ox Guard. (On the central way.) one Azure Dragon banner and one White Tiger banner followed, (One bearer, three guides, and two mounted supervisors.) There followed banners for the Five Sacred Mountains and Five Directions, twenty-five dragon and twenty-five phoenix banners for the five directions, and one banner for each of the Four Rivers. (Each had one bearer, two guides, and two flankers; the four banners were assigned to the Ministry of War, and Five Directions phoenix banners were interposed in every rank.) Thirty-two treasure escorts followed with one incense table, one seals-and-treasures attendant, one treasure table, and one treasure palanquin. (With twelve palanquin bearers.) twenty-four mounted green-gauze guards followed, (Fourteen of them bore ceremonial blades.) Two square umbrellas and four pheasant-tail fans led, along with six four-color officials, two arms-supervisors, two golden-armor Heavenly Martial officials, four forward horses, one Thousand-Ox general, eight Thousand-Ox guards, two central commander-generals, two chief administrators, four imperial escort officials, and three hundred Heavenly Martial officials. Next came one hundred tribute officials bearing ball-staves.

次左右衛夾轂隊。〈（左右道。）〉第一、第四隊，朱鍪甲、刀盾各六十，折衝都尉各一人檢校；第二、第五隊，白鍪甲、刀盾各六十，果毅都尉各一人檢校；第三、第六隊，黑鍪甲、刀盾各六十，果毅都尉各一人檢校。

Next came the Imperial Guard chariot-flanking companies on left and right. (On the left and right ways.) The first and fourth companies wore red-helmet armor with sixty sword-shields each, inspected by a Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant apiece; The second and fifth companies wore white-helmet armor with sixty sword-shields each, inspected by a Resolute Valor commandant apiece; The third and sixth companies wore black-helmet armor with sixty sword-shields each, inspected by a Resolute Valor commandant apiece.

次捧日、奉宸隊。〈（左右道。）〉捧日三十五隊，隊四十人，騎；奉宸二十五隊，隊四十人。〈（並五重相間。）〉

Next came the Sun-Bearing and Imperial Service detachments. (On the left and right ways.) The Sun-Bearing detachment fielded thirty-five mounted companies of forty men each; the Imperial Service detachment twenty-five companies of forty men each. (The two were interlaced in five ranks.)

次導駕官。〈（中道。）〉通事舍人八人，分左右；侍御史二人，分左右；御史中丞二人，分左右；正言二人，分左右；司諫二人，分左右；起居郎二人在左，起居舍人二人在右；諫議大夫四人，分左右；給事中四人在左，中書舍人六人在右；散騎四人，分左右；門下侍郎二人在左，中書侍郎二人在右；侍中二人在左，中書令二人在右。次鳴鞭二。〈（中道。）〉次宮苑馬二。〈（中道。）〉

Next came the guide officials for the imperial carriage. (On the central way.) Eight Heralds Within, placed left and right; two attending censors, left and right; two vice censors-in-chief, left and right; two rectifiers of speech, left and right; two remonstrance clerks, left and right; two diary-attendants on the left and two diary-recorders on the right; four remonstrance grandees, left and right; four attendants within on the left and six secretariat drafters on the right; four regular attendance masters, left and right; two Chancellery vice ministers on the left and two Secretariat vice ministers on the right; two attendants within on the left and two chancellors on the right. Next came two whip-crackers. (On the central way.) Next came two palace park horses. (On the central way.)

次殿中省仗。大傘二，方雉尾扇四，腰輿一，〈（排列官一人騎領。）〉小雉尾扇四，方雉尾扇十二，華蓋二，香鐙一。

Next came the Palace Directorate arms escort. Two great umbrellas, four square pheasant-tail fans, and one waist palanquin followed, (Led by one mounted formation-arrangement official.) four small pheasant-tail fans, twelve square pheasant-tail fans, two flower canopies, and one incense lamp.

次誕馬二，玉輅。〈（皇帝升輅，則太僕卿禦，千牛大將軍二人夾輅，將軍二人陪乘。前有誕馬二，教馬官二人。）〉次諸司隨駕供奉。次大輦，〈（掌輦四人導，尚輦奉御二人騎從。）〉殿中少監二人，騎。〈（本省供奉二人騎從。）〉次御馬二十四。〈（並以天武官二人執轡，尚輦直長二人騎從。）〉

Next came two leading horses and the jade chariot. (When the emperor mounted the chariot, the Minister of Imperial Carriages took the reins; two Thousand-Ox grand generals flanked the chariot while two generals rode as companions. Two leading horses and two horse-training officials went ahead.) Next came tribute attendants from the various bureaus in the imperial train. Next came the great palanquin, (Four palanquin handlers led the way, with two Directors of Imperial Palanquins following on horseback.) Two mounted Palace Directorate deputy directors followed. (Two tribute attendants of the directorate followed on horseback.) Next came twenty-four imperial horses. (Each horse's reins were held by two Heavenly Martial officials, with two chief clerks of the Imperial Palanquin Office following on horseback.)

次持鈒後隊。〈（中道。）〉左右武衛旅帥各一人，大傘二，〈（大雉尾扇二夾。）〉大雉尾扇四，小雉尾扇十二，朱團扇十二，華蓋二，〈（叉二。）〉睥睨十二，禦刀六，玄武幢一，〈（叉一。）〉絳麾二，細槊十二。次大角百二十。〈（左右金吾果毅都尉各一人騎從。）〉

Next came the rear spear-bearer company. (On the central way.) One Left and Right Martial Guard brigade commander apiece and two great umbrellas followed, (Flanked by two great pheasant-tail fans.) four great pheasant-tail fans, twelve small pheasant-tail fans, twelve vermilion round fans, and two flower canopies, (With two forks.) twelve peering-shields, six imperial blades, and one Black Tortoise banner, (With one fork.) two scarlet banners and twelve fine spears completed the detachment. Next came one hundred twenty great horns. (One Left and Right Golden Guard Resolute Valor commandant apiece followed on horseback.)

次後部鼓吹。〈（中道。）〉鼓吹丞二人，騎。〈（典事四人騎從。）〉羽葆鼓十二，〈（主帥四人騎從。）〉歌二十四，拱宸管二十四，簫二十四，笳二十四；〈（主帥二人騎領。）〉鐃鼓十二，〈（主帥四人騎領。）〉歌二十四，簫二十四，笳二十四；小橫吹百二十，〈（主帥八人騎領。）〉笛二十四，簫二十四，觱篥二十四，笳二十四，桃皮觱篥二十四。

Next came the rear wind-and-percussion band. (On the central way.) Two mounted wind-and-percussion deputies led the section. (Four protocol officers followed on horseback.) Twelve feather-canopy drums followed, (Four mounted squad leaders followed.) twenty-four singers, twenty-four Gongchen pipes, twenty-four panpipes, and twenty-four horns; (Led by two mounted squad leaders.) Twelve cymbal-drums followed, (Led by four mounted squad leaders.) twenty-four singers, twenty-four panpipes, and twenty-four horns; One hundred twenty small horizontal-winds followed, (Led by eight mounted squad leaders.) Twenty-four flutes, twenty-four panpipes, twenty-four double-reed pipes, twenty-four horns, and twenty-four peach-skin double-reeds completed the band.

次黃麾幡二，〈（騎二夾。）〉殿中侍御史二人，騎。〈（令史四人騎從。）〉次芳亭輦一，鳳輦一，小輿一，尚輦直長二人，騎，檢校。〈（書令史四人騎從。）〉次五牛旗輿各一，左右屯衛隊正各一人，騎，檢校。〈（並執銀裝長刀。）〉次乘黃令、丞二人。〈（府史四人騎從。）〉次金、象、革、木輅。次五副輅。次耕根車。次進賢、明遠、羊車。次屬車十二。次中書、門下、秘書、殿中省局官各一，騎。次黃鉞、豹尾車。

Next came two yellow-banner pennants, (Flanked by two mounted men.) Two mounted palace attending censors followed. (Four recording clerks followed on horseback.) Next came one Fragrant Pavilion palanquin, one Phoenix palanquin, and one small palanquin, inspected by two mounted chief clerks of the Imperial Palanquin Office. (Four document-recording clerks followed on horseback.) Next came one five-ox banner carriage apiece, each inspected by one mounted Left and Right Garrison Guard squad chief. (All bore silver-mounted long blades.) Next came the director and deputy director of the Imperial Stables. (Four office clerks followed on horseback.) Next came the gold, ivory, leather, and wood chariots. Next came the five secondary chariots. Next came the Plough-roots chariot. Next came the Worthy Talent, Clear-and-Far, and Ram chariots. Next came twelve attendant chariots. Next came one mounted bureau official each from the Secretariat, Chancellery, Palace Secretariat, and Palace Directorate. Next came the yellow battle-axe and leopard-tail chariots.

次後部黃麾仗。〈（左右道，與殿中黃麾相並。）〉第一部，左右驍衛將軍各一人檢校，折衝都尉各一人分領；〈（主帥氅鍠等並同前部，下皆準此。）〉第二部，左右武衛將軍各一人檢校，折衝都尉各一人分領；第三部，左右屯衛將軍各一人檢校，折衝都尉各一人分領；第四部，左右領軍衛折衝都尉各一人分領；第五部，左右驍衛折衝都尉各一人分領；第六部，左右驍衛折衝都尉各一人分領，絳引幡二十，護後主帥二十人。

Next came the rear yellow-banner ceremonial escort. (On the left and right ways, parallel to the Palace yellow banner.) The first section was inspected by one Valiant Guard general on each side, with one Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant commanding each side; (Squad leaders, canopies, axe-staffs, and the rest matched the forward section; the same rule applied below.) The second section was inspected by one Martial Guard general on each side, with one Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant commanding each side; The third section was inspected by one Garrison Guard general on each side, with one Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant commanding each side; The fourth section was led on each side by one Army-leading Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant; The fifth section was led on each side by one Valiant Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant; The sixth section was led on each side by one Valiant Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant, with twenty scarlet guide-banners and twenty rear-guard squad leaders.

次步甲後隊。〈（左右道。）〉第一隊，貔旗二，〈（執、引並同前。）〉左右衛果毅都尉各一人分領；〈（鍪甲、弓盾同前隊第十二。）〉第二隊，鶡雞旗二，左右衛折衝都尉各一人分領；〈（鍪甲、弓箭同前隊第十一。）〉第三隊，仙鹿旗二，左右驍衛果毅都尉各一人分領；〈（鍪甲、刀盾同前隊第十。）〉第四隊，金鸚鵡旗二，左右驍衛折衝都尉各一人分領；〈（鍪甲、弓箭同前隊第九。）〉第五隊，瑞麥旗二，左右武衛果毅都尉各一人分領；〈（鍪甲、刀盾同前隊第八。）〉第六隊，孔雀旗二，左右武衛折衝都尉各一人分領；〈（鍪甲、弓箭同前隊第七。）〉第七隊，野馬旗二，左右屯衛果毅都尉各一人分領；〈（鍪甲、刀盾同前隊第六。）〉第八隊，犛牛旗二，左右屯衛折衝都尉各一人分領；〈（鍪甲、弓箭同前隊第五。）〉第九隊，甘露旗二，左右領軍衛果毅都尉各一人分領；〈（鍪甲、刀盾同前隊第四。）〉第十隊，網子旗二，左右領軍衛折衝都尉各一人分領；〈（鍪甲、弓箭同前隊第三。）〉第十一隊，鶡雞旗二，左右領軍衛果毅都尉各一人分領；〈（鍪甲、刀盾同前隊第二。）〉第十二隊，貔旗二，左右領軍衛折衝都尉各一人分領。〈（鍪甲、弓箭同前隊第一。）〉

Next came the rear foot-armor detachment. (On the left and right ways.) The first company had two Pi banners, (Bearers and guides followed the same arrangement as before.) each side led by one Imperial Guard Resolute Valor commandant; (Crested armor and bow-shields as in the forward twelfth company.) The second company bore two pheasant-crest banners, each side led by one Imperial Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant; (Crested armor and archers as in the forward eleventh company.) The third company bore two immortal-deer banners, each side led by one Valiant Guard Resolute Valor commandant; (Crested armor and sword-shields as in the forward tenth company.) The fourth company bore two golden-parrot banners, each side led by one Valiant Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant; (Crested armor and archers as in the forward ninth company.) The fifth company bore two auspicious-wheat banners, each side led by one Martial Guard Resolute Valor commandant; (Crested armor and sword-shields as in the forward eighth company.) The sixth company bore two peacock banners, each side led by one Martial Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant; (Crested armor and archers as in the forward seventh company.) The seventh company bore two wild-horse banners, each side led by one Garrison Guard Resolute Valor commandant; (Crested armor and sword-shields as in the forward sixth company.) The eighth company bore two yak banners, each side led by one Garrison Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant; (Crested armor and archers as in the forward fifth company.) The ninth company bore two sweet-dew banners, each side led by one Army-leading Guard Resolute Valor commandant; (Crested armor and sword-shields as in the forward fourth company.) The tenth company bore two net banners, each side led by one Army-leading Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant; (Crested armor and archers as in the forward third company.) The eleventh company bore two pheasant-crest banners, each side led by one Army-leading Guard Resolute Valor commandant; (Crested armor and sword-shields as in the forward second company.) The twelfth company bore two Pi banners, each side led by one Army-leading Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant. (Crested armor and archers as in the forward first company.)

次後部馬隊。〈（左右道。）〉第一隊，角端旗二，左右衛折衝都尉各三人分領；〈（兼第二、第三隊。每隊弩、弓箭、槊並同前隊。）〉第二隊，赤熊旗二；第三隊，兕旗二，左右驍衛果毅都尉各三人分領；〈（兼第四隊。）〉第四隊，太常旗二；第五隊，馴象旗二，左右武衛折衝都尉各三人分領；〈（兼第六、第七隊。）〉第六隊，鵕鸃旗二；第七隊，騼蜀旗二；第八隊，騶牙旗二，左右屯衛果毅都尉各二人分領；第九隊，蒼烏旗二；第十隊，白狼旗二；第十一隊，龍馬旗二，左右領軍折衝都尉各二人分領；第十二隊，金牛旗二。

Next came the rear cavalry detachment. (On the left and right ways.) The first company bore two Horn-Tip banners, with three Imperial Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandants commanding each side; (Also in charge of the second and third companies, with crossbows, archers, and spearmen in each company as in the forward detachment.) The second company bore two red-bear banners; The third company bore two rhinoceros banners, with three Valiant Guard Resolute Valor commandants on each side; (Also in charge of the fourth company.) The fourth company bore two Grand Constant banners; The fifth company bore two tame-elephant banners, with three Martial Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandants on each side; (Also in charge of the sixth and seventh companies.) The sixth company bore two shrike banners; The seventh company bore two Lu-Shu banners; The eighth company bore two Zouya banners, each side led by two Garrison Guard Resolute Valor commandants; The ninth company bore two azure-raven banners; The tenth company bore two white-wolf banners; The eleventh company bore two dragon-horse banners, each side led by two Army-leading Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandants; The twelfth company bore two golden-ox banners.

次後隊殳仗。〈（左右道。）〉左右領軍衛主帥四人，殳八千，叉八十；左右武衛主帥四人，殳五十，叉五十；左右屯衛驍衛主帥各四人，殳四十，叉四十。次掩後隊。〈（中道。）〉左右屯衛折衝都尉各一人，大戟五十，刀盾五十，弓箭五十，槊五十。

Next came the rear detachment's shu-pole arms. (On the left and right ways.) The Left and Right Army-leading Guards supplied four squad leaders, eight thousand shu-pole bearers, and eighty fork bearers; The Left and Right Martial Guards had four squad leaders, fifty shu-pole bearers, and fifty fork bearers; The Left and Right Garrison and Valiant Guards each supplied four squad leaders, forty shu-pole bearers, and forty fork bearers. Next came the rear-covering detachment. (On the central way.) One Garrison Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant commanded each side, with fifty great-halberd bearers, fifty sword-and-shield bearers, fifty archers, and fifty spearmen.

次真武隊。〈（中道。）〉金吾折衝都尉一人，仙童、螣蛇、真武、神龜旗各一，〈（十人執，二人引，二人夾。）〉槊二十五，弓箭二十，弩五。

Next came the True Warrior detachment. (On the central way.) One Golden Guard Breaker-of-the-Enemy commandant led one banner each for the Immortal Youth, Flying Serpent, True Warrior, and Divine Turtle, (Each banner had ten bearers, two guides, and two flankers.) There were twenty-five spearmen, twenty archers, and five crossbowmen.

車駕至青城，則周衛行宮及壇內外。其青城坐甲布列三百三十六鋪：殿前指揮使二十四鋪，四百七十七人；內殿直一十鋪，一百四十一人；散員一十輔，一百四十二人；散指揮一十鋪，一百四十一人；散都頭一十鋪，一百四十三人；散祗候一十鋪，一百四十人；金槍一十鋪，一百五十人；銀槍一十鋪，一百五十人；東第一班三鋪，五十二人；東第二班三鋪，五十三人；東第三班六鋪，九十一人；東第四班五鋪，八十四人；東第五班二鋪，二十二人；下茶酒班一鋪，三十一人；散直一十鋪，一百四十九人；鈞容直一十鋪，二百人；禦龍直二十二鋪，三百八十五人；禦龍骨朵子直一十二鋪，二百一十二人；禦龍弓箭直一十八鋪，二百九十六人；禦龍弩直二十二鋪，三百五十六人；把天門天武一鋪，八人；駕頭扇筤天武一鋪，三十二人；禁衛天武六鋪，三百一十人；約攔天武三十鋪，三百一十人；方圍子親從三十四鋪，三百六十人；禁衛崇政殿親從四十鋪，並提舉人員共四百六十三人；行宮司親從一十二鋪，一百八十人；快行親從四鋪，八十六人。行宮殿門崇政殿親從四十六人，行宮殿門親從並提舉人員二百四十人，把街約攔親事官貼諸處齪門一十隊及提舉人員一百三人，殿前指揮使已下看守馬火甲隊一千一百七十一人，右禁衛諸班共六千七百二十有四人。

When the imperial carriage arrived at the Green City, the guard encircled the mobile palace and secured the altar precinct inside and out. At the Green City, armored guards were posted in three hundred thirty-six stations: twenty-four Palace Front stations with four hundred seventy-seven men; ten Inner Palace Direct stations with one hundred forty-one men; ten Unattached Member stations with one hundred forty-two men; ten Unattached Commander stations with one hundred forty-one men; ten Unattached Squad Chief stations with one hundred forty-three men; ten Unattached Palace Attendant stations with one hundred forty men; ten Golden Lance stations with one hundred fifty men; ten Silver Lance stations with one hundred fifty men; three East First Shift stations with fifty-two men; three East Second Shift stations with fifty-three men; six East Third Shift stations with ninety-one men; five East Fourth Shift stations with eighty-four men; two East Fifth Shift stations with twenty-two men; one Lower Tea and Wine Shift station with thirty-one men; ten Unattached Direct stations with one hundred forty-nine men; ten Imperial Music Direct stations with two hundred men; twenty-two Imperial Dragon Direct stations with three hundred eighty-five men; twelve Imperial Dragon Mace Direct stations with two hundred twelve men; eighteen Imperial Dragon Bow Direct stations with two hundred ninety-six men; twenty-two Imperial Dragon Crossbow Direct stations with three hundred fifty-six men; one Heavenly Martial station at the Gate of Heaven with eight men; one Heavenly Martial station at the imperial parasol and fan frame with thirty-two men; six Forbidden Guard Heavenly Martial stations with three hundred ten men; thirty Heavenly Martial cordon stations with three hundred ten men; thirty-four Square Enclosure personal-attendant stations with three hundred sixty men; forty Forbidden Guard Chongzheng Hall personal-attendant stations, with supervising personnel, totaling four hundred sixty-three men; twelve Mobile Palace Office personal-attendant stations with one hundred eighty men; four Quick-Step personal-attendant stations with eighty-six men. Forty-six personal attendants at the mobile palace gate and Chongzheng Hall; two hundred forty at the mobile palace gate including supervising personnel; one hundred three personal-affairs officials in ten cordon companies posted at various side gates, with their supervisors; one thousand one hundred seventy-one men from the Palace Front commanders downward guarding the horse, fire, and armor companies; in all, the Forbidden Guard direct companies numbered six thousand seven hundred twenty-four men.

圜壇東門外中道夾立諸班直主首引駕人員九人，禦龍四直門旗六十人，禦龍仗劍六人，天武把門長行八人。

Nine head officials from the direct companies flanked the central way outside the round altar's eastern gate to guide the imperial carriage, along with sixty Imperial Dragon Four-Direct gate-banner bearers, six Imperial Dragon sword bearers, and eight long-service Heavenly Martial gate guards.

大次前外圍親從四隊三十八人，執燭親從八十六人，行宮殿門一十二人，禦龍直四十人。大次後把街約攔執事官五十一人。大次兩壁快行六十九人，於禁衛外排立壇周圍，守踏道。裏圍親從十將、節級二十二人，壇從裏第二重方圍親從三百二十四人。大次及外壝外諸門行宮司共一百六十人，宮架及壇東幄幕、宰臣百官幕次共六十人。右自大次前外圍至百官幕次，共八百六十二人。凡詣小次行禮，不須隨從。大次前裏圍並攔前一百七十一人，執燭一百二十九人，外圍一百八十人，行宮門及快行二十四人。〈（右自裏圍至行宮快行共五百四人。）〉凡詣小次行禮，隨從祗應。

Before the great rest pavilion were thirty-eight outer-enclosure personal attendants in four companies, eighty-six candle-bearing attendants, twelve mobile palace gate guards, and forty Imperial Dragon Direct guards. Behind the great rest pavilion stood fifty-one acting officials on street-holding cordon duty. Sixty-nine Quick-Step guards lined both sides of the great rest pavilion, posted outside the Forbidden Guard around the altar to guard the ascent way. The inner enclosure had ten decurions and twenty-two section chiefs among the personal attendants, and three hundred twenty-four Square Enclosure attendants in the altar's inner second ring. One hundred sixty Mobile Palace Office men guarded the great rest pavilion and the gates beyond the outer enclosure; sixty guarded the palace music frame, the eastern altar tent, and the chancellors' and officials' tent quarters. In all, from the outer enclosure before the great rest pavilion to the officials' tent quarters, there were eight hundred sixty-two men. When the emperor proceeded to the minor rest pavilion to perform rites, attendants were not required to follow. Before the great rest pavilion were one hundred seventy-one men in the inner enclosure and cordon front, one hundred twenty-nine candle bearers, one hundred eighty in the outer enclosure, and twenty-four at the mobile palace gate and Quick-Step posts. (These totaled five hundred four men from the inner enclosure through the mobile palace Quick-Step posts.) When proceeding to the minor rest pavilion to perform rites, attendants were required to wait upon the emperor.

圓壇從外壝下分作九重：從中第一重，殿前指揮使等七百四十四人；第二重，禦龍直等六百九十五人；第三重，散員等六百四十二人；第四重，散都頭等七百一十人；第五重，天武骨朵大劍約攔五百八十一人；第六重，御營四面巡檢下步軍八百六十七人；第七重，御營四面並青城圓壇巡檢下步軍八百六十七人；第八重，御營四面巡檢下馬軍四百三十三人；第九重，御營四面巡檢及青城圓壇巡檢下馬軍四百三十四人。壇四門殿前指揮使行門三十五人，內人員一十五人，壇東門夾立擎鞭長行一十人。〈（右自青城赴壇諸班親從文武及御營圓壇巡檢下，總七千四百六十七人。）〉

From below the outer enclosure, the round altar was divided into nine rings: the innermost ring held seven hundred forty-four Palace Front commanders and others; the second ring, six hundred ninety-five Imperial Dragon Direct guards and others; the third ring, six hundred forty-two Unattached Members and others; the fourth ring, seven hundred ten Unattached Squad Chiefs and others; the fifth ring, five hundred eighty-one Heavenly Martial mace, great-sword, and cordon guards; the sixth ring, eight hundred sixty-seven foot soldiers under the Imperial Camp Four-Directions inspectors; the seventh ring, eight hundred sixty-seven foot soldiers under the Imperial Camp Four-Directions and Green City round-altar inspectors; the eighth ring, four hundred thirty-three mounted soldiers under the Imperial Camp Four-Directions inspectors; the ninth ring, four hundred thirty-four mounted soldiers under the Imperial Camp Four-Directions and Green City round-altar inspectors. At the altar's four gates were thirty-five Palace Front gate guards and fifteen inner personnel; ten long-service whip bearers flanked the altar's eastern gate. (In all, from the Green City to the altar—including personal attendants from the various direct companies, civil and military officials, and subordinates of the Imperial Camp round-altar inspectors—the total was seven thousand four hundred sixty-seven men.)

駕至太廟，環衛如郊壇，坐甲布列二百六十三鋪。殿前指揮使二十四鋪，四百七十七人；內殿直、散員、散指揮、散都頭、散祗候、散直各一十鋪，一百二十人，共六十鋪七百二十人；金槍一十鋪，一百五十人；銀槍一十鋪，一百五十人；東第一、第二班各二鋪，三十人，共四鋪，六十人；東第三、第四班各四鋪，六十人，共八鋪，一百二十人；東第五班二鋪，二十二人；下茶酒班一鋪，三十一人；禦龍直八鋪，三百八十五人；禦龍骨朵子直四鋪，二百一十二人，禦龍弓箭直六鋪，二百九十六人；禦龍弩直八鋪，三百五十六人；把行門天武一鋪，八人；駕頭扇筤天武一鋪，三十二人；禁衛天武六鋪，三百一十人；禁衛崇政殿親從四十鋪，並提舉人員共四百六十三人；行宮司親從一十二鋪，一百八十人；快行親從四鋪，八十六人；方圍親從二十四鋪，三百六十人；約攔天武三十鋪，三百一十人。

When the imperial carriage reached the Imperial Ancestral Temple, the encircling guard followed the suburban-altar model, with armored guards posted at two hundred sixty-three stations. Twenty-four Palace Front stations with four hundred seventy-seven men; Inner Palace Direct, Unattached Members, Unattached Commanders, Unattached Squad Chiefs, Unattached Palace Attendants, and Unattached Direct each had ten stations of one hundred twenty men, sixty stations in all with seven hundred twenty men; ten Golden Lance stations with one hundred fifty men; ten Silver Lance stations with one hundred fifty men; East First and Second Shifts each had two stations of thirty men, four stations and sixty men in all; East Third and Fourth Shifts each had four stations of sixty men, eight stations and one hundred twenty men in all; two East Fifth Shift stations with twenty-two men; one Lower Tea and Wine Shift station with thirty-one men; The Imperial Dragon Direct comprised eight sections with 385 men; Imperial Dragon Staff Direct, four sections and 212 men; Imperial Dragon Bow-and-Arrow Direct, six sections and 296 men; The Imperial Dragon Crossbow Direct comprised eight sections with 356 men; Gate-keeping Heavenly Martial had one section of eight men; Carriage-head and fan-rack Heavenly Martial: one section, thirty-two men; Palace Guard Heavenly Martial numbered six sections with 310 men; Palace Guard personal followers of Chongzheng Hall: forty sections, with supervising personnel totaling 463 men; The Traveling Palace Office fielded twelve sections of personal followers, 180 men; Rapid-march personal followers totaled four sections with 86 men; Square-perimeter personal followers comprised twenty-four sections with 360 men; Street-intercepting Heavenly Martial: thirty sections, 310 men.

行宮殿門崇政殿親從及提舉人員二百八十六人，把街約攔親事官貼諸處齪門一十二隊，並提舉人員一百三人，御營四面巡檢六員下步軍九百一十八人，親從四十人。青城內至圜壇巡檢下親從四十人。右禁衛諸班直等御營四面巡檢軍兵，及青城至圜壇巡檢下親從，總六千一百四十五人。〈（左山商氏家藏宋人《青城》、《圜壇》、《太廟》三圖，其布置行列，極為詳備，因附鹵簿之後，庶覽之者可以考一代之制雲。）〉

At the traveling palace gates, Chongzheng Hall personal followers and supervisors numbered 286; street-intercepting personal-affairs officials at various barrier gates formed twelve detachments with 103 supervisors; under six inspectors on all sides of the imperial camp were 918 foot soldiers and 40 personal followers. From within the Green City to the round altar, patrol inspectors had 40 personal followers. Palace guard direct companies, four-side imperial-camp patrol troops, and personal followers from the Green City to the round altar totaled 6,145 men. (The Shang family of Zuoshan preserves three Song diagrams—the Green City, Round Altar, and Imperial Ancestral Temple—with extremely detailed formations. They are appended after the procession insignia so readers may study the regulations of the dynasty.)

凡鹵簿內牙門旗，中道四，分二門；左右道各十，分五門。中道一門在金吾細仗前，一門在掩後隊後。左右廂第一門在步甲前隊第六後，第二門在前部黃麾仗前，第三門在後部黃麾仗前，第四門在黃麾仗後，第五門在步甲後隊第六後。每旗二人執，四人夾，並騎，分左右。每門監門校尉六人領。

Within the procession, gate-banner flags on the central way numbered four, forming two gates; on the left and right ways ten each, forming five gates. On the central way one gate stood before the Golden Guard fine arms and one after the covering rear detachment. On the left and right flanks the first gate followed the sixth rank of the foot-armor front detachment; the second stood before the front yellow-banner arms; the third before the rear yellow-banner arms; the fourth after the yellow-banner arms; and the fifth after the sixth rank of the foot-armor rear detachment. Each flag had two bearers and four flankers, all mounted, divided left and right. Each gate was led by six gate-keeping company commanders.

又大駕，郊祀、籍田、薦獻玉清昭應景靈宮用之。迎奉聖像亦用大駕，惟不設象及六引導駕官。法駕，減太常卿、司徒、兵部尚書，白鷺、崇德車，大輦、五副輅，進賢、明遠車，又減屬車四，餘並三分減一。泰山下、汾陰行禮，明堂、大慶殿恭謝用之，凡一萬一千八十八人。鸞駕，又減縣令、州牧、御史大夫，指南、記裏、鸞旗、皮軒車，象輅、革輅、木輅，耕根車、羊車、黃鉞車、豹尾車、屬車，小輦、小輿，餘並減半。朝陵，迎泰山天書，東封、西祀，朝謁太清宮，奏告玉清昭應宮，奉迎刻玉天書，躬謝太廟，皆用之。鸞駕舊用二千人，大中祥符五年，真宗告太廟，增至七千人。兵部黃麾仗，用太常鼓吹，太僕寺金玉輅，殿中省大輦，其制無定，然皆減於小駕。禦樓、車駕親征或省方還京，迎禁中天書，五嶽上冊，建安軍迎奉聖像，太廟上冊皆用之。

The great imperial procession was used for suburban sacrifice, ploughing the sacred field, and offerings at the Palaces of Jade Purity, Blessing and Response, and Imperial Splendor. Welcoming sacred images also used the great imperial procession, but without elephants or the six sections of guide officials. The statutory procession omitted the Court of Imperial Sacrifices director, Minister of Education, and Minister of War; the White Egret and Honoring Virtue carriages; the great palanquin and five attendant chariots; the Advancing the Worthy and Bright Distance carriages; and four more attendant chariots—with all remaining elements reduced by one third. It was used for rites at Mount Tai and Fenyin and for thanksgiving at the Bright Hall and Hall of Great Celebration, with 11,088 men in all. The luan procession further omitted the magistrate, prefect, and Censor-in-chief; compass, mile-marker, luan banner, and leather-canopy carriages; elephant, leather, and wooden chariots; Ploughing the Sacred Field, sheep, yellow-axe, and leopard-tail carriages and attendants; and the small palanquin and carrying-chair—with everything else cut in half. It was used for tomb visits; welcoming the Heavenly Book at Mount Tai; eastern feng and western sacrifices; audiences at the Great Pure Palace; memorials at the Palace of Jade Purity and Blessing and Response; escorting the carved-jade Heavenly Book; and personal thanksgiving at the Imperial Ancestral Temple. The luan procession formerly employed 2,000 men. In the fifth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1012), when Emperor Zhenzong reported to the Imperial Ancestral Temple, the number rose to 7,000. The Ministry of War yellow-banner escort used Court of Imperial Sacrifices wind and percussion, Imperial Stud jade and golden chariots, and Palace Department great palanquin. Its scale was not fixed but always fell below the lesser imperial carriage. It was used at the imperial tower; when the emperor campaigned in person or returned after touring the provinces; welcoming the Heavenly Book from within the Forbidden City; presenting registers at the Five Sacred Peaks; Jian'an Army escorts of sacred images; and register presentations at the Imperial Ancestral Temple.

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